Nidogen

Nidogens, formerly known as entactins, are a family of sulfated monomeric glycoproteins located in the basal lamina[1] of parahoxozoans.[2] Two nidogens have been identified in humans: nidogen-1 (NID1) and nidogen-2 (NID2).[3] Remarkably, vertebrates are still capable of stabilizing basement membrane in the absence of either identified nidogen.[4] In contrast, those lacking both nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 typically die prematurely during embryonic development as a result of defects existing in the heart and lungs.[5] Nidogen have been shown to play a crucial role during organogenesis in late embryonic development, particularly in cardiac and lung development.[6] Insufficient levels of nidogen in mice causes poorly developed organs such as the lungs and heart, which ultimately ensues to an early death.[7] Due to nidogen being necessary in the formation of basement membranes, serving as a linker protein, and those basement proteins being shown to be necessary during tissue growth, nidogen is crucial for embryonic development.[8] From an evolutionary perspective, nidogens are highly conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates, retaining their ability to bind laminin.[9]

In nematodes, nidogen-1 is necessary for axon guidance, but not for basement membrane assembly.[10]

## References

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1. ^ Hortsch M, Umemori H (2009). The Sticky Synapse: Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Synapse Formation and Maintenance. New York, NY: Springer. p. 66\. ISBN 9780387927084.
2. ^ Nielsen C (July 2019). "Early animal evolution: a morphologist's view". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (7): 190638. Bibcode:2019RSOS....690638N. doi:10.1098/rsos.190638. PMC 6689584. PMID 31417759.
3. ^ Miosge N, Holzhausen S, Zelent C, Sprysch P, Herken R (2001). "Nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 are found in basement membranes during human embryonic development". The Histochemical Journal. 33 (9–10): 523–530\. doi:10.1023/A:1014995523521. PMID 12005023. S2CID 818451.9–10&rft.pages=523-530&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:818451#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/12005023&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023/A:1014995523521&rft.aulast=Miosge&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Holzhausen,+S&rft.au=Zelent,+C&rft.au=Sprysch,+P&rft.au=Herken,+R&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nidogen" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Lössl P, Kölbel K, Tänzler D, Nannemann D, Ihling CH, Keller MV, et al. (2014-11-11). Kobe B (ed.). "Analysis of nidogen-1/laminin γ1 interaction by cross-linking, mass spectrometry, and computational modeling reveals multiple binding modes". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e112886. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k2886L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112886. PMC 4227867. PMID 25387007.
5. ^ Fox MA, Ho MS, Smyth N, Sanes JR (September 2008). "A synaptic nidogen: developmental regulation and role of nidogen-2 at the neuromuscular junction". Neural Development. 3 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1749-8104-3-24. PMC 2567315. PMID 18817539.
6. ^ Bader BL, Smyth N, Nedbal S, Miosge N, Baranowsky A, Mokkapati S, et al. (August 2005). "Compound genetic ablation of nidogen 1 and 2 causes basement membrane defects and perinatal lethality in mice". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (15): 6846–6856\. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.15.6846-6856.2005. PMC 1190363. PMID 16024816.
7. ^ Lakshmanan HH, Melrose AR, Sepp AI, Mitrugno A, Ngo AT, Khader A, et al. (April 2021). "The basement membrane protein nidogen-1 supports platelet adhesion and activation". Platelets. 32 (3): 424–428\. doi:10.1080/09537104.2020.1745170. PMC 8559984. PMID 32233694.
8. ^ Dziadek M (September 1995). "Role of laminin-nidogen complexes in basement membrane formation during embryonic development". Experientia. 51 (9–10): 901–913\. doi:10.1007/BF01921740. PMID 7556571.9–10&rft.pages=901-913&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/BF01921740&rft_id=info:pmid/7556571&rft.aulast=Dziadek&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nidogen" class="Z3988">
9. ^ Mayer U, Kohfeldt E, Timpl R (October 1998). "Structural and genetic analysis of laminin-nidogen interaction". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 857 (1): 130–142\. Bibcode:1998NYASA.857..130M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10113.x. PMID 9917838. S2CID 36725654.
10. ^ Kim S, Wadsworth WG (April 2000). "Positioning of longitudinal nerves in C. elegans by nidogen". Science. 288 (5463): 150–154\. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..150K. doi:10.1126/science.288.5463.150. PMID 10753123.