Norsemen

Historical linguistic group of people originating in Scandinavia

For the television series, see Norsemen (TV series). For the association football club, see Norsemen F.C.

"Norseman" and "Northmen" redirect here. For other uses, see Norseman (disambiguation) and Northmen (disambiguation).

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Norsemen

Extent of Norse language in AD 900: Western Norse in red and Eastern Norse in orange. Yellow, green and blue denote related Germanic languages.

* Scandinavia
* History

History

* Nordic Stone Age
* Nordic Bronze Age
* Pre-Roman Iron Age
* Roman Iron Age
* Germanic Iron Age
* Migration Period
* Viking Age
* Norse–Gaels
* Normans
* Christianization

Old Norse religion

* Gods
* Æsir
* Vanir
* Jötunn
* Sigurd
* Sigmund
* Wayland the Smith
* Vættir
* Elf
* Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
* Dwarf (folklore)
* Einherjar
* Fenrir
* Hel (mythological being)
* Dís
* Norns
* Valkyrie
* Jörmungandr
* Ask and Embla

Cosmology

* Asgard
* Vanaheimr
* Midgard
* Vígríðr
* Bifröst
* Fólkvangr
* Ginnungagap
* Hel (location)
* Muspelheim
* Niflheim
* Mímisbrunnr
* Hvergelmir
* Urðarbrunnr
* Yggdrasill
* Valhalla
* Jötunheimr

Rituals and worship

* Blót
* Seiðr
* Norse funeral
* Yule
* Walpurgis Night
* Midsummer
* Hörgr
* Heathen hof
* Vé (shrine)
* Gothi
* Early Germanic calendars
* Runic magic
* Seeress (Germanic)
* Galdr
* Death in Norse paganism

Society

* Berserker
* Earl
* Ergi
* Erilaz
* Félag
* Germanic kingship
* Hird
* Holmgang
* Leidang
* Mead hall
* Medieval Scandinavian law
* Nithing pole
* Nīþ
* Norse clans
* Old Norse
* Thing
* Thrall

Events

* Æsir–Vanir War
* Fimbulwinter
Ragnarök
* Wild Hunt

Sources

* Poetic Edda
* Prose Edda
* Tyrfing Cycle
* Völsung Cycle
* Saga
* Runestones

WikiProject Norse history and culture

* v
* t
* e

The Norsemen (or Northmen) were a cultural group in the Early Middle Ages, originating among speakers of Old Norse in Scandinavia.[1][2] During the late eighth century, Scandinavians embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age. In English-language scholarship since the 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings.

Historians of Anglo-Saxon England often use the term "Norse" in a different sense, distinguishing between Norse Vikings (Norsemen) from Norway, who mainly invaded and occupied the islands north and north-west of Britain as well as Ireland and western Britain, and Danish Vikings, who principally invaded and occupied eastern Britain.[a]

## History of the terms Norseman and Northman

[edit]

Further information: North Germanic peoples § Names

The word Norseman first appears in English during the early 19th century: the earliest attestation given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary is from Walter Scott's 1817 Harold the Dauntless. The word was coined using the adjective norse, which was borrowed into English from Dutch during the 16th century with the sense 'Norwegian', and which by Scott's time had acquired the sense "of or relating to Scandinavia or its language, esp[ecially] in ancient or medieval times".[3] As with modern use of the word viking, therefore, the word norseman has no particular basis in medieval usage.[4]

The term Norseman does echo terms meaning 'Northman', applied to Norse-speakers by the peoples they encountered during the Middle Ages.[5] The Old Frankish word Nortmann ("Northman") was Latinised as Normannus and was widely used in Latin texts. The Latin word Normannus then entered Old French as Normands. From this word came the name of the Normans and of Normandy, which was settled by Norsemen in the tenth century.[6][7]

The same word entered Hispanic languages and local varieties of Latin with forms beginning not only in n-, but in l-, such as lordomanni (apparently reflecting nasal dissimilation in local Romance languages).[8] This form may in turn have been borrowed into Arabic: the prominent early Arabic source al-Mas‘ūdī identified the 844 raiders on Seville not only as Rūs but also al-lawdh’āna.[9]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written in Old English, distinguishes between the pagan Norwegian Norsemen (Norðmenn) of Dublin and the Christian Danes (Dene) of the Danelaw. In 942, it records the victory of King Edmund I over the Norse kings of York: "The Danes were previously subjected by force under the Norsemen, for a long time in bonds of captivity to the heathens".[10][11][12]

## Other names

[edit]

Norse clothing

In modern scholarship, Vikings is a common term for attacking Norsemen, especially in connection with raids and monastic plundering by Norsemen in the British Isles, but it was not used in this sense at the time. In Old Norse and Old English, the word simply meant 'pirate'.[13][14][15]

The Norse were also known as Ascomanni, ashmen, by the Germans, Lochlanach (Norse) by the Gaels and Dene (Danes) by the Anglo-Saxons.[16]

The Gaelic terms Finn-Gall (Norwegian Viking or Norwegian), Dubh-Gall (Danish Viking or Danish) and Gall Goidel (foreign Gaelic) were used for the people of Norse descent in Ireland and Scotland, who assimilated into the Gaelic culture.[17] Dubliners called them Ostmen, or East-people, and the name Oxmanstown (an area in central Dublin; the name is still current) comes from one of their settlements; they were also known as Lochlannaigh, or Lake-people.[citation needed]

The Slavs, the Arabs and the Byzantines knew them as the Rus' or Rhōs (Ῥῶς), probably derived from various uses of rōþs-, i.e. "related to rowing", or from the area of Roslagen in east-central Sweden, where most of the Northmen who visited the Eastern Slavic lands originated.[18]

Archaeologists and historians of today believe that these Scandinavian settlements in the East Slavic lands formed the names of the countries of Russia and Belarus.[19]

The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians (Old Norse: Væringjar, meaning "sworn men"), and the Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as the Varangian Guard.[20]

Modern descendants of Norsemen are described as Scandinavians.[21]

## Geography

[edit]

Exploration and expansion routes of Norsemen

The British conception of the Vikings' origins was inaccurate.[citation needed] Those who plundered Britain lived in what is today Denmark, Scania, the western coast of Sweden and Norway (up to almost the 70th parallel) and along the Swedish Baltic coast up to around the 60th latitude and Lake Mälaren. They also came from the island of Gotland, Sweden. The border between the Norsemen and more southerly Germanic tribes, the Danevirke, today is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of the Danish–German border. The southernmost living Vikings lived no further north than Newcastle upon Tyne, and travelled to Britain more from the east than from the north.[citation needed]

The Norse Scandinavians established polities and settlements in what are now Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales), Ireland, Iceland, Russia, Belarus, France, Sicily, Belgium, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Greenland, Canada,[22] and the Faroe Islands.[23]

## Notable Norse people

[edit]

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* Aud the Deep-Minded (c. 9th century CE), ship captain and early settler of Iceland
* Harald Bluetooth (died c. 985/86 CE), king of Denmark and Norway, namesake of the Bluetooth wireless technology
* Bolli Bollason (born c. 1000 CE), prominent Icelandic warrior and member of the Varangian Guard
* Freydís Eiríksdóttir (born c. 970 CE), explorer and early colonist of Vinland
* Erik the Red (c. 950–1003 CE), Norwegian explorer and founder of the first settlement in Greenland
* Leif Erikson (c. 970–1020 CE), Icelandic explorer thought to have been the first European to have set foot on continental North America
* Estrid (c. 11th century CE), powerful Swedish magnate and matriarch
* Harald Fairhair (c. 850–932 CE), the first King of Norway
* Harald Hardrada (c. 1015 – 25 September 1066 CE), also known as Harald III of Norway, given the epithet Hardrada in the sagas, was King of Norway from 1046 to 1066
* Gunnborga (c. 11th century CE), Swedish runemaster responsible for the Hälsingland Rune Inscription 21
* Hildr Hrólfsdóttir (c. 9th century CE), Norwegian skald known for her poetry concerning the banishment of her father Rolv Nevia, the Viking jarl of Trondheim
* Olaf the White (c. 820 – late 9th century CE), Viking sea-king, King of Dublin, and husband of Aud the Deep-Minded
* Ragnar Lodbrok (c. 9th century CE), legendary Viking hero and king
* Þorbjörg Lítilvölva (c. 10th century CE), renowned seeress of Norse colonial Greenland
* Gunnlaugr ormstunga (c. 983–1008 CE), Icelandic skald who widely served in Iceland, Norway, Ireland, Orkney, and Sweden
* Raud the Strong (c. late 10th century CE), Norwegian blót priest and seafaring warrior
* Steinunn Refsdóttir (c. 10th century CE), Icelandic skald known for her verses taunting the Christian missionary Þangbrandr
* Rusla (c. 5th–11th century CE), a.k.a. the "Red Woman", legendary Norwegian pirate fleet leader
* Steinvör Sighvatsdóttir (died 1271 CE), influential Icelandic matriarch and skald
* Egill Skallagrímsson (c. 904–995), Icelandic war poet, sorcerer, berserker, farmer, and anti-hero of Egil's Saga
* Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241), Icelandic historian, poet, politician, and lawspeaker of the Althing whose work comprises a major source of Norse mythology
* Thorkell the Tall (c. early 11th century CE), semi-legendary Scanian lord and Jomsviking
* Veborg (died c. 750 CE), legendary shield-maiden known for her role in the Battle of Bråvalla

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norse history and culture.

* Anglo-Scandinavian
* Danes (Germanic tribe)
* Geats
* Goths
* Gotlander
* Haplogroup I-M253
* Norse-Gaels
* Swedes (Germanic tribe)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ For example: "Most of the earliest Viking settlers in Ireland were Norsemen, but c.850 a large Danish Host arrived" (Peter Hunter Blair, An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed., 2003, pp. 66–67); "In 875 Danes and Norsemen were competing" for control of Scotland (Peter Sawyer, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, 1997, p. 90); Frank Stenton distinguishes between the "Danish kingdom of York" and the "Norse kingdom of York", and refers in the mid-tenth century to "the antagonism between Danes and Norsemen, which is often ignored by modern writers, but underlies the whole history in this period" (Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed., 1971, pp. 359, 765); Barbara Yorke comments that the Chronicle tends to use the term "Danish" for all Scandinavian forces, but the attackers on Portland in the late eighth century seem to have been "predominantly Norse adventurers, but some way from their normal raiding grounds in Britain" (Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, 1995. p. 108); in 793: "The hit-and-run raid on Lindisfarne was probably the work of Norse rather than Danish warriors, straying from their accustomed haunts in the Faroes and Orkney down the North Sea coast of Britain in search of easy loot" (N. J. Higham, The Kingdom of Northumberland AD 350–1100, 1993, p. 173).

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Fee, Christopher R. (2011). Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might. ABC-CLIO. p. 3\. ISBN 978-0313027253. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
2. ^ McTurk, Rory (2008). A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7\. ISBN 978-1405137386. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
3. ^ "Norseman, n.", "Norse, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/128316 Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/128312 Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 10 September 2018.
4. ^ "Viking, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/223373 Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 10 September 2018.
5. ^ "Northman, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/128371 Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 10 September 2018.
6. ^ Michael Lerche Nielsen, Review of Rune Palm, Vikingarnas språk, 750–1100, Historisk Tidskrift 126.3 (2006) 584–86 (pdf pp. 10–11 Archived 24 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine) (in Swedish)
7. ^ Louis John Paetow, A Guide to the Study of Medieval History for Students, Teachers, and Libraries, Berkeley: University of California, 1917, OCLC 185267056, p. 150, citing Léopold Delisle, Littérature latine et histoire du moyen âge, Paris: Leroux, 1890, OCLC 490034651, p. 17.
8. ^ Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 15–17.
9. ^ Ann Christys, Vikings in the South (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), pp. 23–24.
10. ^ Williams, Ann (2004). "Edmund I (920/21–946)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
11. ^ Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979). "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042 (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. p. 221\. ISBN 978-0-415-14366-0.
12. ^ Bately, Janet, ed. (1986). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A Collaborative Edition, 3, MS A. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. p. 73\. ISBN 978-0-85991-103-0.
13. ^ "Viking, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2018. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
14. ^ Cleasby, Richard; Vigfusson, Gudbrand (1957). "víkingr". An Icelandic–English Dictionary (2nd edition by William A. Craigie ed.). Oxford University Press.
15. ^ Bosworth, Joseph; Northcote Toller, T. (1898). "wícing". An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
16. ^ Richards, Julian D. (2005). Vikings : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16\. ISBN 978-0191517396. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
17. ^ Baldour, John Alexander; Mackenzie, William Mackay (1910). The Book of Arran. Arran society of Glasgow. p. 11.
18. ^ Thunberg, Carl L. (2011). Särkland och dess källmaterial. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-91-981859-3-5.
19. ^ "Nordiska furstar lade grunden till Ryssland". Popularhistoria.se (in Swedish). 14 March 2001. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
20. ^ Sverrir Jakobsson, The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire Archived 18 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020). ISBN 978-3-030-53797-5 [pages needed]
21. ^ Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198030737. "Ottar belonged to a group of peoples who were beginning to have a huge impact on European history. They are now called 'Scandinavians', though historically they were called 'Northmen'."
22. ^ Linden, Eugene (December 2004). "The Vikings: A Memorable Visit to America". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
23. ^ Church, M. J.; Arge, S. M. V.; Edwards, K. J.; Ascough, P. L.; Bond, J. M.; Cook, G. T.; Dockrill, S. J.; Dugmore, A. J.; McGovern, T. H.; Nesbitt, C.; Simpson, I. A. (2013). "The Vikings were not the first colonizers of the Faroe Islands" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 77: 228–232\. Bibcode:2013QSRv...77..228C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2024.

* v
* t
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Vikings

Culture|

* Blót
* Brisingamen
* Danegeld
* Dís
* Eddas
* Einherjar
* Futhark
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Germanic deities
* Gothi
* Hnefatafl
* Holmgang
* Leysingi
* Mjölnir
* Norsemen
* Norse funeral (ship burial)
* Norse mythology
* Norse rituals
* Old Norse
* Old Norse religion
* Raven banner
* Sagas
* Skald
* Seeress
* Skíðblaðnir
* Thrall
* Tyrfing
* Valhalla
* Valkyrie
* Viking Age
* Viking art
* Viking runestones
* Viking Age trade
* Wergeld
* Yggdrasil

Ships
and navigation|

* Knarr
* Longship
* Viking ships
* Viking ship replica
* Visby lenses

Homelands
and colonies|

* North Sea Empire
* Iceland
* Greenland
* Orkney Islands
* Shetland
* Faroe Islands
* North America
* L'Anse aux Meadows
* Vinland
* Jomsborg
* Kievan Rus'

Expansion|

* British Isles
* Danelaw
* Anglia
* Mercia
* York
* Isle of Man
* Scotland
* Wessex
* France
* Brittany
* Normandy
* Rhineland
* Pomerania
* Estonia
* Iberia
* Dublin
* Italy

Battles|

* Raid warfare and tactics
* Battle of Aclea
* First Battle of Alton
* Battle of Anglesey Sound
* Battle of Ashdown
* Battle of Assandun
* Battle of Basing
* Battle of Barry
* Battle of Bauds
* Battle of Benfleet
* Battle of Brávellir
* Battle of Brentford (1016)
* Battle of Brissarthe
* Battle of Brunanburh
* Battle of Buttington
* Battle of Cathair Cuan
* Battle of Chippenham
* Battle of Clontarf
* Battle of Confey
* Battle of Corbridge
* Battle of Cynwit
* Battle of Derby
* Battle of Dollar
* Battle of Edington
* Battle of Englefield
* Battle of Epiphany
* Battle of Fitjar
* Battle of Florvåg
* Battle of Fulford
* Battle of Fýrisvellir
* Battle of Glenmama
* Battle of Hafrsfjord
* Battle of Helgeå
* Battle of Hingston Down
* Battle of the Holme
* Battle of Hjörungavágr
* Battle of Islandbridge
* Battle of Largs
* Battle of Leuven (891)
* Battle of London Bridge
* Battle of Lüneburg Heath
* Battle of Lyrskov Heath
* Battle of Mag Femen
* Battle of Maldon
* Battle of Meretun
* Battle of Nesjar
* Battle of Niså
* Battle of Norditi
* Battle of Pinhoe
* Battle of Rastarkalv
* Battle of Reading (871)
* Battle of Renfrew
* Battle of Remich
* Battle of Ringmere
* Battle of Rochester
* Battle of Sasireti
* Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu
* Battle of Skyhill
* Battle of Stainmore
* Battle of Stamford (894)
* Battle of Stamford (918)
* Battle of Stamford Bridge
* Battle of Stiklestad
* Battle of Strangford Lough
* Battle of Svolder
* Battle of Sulcoit
* Battle of Tara (Ireland)
* Battle of Tarbat Ness
* Battle of Tempsford
* Battle of Tettenhall
* Battle of Thetford
* Battle of Thimeon
* Battle of Trans-la-Forêt
* Battle of York
* Burning of Luimneach
* Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias
* Raids in the Rhineland
* Raid on Seville
* Sack of Santiago de Compostela
* Siege of Asselt
* Siege of Chartres (911)
* Siege of Constantinople (860)
* Sack of Paris
* Siege of Paris
* Cnut the Great's invasion of England

Arms, armour
and fortifications|

* Berserker
* Danevirke
* Great Heathen Army
* Hersir
* Hird
* Holmgang
* Viking Age arms and armour
* Halberd
* Atgeir
* Skeggöx
* Dane axe
* Gjermundbu helmet
* Yarm helmet
* Sword
* Ulfberht
* Ingelrii
* Ring Fortress
* Raid Warfare and Tactics
* Shield-maiden
* Svinfylking Formation
* Varangian Guard

Historical figures|

* Airdeconut
* Amlaíb Cenncairech
* Amlaíb Cuarán
* Amlaíb Conung
* Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)
* Auisle
* Bagsecg
* Berle-Kari
* Birka female Viking warrior
* Bjørn (floruit 856–58)
* Bjorn Asbrandsson
* Bjarni Herjólfsson
* Björn Ironside
* Bjorn the Easterner
* Cnut
* Egill Skallagrímsson
* Eohric of East Anglia
* Eric Bloodaxe
* Erik the Red
* Eric I of Denmark
* Eiríkr Hákonarson
* Freydís Eiríksdóttir
* Freygeirr
* Garðar Svavarsson
* Godfrid Haraldsson
* Godfrid, Duke of Frisia
* Grímur Kamban
* Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir
* Gunnar Hámundarson
* Guthred
* Guthrum
* Hakon Rognvaldsson
* Haakon the Good
* Haakon Sigurdsson
* Halfdan Long-Leg
* Halfdan Ragnarsson
* Hagrold
* Harald Bluetooth
* Harald Fairhair
* Harald Hardrada
* Harald Wartooth
* Hastein
* Hemming Halfdansson
* Hervor
* Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson
* Hvitserk
* Ingvar the Far-Travelled
* Ingólfr Arnarson
* Ivar the Boneless
* Jomsvikings
* Ketilsdóttir
* Ketill Flatnose
* Ketil Trout (Iceland)
* Lagertha
* Leif Erikson
* Magnus Barefoot
* Naddodd
* Náttfari
* Olaf Tryggvason
* Olav Haraldsson
* Olaf the White
* Olof Skötkonung
* Orm Storolfsson
* Ohthere of Hålogaland
* Ottir
* Palnatoke
* Ragnar Lodbrok
* Ragnar Ragnarsson
* Ragnhild Eriksdotter
* Ragnall ua Imair
* Raud the Strong
* Reginheri
* Rognvald Eysteinsson
* Rollo
* Rorik
* Rusla
* Snæfrithr Svásadottir
* Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson
* Sigurd Ring
* Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
* Sigurd the Stout
* Sitric Caech
* Skalla-Grímr
* Snorri Sturluson
* Steinunn Refsdóttir
* Styrbjörn the Strong
* Sweyn Asleifsson
* Sweyn Forkbeard
* Þorbjörg Lítilvölva
* Thorfinn the Mighty
* Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
* Thorkell the Tall
* Thorir Hund
* Thorolf Kveldulfsson
* Thorstein the Red
* Tryggvi the Pretender
* Turgesius
* Valtoke Gormsson
* Vagn Åkesson
* Veborg
* Ubba
* Uí Ímair
* Unn the Deep-Minded

Runestones|

* Ballstorp Runestone
* Baltic area runestones
* Danish Runic Inscription 66
* Danish Runic Inscription 154
* Danish Runic Inscription 380
* Egtved Runestone
* England runestones
* Greece runestones
* Gunnar's bridge runestones
* Hagby Runestones
* Hakon Jarl runestones
* Hällestad Runestones
* Ingvar runestones
* Italy runestones
* Karlevi Runestone
* Lingsberg Runestones
* Norra Härene Runestone
* Orkesta Runestones
* Runestones at Aspa
* Runestones of Högby
* Sædinge Runestone
* Sigtrygg Runestones
* Simris Runestones
* Sjörup Runestone
* Småland Runic Inscription 48
* Södermanland Runic Inscription 174
* Södermanland Runic Inscription 333
* Sparlösa Runestone
* Stangeland stone
* Stone of Eric
* Runestone U 582
* Uppland Runic Inscription 158
* Varangian runestones
* Västergötland Runic Inscription 40
* Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone
* Viking runestones

Related|

* Viking revival
* Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)
* Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)

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