Ningbo

Prefecture-level & sub-provincial city in China

For other uses, see Ningbo (disambiguation).

"Liampo" redirects here. For the nearby settlement referred to by this name by the Portuguese in the 16th century, see Shuangyu.

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Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city in Zhejiang, China

Ningbo

宁波市

Ningpo

Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city

Clockwise: Ningbo city god temple, Yinzhou District Government of Ningbo, Tianfeng Pagoda, Dongqian Lake, Tianyi Pavilion Museum

Ningbo City in Zhejiang

Ningbo

Location in China

Coordinates (Tianyi Square): 29°52′08″N 121°33′14″E﻿ / ﻿29.869°N 121.554°E﻿ / 29.869; 121.554
Country| China
Province| Zhejiang
County-level divisions| 11
Township divisions| 148
Municipal seat| Yinzhou
Government

• Type| Sub-provincial city
• Body| Ningbo Municipal People's Congress
• CCP Secretary| Peng Jiaxue
• Congress Chairman| Yu Hongyi
• Mayor| Qiu Dongyao
• CPPCC Chairman| Xu Yuning
Area

• City

| 9,816.23 km2 (3,790.07 sq mi)
• Urban

| 2,461.8 km2 (950.5 sq mi)
• Metro

| 2,461.8 km2 (950.5 sq mi)
Elevation

| 150 m (488 ft)
Population

(2022 census)[1]

• City

| 9,618,000
• Density| 980/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
• Urban

| 7,585,000
• Urban density| 3,100/km2 (8,000/sq mi)
• Metro

| 2,033,000
• Metro density| 830/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
GDP[2]

• City| CN¥ 1.570 trillion
US$ 233.5 billion
• Per capita| CN¥ 163,911
US$ 24,369
Time zone| UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code|

315000

Area code| 574
ISO 3166 code| CN-ZJ-02
Vehicle registration| 浙B
City trees| Camphor Laurel
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.
City flowers| Camellia
Website| ningbo.gov.cn
Ningbo

"Ningbo" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters

Simplified Chinese| 宁波
Traditional Chinese| 寧波 / 𡩋波
Wu| Nihng-boⓘ (locally)
Literal meaning| "Tranquil Waves"
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Níngbō
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Ningbo
Wade–Giles| Ning2-po1
IPA| [nǐŋ.pwó]

Romanization| Nihng-boⓘ (locally)
Hakka
Romanization| Nèn-pô
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Nìhng-bō
Jyutping| Ning4-bo1
IPA| [nɪŋ˩.pɔ˥]
Southern Min
Tâi-lô| Lîng-pho

Ningbo[a] is a sub-provincial city in northeastern Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It comprises six urban districts, two satellite county-level cities, and two rural counties, including several islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. Ningbo is the southern economic center[3] of the Yangtze Delta megalopolis.[4] The port of Ningbo–Zhoushan, spread across several locations, is the world's busiest port by cargo tonnage and world's third-busiest container port since 2010.[5]

Ningbo is the core city and center of the Ningbo Metropolitan Area.[4] To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai; to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea; on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing and Taizhou respectively. As of the 2020 Chinese national census, the entire administrated area of Ningbo City had a population of 9.4 million (9,404,283).[6]

Ningbo is one of the 15 sub-provincial cities in China, and is one of the five separate state-planning cities[7] in China (the other four being Dalian, Qingdao, Xiamen, and Shenzhen), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed by Zhejiang Province. Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.[8]

In 2022, the GDP of Ningbo was CNY 1570,43 billion[9] (US$233.479 billion), and it was ranked 12th among 293 cities in China.[10] Moreover, Ningbo is among the wealthiest cities in China; it ranked 8th in terms of average yearly disposable income in the year of 2020.[11] As of 2020, Ningbo has global headquarters and registered offices of over 100 listed companies,[12] and many regional business headquarters. In 2021, Ningbo featured the seventh most listed companies of all cities in China.[13] Furthermore, Ningbo was among the top 10 Chinese cities in the Urban Business Environment Report released by the Chinese state media China Central Television (CCTV) in 2019.[14]

As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BCE and the Hemudu culture in 4800 BCE, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016.[15] From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first five treaty ports opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.[16]

## Etymology

[edit]

The first character in the city's name ning (宁 or 寧) means "serene", while its second character bo (波) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "甬" (pinyin: Yǒng) for the eponymous "Yong Hill" (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and the Yong River that flows through Ningbo city.

Formerly known as Mingzhou (明州; Míngzhōu), Ningbo boasts a rich historical background. The name Mingzhou is derived from the characters "明" (Míng), which symbolizes the presence of two lakes within the city walls: the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖). This nomenclature traces its roots back to the Tang dynasty in 636 CE, reflecting the enduring history of Ningbo. While the original Sun Lake dried up during the 19th century, the Ningbo government embarked on its restoration in 2002.

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Ningbo

Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating back to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BCE and Hemudu culture in 4800 BCE. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the Silk Road at least two thousand years ago, and later as a major port for foreign trade. According to Erik Zürcher, among the nineteen Ashokan stupas in China, those at Changgan Temple in Nanjing and Ayuwang (Ashoka) Temple near Ningbo were particularly venerated, highlighting their importance in the early spread of Buddhism in China.[17]

### Ancient to Sui dynasty

[edit]

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As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the Jingtou Mountain site in Yuyao.[18] These relics date back to 6300 BCE, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry-fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the Hemudu culture (5000–4500 BCE), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.[19]

Before the Han dynasty, the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the Xia dynasty, the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the Spring and Autumn period, the area where Ningbo to which Ningbo belonged was the Yue State. At that time, the Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town, which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of the Warring States period, the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction of Chu State. In 221 BCE, Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated to Kuaiji Commandery, with three counties of Yin, Yin, and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin, Yin, Juzhang, and Yuyao). In the early years of the Western Han dynasty, Kuaiji Commandery belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled, Kuaiji Commandery was restored. In 589 CE (Sui Kai Huang nine years), the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom.

### Tang and Song dynasty

[edit]

Tianfeng Tower, originally built during the Tang dynasty, is the symbol of old Ningbo. A rock garden inside Tianyi Chamber

Since the Tang dynasty, Ningbo has been an important commercial port. Arab traders lived in Ningbo during the Song dynasty when it was known as Mingzhou or Siming,[20] since the ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time.[21][22] It was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world.[23] These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese, instead practicing their own customs and religion and inhabiting ghettos. They did not try to proselytize Islam to the Chinese.[24] There was also a large Jewish community in Ningbo, as evidenced by the fact that, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng in 1642, a replacement was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Jews at Ningbo.[25]

From the Tang to the late Ming dynasty, the ports of Ningbo and Hangzhou saw the most direct trade between China and Japan.

### Ming dynasty

[edit]

The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This was the usual spelling used, for example in the standard Portuguese history, João de Barros's Décadas da Ásia, although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese "corruption" of the more correct Nimpó.[26][27] The spelling Liampó is also attested to in the Peregrination (Peregrinação) by Fernão Mendes Pinto, a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century. For the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó after the nearby "illustrious city", was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia.[26] The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands such as Shuangyu). Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo. They also enslaved people during their raids.[28] The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.

In May 1523, a brawl between trade representatives from rival Japanese clans escalated into pillaging and piracy, an event known as the Ningbo incident.

### Qing dynasty

[edit]

19th century map of Ningbo[20]

Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 at the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the Battle of Ningpo on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of the Taiping Kingdom took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the Jews and Persians; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the Sino-French War, Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.

Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.[29][30]

During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "The Ningpo Massacre" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.

During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a Presbyterian Church in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.[31] The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.[32] Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the Church of England Missionary Society, and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the Ningbo dialect.[33]

### World War II

[edit]

During WWII in 1940, between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo, leaving primarily the elderly behind.[34] The Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague.[35] An outbreak of bubonic plague followed. Bacteriologist Huang Ketai reported that at least 109 people died from the plague in Ningbo in November and December 1940.[36] According to Daniel Barenblatt, imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo was recorded on film in 1940.[37]

## Geography

[edit]

Ningpo (labeled YIN-HSIEN (NINGPO) 鄞縣) (1952) Ningbo city temple The Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was built between 1872 and 1876, was closed by the government in 1963, and was reopened and renamed in 1980. It was recognized as a national heritage site in 2006.

Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the East China Sea and Zhoushan Archipelago; on the north by Hangzhou Bay, across which it faces Jiaxing and Shanghai; on the west by Shaoxing; and on the south by Taizhou. Its land area is 9,816 square kilometers (3,790 sq mi), while its oceanic territory amounts to 9,758 km2 (3,768 sq mi); there is a total 1,562 km (971 mi) of coastline, including 788 km (490 mi) of mainland coastline and 774 km (481 mi) of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for 524 km2 (202 sq mi) under the city's administration.

Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Its central business district is bisected by the Yongjiang River. Important peninsulas include the Chuanshan Peninsula (穿山半岛), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the Xiangshan Peninsula (象山半岛) in Xiangshan County. The Siming Mountains (四明山) run north from Mount Tiantai and within Ningbo City, traversing Yuyao City, Haishu District, and Fenghua District, and reaching a height of 979 m (3,212 ft).

Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, large areas have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.[38]

## Climate

[edit]

Ningbo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with monthly daily averages ranging from 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −8.8 °C (16 °F) on 12 January 1955 to 42.1 °C (108 °F) on 8 August 2013.[39] The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1,430 mm (56 in) and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of typhoons, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.[40]

Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementing sponge city strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.[41]

Climate data for Ningbo (Yinzhou District), elevation 6 m (20 ft), (1991–2020 normals, Extremes 1951–2013)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 34.9
(94.8)  | 36.3
(97.3)  | 38.9
(102.0)  | 41.3
(106.3)  | 42.1
(107.8)  | 38.8
(101.8)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 42.1
(107.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 9.6
(49.3)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 15.8
(60.4)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 26.2
(79.2)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 33.9
(93.0)  | 33.1
(91.6)  | 28.8
(83.8)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 5.8
(42.4)  | 7.5
(45.5)  | 11.1
(52.0)  | 16.5
(61.7)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 28.8
(83.8)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 17.7
(63.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 2.9
(37.2)  | 4.3
(39.7)  | 7.6
(45.7)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 10.8
(51.4)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 14.4
(57.8)
Record low °C (°F)  | −8.8
(16.2)  | −7.2
(19.0)  | −3.7
(25.3)  | −0.2
(31.6)  | 7.4
(45.3)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 1.1
(34.0)  | −3.7
(25.3)  | −8.5
(16.7)  | −8.8
(16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 83.9
(3.30)  | 78.6
(3.09)  | 125.2
(4.93)  | 103.8
(4.09)  | 118.2
(4.65)  | 233.6
(9.20)  | 165.9
(6.53)  | 205.7
(8.10)  | 176.3
(6.94)  | 88.9
(3.50)  | 78.7
(3.10)  | 69.1
(2.72)  | 1,527.9
(60.15)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.3  | 11.6  | 15  | 14  | 13.6  | 16.8  | 12.1  | 15  | 13.5  | 8.9  | 10.6  | 10.5  | 153.9
Average snowy days  | 2.5  | 1.9  | 0.6  | 0.1  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0.9  | 6
Average relative humidity (%)  | 75  | 75  | 74  | 72  | 74  | 81  | 75  | 77  | 78  | 75  | 76  | 74  | 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 101.5  | 103.1  | 123.2  | 149.6  | 160.7  | 120.2  | 218.6  | 202.6  | 149  | 153.3  | 112.9  | 113.8  | 1,708.5
Percentage possible sunshine | 31  | 33  | 33  | 39  | 38  | 29  | 51  | 50  | 41  | 44  | 36  | 36  | 38
Average ultraviolet index | 4  | 5  | 7  | 9  | 10  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 9  | 7  | 4  | 3  | 8
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[42][43] Weather China[44][45] all-time extreme temperature[46][47]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (uv)[48]

## Administrative structure and divisions

[edit]

Local officers of Ningbo

* The Secretary of Party in Ningbo is Peng Jiaxue, who is first-in-charge of the city.
* The Mayor of Ningbo is Qiu Dongyao, who is second-in command of the city, and the Vice Secretary of Party in Ningbo.

Administrative divisions of Ningbo

The sub-provincial city of Ningbo is as whole an urban group with one central group, one northern group, and one southern group.

It has direct jurisdiction over the following:

* Six districts (central group): Haishu District, Yinzhou District, Jiangbei District, Beilun District, Zhenhai District, Fenghua District
* Two county-level cities (northern group): Yuyao, Cixi
* Two counties (southern group): Xiangshan, Ninghai

Map

Haishu

Jiangbei

Beilun

Zhenhai

Yinzhou

Fenghua

Xiangshan
County

Ninghai
County

Yuyao
(city)

Cixi
(city)

Subdivision  | Simplified Chinese  | Pinyin  | Population (2022[49][50])  | Area (km2) | Density  | Urbanization Rate(%)
6 Central Urban Districts
Haishu District | 海曙区 | Hǎishǔ Qū | 1,058,000  | 595.03  | 1,748.29  | 88.1
Yinzhou District | 鄞州区 | Yínzhōu Qū | 1,662,000  | 799.09  | 2,079.86  | 83.0
Jiangbei District | 江北区 | Jiangbei Qū | 503,000  | 208.14  | 2,416.64  | 84.7
Beilun District | 北仑区 | Běilún Qū | 879,000  | 597.76  | 1,470.48  | 77.8
Zhenhai District | 镇海区 | Zhènhǎi Qū | 516,000  | 244.28  | 2,112.33  | 91.1
Fenghua District | 奉化区 | Fènghuà Qū | 586,000  | 1,267.60  | 462.29  | 61.2
2 Southern Counties
Xiangshan County | 象山县 | Xiàngshān Xiàn | 576,000  | 1,382.18  | 416.73  | 62.5
Ninghai County | 宁海县 | Nínghǎi Xiàn | 709,000  | 1,843.26  | 384.64  | 63.7
2 Northern County-Level Cities
Yuyao | 余姚市 | Yúyáo Shì | 1,264,000  | 1,500.80  | 842.21  | 81.4
Cixi | 慈溪市 | Cíxī Shì | 1,865,000  | 1,360.63  | 1,370.68  | 80.1
Sum  | 9,618,000  | 9,816.23  | 979.80  | 78.9

* Defunct: Jiangdong District

## Economy

[edit]

Ningbo is an important port city located 220 kilometers (140 mi) south of Shanghai. The city's export industry dates back to the 7th century. Today, Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools. The city's private sector is especially well-developed, contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013.[51]

Historically, Ningbo was somewhat geographically isolated from other major cities. In 2007 the Hangzhou Bay Bridge was built, cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai from four hours to two and a half. The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China.[51]

In 2009, Ningbo's economic activity reached US$60.8 billion, down 10.4 percent from 2008. The exports totaled US$38.65 billion, down 16.6 percent from the previous year. In addition, Ningbo imported US$22.16 billion of goods, up 3.1 percent from the previous year.[52]

Ningbo's economy grew 9.26 percent in 2013 to 712.89 billion yuan (US$115.12 billion).[51] In 2009, the city's per capita output was US$10,833, about three times the national average.[53]

### Foreign investment

[edit]

With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo, the city has received considerable foreign investment.[54] Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in the city, which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners. The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade, new strategic industries, manufacturing, information services, and creative industries.[51]

### Economic and technological development zones

[edit]

#### Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone

[edit]

Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is 27 km (17 mi) away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include ExxonMobil, Dupont and Dow Chemical.[55]

#### Ningbo Daxie Development Zone

[edit]

The Ningbo Daxie Development Zone was approved in 1993 and covers an area of 5.92 km2 (2.29 sq mi). Over more than ten years of development and construction, industrial and logistical foundations have been established in the zone for the transshipment of energy, liquid chemicals and containers.[55]

#### Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

[edit]

Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007. It is 10 km (6.2 mi) from Ningbo International Airport and 18 km (11 mi) away from Ningbo Port. The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta. Industries encouraged include chemicals production and processing, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, raw material processing, Research and Development.[56]

#### Ningbo Free Trade Zone

[edit]

Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province. It was established by State Council in 1992, covering the area of 2.3 km2 (0.89 sq mi). It lies in the middle of the coastline of mainland China, at the south of Yangtze River Delta. In 2008, its industrial output value was RMB 53.33 billion and grew at 19.8 percent as compared to 2007.[57]

#### Nordic Industrial Park

[edit]

The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP) is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team.[58]

#### Ningbo Advertising Park

[edit]

The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.[59]

## Ningbo port

[edit]

Ningbo port in the Beilun District

Main article: Port of Ningbo

Unlike other Chinese cities, Ningbo has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000-ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun District and Zhenhai District.

In 2006, Ningbo Port started its expansion towards the neighboring island city of Zhoushan to build an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighboring ports in the region, such as Shanghai's Yangshan a deep-water port. Statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput was 13,144,000 TEUs. In 2021, total cargo throughput was 1,224,050,000 tonnes, including 31,080,000 TEUs. Ningbo proper saw 623,400,000 tonnes and 29,370,000 TEUs, while Zhoushan saw 600,650,000 tonnes and 1,710 000,TEUs. Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff processing developments, Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.[60][61]

Ningbo is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south, via Singapore towards the southern tip of India, via Mombasa to the Mediterranean, and from there via Athens to the Upper Adriatic region, to the northern Italian hub of Trieste, with its rail connections to Central Europe and Eastern Europe.[62][63][64]

## Tourism

[edit]

King Ashoka Temple Haishu District, Tianyi Square

Due to its long history and economic prosperity, Ningbo is a city with very rich tourist resources. The following is a list of the main tourist attractions authorized by the Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism in each subdivision of Ningbo city.

### Haishu District

[edit]

* Moon Lake Park (Yuehu Park): A reservoir excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 CE) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself, some small islands on the lake, and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites, such as:
* Tianyi Pavilion (or Tianyi Chamber): One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 CE, it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of the Confucian classics, rare local histories, and lists of the candidates successful in imperial examinations. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:
* Tianyi Pavilion-related buildings such as:
* The ancient Chinese mansion of the library's first owner, Fan Qing, built during the Ming dynasty (1516 CE)
* A traditional Chinese Garden as part of Fan's mansion
* An ancient private theater of Chinese plays as part of Fan's mansion
* A Mahjong (麻將) museum, since Ningbo is regarded as the birthplace of Mahjong
* He Ancestral Temple (賀祕監祠): A cultural built in honor of the Chinese poet He Zhizhang (賀知章, 659 CE – 744 CE) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest", where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 CE) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 CE).
* Ancient Korean Embassy: Built during the Northern Song dynasty to welcome Korean envoys and business groups. Destroyed by war in 1130 CE, the site was announced as a cultural relics protection unit in 1984. It is now a showroom for the history of relations between Ningbo and Korea.
* Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao Temple: A Ningbo-born novelist Qu You wrote a fiction called Peony Dengji (牡丹燈記, Janpanese: Botan Dōrō also known as 怪談牡丹燈籠 Tales of the Peony Lantern) (in the collection of Jiandeng Xinhua). It describes a love story between ghost and a man during Fang Guozhen period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations, including Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao temple, that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as one of three Kaidan tales in Japan.
* Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower): The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top, there is a six-meter-high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.
* Chenghuang Temple (Ningbo County Temple): An ancient temple of the City God at commercial center in downtown Ningbo.
* Tianfeng Pagoda: This national cultural relics protection site is a typical Song-style loft-style brickwood structure tower unique to Jiangnan. This hexagonal building is a landmark and the tallest ancient structure in the city. It appears as a seven-story tower with another seven stories underground, and is renowned for its long history, architectural value, and ancient artifacts. The tower was first built in 695 CE during the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE).
* Tianyi Square: Located in the bustling old downtown of Ningbo City with the nationwide famous shopping complex, named after the Tianyi Ge (Chamber), the oldest private library in Asia.
* Nantang Old Street: An old commercial street by the river with many folk arts and crafts shops, souvenir stores, and small restaurants. Previously, Nantang Street was a place for local fairs and flea markets. In 2013, the street was renovated to become a tourist site.
* Liangzhu Cultural Park: A theme park dedicated to the story of the Butterfly Lovers, one of the four folklores in China. The Butterfly Lovers is reputed as the oriental version of Romeo and Juliet.
* Baiyun Manor: An ancient academy where Huang Zongxi (黃宗羲) gave lectures. Huang, whose style name is Taichong, was a distinguished thinker, writer, and historian of the late Ming and early Qing.
* Tashan Weir: An ancient dam erected during the Tang dynasty.
* Ningbo Wulongtan Scenic Scenic Resort: Also called Five-dragon Pools Scenic Resort, it is one of the Ten New Sceneries in Ningbo, and a National AAAA rated scenic area.

### Yinzhou District

[edit]

Ningbo Museum

* Ningbo Museum (Yinzhou Museum, or Ningbo Historic Museum): A museum focused on Ningbo area history and traditional customs, considered the masterwork of Wang Shu, the first Chinese citizen to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2012. The Ningbo Museum is also the main filming location for the 2023 TV series adaptation of scifi author Liu Cixin's novel of the same name, Three Bodies.
* Romon U-Park: One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.
* Ningbo Eastern New Town: A newly developed area of Ningbo City, with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices), several museums, galleries, and shopping centers, including:
* Ningbo Urban Planning Exhibition Center[65]
* Ningbo Hankyu Commercial Complex: Opened in 2021, it is the first overseas outlet of Hankyu, the famous Japanese department store.
* Ningbo New Library
* Yinzhou Park and Ningbo Southern CBD
* Dongqian Lake: The largest natural freshwater lake in Zhejiang Province. The earliest historical record of the lake dates back to the West Jin dynasty, and there are several natural sceneries and historical attractions around the lake:
* Little Putuo: An island on the lake with several temples built during the Song dynasty by a prime minister called Shihao.
* Yuefei Temple: A temple built during the Song dynasty in memory of Yuefei.
* Taogong Island: The place where Fanli and Xishi once lived according to folklore.
* Southern Song Dynasty Rock Carving Park: won the "National Cultural Relics Conservation Best Project Award" awarded by the China National Architecture Research Association and the China Cultural Relics Conservation Foundation
* Fuquan Mountain: a mountain with a Chinese tea theme park
* Ningbo Hanling Old Street: an ancient street with a history thousands of years. It was once called Hanling City. The 'city' here means bazaar.
* Qita Temple: A Zen Buddhist temple complex first consecrated during the Tang dynasty in the downtown area of Ningbo city.
* Tianhou Temple: A former temple of Mazu as the "Empress of Heaven" once used by Fujianese merchants as their guild hall (Qing'an Huiguan). In the 19th century, it was accounted by S. Wells Williams as the most beautiful place in Ningbo and by John Thomson as one of the most beautiful temples in China, but that structure was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War. It has been reconstructed with many of its original works of art, however, to form the East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs and Folk Customs Museum.
* Temple of King Ashoka: a Buddhist temple first established during the Western Jin dynasty (282 AD).
* Tiantong Temple: One of the "Five Chan Buddhism Temples". Tiantong Temple is the cradle of the Sōtō school (曹洞宗, Sōtō-shū) of Japanese Buddhism.
* Ningbo Ocean World: An aquarium with an ocean theater
* Ningbo Youngor Zoo
* Ningbo Sakura Park (Zhongxing Sakura Park): A sakura park built to commemorate the friendship city between Ningbo City and Nagaoka City, Japan

### Jiangbei District

[edit]

Confucian Temple of Cicheng

* Sanjiangkou: The place where the Yong River, Yaojiang River, and Fenghua River meet, and the heart of old Ningbo city where the borders of 3 urban districts of Ningbo city meet.
* Old Bund (Old Waitan): A waterfront area and protected historical district in the center of Ningbo, built earlier than the Bund of Shanghai, with lots of early 19th century architectures, stores and restaurants.
* Baoguo Temple: The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently, it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum, and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.
* Ningbo Museum of Art
* Ningbo Museum of Garden (寧波園林博物館)
* Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo
* Cicheng Ancient Town: A very well-maintained ancient Chinese ancient walled city built in the 8th century, including ancient-time schools, courts, temples, houses, commercial areas. In December 2009, the ancient buildings in Cicheng received the honorary award of the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation by UNESCO.
* Yaojiang Park

### Zhenhai District

[edit]

The monument to victory in the Battle of Zhenhai (Sino-French War)

* Jiulong Lake
* Zhaobao Mountain
* The Seventeen Houses of Zheng's: The seventeen Houses of Zheng exemplify the classical style of residences during the Ming and Qing dynasties in the south part of Yangtze River Basin.
* Ningbo Bang Museum and Culture Park Archived 2021-01-19 at the Wayback Machine: Displays exhibits related to the Ningbo Gang (Ningbo Merchants Group), and the development history of the business gang. It was one of the ten largest commercial groups during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and became the biggest commercial regional group of China in the late Qing dynasty.
* Yugang Bao's Old House

### Beilun District

[edit]

* Port Museum of China

### Fenghua District

[edit]

* Xuedou Temple

### Xiangshan County

[edit]

* Yushan Islands
* Nantian Island
* Xiangshan Global Studios

### Ninghai County

[edit]

* The Zhedong Grand Canyon
* Nanxi Hot Spring
* Qiantong Old Town

### Yuyao City (County)

[edit]

* Hemudu Culture Relics Site and Museum: The relic site and museum of a Neolithic culture that flourished just south of Hangzhou Bay.

### Cixi City (County)

[edit]

* Dapeng Mountain

## Notable people

[edit]

Many renowned Chinese have their origins here.

People in mainland China

* Zhang Jianhong, freelance writer, playwright, poet, and democracy activist
* Pan Tianshou, an artist in Chinese painting
* Zhou Xinfang, an artist in Peking opera
* Yu Lina, a violinist
* Sha Menghai, a master calligrapher
* Pang Lijuan, an educator and politician
* Tu Youyou, a scientist awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
* Sang Lan, an advocate for improved conditions for the disabled in China
* Shen Yueyue, a senior politician
* Shi Xiaolin, a politician

People in Hong Kong

* Run Run Shaw
* Tung Chee Hwa
* Tung Chao Yung
* Chen Din Hwa
* Stephen Chow
* Sammo Hung
* Yue-Kong Pao

People in Taiwan

* Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China
* Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son
* Morris Chang

People overseas

* Shien Biau Woo
* Yo Yo Ma
* Kin Yamei
* Yuan Yang (politician)

## Transportation

[edit]

Zhao bao shan Bridge, Zhenhai District, Ningbo

### Bridge

[edit]

The Hangzhou Bay Bridge, a combination cable-stayed bridge and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of Shanghai and Ningbo and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world.[66][67] It is the world's second-longest bridge, after the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana, United States.

The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a 27 km (17 mi) long opened on December 26, 2009.

The Xiangshan Harbor Bridge opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The 47 km (29 mi) long project includes 22 km (14 mi) as the main body of the bridge and an 8 kilometer long tunnel.[68]

### Sea port

[edit]

The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021[61]) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.[69]

### Airport

[edit]

Ningbo Lishe International Airport connects Ningbo by air to the rest of China, with regularly scheduled domestic and international flights.

### Railway

[edit]

Ningbo New Railway Station was reopened in December 2013 after years of on-site restoration to accommodate high speed rails and increasing passengers

Three railway lines intersect in Ningbo: the Xiaoshan–Ningbo Railway (Xiaoyong Line), which runs west to Hangzhou; the Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou (Yongtaiwen) Railway, which runs south to Wenzhou; and the Hangzhou–Ningbo High-Speed Railway, which runs parallel to the Xiaoyong Line providing high-speed railway service.

With the booming economy in the region, the Xiaoyong Railway, a conventional railway built in the 1950s, could not meet the demand for railway travel between Zhejiang's two largest cities, so construction of a new high-speed railway line between Hangzhou and Ningbo started in 2009. The new railway line was finished in 2013 and reduced travel time between Ningbo and Hangzhou to 50 minutes.

The Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009. It connects Ningbo with cities along the coast to the south to Fujian Province. High-speed trains on this line operate at speeds of up to 250 km/h (160 mph).

Ningbo re-opened the Ningbo railway station after three years of construction on 28 December 2013. With a construction area of more than 120,000 m2,[70] it is one of the largest railway stations in China.

### Expressway

[edit]

Seven expressways connect Ningbo with its surrounding cities:

* The Hangyong expressway, built in the 1990s, connects Hangzhou and Ningbo, and is now part of Hangzhou Bay ring expressway (G9211).
* The Yongtaiwen expressway (G15), opened in 2000, connects Ningbo with Taizhou and Wenzhou.
* The Yongjin expressway (G1512) connects Ningbo and Jinhua.
* The Huyong expressway (G15) connects Ningbo and Shanghai via the Hangzhou Bay bridge.
* The Yongzhou expressway (G9211) via Jintang Bridge.[71]
* The G1504 Ningbo Ring Expressway
* The G1523 Ningbo–Dongguan Expressway

Ningbo Rail Transit Plan (2026) Line 1 train leaving Xujiacao Changle Station

### Rapid rail transit and subway

[edit]

Main article: Ningbo Rail Transit

Ningbo has multiple metro lines in service, under construction, and under authorized planning:

Ningbo Rail Transit in 6 Urban Districts of Ningbo (Not Including 2 County-level Cities and 2 Counties)  Lines  | Length in Kilometers (km)  | Number of Stations  | In-Service Year

|
|
|

Lines in Service
Line 1  | 46.17  | 29  | 2014
Line 2  | 33.95  | 27  | 2015
Line 3  | 38.63  | 27  | 2019
Line 4  | 36.11  | 25  | 2020
Lines Under Construction
Line 2 Extension  | 2.9  | 2  | 2021
Line 5  | 27.5  | 22  | 2021
Line 3 Extension  | 9.5  | 5  | 2023
Line 4 East Extension  | 2.5  | 1  | Construction Began in 2021
Constructing Plans That Will be Completed by 2026
Line 1 West Extension  | 1.5  | 1  | by 2026
Line 4 West Extension  | 2.5  | 1  | by 2026
Line 6  | 38.6  | 24  | by 2026
Line 7  | 38.8  | 25  | by 2026
Line 8  | 22.6  | 18  | by 2026

Since the Metro lines above mainly serve the six urban districts of Ningbo, the Ningbo government announced several future plans to build further rapid transit to connect the six urban districts with the county-level cities and counties.

## Military

[edit]

Ningbo serves as the headquarters of the East Sea Fleet of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.

## Language

[edit]

Ningbo speech is a dialect of Wu Chinese that has preserved many aspects of ancient Chinese phonology. Its original wording mode can be found in classical reference books. After the unequal treaty port opening, western culture gradually permeated Ningbo. Thus, the prefix "洋 yang", meaning ocean or Western, before the nouns of imported goods is a special language phenomenon of Ningbo dialect.[72]

## Food

[edit]

Ningbo is known for Ningbo Tangyuan, small stuffed buns which are boiled. The stuffing is usually ground sesame mixed with sugar or pork fat. The stuffing is then wrapped with sticky rice powder. Ningbo is even more well known throughout China for its seafood. Seafood markets are abundant, carrying extensive varieties of fish, shellfish, snails, jellyfish and other invertebrates, and sea vegetables in all stages of preparation from "still swimming," to cleaned and ready to cook, to fully cooked.

## Education

[edit]

At the end of 2020, there were 1,896 schools of all levels and types in the city, with a total of 1,418,000 students. Among them, there are 15 colleges and universities in Ningbo with 177,000 full-time students; 86 regular high schools with 93,000 students; 35 vocational schools with 69,000 students; 230 junior high schools with 217,000 students; and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city, with 258,000 students, accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In the compulsory education section, there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.[73]

Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.[16]

In the whole year of 2020, the city attracted 1,372 more workers with doctoral degrees, for a total of 9,265; 67,000 highly skilled talents, for a total of 551,000; 35 postdoctoral research stations, for a total of 224; and 166,000 graduates, a year-on-year increase of 20.5%. There are 10 offices, totaling 100. Throughout the year, 327,000 skilled personnel were trained in the city.

### Higher-Educational institutions

[edit]

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|

Ningbo has 15 universities and colleges as of May 2021, as well as many research institutions that offer graduate degree programs. The following is a list of current universities and colleges in Ningbo.

List of Universities and Colleges in Ningbo as of May 2021  English Name  | Chinese Name  | Degree Program  | Website  | Note

|
|
|
|

Ningbo University | 宁波大学  | bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree  | https://www.nbu.edu.cn/en/ | A Double First-Class Construction university, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines
University of Nottingham, Ningbo China | 宁波诺丁汉大学  | bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree  | https://www.nottingham.edu.cn/en/ | Affiliated with the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom (UK) and the first Sino-foreign university in China
Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University | 浙大宁波理工学院  | bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree  | http://www.nit.zju.edu.cn/en/ |
Zhejiang Wanli University | 浙江万里学院  | bachelor's degree, master's degree  | http://en.zwu.edu.cn/ |
Ningbo University of Technology | 宁波工程学院  | bachelor's degree, master's degree  | http://www.nbut.cn/ Archived 2021-04-09 at the Wayback Machine |
Ningbo University of Finance and Economics  | 宁波财经学院 | bachelor's degree  | http://www.nbut.cn/ Archived 2021-04-09 at the Wayback Machine |
College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University  | 宁波大学科学技术学院  | bachelor's degree  | https://www.ndky.edu.cn/ | An independent college of Ningbo University
China Coast Guard Academy  | 中国人民武装警察部队海警学院  | bachelor's degree  |  |
Zhejiang University of Pharmacy  | 浙江药科职业大学  | associate degree, bachelor's degree  | https://www.zjpc.net.cn/ |
Zhejiang Business Technology Institute  | 浙江工商职业技术学院  | associate degree  | https://www.zjbti.net.cn/ |
Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College  | 宁波职业技术学院  | associate degree  | https://en.nbpt.edu.cn/ |
Zhejiang Fashion Institute of Technology  | 浙江纺织服装职业技术学院  | associate degree  | http://www.zjff.edu.cn/ |
Ningbo City College of Vocational Technology  | 宁波城市职业技术学院  | associate degree  | https://www.nbcc.cn/ |
Ningbo College of Health Sciences  | 宁波卫生职业技术学院  | associate degree  | http://www.nbchs.net/ Archived 2013-08-07 at the Wayback Machine |
Ningbo Childhood Education College  | 宁波幼儿师范高等专科学校  | associate degree  | https://www.nbei.net/ |

As of 2020, many famous universities and research institutions have an operating campus or institutes in Ningbo, most of them offering graduate degree programs.

Part of Research Institutions Offering Graduate Programs in Ningbo  English Name  | Chinese Name

|

Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences  | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所
Ningbo Institute of Technology, BeihangUniversity  | 北京航空航天大学宁波创新研究院
Zhejiang University, Ningbo  | 浙江大学宁波校区
Harbin Institute of Technology, Ningbo  | 哈尔滨工业大学宁波智能装备研究院
Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo  | 大连理工大学宁波研究院
Tianjin University, Ningbo  | 天津大学浙江研究院
Ningbo Institute of Marine-Derived Pharmaceutical, Peking University  | 北京大学宁波海洋药物研究院
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo  | 西北工业大学宁波研究院

Compared to the other 14 sub-provincial cities in China, Ningbo has the fewest higher-educational institutions.

### Secondary and primary education

[edit]

Compulsory education is from the ages 6 to 15. Students are catered to in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for the Gaokao (高考), a cumulative test taken at the end of high school, is optional.[74] At the end of 2020, there were 86 regular high schools with 93,000 students in Ningbo; 35 vocational schools with 69,000 students; 230 junior high schools with 21.7 students; and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city, with 258,000 students, accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In the compulsory education section, there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.[73]

### International education

[edit]

Several schools are permitted to operate foreign educational programs as an alternative to the Chinese National curriculum and to accept international students.

Access International Academy Ningbo (AIAN) and Ningbo Zhicheng School International (NZSI) both offer the American AERO (American Education Reaches Out) curriculum with the College Board Advanced Placement examinations. Ningbo International School Archived 2020-08-05 at the Wayback Machine (NBIS) delivers the Cambridge International Primary and Secondary Curricula leading to iGCSE Examinations and A-Levels. Huamao Multicultural Education Academy[75] is an IB World School and offers an international curriculum through the IB Primary Years Program for students ages 3–12 and the IB Diploma Program for students ages 16–19.

## Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Ningbo is twinned with:[76]

City | Country | Since

|
|

Nagaokakyō, Kyoto |  Japan | 1983
Aachen |  Germany | 1986
Wilmington, Delaware |  United States | 1988
Waitakere City |  New Zealand | 1998
Rouen |  France | 1990
Santos, São Paulo |  Brazil | 2002
Uitenhage |  South Africa | 2003
Veszprém |  Hungary | 2003
Stavanger |  Norway | 2004
Varna |  Bulgaria | 2004
Bydgoszcz |  Poland | 2005
Nottingham |  United Kingdom | 2005
Florence |  Italy | 2008
Daegu |  South Korea | 2013
Bitola |  North Macedonia | 2014
Kapan |  Armenia  | 2016
Heraklion |  Greece | 2019
Marrakesh |  Morocco | 2019
Alor Setar |  Malaysia | 2023

## See also

[edit]

* Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan
* List of twin towns and sister cities in China

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Chinese: 宁波; pinyin: Níngbō; Ningbo dialect: gnin² poq⁷ [ɲìɲ.póʔ], Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [nǐŋ pwó] ⓘ), formerly romanized as Ningpo

## References

[edit]

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3. ^ "Ningbo as southern economic center of Yangtze Delta Megalopolis (宁波是我国东南沿海重要的港口城市、长江三角洲南翼经济中心、国家历史文化名城)". Archived from the original on 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
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5. ^ "Ningbo-Zhoushan retains world's busiest cargo handling port crown in 2020". Seatrade Maritime. 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
6. ^ "宁波常住人口超940万". Ningbo.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
7. ^ 中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号. 豆丁网. 1995-02-19. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
8. ^ "国务院关于宁波市实行计划单列的批复（国函〔1987〕37号）_政府信息公开专栏". Gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
9. ^ 2022年宁波市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Statistical Communiqué of Ningbo on the 2022 National Economic and Social Development]. tjj.ningbo.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ningbo Bureau of Statistics. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
10. ^ "宁波GDP总量跃居内地城市第12位--浙江频道--人民网". zj.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
11. ^ 网易 (2021-03-31). "2020年全国城市人均可支配收入排名20强，北方仅一城入围". 163.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
12. ^ "公牛集团挂牌上交所 宁波上市公司总数"破百"-新闻中心-中国宁波网". news.cnnb.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
13. ^ "宁波A股上市公司数量位居全国第7！哪些行业是全国"顶流"？-新闻中心-中国宁波网". news.cnnb.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
14. ^ 程祥. "2019中国城市营商环境报告发布 北京综合排名第一". news.cctv.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
15. ^ "Ningbo is East Asia's new 'City of Culture'". nationthailand. 2015-10-02. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
16. ^ a b "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
17. ^ Ars Orientalis. Vol. 34\. Freer Gallery of Art, University of Michigan. 2004. p. 93\. "Among the nineteen Ashokan stupas miraculously retrieved in China, one in the Changgan Temple of Nanjing and another in the Ayuwang Temple (Ashoka Temple) on Mount Ashoka, near Ningbo, were particularly venerated.
See Erich Zürcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China. The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), 277–280."
18. ^ "The Excavation of a Neolithic site at Jingtoushan in Yuyao, Zhejiang: Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology; Ningbo Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Management; The Hemudu Site Museum of Yuyao City". Chinese Archaeology. 22 (1): 1–16\. 2022-11-01. doi:10.1515/char-2022-0001. ISSN 2160-5068.
19. ^ "The Excavation of a Neolithic site at Jingtoushan in Yuyao, Zhejiang: Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology; Ningbo Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Management; The Hemudu Site Museum of Yuyao City". Chinese Archaeology. 22 (1): 1–16\. 2022-11-01. doi:10.1515/char-2022-0001. ISSN 2160-5068.
20. ^ a b Hagras, Hamada Muhammed (2017-06-20). "An Ancient Mosque In Ningbo, China "Historical And Architectural Study"" (PDF). Journal of Islamic Architecture. 4 (3): 102–113\. doi:10.18860/jia.v4i3.3851. ISSN 2356-4644.
21. ^ Piper Rae Gaubatz (1996). Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 210\. ISBN 0-8047-2399-0. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
22. ^ Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville; Stuart C. Munro-Hay (2006). Islam: an illustrated history (illustrated, revised ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 228\. ISBN 0-8264-1837-6. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
23. ^ Weichao Yu, Zhongguo li shi bo wu guan (1997). Weichao Yu (ed.). A Journey Into China's Antiquity: Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Northern and Southern Song Dynasties. Vol. 3 of A Journey Into China's Antiquity (illustrated ed.). the University of Michigan: Morning Glory Publishers. p. 305\. ISBN 7-5054-0507-1. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
24. ^ Tan Ta Sen; Dasheng Chen (2009). Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 94\. ISBN 978-981-230-837-5. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
25. ^ Xu Xin, The Jews of Kaifeng, Ktav Publishing House c 2003
26. ^ a b João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia; 1st Decade, Book IX, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1552 (e.g., pp. 336–337, in the 1988 reprint)
27. ^ João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia, 3rd Decade, Book II, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1563 (folio 44 in the original edition and the 1992 facsimile reprint)
28. ^ Sergeĭ Leonidovich Tikhvinskiĭ (1983). Modern history of China. Progress Publishers. p. 57\. "Thereafter they made the factory near Ningbo their chief trading outlet. In the late 1540s, there were more than 3,000 people there, some 1,200 of them Portuguese. From this base, the latter raided neighboring coastal cities, pillaging and taking people into slavery. The Chinese authorities responded with armed expeditions against them and, finally, the Portuguese had to abandon the factory"
29. ^ appleton's new practical cyclopedia. 1910. p. 432.
30. ^ Marcus Benjamin; Arthur Elmore Bostwick; Gerald Van Casteel; George Jotham Hagar, eds. (1910). Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school. Vol. 4 of Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia. D. Appleton and company. p. 432.
31. ^ Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (1867). The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18. Presbyterian Board of Publication. p. 140.
32. ^ New-York observer, Volume 83. Morse, Hallock & Co. 27 April 1905. p. 533.
33. ^ Alexander Wylie (1867). Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 247.
34. ^ MacKinnon, Stephen R. (21 May 2008). Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520254459.
35. ^ "Japan bombed China with plague-fleas". news.BBC.co.uk. 25 January 2001. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
36. ^ "'Japan bombed China with plague-fleas'". 2001-01-25. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
37. ^ Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity, 2004, p. 32
38. ^ Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014). "Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 12 (5): 267–272\. Bibcode:2014FrEE...12..267M. doi:10.1890/130260. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-07. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
39. ^ "无标题文档". Archived from the original on 2013-03-18. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
40. ^ "Ranking of the world's cities most exposed to coastal flooding today and in the future. Executive Summary" (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
41. ^ Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 173\. doi:10.2307/jj.11589102. ISBN 9780300266900. JSTOR jj.11589102.
42. ^ "Experience Template" CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020). Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
43. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Chinese (China)). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2018-09-05. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
44. ^ 鄞州城市介绍 (in Simplified Chinese). China Weather. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
45. ^ 宁波气候极值 (in Chinese (China)). 宁波市气象影视中心. Retrieved 2024-12-08. |archive-date= 8 December 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241208081133/https://www.qx121.com/yszx/article/408.html
46. ^ "Sina Visitor System" 【浙江高温可能破纪录】今天最新预报，杭州报8月4日42℃，绍兴报8月3-4日43℃，如果实现都将打破当地观测史最高气温纪录。图3简单列举了部分浙江城市的观测史最高气温纪录。 (in Simplified Chinese). weatherman_信欣 on Weibo. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
47. ^ "中国各地城市的历史最低气温". Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
48. ^ "Monthly weather forecast and climate - Singapore, Singapore". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
49. ^ "2022年宁波市人口主要数据公报". Archived from the original on 2023-03-04. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
50. ^ "宁波市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报-鄞州新闻网-中国宁波网". yz.cnnb.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
51. ^ a b c d "Investment Opportunities in Ningbo, China" Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, China Briefing, Shanghai, 16 May 2014.
52. ^ "Market Profiles on Chinese Cities and Provinces (hktdc.com)". info.HKTDC.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
53. ^ Chiang, Langi (9 July 2007). "Bridge to Shanghai should give Ningbo's economy a lift". International Herald Tribune. Paris. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
54. ^ "CORPORATE SERVICE_Reindeer Station Ningbo – Expat Services for Easy Relocation to Ningbo". ReindeerStation.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
55. ^ a b "Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
56. ^ "Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
57. ^ "Ningbo Free Trade Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
58. ^ "Nordic Industrial Park". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
59. ^ "Ningbo Advertising Industry Park begins to show its cluster effect". English.Ningbo.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
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62. ^ Zhang, Shixin Ivy; Wang, Yi; Liu, Nancy X.; Loo, Yat-Ming (1 June 2021). "Ningbo city branding and public diplomacy under the belt and road initiative in China". Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. 17 (2): 127–139\. doi:10.1057/s41254-020-00161-8. S2CID 213779315. Retrieved 1 December 2021 – via Springer Link.
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64. ^ Liehui WANG "The evolution of China's international maritime network based on the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"" In: Acta Geographica Sinica ›› 2017, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (12): 2265–2280
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## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ningbo.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ningbo.

* Official website
* "Ning-po" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

* v
* t
* e

County-level divisions of Zhejiang Province

Hangzhou (capital)

Sub-provincial
cities|

| Hangzhou|

* Gongshu District
* Shangcheng District
* Qiantang District
* Xihu District
* Binjiang District
* Yuhang District
* Linping District
* Xiaoshan District
* Fuyang District
* Lin'an District
* Jiande city
* Tonglu County
* Chun'an County

|

Ningbo|

* Haishu District
* Jiangbei District
* Beilun District
* Zhenhai District
* Yinzhou District
* Fenghua District
* Cixi city
* Yuyao city
* Ninghai County
* Xiangshan County

Prefecture-level
cities|

| Wenzhou|

* Lucheng District
* Longwan District
* Ouhai District
* Dongtou District
* Rui'an city
* Yueqing city
* Longgang city
* Yongjia County
* Wencheng County
* Pingyang County
* Taishun County
* Cangnan County

|

Jiaxing|

* Nanhu District
* Xiuzhou District
* Pinghu city
* Haining city
* Tongxiang city
* Jiashan County
* Haiyan County

Huzhou|

* Wuxing District
* Nanxun District
* Changxing County
* Deqing County
* Anji County

Shaoxing|

* Yuecheng District
* Keqiao District
* Shangyu District
* Zhuji city
* Shengzhou city
* Xinchang County

Jinhua|

* Wucheng District
* Jindong District
* Lanxi city
* Yongkang city
* Yiwu city
* Dongyang city
* Wuyi County
* Pujiang County
* Pan'an County

Quzhou|

* Kecheng District
* Qujiang District
* Jiangshan city
* Changshan County
* Kaihua County
* Longyou County

Zhoushan|

* Dinghai District
* Putuo District
* Daishan County
* Shengsi County

Taizhou|

* Jiaojiang District
* Huangyan District
* Luqiao District
* Linhai city
* Wenling city
* Yuhuan city
* Sanmen County
* Tiantai County
* Xianju County

Lishui|

* Liandu District
* Longquan city
* Jinyun County
* Qingtian County
* Yunhe County
* Suichang County
* Songyang County
* Qingyuan County
* Jingning County

* v
* t
* e

Prefecture-level divisions of China

Notes: *Provincial capitals, ★Sub-provincial cities, ☆Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture *Sub prefectural-level divisions, ✧"Comparatively larger city [zh]" (较大的市) as approved by the State Council

| Provinces|

| Anhui|

* *Hefei
* Wuhu
* Bengbu
* Huainan
* Ma'anshan
* Huaibei
* Tongling
* Anqing
* Huangshan
* Chuzhou
* Fuyang
* Suzhou
* Lu'an
* Bozhou
* Chizhou
* Xuancheng

|

Fujian|

* *Fuzhou
* ★Xiamen
* Putian
* Sanming
* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Nanping
* Longyan
* Ningde

Gansu|

* *Lanzhou
* Jiayuguan
* Jinchang
* Baiyin
* Tianshui
* Wuwei
* Zhangye
* Pingliang
* Jiuquan
* Qingyang
* Dingxi
* Longnan
* Linxia (Hui)
* Gannan (Tibetan)

Guangdong|

* *★Guangzhou
* ★Shenzhen
* Shaoguan
* Zhuhai
* Shantou
* Foshan
* Jiangmen
* Zhanjiang
* Maoming
* Zhaoqing
* Huizhou
* Meizhou
* Yangjiang
* Shanwei
* Heyuan
* Qingyuan
* Dongguan
* Zhongshan
* Jieyang
* Yunfu

Guizhou|

* *Guiyang
* Liupanshui
* Zunyi
* Anshun
* Bijie
* Tongren
* Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao)
* Qiannan (Buyei and Miao)
* Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong)

Hainan|

* *Haikou
* Sanya
* Danzhou
* Sansha
* *Wuzhishan
* *Qionghai
* *Wenchang
* *Wanning
* *Dongfang
* *Ding'an County
* *Tunchang County
* *Chengmai County
* *Lingao County
* *Baisha County (Li)
* *Changjiang County (Li)
* *Ledong County (Li)
* *Lingshui County (Li)
* *Baoting County (Li and Miao)
* *Qiongzhong County (Li and Miao)

Hebei|

* *Shijiazhuang
* ✧Tangshan
* Qinhuangdao
* Handan
* Xingtai
* Baoding
* Zhangjiakou "Kalgan"
* Chengde
* Cangzhou
* Langfang
* Hengshui

Henan|

* *Zhengzhou
* Kaifeng
* Luoyang
* Pingdingshan
* Anyang
* Hebi
* Xinxiang
* Jiaozuo
* Puyang
* Xuchang
* Luohe
* Sanmenxia
* Nanyang
* Shangqiu
* Xinyang
* Zhoukou
* Zhumadian
* *Jiyuan

Hubei|

* *★Wuhan
* Huangshi
* Shiyan
* Yichang
* Xiangyang
* Ezhou
* Jingmen
* Xiaogan
* Jingzhou
* Huanggang
* Xianning
* Suizhou
* Enshi (Tujia and Miao)
* *Xiantao
* *Qianjiang
* *Tianmen
* *Shennongjia Forestry District

Heilongjiang|

* *★Harbin
* Qiqihar
* Jixi
* Hegang
* Shuangyashan
* Daqing
* Yichun
* Jiamusi
* Qitaihe
* Mudanjiang
* Heihe
* Suihua
* Daxing'anling Prefecture

Hunan|

* *Changsha
* Zhuzhou
* Xiangtan
* Hengyang
* Shaoyang
* Yueyang
* Changde
* Zhangjiajie
* Yiyang
* Chenzhou
* Yongzhou
* Huaihua
* Loudi
* Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao)

Jilin|

* *★Changchun
* Jilin
* Siping
* Liaoyuan
* Tonghua
* Baishan
* Songyuan
* Baicheng
* Yanbian (Korean)

Jiangsu|

* *★Nanjing
* Wuxi
* Xuzhou
* Changzhou
* ✧Suzhou
* Nantong
* Lianyungang
* Huai'an
* Yancheng
* Yangzhou
* Zhenjiang
* Taizhou
* Suqian

Jiangxi|

* *Nanchang
* Jingdezhen
* Pingxiang
* Jiujiang
* Xinyu
* Yingtan
* Ganzhou
* Ji'an
* Yichun
* Fuzhou
* Shangrao

Liaoning|

* *★Shenyang
* ★Dalian
* Anshan
* Fushun
* Benxi
* Dandong
* Jinzhou
* Yingkou
* Fuxin
* Liaoyang
* Panjin
* Tieling
* Chaoyang
* Huludao

Qinghai|

* *Xining
* Haidong
* Haibei (Tibetan)
* Huangnan (Tibetan)
* Hainan (Tibetan)
* Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan)
* Yushu (Tibetan)
* Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan)

Sichuan|

* *★Chengdu
* Zigong
* Panzhihua
* Luzhou
* Deyang
* Mianyang
* Guangyuan
* Suining
* Neijiang
* Leshan
* Nanchong
* Meishan
* Yibin
* Guang'an
* Dazhou
* Bazhong
* Ziyang
* Ya'an
* Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang)
* Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan)
* Liangshan (Yi)

Shaanxi|

* *★Xi'an
* Tongchuan
* Baoji
* Xianyang
* Weinan
* Yan'an
* Hanzhong
* Yulin
* Ankang
* Shangluo

Shandong|

* *★Jinan
* ★Qingdao
* Zibo
* Zaozhuang
* Dongying
* Yantai
* Weifang
* Jining
* Tai'an
* Weihai
* Rizhao
* Linyi
* Dezhou
* Liaocheng
* Binzhou
* Heze

Shanxi|

* *Taiyuan
* Datong
* Yangquan
* Changzhi
* Jincheng
* Shuozhou
* Jinzhong
* Yuncheng
* Xinzhou
* Linfen
* Lüliang

Taiwan|

* *Taibei
* Gaoxiong
* Xinbei
* Taizhong
* Tainan
* Taoyuan

Yunnan|

* *Kunming
* Qujing
* Yuxi
* Baoshan
* Zhaotong
* Lijiang
* Pu'er
* Lincang
* Chuxiong (Yi)
* Honghe (Hani and Yi)
* Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao)
* Xishuangbanna (Dai)
* Dali (Bai)
* Dehong (Dai and Jingpo)
* Nujiang (Lisu)
* Dêqên (Tibetan)

Zhejiang|

* *★Hangzhou
* ★Ningbo
* ✧Wenzhou
* Jiaxing
* Huzhou
* Shaoxing
* Jinhua
* Quzhou
* Zhoushan
* Taizhou
* Lishui

Autonomous
regions|

| Guangxi|

* *Nanning
* Liuzhou
* Guilin
* Wuzhou
* Beihai
* Fangchenggang
* Qinzhou
* Guigang
* Yulin
* Baise
* Hezhou
* Hechi
* Laibin
* Chongzuo

|

Ningxia|

* *Yinchuan
* Shizuishan
* Wuzhong
* Guyuan
* Zhongwei

Inner
Mongolia|

* *Hohhot
* ✧Baotou
* Wuhai
* Chifeng "Ulankhad"
* Tongliao
* Ordos
* Hulunbuir
* Bayannur "Bayannao'er"
* Ulanqab
* Hinggan League
* Xilingol League
* Alxa League "Ālāshàn League"

Xinjiang|

* *Ürümqi
* Karamay
* Turpan
* Hami
* Changji (Hui)
* Bortala (Mongol)
* Bayingolin (Mongol)
* Kizilsu (Kyrgyz)
* ( ☆Ili (Kazakh)
* Tacheng Prefecture
* Altay Prefecture )
* Aksu Prefecture
* Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture
* Hotan Prefecture
* *Shihezi
* *Aral
* *Tumxuk
* *Wujiaqu
* *Beitun
* *Tiemenguan
* *Shuanghe
* *Kokdala
* *Kunyu
* *Huyanghe
* *Xinxing

Tibet|

* *Lhasa
* Shigatse "Xigazê"
* Chamdo "Qamdo"
* Nyingchi "Linzhi"
* Shannan
* Nagqu
* Ngari Prefecture

| Direct-administered municipalities|

* Beijing
* Tianjin
* Shanghai
* Chongqing

|

Special administrative regions|

* Hong Kong
* Macau

See also: List of prefectures in China, List of cities in China

* v
* t
* e

Zhejiang topics

Hangzhou (capital)

General|

* History
* Politics
* Economy

Geography|

* Cities
* Huangmaojian
* Mount Mogan
* Tiantai Mountain
* Yangtze River Delta
* Grand Canal
* Qiantang River
* Ou River
* Zhoushan Island
* Hangzhou Bay

Education|

* Double First-Class
* Zhejiang University
* Ningbo University
* China Academy of Art
* List of universities and colleges in Zhejiang

Culture|

* Wuyue culture
* Wu Chinese
* Taihu Wu
* Hangzhou dialect
* Ningbo dialect
* Wenzhou dialect
* (Rui'an dialect)
* Jinhua dialect
* Quzhou dialect
* Southern Min
* Zhenan Min
* Yue opera

Cuisine|

* Longjing tea
* Shaoxing wine

Visitor attractions|

* Baoguo Temple
* Guoqing Temple
* Mount Putuo
* Ruyi Bridge
* Mount Tiantai
* Qiandao Lake
* Tomb of Yu the Great

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Metropolitan cities of China

Major metropolitan regions

* Jing-Jin-Ji (BJ-TJ-HE)
* Greater Bay Area
* Yangtze Delta (SH-JS-ZJ)
* Zhongyuan
* Chengyu
* Cross-Strait Western Coast
* Guanzhong
* Mid-Southern Liaoning
* Shandong Peninsula
* Yangtze River Midstream (Yangtze River Valley)

Major cities

| National Central Cities|

* Beijinga
* Chongqinga
* Guangzhoub2
* Shanghaia2
* Tianjina2

|

Special administrative regions|

* Hong Kong
* Macau

Regional Central Cities|

* Chengdub
* Nanjingb
* Shenyangb
* Shenzhenc1
* Wuhanb
* Xi'anb

Sub-provincial cities|

* Changchunb
* Chengdub
* Dalianc2
* Guangzhoub2
* Hangzhoub
* Harbinb
* Jinanb
* Nanjingb
* Ningboc2
* Qingdaoc2
* Shenyangb
* Shenzhenc1
* Wuhanb
* Xiamenc1
* Xi'anb

Provincial capitals
(Prefecture-level)|

* Changsha
* Fuzhou2
* Guiyang
* Haikou
* Hefei
* Kunming
* Lanzhou
* Nanchang
* Shijiazhuang
* Taiyuan
* Xining
* Zhengzhou
* Taibei5

Autonomous regional capitals|

* Hohhot
* Lhasa
* Nanning
* Ürümqi
* Yinchuan

Comparatively large cities|

* Anshan
* Baotou
* Benxi
* Datong
* Fushun
* Jiujiang
* Handan
* Huainan
* Jilin
* Luoyang
* Qiqihar
* Suzhou
* Tangshan
* Wuxi
* Xuzhou
* Zibo

Prefecture-level cities by province

| Hebei|

* Shijiazhuang*
* Tangshan*
* Qinhuangdao2
* Handan*
* Xingtai
* Baoding
* Zhangjiakou
* Chengde
* Cangzhou
* Langfang
* Hengshui

|

Shanxi|

* Taiyuan*
* Datong*
* Yangquan
* Changzhi
* Jincheng
* Shuozhou
* Jinzhong
* Yuncheng
* Xinzhou
* Linfen
* Lüliang

Inner Mongolia|

* Hohhot*
* Baotou*
* Wuhai
* Chifeng
* Tongliao
* Ordos
* Hulunbuir
* Bayannur
* Ulanqab

Liaoning|

* Shenyang*
* Dalian*
* Anshan*
* Fushun*
* Benxi*
* Dandong
* Jinzhou
* Yingkou
* Fuxin
* Liaoyang
* Panjin
* Tieling
* Chaoyang
* Huludao

Jilin|

* Changchun*
* Jilin
* Siping
* Liaoyuan
* Tonghua
* Baishan
* Songyuan
* Baicheng

Heilongjiang|

* Harbin*
* Qiqihar*
* Jixi
* Hegang
* Shuangyashan
* Daqing
* Yīchun
* Jiamusi
* Qitaihe
* Mudanjiang
* Heihe
* Suihua

Jiangsu|

* Nanjing*
* Wuxi*
* Xuzhou*
* Changzhou
* Suzhou*
* Nantong
* Lianyungang2
* Huai'an
* Yancheng
* Yangzhou
* Zhenjiang
* Tàizhou
* Suqian

Zhejiang|

* Hangzhou*
* Ningbo*
* Wenzhou2
* Jiaxing
* Huzhou
* Shaoxing
* Jinhua
* Quzhou
* Zhoushan
* Tāizhou
* Lishui

Anhui|

* Hefei*
* Wuhu
* Bengbu
* Huainan*
* Ma'anshan
* Huaibei
* Tongling
* Anqing
* Huangshan
* Chuzhou
* Fuyang
* Sùzhou
* Lu'an
* Bozhou
* Chizhou
* Xuancheng

Fujian|

* Fuzhou*
* Xiamen*
* Putian
* Sanming
* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Nanping
* Longyan
* Ningde

Jiangxi|

* Nanchang*
* Jingdezhen
* Pingxiang
* Jiujiang
* Xinyu
* Yingtan
* Ganzhou
* Ji'an
* Yíchun
* Fǔzhou
* Shangrao

Shandong|

* Jinan*
* Qingdao*
* Zibo*
* Zaozhuang
* Dongying
* Yantai2
* Weifang
* Jining
* Tai'an
* Weihai
* Rizhao
* Laiwu
* Linyi
* Dezhou
* Liaocheng
* Binzhou
* Heze

Henan|

* Zhengzhou*
* Kaifeng
* Luoyang*
* Pingdingshan
* Anyang
* Hebi
* Xinxiang
* Jiaozuo
* Puyang
* Xuchang
* Luohe
* Sanmenxia
* Nanyang
* Shangqiu
* Xinyang
* Zhoukou
* Zhumadian

Hubei|

* Wuhan*
* Huangshi
* Shiyan
* Yichang
* Xiangyang
* Ezhou
* Jingmen
* Xiaogan
* Jinzhou
* Huanggang
* Xianning
* Suizhou

Hunan|

* Changsha*
* Zhuzhou
* Xiangtan
* Hengyang
* Shaoyang
* Yueyang
* Changde
* Zhangjiajie
* Yiyang
* Chenzhou
* Yongzhou
* Huaihua
* Loudi

Guangdong|

* Guangzhou*
* Shaoguan
* Shenzhen*
* Zhuhai1
* Shantou1
* Foshan
* Jiangmen
* Zhanjiang2
* Maoming
* Zhaoqing
* Huizhou
* Meizhou
* Shanwei
* Heyuan
* Yangjiang
* Qingyuan
* Dongguan
* Zhongshan
* Chaozhou
* Jieyang
* Yunfu

Guangxi|

* Nanning*
* Liuzhou
* Guilin
* Wuzhou
* Beihai2
* Fangchenggang
* Qinzhou
* Guigang
* Yùlin
* Baise
* Hezhou
* Hechi
* Laibin
* Chongzuo

Hainan1|

* Haikou*
* Sanya
* Sansha4
* Danzhou

Sichuan|

* Chengdu*
* Zigong
* Panzhihua
* Luzhou
* Deyang
* Mianyang
* Guangyuan
* Suining
* Neijiang
* Leshan
* Nanchong
* Meishan
* Yibin
* Guang'an
* Dazhou
* Ya'an
* Bazhong
* Ziyang

Guizhou|

* Guiyang*
* Liupanshui
* Zunyi
* Anshun
* Bijie
* Tongren

Yunnan|

* Kunming*
* Qujing
* Yuxi
* Baoshan
* Zhaotong
* Lijiang
* Pu'er
* Lincang

Tibet|

* Lhasa*
* Shigatse
* Chamdo
* Nyingchi
* Shannan

Shaanxi|

* Xi'an*
* Tongchuan
* Baoji
* Xianyang
* Weinan
* Yan'an
* Hanzhong
* Yúlin
* Ankang
* Shangluo

Gansu|

* Lanzhou*
* Jiayuguan
* Jinchang
* Baiyin
* Tianshui
* Wuwei
* Zhangye
* Pingliang
* Jiuquan
* Qingyang
* Dingxi
* Longnan

Qinghai|

* Xining*
* Haidong

Ningxia|

* Yinchuan*
* Shizuishan
* Wuzhong
* Guyuan
* Zhongwei

Xinjiang|

* Ürümqi*
* Karamay
* Turpan
* Hami

Taiwan5|

* (none)

Other cities (partly shown below)

| Prefecture-level capitals
(County-level)|

* (Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot
* Xilinhot)
* Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang
* Enshi, Hubei
* Jishou, Hunan
* (Sichuan：Xichang
* Kangding
* Barkam)
* (Guizhou: Xingyi
* Kaili
* Duyun)
* (Yunnan: Chuxiong
* Mengzi
* Wenshan
* Jinghong
* Dali
* Mangshi
* Shangri-La
* Lushui)
* (Gansu: Linxia
* Hezuo)
* (Qinghai: Yushu
* Delingha)
* (Xinjiang: Changji
* Bole
* Korla
* Yining
* Artush
* Aksu
* Kashgar1
* Hotan
* Tacheng
* Altay)

|

Province-governed cities
(Sub-prefecture-level)|

* Jiyuan, Henan
* (Hubei: Xiantao
* Qiánjiang
* Tianmen
* Shennongjia)
* (Hainan1: Wuzhishan
* Qionghai
* Wenchang
* Wanning
* Dongfang)
* (Xinjiang \- XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi
* Aral
* Tumxuk
* Wujiaqu
* Beitun
* Tiemenguan
* Shuanghe
* Kokdala
* Kunyu)

Former Prefecture-level cities|

* Chaohu, Anhui
* Yumen，Gansu
* Dongchuan, Yunnan
* Shashi, Hubei
* (Sichuan: Fuling
* Wanxian)
* (Jilin: Meihekou
* Gongzhuling)

Sub-prefecture-level cities
(Prefecture-governed)|

* Qian'an, Hebei
* Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia
* Erenhot, Inner Mongolia
* Golmud, Qinghai

County-level cities by province

| Hebei|

* Xinji
* Jinzhou
* Xinle
* Zunhua
* Qian'an*
* Wu'an
* Nangong
* Shahe
* Zhuozhou
* Dingzhou
* Anguo
* Gaobeidian
* Botou
* Renqiu
* Huanghua
* Hejian
* Bazhou
* Sanhe
* Shenzhou

|

Shanxi|

* Gujiao
* Lucheng
* Gaoping
* Jiexiu
* Yongji
* Hejin
* Yuanping
* Houma
* Huozhou
* Xiaoyi
* Fenyang

Inner Mongolia|

* Holingol
* Manzhouli*
* Yakeshi
* Zhalantun
* Ergun
* Genhe
* Fengzhen
* Ulanhot*
* Arxan
* Erenhot*
* Xilinhot*

Liaoning|

* Xinmin
* Wafangdian
* Zhuanghe
* Haicheng
* Donggang
* Fengcheng
* Linghai
* Beizhen
* Gaizhou
* Dashiqiao
* Dengta
* Diaobingshan
* Kaiyuan
* Beipiao
* Lingyuan
* Xingcheng

Jilin|

* Yushu
* Dehui
* Jiaohe
* Huadian
* Shulan
* Panshi
* Gongzhuling
* Shuangliao
* Meihekou
* Ji'an
* Linjiang
* Fuyu
* Taonan
* Da'an
* Yanji
* Tumen
* Dunhua
* Hunchun
* Longjing
* Helong

Heilongjiang|

* Shangzhi
* Wuchang
* Nehe
* Hulin
* Mishan
* Tieli
* Tongjiang
* Fujin
* Fuyuan
* Suifenhe
* Hailin
* Ning'an
* Muling
* Dongning
* Bei'an
* Wudalianchi
* Anda
* Zhaodong
* Hailun

Jiangsu|

* Jiangyin
* Yixing
* Xinyi
* Pizhou
* Liyang
* Changshu
* Zhangjiagang
* Kunshan
* Taicang
* Qidong
* Rugao
* Haimen
* Dongtai
* Yizheng
* Gaoyou
* Danyang
* Yangzhong
* Jurong
* Jingjiang
* Taixing
* Xinghua

Zhejiang|

* Jiande
* Lin'an
* Yuyao
* Cixi
* Fenghua
* Rui'an
* Yueqing
* Haining
* Pinghu
* Tongxiang
* Zhuji
* Shengzhou
* Lanxi
* Yiwu
* Dongyang
* Yongkang
* Jiangshan
* Wenling
* Linhai
* Longquan

Anhui|

* Chaohu
* Jieshou
* Tongcheng
* Tianchang
* Mingguang
* Ningguo

Fujian|

* Fuqing
* Changle
* Yong'an
* Shishi
* Jinjiang
* Nan'an
* Longhai
* Shaowu
* Wuyishan
* Jian'ou
* Zhangping
* Fu'an
* Fuding

Jiangxi|

* Leping
* Ruichang
* Gongqingcheng
* Lushan
* Guixi
* Ruijin
* Jinggangshan
* Fengcheng
* Zhangshu
* Gao'an
* Dexing

Shandong|

* Zhangqiu
* Jiaozhou
* Jimo
* Pingdu
* Laixi
* Tengzhou
* Longkou
* Laiyang
* Laizhou
* Penglai
* Zhaoyuan
* Qixia
* Haiyang
* Qingzhou
* Zhucheng
* Shouguang
* Anqiu
* Gaomi
* Changyi
* Qufu
* Zoucheng
* Xintai
* Feicheng
* Rongcheng
* Rushan
* Laoling
* Yucheng
* Linqing

Henan|

* Gongyi
* Xingyang
* Xinmi
* Xinzheng
* Dengfeng
* Yanshi
* Wugang
* Ruzhou
* Linzhou
* Weihui
* Huixian
* Qinyang
* Mengzhou
* Yuzhou
* Changge
* Yima
* Lingbao
* Dengzhou
* Yongcheng
* Xiangcheng
* Jiyuan*

Hubei|

* Daye
* Danjiangkou
* Yidu
* Dangyang
* Zhijiang
* Laohekou
* Zaoyang
* Yicheng
* Zhongxiang
* Yingcheng
* Anlu
* Hanchuan
* Shishou
* Honghu
* Songzi
* Macheng
* Wuxue
* Chibi
* Guangshui
* Enshi*
* Lichuan
* Xiantao*
* Qianjiang*
* Tianmen*

Hunan|

* Liuyang
* Liling
* Xiangxiang
* Shaoshan
* Leiyang
* Changning
* Wugang
* Miluo
* Linxiang
* Jinshi
* Yuanjiang
* Zixing
* Hongjiang
* Lengshuijiang
* Lianyuan
* Jishou*

Guangdong|

* Lechang
* Nanxiong
* Taishan
* Kaiping
* Heshan
* Enping
* Lianjiang
* Leizhou
* Wuchuan
* Gaozhou
* Huazhou
* Xinyi
* Sihui
* Xingning
* Lufeng
* Yangchun
* Yingde
* Lianzhou
* Puning
* Luoding

Guangxi|

* Cenxi
* Dongxing
* Guiping
* Beiliu
* Jingxi
* Yizhou
* Heshan
* Pingxiang

Hainan|

* Wuzhishan*
* Qionghai*
* Wenchang*
* Wanning*
* Dongfang*

Sichuan|

* Dujiangyan
* Pengzhou
* Qionglai
* Chongzhou
* Jianyang
* Guanghan
* Shifang
* Mianzhu
* Jiangyou
* Emeishan
* Langzhong
* Huaying
* Wanyuan
* Barkam*
* Kangding*
* Xichang*

Guizhou|

* Qingzhen
* Chishui
* Renhuai
* Xingyi*
* Kaili*
* Duyun*
* Fuquan

Yunnan|

* Anning
* Xuanwei
* Tengchong
* Chuxiong*
* Mengzi*
* Gejiu
* Kaiyuan
* Mile
* Wenshan*
* Jinghong*
* Dali*
* Ruili
* Mangshi*
* Lushui*
* Shangri-La*

Tibet|

* (none)

Shaanxi|

* Xingping
* Hancheng
* Huayin

Gansu|

* Yumen
* Dunhuang
* Linxia*
* Hezuo*

Qinghai|

* Yushu*
* Golmud*
* Delingha*

Ningxia|

* Lingwu
* Qingtongxia

Xinjiang|

* Changji*
* Fukang
* Bole*
* Alashankou
* Korla*
* Aksu*
* Artush*
* Kashgar*
* Hotan*
* Yining*
* Kuytun
* Korgas
* Tacheng*
* Wusu
* Altay*
* Shihezi*
* Aral*
* Tumxuk*
* Wujiaqu*
* Beitun*
* Tiemenguan*
* Shuanghe*
* Kokdala*
* Kunyu*

Taiwan5|

* (none)

Notes

* Indicates this city has already occurred above.

aDirect-administered municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special economic-zone cities. 2Open coastal cities.
3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.
4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.
5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead.

All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* NARA
* Yale LUX

29°51′37″N 121°37′28″E﻿ / ﻿29.8603°N 121.6245°E﻿ / 29.8603; 121.6245
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