Norway–European Union relations

Bilateral relations

Norway–European Union relations

European Union |
Norway
The Norwegian mission to the EU is located in the Norge House in Rue Archimède 17, Brussels.

Norway is not a member state of the European Union (EU). It is associated with the Union through its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), signed in 1992 and established in 1994. Norway was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960, which was originally set up as an alternative to the European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. Norway had considered joining both the EEC and the European Union, but opted to decline following referendums in 1972 and 1994. According to the European Social Survey conducted in 2018, 73.6% of Norwegians would vote 'No' in a referendum to join the European Union.[1] Norway shares land borders with two EU member states, namely Finland and Sweden, and maritime borders with a third, Denmark.

## Comparison

[edit]

|  European Union |  Norway

|
|

Population | 447,206,135[2] | 5,367,580
Area | 4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi)[3] | 385,207 km2 (148,729 sq mi)
Population Density | 115/km2 (300/sq mi)  | 13.9/km2 (36.0/sq mi)
Capital | Brussels (de facto)  | Oslo
Government | Supranational parliamentary democracy based on the European treaties[4] | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Current Leader | Council President António Costa
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen | Monarch Harald V
Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre
Official languages | 24 official languages, of which 3 considered "procedural" (English, French and German)[5] | Norwegian, Sámi languages
Main Religions | 72% Christianity (48% Catholicism, 12% Protestantism,
8% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity),
23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2% Islam | 82% Christian,
13% Non-Religious,
5% Other
Ethnic groups | Germans (ca. 83 million),[6] French (ca. 67 million),
Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million),
Romanians (ca. 16 million), Dutch (ca. 18 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million),
Portuguese (ca. 11 million), and others | 86.2% Norwegian, 13.8% non-Norwegian
GDP (nominal) | $16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita  | $443 billion, $82,711 per capita

## Trade

[edit]

The EU dominates Norway's trade and is Norway's most important import and export partner. On the other hand, Norway is the EU's fourth most important import partner and seventh most important export partner. In 2008, Norway's exports to the EU amounted to €91.85 billion, with most of this value coming from energy supplies and other primary products (only 14.1% were manufactured products). Meanwhile, Norwegian imports from the EU amounted to €43.58 billion, with most of this value coming from manufactured products.[7]

## European Economic Area (EEA)

[edit]

Main article: European Economic Area

The EEA agreement grants Norway access to the EU's single market. From the 23,000 EU laws currently in force,[8] the EEA has incorporated around 5,000 (in force)[9] meaning that Norway is subject to roughly 21% of EU laws. According to Norway's Foreign Affairs (NOU 2012:2 p. 790, 795), from the legislative acts implemented from 1994 to 2010, 70% of EU directives and 17% of EU regulations in force in the EU in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010.[10][need quotation to verify] Overall, this means that about 28% of EU legislation in force of these two types in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. While the Norwegian parliament has to approve all new legislation that has "significant new obligations", this has been widely supported and usually uncontested; between 1992 and 2011, 92% of EU laws were approved unanimously, and most of the rest by a broad majority.[11]

This arrangement facilitates the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people between the EU and EFTA members, including Norway.[11] Free movement of goods means freedom from customs fees, where however, food and beverage are excluded (because those are subsidised by the EU). Due to customs fees, fishing and agriculture incur over €100 million of tariffs annually. Joining the European Union as a full member would eliminate these fees and lead to lower food prices in Norway. Farmers and the fishing industry oppose this as it would create additional competition for domestic producers.[12] Free movement of people means freedom of movement for workers between Norway and EU, and that Norway is a part of the Schengen Area.[11]

Norway has been granted participation rights (save voting rights) in several of the Union's programmes, bodies, and initiatives.[13] These include security and defence areas like the European Defence Agency, the Nordic Battle Group, Frontex, Europol and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Whether or not the country should apply for full membership has been one of the most dominant and divisive issues in modern Norwegian political debate.[citation needed]

Norway's total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects and partly made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants).[13][14] EEA EFTA states fund their participation in programmes and agencies by an amount corresponding to the relative size of their gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the GDP of the whole EEA. The EEA EFTA participation is hence on an equal footing with EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget. In 2008, Norway's contribution was €188 million. Throughout the programme period 2007–2013, the Norwegian contribution will increase substantially in parallel with the development of the EU programme budget, from €130 million in 2007 to €290 million in 2013. For the EEA and Norway Grants from 2004 to 2009, Norway provided almost €1.3 billion.[15][16]

## History

[edit]

In 1962, Norway applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) with Ireland as well as fellow EFTA members Denmark and the United Kingdom having applied to join the previous year. When France rebuffed the United Kingdom's application the following year, accession negotiations with Norway and the other countries were also suspended because of their strong economic ties. This happened again in 1967.[17]

Norway completed its negotiations for the terms to govern a Norwegian membership in the EEC on 22 January 1972. Following an overwhelming parliamentary majority in favour of joining the EEC in early 1972, the government decided to put the question to a popular referendum, scheduled for 24 and 25 September.[18] The result was that 53.5% voted against membership and 46.5% for it.[17] The Norwegian Labour Party government led by Trygve Bratteli resigned over the outcome of the referendum, and a coalition government led by Lars Korvald took over.[19]

Norway entered a trade agreement with the Community following the referendum's outcome. That trade agreement continued until Norway joined the European Economic Area on 1 January 1994.[20]

On 28 November 1994, a second referendum was held, narrowing the margin but yielding the same result: 52.2% opposed membership and 47.8% in favour, with a turn-out of 88.6%.[21] There are currently no plans to resume their current application, which is currently frozen.

Norway was an associate member of the Western European Union until the organisation terminated in 2011.

## European Union membership debate

[edit]

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|

Politics of Norway

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Norway's application for EU membership has been frozen, but not withdrawn. It could be resumed at any time following renewed domestic political will.

A major issue for Norway is its fishing resources, which are a significant part of the national economy and which would come under the Common Fisheries Policy if Norway were to accede to the EU. Norway has high GNP per capita and would have to pay a high membership fee. The country has a limited amount of agriculture and few underdeveloped areas, which means that Norway would receive little economic support from the EU. However, as of 2009[update], Norway has chosen to opt into many EU projects, and since its total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects, and a part made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants),[13][22] its participation is on an equal footing with that of EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget.

Because these positions significantly cut across ideological boundaries, various political parties have dealt with the issue differently. The Centre Party has maintained the most principled stand against membership, and though parties such as the Norwegian Conservative Party and the Norwegian Labour Party support membership in their platform, they allow for a minority to oppose it. Most dramatically, the Norwegian Liberal Party split over the issue in 1972 at the famed party conference in Røros and did not reunite until 1989.

The EU membership issue crosses Norwegian politics's traditional left–right axis. Since the Labour Party lost its dominance in Norwegian politics, all governments have been a coalition of several political parties. Because the issue almost certainly would break up any conceivable government coalition (except perhaps a grand coalition of Labour and the Conservatives), no government has raised the subject, and no opposition party has stated any desire to do so either.

Disagreements on this issue have created divisiveness within families and local communities. Although there is a general pattern that urban communities favour membership and rural communities do not, there have been vocal minorities in every area of Norway.

Complicating the matter has been that a great variety of political and emotional factors have been raised in the debate. Opponents of EU membership on the left do so because of opposition to conservative economic and political forces that concern them within Europe; opponents on the right are concerned about an infringement on Norwegian culture; and others are opposed in principle to compromising Norwegian sovereignty. On 9 April 2022, Governing Mayor of Oslo Raymond Johansen hoped that it was the time for EU membership debate, stating, "The EU is not only our best guarantor of peace and democracy. It is also the best answer we have to many of the challenges facing Norwegian society."[23]

### Norwegian political parties' positions

[edit]

Currently, parties supporting or opposing EU membership are to be found in both right-wing and left-wing coalitions: as a result, most governments contain pro- and anti-EU elements. To avoid further debates concerning EU membership, anti-EU parties usually require "suicide paragraphs" in government coalition agreements, meaning that if any party in the coalition officially begins a new debate on EU membership, the coalition government will be dissolved. This has been true for both the previous centre-right Bondevik government and the centre-left Stoltenberg government.

Norwegian parliamentary political parties' position[24] Party  | Position on EU membership  | Position on EEA membership

|
|

| Labour | Support  | Support
| Conservative | Support  | Support
| Progress | Opposed  | Support
| Centre | Opposed  | Opposed
| Socialist Left | Opposed  | Opposed
| Liberal | Support  | Support
| Christian Democratic | Opposed  | Support
| Green | Support  | Support
| Red | Opposed  | Opposed
| Patient Focus (Norway) | Un­known  | Un­known

### Opinion polling

[edit]

Norway EU membership polls since 2002

On average, Norwegian voters oppose Norwegian membership in the European Union. The average polling results since 2022 indicate that around 55% of Norwegian voters oppose EU membership, although the most recent polling has shown this fall under 50% (see below).

According to 2023 polling data, most voters remain opposed to EU membership. However, many Norwegians are changing their position on future membership due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[25] This trend has continued and after both opponents and supports of Norwegian EU membership reached the same level of approximately 40%, 63% of Norwegians now say they want another referendum on EU membership.[26]

Polls on Norwegian membership of the European Union Dates
conducted  | Pollster  | Support  | Opposed  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Apr 2025  | Sentio  | 33,2%  | 41,8% | [27]
Apr 2025  | Opinion  | 41%  | 48% | [28]
Mar 2025  | Norstat  | 37%  | 43% | [29]
Mar 2025  | Respons  | 35%  | 45% | [30]
Mar 2025  | Opinion  | 40%  | 49% | [31]
Feb 2025  | Opinion  | 33%  | 53% | [32]
Nov 2024  | Opinion  | 34,9%  | 46,7% | [33]
Nov 2023  | Opinion  | 31%  | 52% | [34]
Aug 2023 | Opinion  | 35%  | 54% | [35]
Apr 2023 | Sentio  | 33%  | 56% | [36]
Feb 2023 | Opinion  | 31%  | 53% | [37]
Nov 2022 | Sentio  | 27.2%  | 55.8% | [38]
Jun 2022 | Sentio  | 35.3%  | 48.8% | [39]
Mar 2022 | Norstat  | 26%  | 53% | [40]
Nov 2019 | Sentio  | 28%  | 60% | [41]
Jun 2018 | Sentio  | 22%  | 67% | [42]
Aug 2016 | Ipsos MMI  | 16%  | 66% | [43]
Jun 2016 | Sentio  | 19.6%  | 70.9% | [44]
Dec 2015 | Sentio  | 18.1%  | 72.0% | [45]
Aug 2014 | Sentio  | 17.8%  | 70.5% | [46]
Jan 2013 | Sentio  | 18.7%  | 70.8% | [47]
Jul 2012 | Sentio  | 17.2%  | 74.8% | [48]
Oct 2011 | Sentio  | 18.6%  | 70.8% | [49]
Oct 2011 | Synovate  | 12%  | 72% | [50]
Jul 2011 | Sentio  | 20.1%  | 68.8% | [51]
Jul 2011 | Sentio  | 17.1%  | 73.4% | [51]
May 2011 | Response  | 29%  | 71% | [52]
Jan 2011 | Sentio  | 22.5%  | 65.9% | [53]
Sep 2010 | Sentio  | 24.9%  | 64.9% | [54]
Aug 2010 | Sentio  | 26%  | 62% | [55]
Jul 2010 | Sentio  | 25.3%  | 66.1% | [56]
Jul 2010 | Norstat  | 25%  | 66% | [57]
May 2010 | Sentio  | 30.3%  | 56.9% | [58]
May 2010 | Response  | 26%  | 62% | [59]
May 2010 | Norstat  | 32.3%  | 55% | [60]
Apr 2010 | Sentio  | 36.3%  | 50.1% | [61]
Feb 2010 | Sentio  | 33%  | 53.4% | [62]
Nov 2009 | Sentio  | 42%  | 58% | [63]
Oct 2009 | Sentio  | 41.4%  | 45.6% | [64]
Sep 2009 | Sentio  | 35%  | 52.2% | [65]
Jun 2009 | Norstat  | 40.6%  | 50.3% | [66]
May 2009 | Response  | 42%  | 58% | [67]
May 2009 | Norstat  | 38.6%  | 49% | [66]
Apr 2009 | Sentio  | 34.9%  | 53.3% | [68]
Mar 2009 | Sentio  | 33%  | 54.9% | [69]
Feb 2009 | Sentio  | 35.1%  | 54.7% | [70]
Jan 2009 | Sentio  | 32.5%  | 52.8% | [71]
Dec 2008 | Sentio  | 37.5%  | 50.7% | [71]
May 2008 | Response  | 40%  | 60% | [72]
Nov 2007 | Response  | 42%  | 58% | [72]
Apr 2007 | Response  | 45%  | 55% | [72]
Nov 2006 | Response  | 41%  | 59% | [72]
Sep 2006 | Response  | 45%  | 55% | [72]
May 2006 | Response  | 45%  | 55% | [72]
Jun 2005 | Sentio  | 36%  | 51% | [73]
Sep 2003 | Sentio  | 37%  | 38% | [74]

## Norway's foreign relations with EU member states

[edit]

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

## Diplomatic relations between Norway and EU member states

[edit]

Country  | Norwegian embassy  | Reciprocal embassy  | Notes

|
|
|

Austria | Vienna  | Oslo  | Norwegian Permanent Mission to OSCE in Vienna
Belgium | Brussels  | Oslo  | Norwegian Mission to the EU and Permanent Delegation to NATO in Brussels
Bulgaria | Sofia  | Oslo  |
Croatia | Zagreb  | Oslo  |
Cyprus | Nicosia  | Oslo  |
Czech Republic | Prague  | Oslo  |
Denmark | Copenhagen  | Oslo  |
Estonia | Tallinn  | Oslo  |
Finland | Helsinki  | Oslo  |
France | Paris  | Oslo  | Norwegian Mission to OECD and UNESCO in Paris. and in Council of Europe in Strasbourg
Germany | Berlin
Consulate General: Hamburg
Consulate: Düsseldorf  | Oslo  |
Greece | Athens  | Oslo  |
Hungary | Budapest  | Oslo  |
Ireland | Dublin  | Oslo  |
Italy | Rome  | Oslo  |
Latvia | Riga  | Oslo  |
Lithuania | Vilnius  | Oslo  |
Luxembourg | Luxembourg City  | Oslo  |
Malta | Valletta  | Oslo  |
Netherlands | The Hague
Consulate General: Rotterdam  | Oslo  |
Poland | Warsaw  | Oslo  |
Portugal | Lisbon  | Oslo  |
Romania | Bucharest  | Oslo  |
Slovakia | Bratislava  | Oslo  |
Slovenia | Ljubljana  | Oslo  |
Spain | Madrid
Consulate General: Barcelona
Consulate: Alicante  | Oslo  |
Sweden | Stockholm  | Oslo  |

## See also

[edit]

* 1972 Norwegian EC membership referendum
* 1994 Norwegian EU membership referendum
* Enlargement of the EU
* Iceland-EU relations
* Liechtenstein-EU relations
* Greenland-EU relations
* United Kingdom-EU relations
* Potential enlargement of the EU
* No to the EU (Norway)
* Youth against the EU (Norway)
* Borders with EU members
* Finland–Norway border
* Norway–Sweden border

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[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* Report by the EEA Review Committee. 2012. Outside and Inside Norway’s agreements with the European Union.

## External links

[edit]

### Norwegian government

[edit]

* Mission of Norway to the EU

### NGOs related to the question of membership

[edit]

* www.jasiden.no - The European Movement in Norway (in Norwegian)
* www.europeiskungdom.no - European Youth in Norway (in Norwegian)
* www.neitileu.no - The eurosceptics (in Norwegian)
* www.umeu.no - Youth against the EU (in Norwegian)

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of the European Union

Bilateral relations

See also: Economic relationships with third countries

Africa|

* Algeria
* Cape Verde
* Egypt
* Libya
* Morocco
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Argentina
* trade
* Brazil
* Canada
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Greenland
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine†
* Philippines
* South Korea
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

| Internal|

* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Poland
* Slovenia

|

External|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Accession negotiations
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Faroe Islands
* Georgia
* Accession negotiations
* Iceland
* Kosovo†
* Liechtenstein
* Moldova
* Accession negotiations
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Northern Cyprus†
* Norway
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Accession negotiations
* Ukraine
* Accession negotiations
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Micronesia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea

Former|

* Yugoslavia

General|

* Overseas territories of member states
* European microstates
* Largest trading partners
* Association Agreements
* Free trade agreements
* European Union Sanctions

* †= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.

Multilateral relations and initiatives

| Organisations|

* Arab League
* ASEAN
* Council of Europe
* ECHR
* G7
* ICC
* IOC
* Mercosur
* NATO
* UN

|

Initiatives|

* African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
* Asia–Europe Meeting
* CARIFORUM
* Customs Union
* Eastern Partnership
* Energy Community
* Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly
* European Common Aviation Area
* European Economic Area
* Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
* Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
* Euronest
* Economic Partnership Agreements
* EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Northern Dimension
* Mediterranean Union
* Stabilisation and Association Process

Administration and policies

| Foreign and Security Policy|

* Global Strategy
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Enlargement
* Security and Defence Policy

|

Administration|

* Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department
* Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development
* External Action Service
* Foreign Affairs Council
* High Representative Josep Borrell
* Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee
* Foreign Policy Instruments Service
* Diplomatic missions of the EU (ambassadors) / to the EU
* Special Representatives

Funding|

* Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
* Global Europe

* v
* t
* e

Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union

Leadership|

* High Representative
* Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability
* Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
* Chairman of the Military Committee
* European Council
* Foreign Affairs Council

Structure|

| External Action Service|

* Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (Military Planning and Conduct Capability within the Military Staff, Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Joint Support Coordination Cell)
* Intelligence and Situation Centre (Club de Berne)
* Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
* Security & Defence College

|

Agencies|

* Defence Agency
* Institute for Security Studies
* Satellite Centre

Council preparatory bodies|

* Committee of Permanent Representatives
* Political and Security Committee
* Politico-Military Group
* Military Committee
* Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management

European Commission bodies|

* Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space

Funding|

* Defence Fund

Policies|

* Security Strategy
* Everything but Arms
* Annual Review

Equipment|

* Galileo navigation system
* Secure Software-defined Radio (PESCO)

Decorations|

* Service medal
* Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service
* Monitor mission medal

Related|

* Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)
* Headline Goal 2010
* Military Erasmus
* Military Mobility (PESCO)
* Intelligence School (PESCO)
* Kortenberg building
* NATO relations (Berlin Plus agreement, Joint Declaration)

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Norway

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Morocco
* Somalia
* Sudan

Americas|

* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Israel
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Turkey

Europe|

* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Kosovo
* Poland
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former countries|

* Czechoslovakia
* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* European Union
* NATO
* Membership of International organizations

Related topics|

* Diplomatic missions of Norway
* Diplomatic missions in Norway

* v
* t
* e

Members of the European Economic Area (EEA)

EFTA member states|

* Iceland (EU relations)
* Liechtenstein (EU relations)
* Norway (EU relations)

EU member states|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

See also: UK membership, CH–EU relations, and UK–EU relations

Portals:

* Politics
* European Union
* Norway

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[Ref.]: References