Nortel

Canadian multinational telecommunications equipment manufacturer (1895–2013)

Nortel Networks Corporation

Company type| Public

Traded as

| formerly TSX: NT.TO
Industry|

* Telecommunications
* Networking equipment

Founded| December 7, 1895 (1895-12-07)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Defunct| February 2, 2013; 12 years ago (2013-02-02)
Fate| Bankruptcy
Headquarters|

Ottawa, Ontario

Canada

Parent| AT&T / Bell Canada
(1895–1956)
Bell Canada (1956–1983)[1]
BCE Inc. (1983–2000)
Website| nortel.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 2001-12-15)

Nortel Networks Corporation (Nortel), formerly Northern Telecom Limited, was a Canadian multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. It was founded in Montreal, Quebec in 1895 as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company, or simply Northern Electric. Until an antitrust settlement in 1949, Northern Electric was owned mostly by Bell Canada and the Western Electric Company of the Bell System, producing large volumes of telecommunications equipment based on licensed Western Electric designs.[2]

At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 people worldwide.[3] In 2009, Nortel filed for bankruptcy protection in Canada and the United States, triggering a 79% decline in its corporate stock price. The bankruptcy case was the largest in Canadian history and left pensioners, shareholders, and former employees with enormous losses. By 2016, Nortel had sold billions of dollars in assets.[4] Courts in the US and Canada approved a negotiated settlement of bankruptcy proceedings in 2017.[5][6]

## History

[edit]

### Origins

[edit]

Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone in July 1874, while residing with his parents at their farm in Tutela Heights, on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario.[7][8] He later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston.[9] Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford, was a three-storey brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the Bell System, leading to the city's style as The Telephone City.[10][note 1]

After Cowherd's death in 1881 which resulted in the closure of his Brantford factory, a mechanical production department was created within the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and production of Canadian telephone equipment was transferred to Montreal in 1882 to compensate for the restrictions on importing telephone equipment from the United States.[13][15] In addition to telephones, four years later, the department started manufacturing switchboards, at first the 50-line Standard Magneto Switchboard.[13][16] The small manufacturing department expanded yearly with the growth and popularity of the telephone to 50 employees in 1888.[17] By 1890 it had been transformed into its own branch of operations with 200 employees, and a new factory was under construction.[13]

As the manufacturing branch expanded, its production ability increased beyond the demand for telephones, and it faced closure for several months a year without manufacturing other products.[18] The Bell Telephone Company of Canada's (later renamed to Bell Canada) charter prohibited the company from building other products. In 1895, Bell Telephone of Canada spun off its manufacturing arm to build telephones for sale to other companies, as well as other products, such as fire alarm boxes, police street call boxes, and fire department call equipment. This company was incorporated as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited.[13]

### Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company

[edit]

Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited was incorporated on December 7, 1895. The initial stock capital was $50,000 at $100 per share, with 93% held by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and the remainder held by seven corporate directors.[19] The first general stockholders meeting was held on March 24, 1896.

In December 1899, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada bought a cabling company for $500,000; a Canadian charter named it "The Wire and Cable Company".[20] Northern Electric and Manufacturing further expanded its product line in 1900, manufacturing the first Canadian wind-up gramophones that played flat discs.[21] In 1911 the Wire and Cable Company changed its name to the "Imperial Wire and Cable Company".[22]

### Northern Electric Company

[edit]

1950 Logo

The construction of a new manufacturing plant started in 1913 at Shearer Street in Montreal, Quebec, as preparations began for the two manufacturing companies' integration. Then, in January 1914, the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company and the Imperial Wire and Cable Company merged into the Northern Electric Company, commonly known simply as Northern Electric. The new company opened the doors on a new manufacturing plant in January 1915. This facility, located on Shearer Street, was the primary manufacturing centre until the mid-1950s.[21] Edward Fleetford Sise was the president and his brother Paul Fleetford Sise was the vice-president and general manager.[23]

An audio amplifier manufactured by Northern Electric

During the First World War, Northern Electric manufactured the Portable Commutator, a one-wire telegraphic switchboard for military operations in the field.[24][25] In 1922, Northern started to produce, for $5, the "Peanut" vacuum tube, which required only a single dry-cell battery. The use of alternating current was still under development during this time. The Northern Electric Peanut tube was the smallest tube made and drew only one-tenth of an ampere.[26] During the 1920s Northern Electric made kettles, toasters, cigar lighters, electric stoves, and washing machines.[27] In January 1923, Northern Electric started to operate an AM radio station with call letters CHYC, in the Shearer Street plant, and much of the programming was religious services for the Northern Electric employees and families in the community. In July 1923, CHYC-AM was the first radio station to provide entertainment to the riders of the transcontinental train, in a parlor car fitted with a radio set to receive the broadcast as it left Montreal and traveled west.[28] Later in the 1920s, Northern created the first talking movie sound system in the British Empire for a theater in Montreal.[27]

During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Northern Electric was affected, like most other companies. From the beginning of 1930 through the end of 1933, sales dropped from $34 million to $8.2 million, with employees dropping from 6,100 to 2,400.[29]

### Independence from Western Electric

[edit]

In 1949, an antitrust suit in the United States forced AT&T/Western Electric to sell its stake in Northern Electric to Bell Canada. AT&T spun off Northern Electric in 1956. Deprived of its Western Electric tie, Northern began developing its own products. In 1953, Northern Electric produced its first television sets using tubes made by RCA.[30] Bell Canada acquired 100 percent of Northern Electric in 1964; through public stock offerings starting in 1973, Bell's ownership of Northern Electric and its successors would be reduced, though it continued to have majority control.[31]

In 1966, the Northern Electric research lab, Northern Electric Laboratories (the predecessor to Bell-Northern Research), started looking into the possibilities of fiber optic cable, and in 1969, began work on digitizing telephone communications. Also in 1969, Northern began making inroads into the US market with its switching systems. In 1972, it opened its first factory in the US in Michigan. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Northern began shipping its first digital switching systems, one of the earliest such systems to be sold.[32]

Northern Telecom was, with Bell-Northern Research, in the early 1970s a part owner of MicroSystems International, a semiconductor manufacturer based in Nepean, outside Ottawa.[33][34]

### Northern Telecom and "Digital World"

[edit]

Logo used from the mid-1970s to 1995

In March 1976, the company name was changed to Northern Telecom Limited, and management announced its intention to concentrate the company's efforts on digital technology.[35] Northern Telecom was the first company in its industry to announce and deliver a complete line of fully digital telecommunications products.[36] The product line was branded "Digital World" and included the DMS-100, a fully digital central office switch serving as many as 100,000 lines, which was a key contributor to the company's revenue for close to 15 years.[37]

Starting in 1977, Nortel grew rapidly after the introduction of its DMS line of digital central office telephone switches, especially after the AT&T breakup in 1984. Northern Telecom became a significant supplier in Europe and China[38] [citation needed] and was the first non-Japanese supplier to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone.

### Deregulation

[edit]

In 1983, due to deregulation, Bell Canada Enterprises (later shortened to BCE) was formed as the parent company to Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. Bell-Northern Research was jointly owned 50–50 by Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. The combined three companies were referred to as the tricorporate.[39][40][41]

As Nortel, the streamlined identity it adopted for its 100th anniversary in 1995, the company set out to dominate the burgeoning global market for public and private networks.[citation needed]

### Optical boom and bust

[edit]

Technician working in a Nortel lab in Belleville, 2001

In 1998, with the acquisition of Bay Networks, the company's name was changed to Nortel Networks to emphasize its ability to provide complete solutions for multiprotocol, multiservice, global networking over the Internet and other communications networks. As a consequence of the stock transaction used to purchase Bay Networks, BCE ceased to be the majority shareholder of Nortel.[citation needed]

In 1999, Nortel outsourced several of its manufacturing operations to North American contractors.[42]

In 2000, BCE spun out Nortel, distributing its holdings of Nortel to its shareholders. Bell-Northern Research was gradually absorbed into Nortel, as it first acquired a majority share in BNR, and eventually acquired the entire company.[citation needed]

In the late 1990s, stock market speculators, hoping that Nortel would reap increasingly lucrative profits from the sale of fibre optic network gear, began pushing up the company's share price to unheard-of levels despite the company's repeated failure to turn a profit.[43] Under the leadership of chief executive officer John Roth, sales of optical equipment had been robust in the late 1990s, but the market was soon saturated. When the speculative telecom bubble of the late 1990s reached its pinnacle late in the year 2000, Nortel was to become one of the major casualties.[citation needed][44] Nortel's revenues would be dented by a saturated market and the failure of WorldCom, which was a major customer.[45][46][47]

At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all the companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 worldwide, with 25,900 in Canada alone.[3][48] Nortel's market capitalization fell from C$398 billion in September 2000 to less than C$5 billion in August 2002, as Nortel's stock price plunged from C$124 to C$0.47. When Nortel's stock crashed, it took with it a wide swath of Canadian investors and pension funds and left 60,000 Nortel employees unemployed. Roth was criticized after it was revealed that he cashed in his own stock options for a personal gain of C$135 million in 2000 alone.[49]

Roth retired in 2001. His planned successor, chief operating officer Clarence Chandran, already on sick leave due to complications following his 1997 stabbing in Singapore,[50] decided to quit, however.[51] Chief financial officer Frank Dunn was eventually chosen as Roth's permanent replacement.[52]

### After the Internet bubble

[edit]

#### Accounting restatements

[edit]

Frank Dunn presided over a dramatic restructuring of Nortel, which included laying off two-thirds of its workforce (60,000 staff)[53] and writedowns of nearly US$16 billion in 2001 alone. This had some initial perceived success in turning the company around, with an unexpected return to profitability reported in the first quarter of 2003. The black ink triggered a total of $70 million in bonuses to the top 43 managers,[54] with $7.8 million going to Dunn alone,[55] $3 million to chief financial officer Douglas Beatty, and $2 million to controller Michael Gollogly.[56] Independent auditor Deloitte & Touche advised audit committee chairman John Cleghorn and board chairman "Red" Wilson to look into the suspicious results, who hired the law firm WilmerHale to vet the financial statements.[57] In late October 2003, Nortel announced that it intended to restate approximately $900 million of liabilities carried on its balance sheet as of June 30, 2003, following a comprehensive internal review of these liabilities. The company stated that the restatement's principal effects would be a reduction in previously reported net losses for 2000, 2001, and 2002 and an increase in shareholders' equity and net assets previously reported on its balance sheet. A dozen of the company's most senior executives returned $8.6 million of bonuses they were paid based on the erroneous accounting. Investigators ultimately found about $3 billion in revenue had been booked improperly in 1998, 1999, and 2000. More than $2 billion was moved into later years, about $750 million was pushed forward beyond 2003 and about $250 million was wiped away completely. The accounting scandal hurt both Nortel's reputation and finances, as Nortel spent an estimated US$400 million on outside auditors and management consultants to retrain staff.[57]

To improve its liquidity, in 2003 Nortel arranged a US$750 million credit support facility with Export Development Canada.[58] Walter Robinson of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation denounced the line of credit, calling it "corporate welfare at its worst."[59]

On April 28, 2004 amidst the accounting scandal, three of Nortel's top lieutenants—Douglas Beatty, CEO Frank Dunn and Michael Gollogly—were fired for financial mismanagement.[60] They were later charged with fraud by the RCMP.[61][62] The trial began on January 16, 2012,[63] ending with acquittals for all three.[60][64][65]

The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) also filed charges against them and four vice-presidents for civil fraud.[62] On December 19, 2014, remaining civil charges from the Ontario Securities Commission and SEC were simultaneously dropped.[66]

#### Owens and Zafirovski

[edit]

After Dunn's firing, retired United States Admiral Bill Owens – at the time a member of the board of directors – was appointed interim CEO.[67] Nortel Networks subsequently returned to using the Nortel name for branding purposes only (the official company name was not changed). Nortel acquired PEC Solutions, a provider of information technology and telecommunications services to various government agencies and departments, in June 2005 and renamed it Nortel Government Solutions Incorporated (NGS).[68][69] LG Electronics and Nortel formed a joint venture in August 2005, with Nortel owning 51%, to offer telecom and networking solutions in the wireline, optical, wireless and enterprise areas for South Korean and global customers.[70]

Peter Currie, previously the Chief Financial Officer of the Royal Bank of Canada, was named CFO of Nortel in 2005, having previously served as Northern Telecom's CFO in the 1990s. Gary Daichendt, the former Chief Operating Officer of Cisco Systems, was hired as president and COO, and was expected to succeed Owens as CEO. Shortly afterward, Daichendt appointed ex-Cisco Chief Science Officer Gary Kunis as chief technology officer. Both Garys were concerned about the overall direction of Nortel, especially when compared to Cisco, their previous employer. Just three months later, Daichendt resigned after both his restructuring plan and his suggestion that Owens and Currie leave the company immediately were rejected by the board of directors. Kunis quit shortly thereafter.[71] At the year's end, directors Lynton "Red" Wilson and John Cleghorn retired from the board.

Mike S. Zafirovski, who had served as president and CEO of GE Lighting and then as Motorola President and COO, succeeded Owens as president and CEO on November 15, 2005.[72] Motorola filed a suit against Zafirovski's hiring, alleging that his new position would break the terms of the non-disclosure agreement he had signed. Nortel agreed to pay $11.5 million on his behalf to settle the lawsuit.[73] Nortel also paid out US$575 million and 629 million common shares in 2006 to settle a class-action lawsuit that accused the company of misleading investors about the company's health.

Currie stepped down as Executive Vice President and CFO in early 2007.[74] In February 2007, Nortel announced its plans to reduce its workforce by 2,000 employees, and to transfer an additional 1,000 jobs to lower-cost job sites.[75] The Securities and Exchange Commission filed civil fraud charges against Nortel for accounting fraud from 2000 to 2003; the fraud was allegedly to close gaps between its true performance, its internal targets and Wall Street expectations. Nortel settled the case, paying $35 million, which the Commission distributed to affected shareholders, and reported periodically to the commission on remedial measures to improve its financial accounting.[76]

Nortel announced plans in February 2008 to eliminate 2,100 jobs, and to transfer another 1,000 jobs to lower-cost centres.[77] As part of the reductions, Nortel shut down its Calgary campus in 2009.[78]

During its reporting of third quarter 2008 results, Nortel announced it would restructure into three vertically-integrated business units: Enterprise, Carrier Networks, and Metro Ethernet Networks. As part of the decentralization of its organization, four executive positions were eliminated, effective January 1, 2009: Chief Marketing Officer – Lauren Flaherty; Chief Technology Officer – John Roese; Global Services President – Dietmar Wendt; and Executive Vice President Global Sales – Bill Nelson. A net reduction of 1,300 jobs was also announced.[79] As its stock price dropped below $1, the New York Stock Exchange notified Nortel that it would be delisted if its common shares failed to rise above $1 per share within 6 months.[80] Rumours continued to persist of Nortel's poor financial health, amid the late 2000s recession, and its bids for government funds were turned down.[81]

There is suspicion that industrial espionage and knockoff Asian products brought down Nortel or at least accelerated its demise. An extensive analysis by University of Ottawa professor Jonathan Calof and recollections of former Nortel executive Tim Dempsey have placed the blame mostly on strategic mistakes and poor management at the company.[82]

### Liquidation

[edit]

#### Protection from creditors

[edit]

On January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from creditors, in the United States under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, in Canada under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, and in the United Kingdom under the Insolvency Act 1986.[5][83][84] Nortel was the first major technology company to seek bankruptcy protection during the 2008 financial crisis.[85] Nortel had an interest payment of $107 million due the next day, approximately 4.6% of its cash reserves of approximately $2.3 billion.[86] After the announcement, the share price fell more than 79% on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Export Development Canada agreed to provide up to C$30 million in short-term financing through its existing credit support facility with Nortel. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.[87]

Nortel initially hoped to re-emerge from bankruptcy, implementing a retention bonus plan in an effort to retain its top executives during the restructuring period. These bonuses, totaling US$45 million, were targeted at 1,000 executive positions.[88] At the end of January 2009, Nortel announced that it would be discontinuing its WiMAX business and its agreement with Alvarion.[89][90] Nortel subsequently sold its Layer 4–7 application delivery business to Israeli technology firm Radware for $18 million, after Radware had initially placed a stalking horse bid.[91][92] Nortel had acquired the application switch product line in October 2000 when it purchased Alteon WebSystems.[93]

#### Wind-up

[edit]

With the worsening recession and stock market decline deterring potential companies from bidding for Nortel's assets, and many of Nortel's major customers reconsidering their relationships with the restructuring company,[94] in June Nortel announced that it no longer planned to emerge from bankruptcy protection, and would seek buyers for all of its business units.[95] After announcing it planned to sell off all of its assets, Nortel shares were delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange on June 26, 2009 at a price of $0.185 per share, down from its high in 2000 when it comprised a third of the S&P/TSX composite index.[95][96][97] Mike Zafirovski subsequently resigned in August, and Nortel's board of directors was reorganized with three members instead of nine.[98] Nortel handed out $14.2 million in cash compensation to seven executives in 2009. Nortel also paid out $1.4 million to 10 former and current directors, and paid $140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee the company's bankruptcy proceedings.[99]

Nokia Siemens Networks made a stalking horse bid to purchase Nortel's CDMA and LTE assets for $650 million.[95] By the July 21 deadline for additional bids, MatlinPatterson and Ericsson had made offers,[100] and Ericsson emerged as the victor in the following auction, with a purchase price of $1.13 billion.[101][102] Avaya won an auction for Nortel's Enterprise Solutions business, including Nortel's stake in Nortel Government Solutions and DiamondWare, for $900 million,[103] after having placed a stalking horse bid of $475 million.[104] In November, Nortel sold its MEN (Metro Ethernet Networks) unit to Ciena Corporation for US$530 million in cash and US$239 million in convertible notes,[105][106] and its GSM business at auction to Ericsson and Kapsch for US$103 million.[107][108][109][110] Hitachi purchased the Next Generation Packet Core assets.[111] As insurance against judgments in class action lawsuits filed by former employees, John Roth filed in December 2009 for a US$1 billion indemnification from Nortel, joining the list of U.S. creditors.[112]

In February 2010, Ernst & Young, the court-appointed monitor of Nortel's Canadian bankruptcy proceedings, reported that the assets of Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust had a shortfall of $37 million in its net assets as of December 31, 2008. The trust supports pensioners' medical, dental and life insurance benefits, as well as income support for some groups such as long-term disability recipients.[113] Also in February, Nortel negotiated a $57 million deal to wind up the health care and other benefits provided to former Canadian employees. Shortly afterwards, Nortel proposed spending $92.3 million on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Nortel Business Services and Corporate groups, with $2.5 million in incentives going to Christopher Ricaute, president of Nortel Business Services; $27 million allocated for Canadian employees; and $55 million allocated for U.S. employees.[114] The proposed plan was later extended by an additional $27 million.[115] Claiming that the retention bonuses proposal was extraordinary, acting US trustee Roberta DeAngelis objected to the payment of $55.6 million to 866 employees.[116] However, court-appointed representatives for Nortel's former employees, who are creditors in the Ontario bankruptcy court, have signed an agreement to not oppose any employee incentive program.

GENBAND purchased the Carrier VoIP and Application Solutions (CVAS) unit in May 2010, as Nortel accepted its stalking horse bid of $282 million, with adjustments that decreased the net sale price to about $100 million, without a formal bidding process.[117][118][119] Ericsson purchased Nortel's share in its joint venture with LG Electronics for US$242 million, forming LG-Ericsson, in June 2010.[120][121] Ericsson also purchased Nortel's final operating unit, the Multi-Service Switch division, in September 2010 for US$65 million.[122][123][124] Nortel's Ottawa campus on Carling Avenue was purchased by Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) in October 2010 for a cash purchase price of CDN$208 million,[125] to serve as the new home of Canada's National Defence Headquarters.[126]

Nortel's 53.13% stake in Turkish company Nortel Netaş was acquired by One Equity Partners (OEP) and Rhea Investments for $68 million in December 2010.[127][128]

The last major asset of Nortel, approximately 6,000 patents and patent applications encompassing technologies such as wireless, wireless 4G, data networking, optical, voice, Internet, and semiconductors, was sold for $4.5 billion to a consortium including Apple, EMC, Ericsson, Microsoft, BlackBerry Limited, and Sony, pending American and Canadian court approval.[129][130] (Google had placed the initial stalking horse bid of $900 million[131] and later upped the bid to $1,902,160,540, then $2,614,972,128, and eventually $3.14159 billion, which are references to Brun's constant, Meissel–Mertens constant, and pi.)[132] Bankruptcy filings state that Nortel owed former Canadian engineers $285,000 for patent awards that were not paid.[133][citation needed]

In October 2011, the administrators of Nortel's British subsidiary lost their appeal to overturn a court order requiring them to pay £2.1 billion into Nortel's underfunded pension plan.[134][citation needed] Nortel's U.S. retirement income plan is now managed by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.[135]

In January 2014, a pact between the U.S. and European divisions of Nortel was approved by a U.S. court.[136] However, litigation continued. In April 2016, Nortel went back to court for a fresh round of legal arguments.[137] Courts in the U.S. and Canada approved a negotiated settlement among competing creditors in January 2017.[138]

## Products

[edit]

See also: Category:Nortel products

See also: List of Microsoft–Nortel Innovative Communications Alliance products

Nortel made telecommunications, computer network equipment and software. It served both general businesses and communications carriers (landline telephone, mobile phone, and cable TV carriers). Technologies included telephonic (voice) equipment, fiber optics, local wireless, and multimedia.

Past products included:

Telephone Systems  | Telephone sets and terminals  | LAN and MAN equipment

|
|

Application Server 5200 and Application Server 5300 (AS5300) | Nortel business phones, digital sets for Meridian and Norstar  | Baystack and ERS (Ethernet Routing Switch), managed network switches for Ethernet; ERS-8600, ERS-8300, ERS-5600, ERS-5500, ERS-4500, ERS-2500
Digital Multiplex System (DMS and SL-100 families) large-scale digital carrier phone switch  | Northern Electric home phones  | Multiservice Switch (MSS) (formerly Passport); MSS20000, MSS15000, MSS7400, MSS6400
Meridian 1 (SL-1) medium-to-large-scale PBX | Northern Telecom home phones  | Metro Ethernet Routing Switch 8600
Meridian Norstar small-to-medium-scale digital key telephone system | Nortel payphones | Nortel Secure Network Access (switch and software)
Nortel Communication Servers, medium-to-large-scale VoIP PBX Systems; CS2100, CS2000, CS1500, CS1000  | Nortel IP Phone 1120E  |
Meridian Data Networking System (DV-1)  | Meridian M4020 |
SG-1 analog wired logic control PBX  |  |
SP-1 analog stored program control carrier switch  |  |
Routers | Software  | Other WAN equipment
Secure Router 1000 Systems; SR1004, SR1002, SR1001S, SR1001  | Visualization Performance & Fault Manager (VPFM)  | 1 Mbit/s modem
Secure Router 3120  | Nortel Enterprise Switch Manager | S/DMS SONET
Secure Router 4134 | Nortel File and Inventory Manager  | OPTera Long Haul
Secure Router 8000 Systems; SR8002, SR8004, SR8008, SR8012  | Nortel Multi-link Trunking Manager  |
VPN Routers; 1750, 2700, 2750, 5000  | Nortel Multicast Manager  |
| Nortel Speech Server |
| Passport Carrier Release |
| Nortel Routing Manager  |
| Nortel Security Manager  |
| Nortel VLAN manager  |
| DiamondWare 3D Voice Platform  |
| Unified Communications Management |
| Agile Communication Environment |

## Criticism and controversy

[edit]

### Payments to lawyers and accountants

[edit]

In 2016, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that lawyers and accountants received CA$2.5 billion from Nortel's estate.[139]

### Kathleen Peterson Case

[edit]

In 2001 Nortel's director of information services Kathleen Peterson was found dead at the bottom of a staircase in her home in Durham, NC. Nortel had been enduring heavy layoffs during this time, and family members report that Kathleen was worried she may too be laid off at Nortel.[140] This was used by the prosecution as motive for Kathleen's husband, Michael Peterson, to murder Kathleen due to her 1.3 million-dollar life insurance policy (partly provided by Nortel) and the couple's $143,000 in credit card debt.[141]

### Environmental damage

[edit]

After bankruptcy, Nortel's estate faced CA$300 million in claims to pay for environmental damage at various sites, including Belleville, Brockville, Kingston and London.[142]

### Hacks

[edit]

See also: Julian Assange § Hacking

In September 1991, Julian Assange was discovered in the act of hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel.[143]

In 2001 Nortel identified knockoff products circulating in the Chinese market, where they did not compete.[144] The management chose not to press the issue.[145] Brian Shields, former chief security officer at Nortel, said his company was compromised in 2004 by China-based hackers; executive credentials were accessed remotely, and entire computers were taken over.[146] Nortel's own specialist did not find any abnormality. In 2008, Shields decided to approach an outside expert, who reported finding sophisticated malware in the company's machines and activities traced to Chinese IP addresses and discussions on a Mandarin Internet forum. Shields had tried to escalate the issue within the company, but senior staff members did not take any action. Mike Zafirovski, one of Nortel's top executives at the time, was skeptical, citing Shields' reputation for exaggeration.[147]

Nortel sought for but failed to receive help from the RCMP. A former CSIS official said the agency approached the company but was rebuffed.[148][149]

Nortel allegedly failed to disclose the problem to potential buyers of its business, a "despicable" omission according to Shields. Avaya and Genband both acquired parts of Nortel, and some employees used old Nortel machines connected to the new companies' networks. Avaya says it has dealt with the issue after Shields informed the new companies of his investigation.[149][150][151][152][153]

Cybersecurity experts have some doubts about a hack of such magnitude as described by Shields, calling it "unlikely". Shields does not think Huawei was directly involved, but industry insiders, including him, believe that Huawei and ZTE were beneficiaries of the hack.[146][154][155][156]

### Government bailouts

[edit]

#### 2003

[edit]

On February 16, 2003, the Winnipeg Sun published an article criticising the Canadian Federal government for propping up "mega-loser Nortel" through Export Development Canada (EDC). The article interviewed Walter Robinson of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation who termed this EDC support as "corporate welfare at its worst". Mr. Robinson was appalled that Canadians who already lost billions on Nortel on the stock market would be asked for even more money through their taxes to support Nortel.[59]

#### 2009

[edit]

The EDC had agreed to provide up to CA$30 million in short-term financing through an existing bonding facility. This money was previously available to Nortel, and no special funding was made available. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.[157]

### Illegal breach of trust in Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust

[edit]

There have been reports of financial irregularities at Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust. Diane Urquhart, a financial analyst, testified before a parliamentary committee that $100 million is missing from the HWT and that a $37 million loan to the corporation has not been paid back.[158] The HWT was an unregistered trust maintained by Nortel to provide medical, dental, life insurance, long-term disability and survivor income and pension transition benefits.[159][160] Until 2005 Nortel fully funded the disability insurance in its HWT. However, it is alleged that since then, the HWT Governance Committees and third party trustee, Northern Trust, breached their fiduciary duties to protect Nortel's disabled employees and survivors of deceased employees by allowing Nortel to misdirect over CA$100 million from the HWT for purposes inconsistent with the terms of the HWT.[161] As of March 1, 2012, Northern Trust continues to act as the paying agent for Canadian Nortel pensioners.[162]

### Bookkeeping irregularities

[edit]

In 2007, both the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Ontario Securities Commission laid charges against former senior financial officials from Nortel including Frank Dunn who was fired from Nortel in 2004. Frank Dunn was promoted from chief financial officer to replace John A. Roth as CEO in November 2001. According to the SEC, Dunn and three other financial officers began to fudge revenue by misusing "bill and hold" transactions starting "no later than September, 2000". The SEC said that at least a year's worth of the alleged misconduct took place while John Roth was still CEO of Nortel, though no charges were laid against him.[163][164]

### Treatment of Nortel pensioners

[edit]

On June 23, 2010, the News and Observer published a story criticizing the treatment of Nortel pensioners by their former employer. According to the article, Nortel had asked a federal court to terminate medical coverage, prescription drug coverage, long-term disability, and life insurance of 4,000 retirees and dependents, claiming the benefits were costing the company $2 million per month. Nortel blamed the company's creditors for this decision.[165]

### Ex-CEO as creditor

[edit]

In the middle of the decade, several class-action lawsuits were filed against John Roth and others, by former employees who felt that their 401K company plans were depleted due to misrepresentation by the defendants. They claimed they were duped into investing in Nortel stock, when those who encouraged them to do so allegedly knew that the company was ailing. In 2009, Roth filed a claim for CA$1 billion, aiming to become a creditor to the assets of Nortel along with all other Nortel employees, in case the class action lawsuits against him succeeded.[166][167]

### Conflicts of interest

[edit]

During Nortel's 2002 annual shareholders' meeting held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, several shareholders (including Robert Verdun) complained about non-arms-length relationships with service providers such as director Yves Fortier, who provided legal services to Nortel while sitting on its board, and Nortel's auditors, Deloitte & Touche LLP, who were paid $15 million for non-auditing services.[168]

### Headquarters bugging

[edit]

In 2013, workers preparing the former Nortel headquarters for the Department of National Defence discovered electronic eavesdropping devices.[169] The bugs found were older and non-operational, leading Canadian intelligence to draw the conclusion that the former tenant (Nortel) and not the future tenant (DND) was the target.[170]

## Corporate information

[edit]

### Headquarters

[edit]

Nortel's former Carling Campus at 60 Moodie Drive in Ottawa, Ontario (now known as NDHQ Carling)

During Nortel's dissolution, its head office was relocated to 5945 Airport Road in Mississauga, Ontario.[171] Previous locations of its headquarters included 60 Moodie Drive in Ottawa, Ontario (now NDHQ Carling), 8200 Dixie Road[172] in Brampton, Ontario (sold to Rogers Communications in 2006 and now known as Rogers Park, Brampton) and 195 The West Mall in Toronto, Ontario (subsequently used by SNC-Lavalin).[173]

### Global worksites, partners, and customers

[edit]

Former research building in Santa Clara, California

Nortel expanded into the U.S. in 1971. The company eventually had employees in over 100 locations in the U.S. with R&D, software engineering, and sales centres in many states including California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. Nortel's full-service R&D centres were located in Ottawa (its R&D headquarters), Beijing, and Guangzhou.[174] In Canada, Nortel also had R&D sites in Montreal, Belleville, and Calgary. In the United States, Nortel's major R&D sites were in Research Triangle Park (North Carolina), Richardson (Texas), Billerica (Massachusetts), and Santa Clara.

Nortel had a significant presence in Europe, Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Nortel delivered network infrastructure and communication services to customers across Asia in (mainland) China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey (Nortel owned 53.17% of Nortel Netaş, originally established as a joint venture with Turkish PTT in 1967).[175] In addition, the company had three joint ventures in the People's Republic of China, including Guangdong Nortel Telecommunications Equipment (GDNT), which operated Nortel's full service R&D centres in China.

### Business structure

[edit]

At the start of 2010, based on membership in Nortel's benefit plan, there were 1,637 employees working for Nortel Networks and 982 working for Nortel Technology in Canada.[176] In February 2008, Nortel employed approximately 32,550 people worldwide, including 6,800 employees in Canada and 11,900 in the United States.[77] Nortel operations were divided into the following segments:[177][178]

* Carrier Networks (CN): Mobility networking solutions, including CDMA, GSM, and UMTS, and carrier networking solutions, both circuit and packet based.
* Enterprise Solutions (ES): Enterprise networking solutions, including circuit and packet based voice, data, security, multimedia messaging and conferencing, and call centres.
* Metro Ethernet Networks (MEN): Optical and metropolitan area networking solutions, for carrier and enterprise customers.
* Global Services (GS): Services in four areas: network implementation, network support, network management, and network applications (including web services).

### Corporate governance

[edit]

Nortel's board of directors resigned and the board disbanded effective October 3, 2012. All remaining executive officers also resigned effective this date. As part of the wind-down process, a court order was issued providing Ernst & Young Inc., the court-appointed monitor in Nortel's creditor protection proceedings, the ability to exercise any powers which may be properly exercised by a board of directors of Nortel.[179]

#### Former members of the board of directors

[edit]

Further information: List of Nortel people

[180]

* Jalynn H. Bennett, CM
* Dr. Manfred Bischoff
* James Blanchard
* Robert Ellis Brown
* Frank C. Carlucci, former chairman of the board
* John Cleghorn
* Frank Dunn
* Yves Fortier
* Hon. James B. Hunt Jr.
* Robert Alexander Ingram[181]
* Kristina M. Johnson
* John Alan MacNaughton
* Hon. John P. Manley

* Richard David McCormick
* Claude Mongeau
* William Owens (Admiral)
* Harry Jonathan Pearce, former chairman of the board
* David Richardson, former chairperson
* John Andrew Roth
* Guylaine Saucier
* Sherwood Smith
* John D. Watson
* Lynton "Red" Wilson, former chairman of the board
* Mike Zafirovski, former president and CEO

|

#### Past leadership

[edit]

[182]

* Edward Fleetford Sise, President of the Northern Electric Company (1914–1919)
* Paul Fleetford Sise, President of the Northern Electric Company (1919–1948)
* Ralph Holley Keefler, President of the Northern Electric Company (1948 –1964)
* Vernon Oswald Marquez, President of the Northern Electric Company (1967–1971)
* John C. Lobb, President (1971–1974)
* David G. Vice, President and COO
* Walter Frederick Light, President of Northern Telecom (1974–1982)
* Edmund B. Fitzgerald, President (1982–1989)
* Paul G. Stern, CEO (1989–1992)
* Jean Monty, President[183]
* Roy Merrills, President
* John Roth, President, CEO and chairman of the Board of Nortel Networks (1997–2001)
* Frank Dunn, President and CEO of Nortel Networks (2001–2004)
* Bill Owens, President and CEO of Nortel Networks (2004–2005)
* Mike Zafirovski, President and CEO of Nortel Networks (2005–2009)

## See also

[edit]

* Telecommunication portal
* Canada portal
* Ontario portal
* Companies portal

* Accounting scandals
* 1-Meg Modem
* Bay Networks
* Bell labs
* Bell Telephone Memorial
* Bell-Northern Research
* Busy override
* Canadian Industrial Research and Development Organizations
* Data 100
* List of Nortel products
* List of Nortel protocols
* Mitel
* Multiservice Switch
* Nortel Government Solutions
* Nortel Retirees and former employees Protection Canada (NRPC)
* Passport Carrier Release
* Science and technology in Canada

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Alexander Graham Bell had originally asked Boston manufacturer Charles Williams to provide an initial order of 1,000 telephones for use in Canada, but Williams' small shop was only able to produce a fraction of that number. Bell then spoke with a Brantford friend, James Cowherd (1849? – Feb. 1881), who set up Canada's first telephone factory which produced 2,398 telephones to Bell's specifications by 1881. Bell sent Cowherd to Boston in 1878 to study Williams manufacturing processes for a number of months; Cowherd then returned to Brantford to produce Bell's production telephones, and help develop newer models. Among Cowherd's designs was a transmitter fitted with a triple mouthpiece allowing three people to talk, and sing, simultaneously. Cowherd's untimely early death from tuberculosis was noted in major technical journals and led to the closure of the Bell Systems' manufacturing supplier plant in Brantford. Telephone production later resumed in Montreal, eventually leading to the creation of Northern Electric, later renamed Northern Telecom and then Nortel.[11][12][13] A Brantford Expositor article later noted of the historic factory building's demise: "[Brantford] City officials and heritage committee members hung their heads in shame in 1992 when it was learned that a building that once housed the first telephone factory in the world had been approved for demolition. The embarrassing oversight came to light too late to stop wrecking crews, who were already tearing down the aged building at 32 Wharfe St... The building, where equipment for Alexander Graham Bell's first telephone was made, had even been pictured and written about in a city-printed brochure about the great inventor. A plaque erected by [the] Telephone Pioneers of America heralding the building's significance had been stripped from the structure in the mid-1980s and given to the Brant County Museum".[14]

## References

[edit]

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130. ^ "Nortel sells patents to consortium for $4.5B". Associated Press. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
131. ^ Marlow, Iain (April 4, 2011). "Bid for Nortel patents marks Google's new push into mobile world". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on April 7, 2011.
132. ^ Damouni, Nadia (July 1, 2011). "Dealtalk: Google bid "pi" for Nortel patents and lost". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
133. ^ Hill, Bert (October 5, 2011). "In patent wars, the casualty is progress". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved October 20, 2011.[dead link]
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137. ^ "Nortel Bankruptcy Fight Resumes with $2 Billion Spent on Fees". Bloomberg.com. April 5, 2016. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
138. ^ "Nortel cleared to end bankruptcy, distribute $7 billion to creditors". Reuters. January 24, 2017. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
139. ^ Ireton, Julie (October 11, 2016). "Former Nortel workers look to Liberals to restore disability benefits". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
140. ^ CATAUDELLA, KIMBERLY (May 10, 2022). "HBO's 'The Staircase': Who was Kathleen Peterson and where did she work?". The News and Observer. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
141. ^ DALESIO, EMERY P. (July 1, 2003). "Prosecutors: Money Was Motive in Killing". Midland Daily News. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
142. ^ "Nortel's toxic legacy: Cleaning up former sites to cost millions". CBC News. April 12, 2017. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
143. ^ Khatchadourian, Raffi (June 7, 2010). "WikiLeaks and Julian Paul Assange". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.`{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
144. ^ Obiko Pearson, Natalie (July 1, 2020). "Did a Chinese Hack Kill Canada's Greatest Tech Company? Nortel was once a world leader in wireless technology. Then came a hack and the rise of Huawei". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
145. ^ V. Hulme, George (August 25, 2014). "Why our lack of understanding on China may be the biggest risk". csoonline.com. IOG Communications inc. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
146. ^ a b Kehoe, John (May 26, 2014). "How Chinese hacking felled telecommunication giant Nortel". Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
147. ^ Berkow, Jameson (February 25, 2012). "Nortel hacked to pieces". financialpost.com. Financial Post. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
148. ^ Marlow, Iain (February 15, 2012). "Nortel turned to RCMP about cyber hacking in 2004, ex-employee says". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
149. ^ a b Gorman, Siobhan (February 14, 2012). "Chinese Hackers Suspected In Long-Term Nortel Breach". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
150. ^ Tom, Warren (February 14, 2012). "Hackers roamed Nortel's network for years without detection". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
151. ^ Albanesius, Chloe (February 14, 2012). "Report: Nortel Breached by Hackers for Almost 10 Years". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
152. ^ Stechyson, Natalie (February 15, 2012). "Nortel hacked for a decade, according to report". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
153. ^ "Nortel collapse linked to Chinese hackers". CBC News. February 16, 2012. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
154. ^ Waddell, Nick (October 15, 2012). "Will allegations against Huawei forever change Nortel's legacy?". cantechletter.com. Cantech Letter. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
155. ^ Payton, Laura. "Former Nortel exec warns against working with Huawei". www.cbc.ca. CBC. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
156. ^ Obiko Pearson, Natalie (July 1, 2020). "Did a Chinese Hack Kill Canada's Greatest Tech Company?". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
157. ^ Palmer, Randall (January 14, 2009). "Update 2-Canada government pledges to help Nortel". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
158. ^ Standing committee on Finance hearings Archived September 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
159. ^ Superior Court of Justice – Ontario Endorsement Archived March 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
160. ^ "Senate kills bill that would help disabled Nortel workers". CTV News. December 9, 2010. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2011.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
161. ^ "Systemic Failure of Employer Sponsored Disability Insurance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
162. ^ Minsky LLP, Koskie. "Nortel Networks Corporation – Developments". Kmlaw.ca. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
163. ^ Erman, Boyd (March 13, 2007). "Ex-Nortel CEO John Roth says he's cleared – The Globe and Mail". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
164. ^ "Unknown". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2011. [dead link](subscription required)
165. ^ "Nortel wants to dump retirees". News and Observer. June 23, 2010. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010.
166. ^ "Former Nortel exec seeks $1B protection from lawsuits". CBC News Ottawa. December 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010.
167. ^ Evans, Mark (December 18, 2009). "John Roth Wants Nortel's Help!". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
168. ^ "Shareholders Blast Nortel – Telecom News Analysis". Light Reading. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
169. ^ "Was Nortel's Ottawa Campus bugged?". infosecurity-magazine.com. Infosecurity Magazine. October 3, 2013. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
170. ^ Pugliese, David (October 18, 2016). "ottawacitizen.com". ottawacitizen.com. Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
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### Sources

[edit]

* Bruce, Robert V. Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8014-9691-8.
* Hunter, Douglas (2002). The Bubble and the Bear: How Nortel Burst the Canadian Dream. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 0-385-65918-0.
* Macdonald, Larry (2000). Nortel Networks. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-64542-7.
* Rens, Jean-Guy; Roth, Käthe (2001). The Invisible Empire: A History of the Telecommunications Industry in Canada. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2052-3.
* Reville, F. Douglas. History of the County of Brant: Illustrated With Fifty Half-Tones Taken From Miniatures And Photographs, Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920. Retrieved from Brantford.Library.on.ca May 4, 2012.

## External links

[edit]

Nortel at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity

* Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2001-12-15)
* Northern Electric – A Brief History (from Bell System Memorial) Archived February 7, 2022, at the Wayback Machine

* Business data for Nortel:

* SEC filings

* v
* t
* e

Nortel

LAN \-  MAN \-  WAN|

* Multiservice Switch
* Virtual Service Platform 9000 (VSP9000)
* MERS-8600 System
* ERS-8600 System
* ERS-5600 System
* ERS-5500 Systems

Optical|

* Optical Multiservice Edge 6500 (OME6500)

Voice systems|

* DMS-10
* DMS-100
* Communication Servers (VoIP & TDM)
* Nortel Meridian
* Meridian Norstar
* Application Server 5300 (AS5300)
* Communication Server 2100 (CS2100)

Security|

* Secure Network Access System
* Secure Router 4134
* VPN Router

Management tools|

* Unified Communications Management
* Visualization Performance & Fault Manager
* Enterprise Switch Manager
* Device Manager
* VLAN Manager
* Multicast Manager
* Security Manager
* File & Inventory Manager
* Routing Manager
* Multi-link Trunking Manager
* Proactive Voice Quality Management

Protocols|

* FAST Stacking
* Nortel Discovery Protocol
* MLT
* DMLT
* SMLT
* DSMLT
* RSMLT
* IST
* Simple Loop Prevention Protocol
* PBT
* PBB
* UNIStim
* VLACP

Nortel Certifications

* v
* t
* e

BCE Inc.

Corporate directors|

* Mirko Bibic (CEO)
* André Bérard
* Anthony S. Fell
* Ed Lumley
* John H. McArthur
* Jim Pattison
* Michael Sabia
* Paul Tellier
* Richard Currie
* Robert Pozen

Fixed-line
telecommunications|

* Bell Aliant (Atlantic Canada)
* Bell Canada (urban ON & QC)
* Bell Internet (ISP)
* Bell MTS (MB)
* Distributel (ISP)
* DMTS (Dryden, Ontario area)
* EBOX (ISP)
* NorthernTel (northern ON)
* Northwestel (northern Canada)
* Ontera (northern ON)
* Télébec (rural QC)

Mobile
telecommunications|

* Bell Mobility
* Bell MTS Wireless (MB)
* Inukshuk Wireless
* Lucky Mobile
* NorthernTel Mobility
* Northwestel (including Latitude Wireless)
* PC Mobile (prepaid)
* Solo Mobile
* Télébec Mobilité
* Virgin Plus

Television services|

* Bell Fibe TV (IPTV – urban ON & QC)
* Bell Mobile TV (mobile IPTV)
* Bell Satellite TV (satellite)
* Cablevision (northern QC)
* FibreOP (IPTV – Bell Aliant regions)
* MTS TV (IPTV – MB)

Other properties|

* AlarmForce
* Bell Media 1
* Montreal Canadiens (18%)
* Best Buy Express (franchise with Best Buy)
* Glentel (50%)

Advertising and
sponsorships|

* Bell Centre
* Bell Let's Talk
* Bell MTS Iceplex
* Place Bell
* Frank and Gordon
* Kids Help Phone
* TIFF Bell Lightbox

Related|

* AT&T Corporation
* Nortel
* Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Bell Canada
* Telesat Canada

* v
* t
* e

Electronics industry in Canada

Companies|

| Current|

* Avigilon
* BlackBerry Limited
* Celestica
* DataWind
* Evertz Microsystems
* Future Electronics
* Rakuten Kobo Inc.
* Matrox
* Mitel
* Ross Video
* Sierra Wireless
* Smart Technologies
* Yorkville Sound

|

Defunct|

* Aastra Technologies
* ATI Technologies
* BreconRidge
* Commodore International
* GE Canada
* Nortel

Other|

* EPTECH

* v
* t
* e

Spinoffs of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company

First generation

| 1929|

* Graybar Electric Company

|

1956|

* Northern Electric (via Western Electric)

1975|

* Bell Canada

1984 Divestiture|

* Ameritech
* Bell Atlantic
* Bell Communications Research
* BellSouth
* NYNEX
* Pacific Telesis
* Southwestern Bell Corporation
* US West

1991–1993|

* Unix System Laboratories

1996|

* Lucent Technologies
* NCR

1997|

* AT&T Submarine Systems
* sold to Tyco International

2001|

* AT&T Wireless Services

2003|

* AT&T Broadband

Second generation spinoffs

| Lucent Technologies|

* Advanced American Telephones (2000)
* Avaya (2000)
* QLT Consumer Lease Services (2000)
* Agere Systems (2002)

|

US West|

* MediaOne Group (1998)

NCR|

* Teradata (2007)

Pacific Telesis|

* AirTouch (1994)

Qwest|

* Dex Media (2002)

Regional Bells|

* Telcordia Technologies (1997)

SBC Communications / AT&T|

* R.H. Donnelley Publishing and Advertising of Illinois (2004)
* YP Holdings (2012)
* Southern New England Telephone (2014)

Verizon Communications|

* Hawaiian Telcom (2005)
* Northern New England Telephone Operations (2008)
* New Communications Holdings (2010)
* Frontier California
* Frontier Florida
* Frontier Southwest (2014)

* v
* t
* e

Great Recession

By region|

* Africa
* Americas
* United States
* South America
* Asia
* Europe
* Iceland
* Oceania

United States-specific|

* Automotive industry crisis
* California budget crisis
* Housing bubble
* Housing market correction
* Subprime mortgage crisis

Banking losses and fraud|

* Libor scandal
* Tom Hayes
* Société Générale trading loss
* Icesave dispute
* Forex scandal
* Bernie Madoff
* Tom Petters
* Scott W. Rothstein
* Allen Stanford

Government entities|

* Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
* Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
* Federal Home Loan Banks
* Federal Housing Administration
* Federal Housing Finance Agency
* Federal Housing Finance Board
* Federal Reserve System
* Government National Mortgage Association
* National Asset Management Agency
* Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
* Office of Financial Stability
* UK Financial Investments

Government policy and spending responses

Banking and finance
stability and reform|

* Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008
* China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
* Commercial Paper Funding Facility
* Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
* Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
* Irish emergency budget, 2009
* Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program
* Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
* Troubled Asset Relief Program
* 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package

| Bank stress tests|

* EU
* U.S.

|

Stimulus and recovery|

* 2008 European Union stimulus plan
* 2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence
* American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
* Chinese economic stimulus program
* Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
* Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009
* Green New Deal
* Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
* National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
* Zero interest-rate policy

Government interventions,
rescues, and acquisitions|

* List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession

| Non-banking|

* Chrysler
* General Motors

|

Securities involved
and financial markets|

* Auction rate securities
* Collateralized debt obligations
* Collateralized mortgage obligations
* Credit default swaps
* Mortgage-backed securities
* Secondary mortgage market

Social responses|

* Tea Party protests (United States; c. 2009)
* 2009 May Day protests (Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia; 2009)
* Arab Spring (MENA; 2010–2012)
* Occupy movement (worldwide; 2011–2012)
* Occupy Wall Street

Related topics|

* 2000s energy crisis
* 2008 Central Asia energy crisis
* Effects of the Great Recession on museums
* Decline of newspapers
* 2007–2008 world food price crisis
* Retail apocalypse

* European debt crisis
* 2008 financial crisis
* List of countries by public debt

* v
* t
* e

Telecommunications

History|

* Beacon
* Broadcasting
* Cable protection system
* Cable TV
* Communications satellite
* Computer network
* Data compression
* audio
* DCT
* image
* video
* Digital media
* Internet video
* online video platform
* social media
* streaming
* Drums
* Edholm's law
* Electrical telegraph
* Fax
* Heliographs
* Hydraulic telegraph
* Information Age
* Information revolution
* Internet
* Mass media
* Mobile phone
* Smartphone
* Optical telecommunication
* Optical telegraphy
* Pager
* Photophone
* Prepaid mobile phone
* Radio
* Radiotelephone
* Satellite communications
* Semaphore
* Phryctoria
* Semiconductor
* device
* MOSFET
* transistor
* Smoke signals
* Telecommunications history
* Telautograph
* Telegraphy
* Teleprinter (teletype)
* Telephone
* The Telephone Cases
* Television
* digital
* streaming
* Undersea telegraph line
* Videotelephony
* Whistled language
* Wireless revolution

Pioneers|

* Nasir Ahmed
* Edwin Howard Armstrong
* Mohamed M. Atalla
* John Logie Baird
* Paul Baran
* John Bardeen
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Emile Berliner
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Francis Blake
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Charles Bourseul
* Walter Houser Brattain
* Vint Cerf
* Claude Chappe
* Yogen Dalal
* Donald Davies
* Daniel Davis Jr.
* Amos Dolbear
* Thomas Edison
* Philo Farnsworth
* Reginald Fessenden
* Lee de Forest
* Elisha Gray
* Oliver Heaviside
* Robert Hooke
* Erna Schneider Hoover
* Harold Hopkins
* Gardiner Greene Hubbard
* Bob Kahn
* Dawon Kahng
* Charles K. Kao
* Narinder Singh Kapany
* Hedy Lamarr
* Roberto Landell
* Innocenzo Manzetti
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Robert Metcalfe
* Antonio Meucci
* Samuel Morse
* Jun-ichi Nishizawa
* Charles Grafton Page
* Radia Perlman
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov
* Tivadar Puskás
* Johann Philipp Reis
* Claude Shannon
* Almon Brown Strowger
* Henry Sutton
* Charles Sumner Tainter
* Nikola Tesla
* Camille Tissot
* Alfred Vail
* Thomas A. Watson
* Charles Wheatstone
* Vladimir K. Zworykin
* Internet pioneers

Transmission
media|

* Coaxial cable
* Fiber-optic communication
* optical fiber
* Free-space optical communication
* Molecular communication
* Radio waves
* wireless
* Transmission line
* telecommunication circuit

Network topology
and switching|

* Bandwidth
* Links
* Network switching
* circuit
* packet
* Nodes
* terminal
* Telephone exchange

Multiplexing|

* Space-division
* Frequency-division
* Time-division
* Polarization-division
* Orbital angular-momentum
* Code-division

Concepts|

* Communication protocol
* Computer network
* Data transmission
* Store and forward
* Telecommunications equipment

Types of network|

* Cellular network
* Ethernet
* ISDN
* LAN
* Mobile
* NGN
* Public Switched Telephone
* Radio
* Television
* Telex
* UUCP
* WAN
* Wireless network

Notable networks|

* ARPANET
* BITNET
* CYCLADES
* FidoNet
* Internet
* Internet2
* JANET
* NPL network
* TANet
* Toasternet
* Usenet

Locations|

* Africa
* Americas
* North
* South
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* Global telecommunications regulation bodies

* Telecommunication portal
* Category
* Outline
* Commons

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* United States

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template