No-No Boy

1957 novel by Japanese-American writer John Okada

No-No Boy

* United+States
* Japan

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First edition

Author| John Okada
Language| English
Genre| Historical fiction
Set in| Seattle, Washington (1946)
Publisher| Tuttle Publishing, University of Washington Press

Publication date

| 1957
Publication place|

* United States
* Japan

Media type| Print
Pages| 260
ISBN| 0295955252
OCLC| 2945142

No-No Boy is a 1957 novel, and the only novel published by the Japanese American writer John Okada. It tells the story of a Japanese-American in the aftermath of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Set in Seattle, Washington, in 1946, the novel is written in the voice of an omniscient narrator who frequently blends into the voice of the protagonist.

## Plot

[edit]

After World War II, Ichiro Yamada, a Japanese American male and former student at the University of Washington, returns home in 1946 to a Japanese enclave in Seattle, Washington. He had spent two years in an American internment camp for Japanese Americans and two years in federal prison for refusing to fight for the U.S. in World War II. Now home, Ichiro struggles with his parents for embracing American customs and values, and he struggles to maintain a relationship with his brother, Taro. Also, Ichiro faces ostracism from the Japanese American community for refusing to join the U.S. military and fight Japan when many in his community did. Despite his struggles with his family and some members of the community, Ichiro maintains a friendship with Kenji, a Japanese American who fought for the U.S. and badly injured one of his legs. Kenji introduces Ichiro to Emi whose husband re-enlisted and remained in Germany after the war. Ichiro even manages to meet Mr. Carrick who interviews him for a draftsman position.

Perceived as disloyal to the U.S. but not fully Japanese, Ichiro struggles to find his path. Through Ichiro's story, Okada examines what it means to be American in a post-war society whose non-white communities are struggling to find their places.

## Background

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On 7 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan. Many Americans rushed to join the military. After Pearl Harbor, all citizens of Japanese ancestry had been classified 4-C, "enemy aliens", and denied entry into the armed forces. In spring 1942, the government began removing Japanese and Japanese American families from their homes and sending them to live in remote internment camps. As the war continued, the need for more soldiers increased.

In 1943, the War Department, along with the War Relocation Authority (WRA) created a bureaucratic means of testing the loyalty of all adults and teens in the WRA camps known as the "Leave Clearance Application Form," also known as the loyalty questionnaire. The first form was aimed at draft-age Nisei males and the second form at all other residents. The last two questions, numbers 27 and 28 - where affirmative answers signaled unwavering loyalty to the U.S. - created confusion and resentment. As a matter of principle or for various reasons, many respondents answered "no" to questions 27 and 28 and became known as "no-no boys".

The two questions read as follows:

* "Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty wherever ordered?"
* "Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any other foreign government, power or organization?"

Both questions were confusing to many respondents. Regarding the first, some respondents thought that by answering yes, they were signing up for combat duty in segregated units, expected to fight while their families continued to be confined in the camps. Others, given their forced removal and incarceration, said no to resist the draft because their constitutional rights were being violated. To many respondents, most of whom were American citizens, the second question implied that the respondent had already sworn allegiance to the Japanese emperor. They saw the second question as a trap, and rejected the premise by answering no. Afterwards, all who answered "no" to one or both questions, or who gave an affirmative answer but qualified it with statements like "I'll serve in the military after my family is freed", were sent to the Tule Lake Segregation Center.[1] Approximately 300 young men served time in federal prison for refusing to join the military from camp.[2]

The basic plot is not autobiographical. Okada, a Seattleite like his protagonist, served in the U.S. military himself. The novel was published in 1957 and remained obscure until much later. He died in 1971, at age 47.[3] A few years later, two young Asian-American men heard of Okada and his novel, and resolved to revive interest in it. With the co-operation of Okada's widow, they had it republished in 1976, with a second printing in 1977. Since then, it has become a staple of college assigned reading.

## Content of the novel

[edit]

Although a crucial part of the novel's setting is the injustice of the internment of Japanese-Americans, the novel is not a polemic about that event. Ichiro's turmoil during the novel also has much to do with rejecting his mother, whose personality and worldviews he despises and resents. His dissatisfaction with her is personal, going beyond her stance on the war. In chapter 1, it is disclosed that his mother and at least one of her women friends are loyal to Japan, refuse to believe the news that Japan lost the war, and are eagerly awaiting the arrival of Japanese warships in Seattle. They even refuse to accept the evidence of photos they have seen of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the atomic bombings. These attitudes antagonize Ichiro and other Japanese Americans.

Front cover of the University of Washington Press 1976 edition of No-No Boy with Bob Onodera's design

## Publishing history and response

[edit]

Following a string of rejections by American publishers, the Japanese publisher Charles E. Tuttle published an original run of 1,500 copies in 1957, which still had not sold out by the time Okada died in 1971. The initial response within the Japanese community was similar to that faced by the book's protagonist: ostracism for drawing attention to what was still perceived as disloyalty to the country and community.[4]

Found in a used book store by Jeff Chan in 1970, he and fellow Asian-American writers Frank Chin, Lawson Fusao Inada and Shawn Wong reached out to the Okada estate to first try and meet with John Okada, then when they discovered that he had died, to acquire the rights to reissue the book under their Combined Asian-American Resources Project (CARP) label in 1976. CARP sold out two printings of 3,000 copies each before transferring the rights in 1979 to University of Washington Press. University of Washington Press has since sold over 157,000 copies of the book (as of 2019), including its most recent edition in 2014.[5]

Penguin Random House published an edition of the novel in 2019, claiming that it was in the public domain and was never registered for copyright protection, sparking a controversy within the literary community for its failure to consult with the Okada estate and disregarding the struggle Okada and CARP had in attempting to publish the work.[6] It has been asserted that when No-No Boy was first published in 1957, the Copyright Act of 1909 applied, which granted book authors 28 years of protection unless renewed by the copyright holder, which CARP and the Okada estate failed to correctly apply.[7] Both the UW Press and the Penguin editions remain in circulation, although Penguin has since withdrawn any advertising in regards to its printing and has removed mention of the book from its webpage.[8]

## 2010 play adaptation

[edit]

The novel was adapted as a stage play, also called No-No Boy, by Ken Narasaki. The play had its world premiere on 26 March 2010, at the Miles Memorial Playhouse in Santa Monica, California.[9]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Cherstin Lyon, "Loyalty questionnaire", Densho Encyclopedia, 19 March 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
2. ^ Eric Muller, "Draft resistance", Densho Encyclopedia, 10 June 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
\- Annie Nakao, "A Unique Tale of WWII Resistance: Japanese American Internees Refused Draft", San Francisco Chronicle, 26 October 2001. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
3. ^ La Force, Thessaly (November 4, 2019), "The Story of the Great Japanese-American Novel", The New York Times
4. ^ Schleitwiler, Vince (2019). "The legacy of 'No-No Boy'". University of Washington Magazine. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
\- Macdonald, Moira (June 16, 2019). "'No-No Boy' went from unknown book to classic thanks to UW Press and Asian American writers. Now, it's at the center of a controversy". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
5. ^ Schleitwiler, Vince (November 18, 2018). "The Bright Future and Long Shadow of John Okada's No-No Boy". Asian American Writers' Workshop. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
6. ^ Chin, Frank (1976). In Search of John Okada: Afterword to 'No-No Boy'. Combined Asian American Resource Project. ISBN 9780295955254.
7. ^ Fuchs, Chris (June 7, 2019). "Penguin Classics edition of Japanese American novel 'No-No Boy' sparks copyright dispute". NBC News. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
8. ^ No-No-Boy. OCLC. OCLC 881386427.
9. ^ "World Premiere of No-No Boy announced", Los Angeles Daily News online

## External links

[edit]

* OCLC Worldcat reference to No-No Boy
* Brian Niiya, "No-no boys", Densho Encyclopedia.
* Official website of the play, No-No Boy adapted by Ken Narasaki[usurped]
* Introduction to a conversation on John Okada’s No-No Boy

* v
* t
* e

Internment of Japanese Americans

Key topics|

* Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians
* Executive Order 9066
* Executive Order 9102
* Yasui
* Hirabayashi
* Korematsu
* Ex parte Endo
* Lordsburg killings
* War Relocation Authority
* History
* Life before World War II
* Life after World War II
* Propaganda
* Military service in World War II
* 442nd Infantry Regiment
* 100th Infantry Battalion
* Military Intelligence Service

Concentration camps|

* Gila River
* Granada
* Heart Mountain
* Jerome
* Manzanar
* Minidoka
* Poston
* Rohwer
* Topaz
* Tule Lake

Assembly centers|

* Arboga Assembly Center
* Fresno Assembly Center
* Mayer Assembly Center
* Merced Assembly Center
* Owens Valley Reception Center
* Parker Dam Reception Center
* Pinedale Assembly Center
* Pomona Assembly Center
* Portland Assembly Center
* Puyallup Assembly Center
* Sacramento Assembly Center
* Salinas Assembly Center
* Santa Anita Assembly Center
* Stockton Assembly Center
* Tanforan Assembly Center
* Tulare Assembly Center
* Turlock Assembly Center
* Woodland Civil Control Station

Citizen Isolation centers|

* Leupp Isolation Center
* Moab Isolation Center
* Old Raton Ranch Camp
* Camp Tulelake

Detention facilities|

* Catalina Federal Honor Camp
* Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility
* Sharp Park Detention Station
* Tuna Canyon Detention Station

Army facilities|

* Camp Blanding
* Camp Forrest
* Camp Livingston
* Camp McCoy
* Camp Florence
* Fort Bliss Internment Camp
* Fort Howard Internment Camp
* Fort McDowell Internment Camp
* Fort Meade Internment Camp
* Fort Lewis Internment Camp
* Fort Richardson Internment Camp
* Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp
* Fort Sill Internment Camp
* Griffith Park Detention Camp
* Haiku Internment Camp
* Honouliuli Internment Camp
* Kalaheo Stockade
* Kilauea Military Camp
* Lordsburg Internment Camp
* Sand Island Internment Camp
* Stringtown Internment Camp

Notable incarcerees|

* See: Category:Japanese-American internees
* List of inmates of Manzanar
* List of inmates of Topaz War Relocation Center
* Estelle Peck Ishigo
* Ralph Lazo
* Isamu Shibayama
* Elaine Black Yoneda

Literature
and arts|

* Allegiance
* Born Free and Equal
* Farewell to Manzanar
* Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet
* Judgment Without Trial
* No-No Boy
* Snow Falling on Cedars
* The Buddha in the Attic
* The Invisible Thread
* The Moved-Outers
* Under the Blood Red Sun
* Weedflower
* When the Emperor was Divine
* List of films
* Go for Broke!

Legacy|

* Redress and court cases
* Evacuation Claims Act
* Civil Liberties Act of 1988
* Renunciation Act of 1944
* Day of Remembrance
* Fred Korematsu Day
* Empty Chair Memorial
* Go for Broke Monument
* Japanese American National Museum
* Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
* Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
* Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study
* The Long Journey Home
* Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial
* Japanese American Internment Museum
* Sakura Square
* Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education

Category

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany

*[OCLC]: Online Computer Library Center number
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