Northeastern Mandarin

Variety of Mandarin, spoken in Northeast China

Northeastern Mandarin

东北话
Dōngběihuà
Native to| Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia provinces of China; (Overseas, United States-New York City, Russia-primarily in Primorsky Krai)
Region| Northeast China, Russian Far East (Taz)

Native speakers

| (82 million cited 1987)[1]

Language family

Sino-Tibetan

* Sinitic
* Chinese
* Mandarin
* Northeastern Mandarin

Dialects|

* Taz
* Shenyang
* Harbin
* Changchun

Language codes
ISO 639-3| –
ISO 639-6| `dbiu`

Linguist List

| `cmn-nem`
Glottolog| `nort3283`
Linguasphere| `79-AAA-bc`

[image reference needed]

Northeastern Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 东北话; traditional Chinese: 東北話; pinyin: Dōngběihuà; lit. 'Northeast Speech' or 东北官话/東北官話 Dōngběiguānhuà "Northeast Mandarin") is the subgroup of Mandarin varieties spoken in Northeast China with the exception of the Liaodong Peninsula and few enclaves along Amur and Ussuri rivers. The classification of Northeastern Mandarin as a separate dialect group from Beijing Mandarin was first proposed by Li Rong, author of the Language Atlas of China, in 1989. However, many researchers do not accept the distinction.[2]

## Geographical distribution[edit]

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Northeastern Mandarin varieties are spoken in the northeastern part of China, in the provinces of Liaoning (except its southern part from Dalian to Dandong where Jiaoliao Mandarin is spoken), Jilin and Heilongjiang, and in some northern parts of Inner Mongolia.[3] The number of speakers was estimated in 1987 as 82 million.[1]

## Dialects[edit]

The Language Atlas of China divided Northeastern Mandarin into three subgroups, following a classification be Hè Wēi based on the occurrence of nasal initials in words having a zero initial in Beijing:[3][4][5]

* Jí–Shěn (吉沈) in the east, including Jilin dialect and Shenyang dialect, has a zero initial in these words, as in Beijing.
* Hā–Fù (哈阜) in the west, including Harbin dialect and Changchun dialect, have nasal initials in these words.
* Hēi–Sōng (黑松) in the north, including Qiqihar dialect, have zero or nasal initials in random variation.

More distant varieties tend to be more similar to the Beijing dialect than closer ones, so that the speech of Harbin is closer to that of Beijing than that of Jilin and Changchun, which in turn are closer than that of Shenyang.[6]

A form of Northeastern Mandarin (with some words from Udege and Nanai) has been spoken since approximately 1800 by the Taz people nearby in the Russian Far East, primarily in Primorsky Krai.[7]

Overseas, Northeastern Mandarin is spoken in increasingly larger communities in New York City Chinatowns/Flushing in the United States.

## Phonology[edit]

Northeastern Mandarin shares similarities with the Beijing dialect, such as a similar development of the entering tone and the preservation of initial [w], where the dialects of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing, have [v].[6] However, in northeastern Chinese, final -ian or -üan is pronounced with an [æ] rather than with [ɛ] or [e] as in the standard.[8] The [ʐ] initial of Beijing (spelled r- in pinyin) is generally elided in northeastern varieties.[9][10]

## Cultural and regional identity[edit]

Mandarin variants like Northeastern Mandarin often contribute to a strong regional identity. Because of its informal usage of words and tones, comedians often use Northeast dialects when performing. Comedian Zhao Benshan is recognized nationwide for his performances which make humorous use of Northeastern dialect and Northeastern Errenzhuan folk dance and song traditions.[11]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Yan (2006), p. 62.
2. ^ Zhang, Shifang 张世方 (2010). Běijīng Guānhuà yǔyīn yánjiū 北京官话语音研究 (in Chinese). Beijing yuyan daxue chubanshe. p. 45\. ISBN 9787561927755.
3. ^ a b Wurm et al. (1987), Map B1.
4. ^ Kurpaska (2010), p. 64.
5. ^ Simmons (2016), p. 70.
6. ^ a b Li (2004), p. 101.
7. ^ "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Gosudarstvennyi komitet po statistike. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
8. ^ Li (2004), p. 115.
9. ^ Wurm et al. (1987), B1.
10. ^ Kurpaska (2010), p. 90.
11. ^ Liu (2011), p. 74.

Works cited

* Kurpaska, Maria (2010), Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects", Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
* Li, Chris Wen-Chao (2004), "Conflicting Notions of Language Purity: The Interplay of Archaising, Ethnographic, Reformist, Elitist and Xenophobic Purism in the Perception of Standard Chinese", Language & Communication, 24 (2): 97–133, doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2003.09.002.
* Liu, Jin (2011), "Deviant Writing and Youth Identity: Representation of Dialects with Chinese Characters on the Internet", Chinese Language and Discourse, 2 (1): 58–79, doi:10.1075/cld.2.1.03liu.
* Simmons, Richard VanNess (2016), "The Dōngbĕi Varieties of Mandarin", Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 26 (1): 56–80, doi:10.1075/japc.26.1.03van.
* Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), Language Atlas of China, Hong Kong: Longman, ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
* Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, Munich: LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.

* v
* t
* e

Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)|

* West Himalayish
* Tamangic
* Newaric
* Newar
* Baram–Thangmi
* Kiranti
* Dhimalish
* Dhimal
* Toto
* Lhokpu
* Lepcha

| Greater Magaric|

* Magaric
* Magar
* Kham
* Chepangic
* Chepang
* Bhujel
* Raji–Raute
* Dura–Tandrange

|

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)|

* Bodish
* Tibetic
* East Bodish
* Tshangla
* Basum
* Nam?
* Gongduk
* ʼOle
* Tani
* Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border|

* Karbi
* Kuki-Chin
* Mruic
* Mru
* Hkongso
* Pyu
* Taman

| "Naga"|

* Ao
* Angami–Pochuri
* Meitei
* Tangkhulic
* Zeme

|

Sal|

* Boro–Garo
* Konyak
* Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia|

* Sinitic
* Chinese
* Min
* Bai
* Tujia
* Nungish
* Karenic
* Gong
* Kathu
* Cai–Long
* Caijia
* Longjia
* Luren

| Burmo-Qiangic|

* Qiangic
* Gyalrongic
* Ersuic
* Naic
* Lolo-Burmese
* Mondzish
* Burmish
* Loloish

|

Dubious (possible isolates)
(Arunachal)|

* Hrusish
* Hruso
* Mijiic
* Kho-Bwa
* Puroik
* Miju–Meyor
* Songlin

| Greater Siangic|

* Siangic
* Koro
* Milang
* Idu–Taraon

|

Proposed groupings|

* Central Tibeto-Burman
* Kuki-Chin–Naga
* Macro-Bai
* Mahakiranti
* Rung
* Tibeto-Burman
* Tibeto-Kanauri

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan
* Proto-Tibeto-Burman
* Proto-Loloish
* Proto-Karenic
* Proto-Min
* Proto-Hakka

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

* v
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* e

Chinese language

Sinitic languages

Major groups|

| Mandarin|

| Northeastern|

* Changchun
* Harbin
* Shenyang
* Taz

|

Beijing|

* Beijing
* Taiwan

Jilu|

* Tianjin
* Jinan

Jiaoliao|

* Dalian
* Qingdao
* Weihai

Central Plains|

* Dongping
* Gangou
* Guanzhong
* Xi'an
* Luoyang
* Xuzhou
* Dungan
* Lanyin
* Xinjiang

Southwestern|

* Sichuanese
* Chengdu–Chongqing
* Minjiang
* Leshan
* Renshou–Fushun
* Zigong
* Kunming
* Nanping
* Wuhan
* Gui–Liu
* Wuming

Huai|

* Nanjing
* Nantong

Wu|

| Taihu|

* Shanghai
* Suzhou
* Wuxi
* Changzhou
* Hangzhou (?)
* Shaoxing
* Ningbo
* Jinxiang
* Jiangyin
* Shadi

|

Taizhou Wu|

* Taizhou
* Tiantai

Oujiang|

* Wenzhou
* Rui'an
* Wencheng

Wuzhou|

* Jinhua

Chu–Qu|

* Quzhou
* Jiangshan
* Qingtian

Xuanzhou|

* Xuancheng

Gan|

* Chang–Du
* Nanchang
* Yi–Liu
* Ying–Yi
* Da–Tong

Xiang|

* Changyi
* Changsha
* Loushao
* Shuangfeng
* Xiangxiang
* Wugang
* Ji–Xu
* Yong–Quan
* Qiyang

Min|

| Eastern|

* Fuzhou
* Fuqing
* Fu'an
* Manjiang

|

Southern|

| Hokkien|

* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Amoy
* Taiwan
* Philippine
* Pedan
* Penang
* Singapore
* Malaysian

|

Teochew|

* Swatow
* Hoklo

Zhongshan|

* Nanlang
* Sanxiang

Other|

* Zhenan
* Longyan

Other|

* Northern
* Jian'ou
* Jianyang
* Central
* Pu–Xian
* Shao–Jiang
* Leizhou
* Zhanjiang
* Hainan

Hakka|

* Meixian
* Wuhua
* Huizhou
* Tingzhou
* Changting
* Taiwanese
* Sixian
* Hailu
* Raoping

Yue|

| Yuehai|

* Guangzhou
* Hong Kong
* Xiguan
* Jiujiang
* Shiqi
* Weitou
* Dapeng

|

Siyi|

* Taishan
* Xinhui

Other|

* Gao–Yang
* Goulou
* Wu–Hua
* Yong–Xun
* Luo–Guang
* Qin–Lian

Pinghua|

* Northern
* Tongdao
* Younian
* Southern
* Yongjiang
* Guandao
* Rongjiang

Hui|

* Ji-She [zh]
* Xiu-Yi [zh]
* Qi-De [zh]
* Yanzhou Dialect [zh]
* Jing-Zhan [zh]

Jin|

* Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
* Zhi–Yan

Unclassified|

* Badong Yao
* Danzhou
* Junjiahua
* Mai
* Shaozhou Tuhua
* She
* Waxiang
* Xiangnan Tuhua
* Yeheni

Standard
forms|

* Standard Chinese
* Sichuanese
* Taiwanese
* Philippine
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Standard
* Singdarin
* Cantonese
* Hokkien
* Hakka

Phonology|

* Historical
* Old
* Old National
* Cantonese
* Northern Wu
* Mandarin
* Literary and colloquial readings

Grammar|

* Numerals
* Classifiers
* Honorifics
* Cantonese grammar
* Classical grammar

Idioms|

* Chengyu
* Xiehouyu

Input|

* Biaoxingma
* Boshiamy
* Cangjie
* Simplified
* CKC
* Dayi
* Pinyin
* Google
* Microsoft
* Sogou
* Stroke count
* Wubi (Wang Ma)
* ZhengMa

History|

* Old Chinese
* Eastern Han
* Middle Chinese
* Old Mandarin
* Middle Mandarin
* Proto-Min
* Ba–Shu
* Gan

Literary
forms|

| Official|

* Classical
* Adoption
* in Japan
* in Vietnam
* Vernacular

|

* Written Cantonese
* Written Dungan
* Written Hokkien
* Written Sichuanese

Scripts|

| Logographic|

| Script styles|

* Oracle bone
* Bronze
* Seal
* Clerical
* Semi-cursive
* Cursive

|

* Chinese characters
* Simplified
* Traditional
* Punctuation

Braille|

* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese
* Taiwanese
* Two-cell

Phonetic|

* Cyrillization
* Dungan Cyrillic
* Romanization
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh
* Hanyu Pinyin
* MPS II
* Postal
* Tongyong Pinyin
* Wade–Giles
* Yale
* Bopomofo
* Cantonese Bopomofo
* Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
* Taiwanese kana
* Taiwanese Hangul
* Xiao'erjing
* Nüshu

List of varieties of Chinese

* v
* t
* e

Inner Mongolia topics

Hohhot (capital)

General|

* History
* Politics
* Independence movement
* Economy
* Administrative divisions

Geography|

* Cities
* Gobi Desert
* Tengger Desert
* Climate

Education|

* Inner Mongolia University
* Inner Mongolia Normal University
* Chifeng University

Culture|

* Music of Inner Mongolia
* Mongolian language (in Inner Mongolia)
* Mongolian script
* Northeastern Mandarin
* Plain Blue Banner

Cuisine|

* Hot pot

Visitor attractions|

* Shiretu Juu
* Zhaojun Tomb
* Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
* Hexigten Global Geopark
* Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda

* Category
* Commons

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