Night and Fog in Japan

1960 Japanese film

Night and Fog in Japan

Directed by| Nagisa Ōshima
Written by| Nagisa Ōshima
Toshirō Ishido
Produced by| Tomio Ikeda
Starring| Fumio Watanabe
Miyuki Kuwano
Takao Yoshizawa
Cinematography| Takashi Kawamata
Edited by| Keiichi Uraoka
Music by| Riichiro Manabe

Production
company

Shochiku

Distributed by| Shochiku

Release date

* 9 October 1960 (1960-10-09) (Japan)

Running time

| 107 minutes
Country| Japan
Language| Japanese

Night and Fog in Japan (日本の夜と霧, Nihon no Yoru to Kiri) is a 1960 Japanese drama film directed by Nagisa Ōshima. It deals with the contemporary Zengakuren opposition but also evokes the 1950 protests against the Anpo treaty; this political content is related to the particular approach of memory and interpersonal dynamics of social movements in the film.[1]

## Plot

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In 1960, in the aftermath of the Anpo Protests against the US-Japan Security Treaty, uninvited guests interrupt the wedding ceremony between Nozawa, a journalist and former student radical of the 1950s, and Reiko, a current activist. They accuse the couple and assembled guests of forgetting their political commitments, invoking a tortured exploration of unresolved conflicts of a decade ago, when they were swept up in the student demonstrations. In flashbacks, personal and political wounds are reopened, focused on Nozawa's subjective experiences in both 1950 and 1960. Two characters, one dead by suicide, the other now a Stalinist politician, are the subject of greatest scrutiny. The memory of Takao, a young student who committed suicide after letting a "spy" free, is reconstructed as a criticism of the authoritarian leadership of the Zengakuren of 1950. Nakayawa, former student leader now Communist functionary, is castigated for his role in the tragedy and his possession of Misako, a much desired female student. Other forgotten comrades from 1950 and fresh from the bloody demonstrations of 1960 are invoked as political and personal challenges. In the end, night and fog envelops the guests as they stand immobile to the stilted speech of the unchanged Nakayawa: memory has been invoked, but it is unclear whether or not anything has changed.

## Cast

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* Fumio Watanabe as Nozawa
* Masahiko Tsugawa as Ōta
* Miyuki Kuwano as Harada
* Hiroshi Akutagawa as Utagawa
* Noriko Ujiie as Utagawa's wife
* Kei Satō
* Rokkō Toura

## Production

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For Night and Fog in Japan Ōshima received the funding and creative latitude as part of Shochiku's strategy of promoting films by several young directors which the studio marketed as the "Shochiku New Wave" (Shochiku Nuberu bagu).[2][3]

## Release

[edit]

Three days after it was released, the film was abruptly pulled by the studio in the wake of Japanese Socialist Party politician Inejiro Asanuma's assassination by far right student Otoya Yamaguchi.[4] Ōshima protested what he saw as the politically motivated censorship of his bold film. In this response, he expressed faith in the potential of the audience to receive controversial political films, taking issue with the political repression of the film industry and critics. Ōshima's claimed that "my film is the weapon of the people's struggle," and, of the resistance to censorship: "that is the voice of the people demanding that the future of the Japanese film be directly tied to their own future."[5]

## Background

[edit]

In 1948 the Zengakuren was formed, mobilizing Japanese students against the first Anpo treaty with the United States. This is the time period detailed in flashbacks,[6] during which Nozawa, Nakayama, Misako, Takao, and Takumi were active. At the time, the Zengakuren was dominated by the Japanese Communist Party, represented in the film by the dogmatic leadership of Nakayama. Although resistance to the treaty failed in 1950, a new generation of student activists in 1960 challenged its renewal with massive street demonstrations, which once again ended in failure. This is Reiko's generation, and the demonstrations covered by Nozawa. The Zengakuren of this period tried to assert its independence from the Japanese Communist Party, and subsequently fractured into several organizations that continued to retain the name. Night and Fog in Japan, with extensive political dialogue peppered with Marxist rhetoric, tries to make sense of political defeat and the reconciliation of these two generations. Although the marriage of Nozawa and Reiko seems to suggest the possibility of reconciliation,[7] Nakayama looms large as the imposition of forced forgetting and the denial of reflection in favor of Party orthodoxy. Director Nagisa Ōshima clearly was critical of Stalinism and the failure of political reflection.[8] This pessimistic assessment pervades the film (Ōshima had been involved in, and sympathized with, student movements himself), especially in the portrayal of personal motivations in political movements.[4]

## Analysis

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Commentators on Night and Fog in Japan have noted its formal innovation, especially its theatricality. Maureen Turim describes, in addition to innovative long take and shot sequences reminiscent of Kenji Mizoguchi, a new filmic theatricality. Spatial restriction, lighting, color, and gesture figure in it, but most importantly it is the way spoken lines and confrontations are ordered by camera movement and shot, so that "the cinema becomes a device for redefining theatrical language."[4] Dana Polan sees the film as part of a broader element of Ōshima's cinema in which political meaning emerges "as process between screen and spectator." For example, in the ten-minute opening shot, camera movement and the symmetry of the wedding ceremony suggests a political stability threatened by the fog outside and the tracking shot that introduces the uninvited guests- destabilizing both composition and ideological certainty. More than just narratively showing political process, Ōshima's filmic technique demands the spectator reflect on the political and personal implications of form and character.[9]

Film historian Geoffrey Nowell-Smith described Night and Fog in Japan as the most aesthetically original film in any of the world's cinematic New Waves up to the year 1960, with the possible exceptions of Hiroshima mon amour, Breathless, or Shadows.[10]

## See also

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* Night and Fog, 1956 French short documentary after which Oshima’'s film was titled

## References

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1. ^ "日本の夜と霧とは". kotobank. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
2. ^ "Night and Fog in Japan". Harvard Film Archive. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
3. ^ Sharp, Jasper. "Where to begin with the Japanese New Wave". British Film Institute. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
4. ^ a b c Turim, Maureen The Films of Oshima Nagisa: Images of a Japanese Iconoclast, pp. 51-60. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
5. ^ Oshima, Nagisa. "In Protest against the Massacre of Night and Fog in Japan." Cinema, Censorship, and the State: The Writings of Nagisa Oshima, 1956-1978, pp 54-58. The MIT Press, 1992. Cambridge.
6. ^ "Nuit et Brouillard au Japon, de Nagisa Oshima". Il était une fois le cinéma (in French). 3 June 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
7. ^ Guignandon, Florian (28 August 2007). "Critique : Nuit et brouillard au Japon". Critikat (in French). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
8. ^ "Quand Nagisa Oshima n'en faisait qu'à sa tête". Libération (in French). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
9. ^ Polan, Dana. 1983. "Politics as Process in Three Films by Nagisa Oshima." Film Criticism 8, no. 1 (Fall): 35-41.
10. ^ Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (2013). "Nagisa Oshima and the Japanese New Wave". Making Waves, New Cinemas of the 1960s (Revised and Expanded ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781623565626.

## External links

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* Night and Fog in Japan at IMDb
* Night and Fog in Japan at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese)

* v
* t
* e

Films directed by Nagisa Ōshima

* A Town of Love and Hope (1959)
* Cruel Story of Youth (1960)
* The Sun's Burial (1960)
* Night and Fog in Japan (1960)
* The Catch (1961)
* Violence at Noon (1966)
* Tales of the Ninja (1967)
* Double Suicide: Japanese Summer (1967)
* Sing a Song of Sex (1967)
* Death by Hanging (1968)
* Diary of a Shinjuku Thief (1968)
* Three Resurrected Drunkards (1968)
* Boy (1969)
* The Man Who Left His Will on Film (1970)
* The Ceremony (1971)
* In the Realm of the Senses (1976)
* Empire of Passion (1978)
* Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983)
* Max mon amour (1986)
* Taboo (1999)

* v
* t
* e

New Left in Japan

Events|

* Anpo protests
* Sanrizuka Struggle
* 1968–1969 Japanese university protests (Shinjuku riot)
* Folk guerrilla concerts
* Japan Airlines Flight 351
* Asama-Sansō incident
* Bombing of the Soji-ji Ossuary
* Lod Airport massacre
* Bombing of the Fusetsu no Gunzo and Institute of Northern Cultures
* Japan Air Lines Flight 404
* 1974 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bombing
* 1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague
* 1975 AIA building hostage crisis
* Japan Air Lines Flight 472

Key figures|

* Michiko Kanba
* Kan'ichi Kuroda
* Tsuneo Mori
* Hiroko Nagata
* Makoto Oda
* Ryū Ōta
* Fusako Shigenobu
* Takaya Shiomi
* Mitsu Tanaka
* Mitsuko Tokoro
* Takaaki Yoshimoto

Groups|

| Insurrectionary|

* East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
* Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction
* Red Army Faction
* Japanese Red Army
* United Red Army

|

Multi-tendency|

* Beheiren (Citizen's League for Peace in Vietnam)
* Zengakuren (post–1958)
* Zenkyōtō

Trotskyist|

* Communist League (Japan)
* Japan Revolutionary Communist League
* Japan Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee (Central Core Faction)
* Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)

Influences|

| Ideological|

* Ainu Revolution Theory
* Anti-imperialism
* Anti-Japaneseism
* Maoism
* Pacifism
* Self-criticism
* Trotskyism
* Women's liberation (Japan)

|

International|

* Anti-Americanism
* Anti-Stalinist left
* Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

Representation in media|

| Film|

* Night and Fog in Japan (1960)
* Ecstasy of the Angels (1972)
* 69 (2004)
* United Red Army (2007)
* Children of the Revolution (2010)

|

Literature|

* 69
* Hear the Wind Sing
* Norwegian Wood

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