Nude recreation

Leisure activity while naked

Nude people wading in the sea (2015)

Nude recreation consists of recreational activities which some people engage in while nude. Historically, the ancient Olympic Games were nude events. There remain some societies in Africa, Oceania, and South America that continue to engage in everyday public activities—including sports—without wearing clothes, while in most of the world nude activities take place in either private spaces or separate clothing optional areas in public spaces. Occasional events, such as nude bike rides, may occur in public areas where nudity is not otherwise allowed.

While nude recreational activities may include sports such as tennis or volleyball, nude sporting activities are usually recreational rather than competitive or organized.[1][failed verification]

## History and terminology

[edit]

See also: Recreation and Leisure

Recreation is any human activity done for pleasure (or "play") during leisure time as opposed to those activities that are necessary for survival. Historically, this means that recreation only existed after human society reached the stage where leisure time existed, perhaps during the late Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic), as shown by the first appearance of cave paintings and musical instruments.[2]

Modern concepts of recreation begin with ancient civilizations. Sport is any activity recognized as requiring physical skill. Any sport may be recreational for the participants, while viewing sports is a recreation for spectators.[2]

## Naturist/nudist recreation

[edit]

Main article: Naturism

Naturism, or nudism, is a cultural movement practicing, advocating, and defending personal and social nudity, most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term also refers to a lifestyle based on personal, family, or social nudity.[3] Research indicates that contrary to public opinion, naturists are otherwise typical members of society who engage in social activities such as volleyball, swimming, and tennis in the same manner as at other resorts, just without the clothing.[4]

In keeping with their basic function, naturist clubs and resorts feature recreational activities. Naturist recreation also includes cruise ships, which offer a variety of activities.[5]

Naturist venues also host special events, such as New Year's Eve parties.[6] Florida Young Naturists organizes seasonal "bashes" at several Florida nudist/naturist clubs and resorts.[7]

Nude volleyball is a recreational activity that has been offered at many naturist clubs (see § Volleyball below).

### World Naked Gardening Day

[edit]

Main article: World Naked Gardening Day

A graphic for a gardening video celebrating World Naked Gardening Day in 2016

People across the globe are encouraged on World Naked Gardening Day (WNGD), held in May each year, to tend their gardens in the nude. WNGD was organized by the Body Freedom Collaborative.[8] Since May is a cold month in New Zealand, the New Zealand Naturist Federation has instituted a National Nude Gardening Day in October.[9][10][11]

## Clothing optional recreation

[edit]

See also: Public nudity

Some nude or "clothing optional" recreation occurs in public spaces as occasional exceptions to social norms.

### Beaches

[edit]

Main article: Nude beach

Clothing optional beaches in the United States vary in the degree to which they are separated from the non-nude public, and whether nudity is officially permitted by local authorities or merely tolerated although illegal. In the Miami metropolitan area, the clothing optional section of Haulover Park is marked only by signs, and is sanctioned and maintained by Miami-Dade County. The beach features food, beach chair, and umbrella concessions; and showers.[12] In contrast, several California state beaches with clothing optional areas are isolated by steep cliffs and have no facilities outside the parking areas. The long-standing tradition of nudity on these beaches is tolerated. These include Gray Whale Cove State Beach near Pacifica, California,[13] and Black's Beach in San Diego.[14]

In some European countries, such as Denmark[15] and Sweden[16] all beaches are clothing optional. Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are also clothing-optional, except some central urban beaches.[17] There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona.[18]

In a survey by The Daily Telegraph, Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach.[19] This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at onsen (hot springs).[20]

### Bicycling

[edit]

See also: Solstice Cyclists and World Naked Bike Ride

A clothing-optional bike ride is a cycling event in which nudity is permitted or expected. There are many clothing-optional cycling events around the world. Some rides are political, recreational, artistic or a unique combination. Some are used to promote topfreedom, a social movement to accord women and girls the right to be topless in public where men and boys have that right. Many of the political rides have their roots from Critical Mass and are often described or categorized as a form of political protest, street theatre, party-on-wheels, streaking, public nudity and clothing-optional recreation; thus, they attract a wide range of participants.[citation needed]

Nude cyclist at 2010 Fremont Solstice Parade

The Solstice Cyclists (also known as The Painted [Naked] Cyclists of the Solstice Parade, or The Painted Cyclists) is an artistic, non-political, clothing-optional bike ride celebrating the Summer Solstice. It is the unofficial start of the Summer Solstice Parade & Pageant since 1992, an event produced by the Fremont Arts Council in the Fremont district of Seattle.[citation needed]

WNBR riders in London (2012)

World Naked Bike Rides (WNBRs) are annual clothing-optional bike rides in which each city's participants plan, meet and ride en masse on human-powered transport to "deliver a vision of a cleaner, safer, body-positive world" by attracting attention to a healthy alternative for vehicles that depend on fossil fuels; the naked body is used as a symbol for the vulnerability of humans to pollution, and of cyclists to the traffic in cities. WNBRs have taken place all over the world since 2004 involving thousands of people. These take place in mostly western cities, where cyclists ride either partially or totally nude in a light-hearted attempt to draw attention to the danger of depending on fossil fuels.[21]

In spite of the lighthearted atmosphere, the annual World Naked Bike Rides are probably the most visible expression of the effort to promote healthier transport modes, including walking, cycling and public transport, which have been a mainstay of green-alternative politics for decades, while no politician of the conservative or social democrat traditions appeal to people to drive less, buy fewer cars, and get on their bikes instead.[22]

### Body painting

[edit]

Woman wearing body paint in an art gallery (2012)

Body art (such as body painting) is a common form of creative expression used to promote body freedom, and is often a part of other clothing optional events. Because the body is technically covered, if completed in private full body painting does not violate laws against public nudity, leaving the police to make case by case decisions based upon other laws.[23]

An arts collective in Bushwick, Brooklyn has celebrated a Bodypainting Day annually since 2014, with 45 models and 25 artists participating in 2019.[24][25]

### Bowling

[edit]

Nude bowling offers naturists a chance to enjoy indoor recreation during cold weather or in locations where outdoor opportunities are limited. These activities are usually held in commercial bowling alleys willing to rent their facility to nudist groups for a period of time to restrict participation to just the members of the group.[26][failed verification]

### Bungee jumping

[edit]

When A. J. Hackett opened the world's first commercial bungee jumping site at Kawarau Bridge near Queenstown, New Zealand, customers who performed the jump in the nude were granted free entry.[27] This offer was later withdrawn because too many jumpers were taking advantage of it,[28] but the site remains clothing-optional.[29] Billy Connolly famously bungee-jumped nude from the bridge during his 2004 World Tour of New Zealand.[30]

Since 2006 there has been an annual naked bungee jump at WildPlay park on Vancouver Island as a fund raiser for the Victoria Branch of BC Schizophrenia Society. The 2019 event drew more than 100 participants.[31]

### Hiking

[edit]

Nude hiking in France (2008)

Nude hiking, also known as naked walking or freehiking, is a sub-category of the modern form of social nudity.

Neither nude hiking nor skinny-dipping are expressly prohibited by the US Forest Service, which instead applies laws against disorderly conduct as necessary.[32] Nudity was advocated by Colin Fletcher in his popular 1968 book, The Complete Walker.[33]

In the United Kingdom, Stephen Gough, known as The Naked Rambler, received much media coverage for walking naked from Land's End to John o' Groats in 2003–2004 and again in 2005–2006.[34]

Conversely to Gough's experiences, in 2005 and 2006 the European Alps were crossed naked during a one-week hiking tour, and there was little media coverage. No one was arrested or troubled, and there was no police involvement. Most naked hikers report friendly reactions from people they meet.[35]

Some jurisdictions have regulations formally prohibiting nude hiking, and can impose fines or other punishments. A local bylaw to this effect was adopted, for example, by the 2009 General Meeting (Landsgemeinde) of the residents of the Swiss canton Appenzell Innerrhoden.[36] In nearby Appenzell Ausserrhoden, the court of second instance "Obergericht" reinforced an unpaid fine of 100 Swiss francs for naked hiking and added the court's cost of another 3330 Swiss Francs.[37]

### Museum tours

[edit]

Nude visitors to the Portland Art Museum, 2013

In February 2013, the Leopold Museum of Vienna opened its doors to nude museum goers for an exhibit entitled "Nude Men from 1800 to Today". More than sixty visitors attended in the nude.[38] In June 2013, the Portland Art Museum in Oregon admitted nude participants prior to the nighttime World Naked Bike Ride for a special exhibit called "Cyclepedia" on the art of bicycle design. Hundreds of patrons saw the exhibit in the nude.[39]

### Parks

[edit]

Two sections of the "English Gardens" in Munich, Schönfeldwiese and Schwabingerbach are officially designated as clothing optional, although nude sunbathing may be found in other locations. There are three clothing optional areas on the Isar River, and at the Feldmochinger See.[40] Berlin also has a number of nude sunbathing areas.[41] A section of Bois de Vincennes in Paris has, since 2017, been designated for naturists and is open from April to October. To recognize its third anniversary, a naturist picnic was held in June, 2019.[42]

### Parties

[edit]

Main article: Naked party

A number of colleges and universities have a tradition of nude parties, often as experiments in social interaction that run counter to the perfect bodies seen in the media. The Pundits at Yale has been throwing naked parties since 1995. At Brown the party is hosted by an off-campus housing cooperative, and at Wellesley it is a charity event for which the administration provides security. At other institutions such as Wesleyan, Columbia, MIT, Bowdoin and Amherst the parties may be more impromptu events in dorms or off-campus.[43]

### Restaurant dining

[edit]

There have been a number of restaurants (commonly referred to as nude, naked or clothing-free restaurants) where diners were legally at liberty to be nude.

The Amrita restaurant in Japan, now closed, had strict rules of entry for its naked party.[44] Other nude restaurants have included The Bunyadi in London,[45] Innato on the Canary Island of Tenerife, and L'Italo Americano in Milan, all of which also closed.[46] O'naturel was Paris, France's first naked restaurant,[47] located in the 12th arrondissement. The restaurant opened in November 2017 and served French cuisine.[47][48] In January 2019, sibling owners Mike and Stéphane Saada announced plans to end operations in February 2019.[47][49]

There are a number of bars and restaurants directly accessible from the clothing-optional beach at Orient Bay, Saint Martin, in the Caribbean, which allow varying degrees of nudity. Although essentially wiped out in 2017 by Hurricane Irma, they are slowly being rebuilt.[50]

### Social dancing

[edit]

An invitation-only event with naked Tango Milonga dancing was held in a small town in Germany.[51] Starkers!, a monthly naked club night, was held in London from 2003 onwards.[52]

### Yoga

[edit]

Main article: Naked yoga

Traditionally practiced with a minimum of clothing, coed nude yoga has been introduced in London,[53] Boston, New York City and Seattle.[54]

## Nudity at festivals

[edit]

Woodstock in 1969 was the first example of widespread, spontaneous nudity at a music festival. The Nambassa festivals held in New Zealand in the 1970s continued this phenomenon. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa three-day counterculture festival, an estimated 35% chose to remove their clothing,[55] preferring complete or partial nudity.[56] In the 21st century, music festivals such as Coachella have returned to being outdoor concerts whose attendees tend toward costumes rather than nudity, however there may be the occasional nude event. "The Meredith Gift" is a nude running race at the Meredith Music Festival near the town of Meredith in Victoria, Australia.[57]

While including music, Burning Man is a more diverse arts and culture event where "camps" range from non-sexual nudity to overtly sexually themed nudity. Since 2004 there has been a naked bike ride known as the "Naked Pub Crawl".[58] The Folsom Street Fair held in San Francisco is a leather and BDSM-themed fair.[59] Nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of the year, and in many such events nude bodypainting is also common, such as Neptune Day Festival held in Koktebel, Crimea to depict mythological events.[60][61]

Organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation)[62] since 2016 when Zipolite beach nudity was legalized,[63] Festival Nudista Zipolite[62] occurs annually on the first weekend of February.[64]

British Naturism hosts a number of festivals every year, where participants spend the entire time naked. The largest of these, Nudefest, was founded in 2007 and sees hundreds of attendees every year gathering for live music, dancing, and other naked events.[65]

In Israel there was an area for public nudity in several festivals such as: "Bombamela", "Bereshit" and "Shantipi". The largest naturist festival that is dedicated to public nudity is the "Pashut" desert festival, that takes places twice a year and is open also to tourists, although most of the participants are locals.[citation needed]

## Nudity in sports

[edit]

### History

[edit]

The famous Discobolus of Myron

It was a norm in Ancient Greece for athletes to exercise and compete in the nude.[66][67] The Greek practice to compete and exercise was strongly inspired by their gods and heroes. For the gods and heroes nudity was a part of their identity and a way to display their physical energy and power which the athletes attempted to honour and emulate.[68] Athletes from Greece and from Greek colonies came together for the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. They competed nude in almost all disciplines with the exception of chariot races, although there are depictions of nude chariot racers.[66]

The word gymnasium (Latin; from Greek gymnasion, being derived from Greek gymnos, meaning "naked" or "nude"[69]), originally denoted a place for socializing and engaging in both intellectual education and physical pursuits, training facility for competitors in public sports, and physical education of young men as future soldiers and (certainly in democracies) citizens (compare ephebos),[citation needed] is another testimony of nudity in physical exercises said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the body. In some countries including Germany the word is still used for higher secondary school education.[70][71] The more recent form gym is an abbreviation of gymnasium.

In Japan, female sumo wrestlers sometimes competed in the nude as a prayer for rain.[72]

### Tropical cultures

[edit]

Many indigenous peoples in Africa and South America train and compete in sport competitions naked.[66][73][74] Nuba peoples in South Sudan and Xingu tribes in the Amazon basin region in Brazil, for example, wrestle naked, whereas Dinka, Surma and Mursi in South Sudan and Ethiopia, arrange stick fights.[66][75]

### Specific games

[edit]

#### Miniten

[edit]

Miniten is a tennis-like game created by naturists in the 1930s, in order to provide a suitable game for naturist clubs which often lacked sufficient land to accommodate full-sized tennis courts.[76] The original rules were drawn up by Mr R. Douglas Ogden, a Manchester-based businessman with an interest in sporting activities.[77] Instead of racquets, players use wooden bats known as thugs, which are shaped like a box around the player's hand.[78][79] The sport is run by the Amateur Miniten Association.

#### Running

[edit]

Runners in the Bay to Breakers, California (2006)

The 1974 book The Zen of Running recommends running barefoot and "as undressed as possible" to get "well bathed by sun and air".[80]

Nudity was banned from the Bay to Breakers race in San Francisco in 2009.[81]

A nude run called Carrera Nudista de Sopelana also takes place annually in summer in Sopelana (Bilbao/Spain) since 1999.[82]

#### Rugby

[edit]

A nude rugby match was held in Dunedin, New Zealand, each winter from 2002 to 2014, as pre-match entertainment for the first professional rugby game of the season. In more recent years it has become sporadic as organizers have other demands on their time.[83]

#### Surfing

[edit]

Tambaba Beach in João Pessoa, Paraíba, the first naturist beach in Brazil, is known for surfing including hosting a nude surfing tournament.[84]

#### Swimming

[edit]

Main article: Nude swimming

Children bathing near a rowboat by Emil Krause (1910)

Swimming as a sport includes both open water swimming and swimming in indoor pools.

At the beginning of the Victorian period in England, men and boys typically swam naked in the sea near bathing machines that were used by women. There were some efforts to designate separate beach sections for males and females. In the latter half of the 19th century, moral pressures led some town councils to establish zones for the women and men to bathe separately. There are very few records of magistrates enforcing the bylaws.[85] Drawers came into use in the 1860s.[86] In 1895, The Daily Telegraph, Standard, Daily Graphic and Daily Mail newspapers ran a campaign to reintroduce mixed bathing at all resorts. As sex-segregated beaches in town disappeared, bathing costumes for men became part of the commercial package and nude bathing ceased.[87]

In the 1920s, schools and YMCAs in the United States built swimming pools for purposes of physical fitness and swimming instruction. Pool chlorination was not available, and there were concerns about disease. In addition, fibers from cotton and wool swimsuits could clog pool filters.[88][89][90] Nude swimming allowed for swimmers to be visually inspected to check for open wounds or other signs of infectious disease.[91] In 1926, the American Public Health Association (APHA) standards handbook recommended that indoor swimming pools used by men adopt nude bathing policies and that indoor swimming pools used by women require swimsuits "of the simplest type".[88] Swimming policies at American high schools and junior high schools were influenced by APHA guidelines.[88] From 1926 until 1962, every edition of the guidelines recommended nude swimming for males.[92] School swimming classes were sex-segregated.[92]

New developments like pool chlorination, improved pool filtration, and nylon swimsuits led the APHA to abandon its recommendation of nude pool swimming for males in 1962.[88] However, the custom of enforced nude swimming for males did not immediately cease.[91] During the 1970s, cultural and legal changes led to the gradual abandonment of enforced nude male swimming in schools. Federal Title IX rules mandating equality in physical education classes led most schools to switch to co-educational gym classes by 1980, making nude swimming culturally unacceptable.[88]

Nude swimmers at Lake Senftenberg, East Germany (1983)

In 2005, an article in The New York Times asserted that it was not uncommon for private clubs to give patrons opportunities for nude swimming. The Times added that clubs sometimes held male-only or female-only sessions.[93]

In many countries in the 21st century, nude swimming mostly takes place at nude beaches, naturist facilities, private swimming pools, or secluded or segregated public swimming areas. Some Western countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, have no laws prohibiting nude swimming in public areas, but some countries around the world strictly enforce various laws against public nudity, including nude swimming. Some jurisdictions which maintain laws against public nudity may turn a blind eye to incidents of skinny dipping depending on the circumstances, as police officers on the spot decline to make arrests.[94]

#### Volleyball

[edit]

A nudist/naturist volleyball game at the Sunny Trails Club during the 1958 Canadian Sunbathing Association (CSA) convention in British Columbia, Canada

Naturists/nudists were early adopters of volleyball shortly after its invention in the late 19th century. Records of regular games in clubs can be found as early as the 1920s.[95][96] Given the outdoor nature of nudism/naturism a beach version of volleyball was naturally adopted. By the 1960s, a volleyball court could be found in almost all nudist/naturist clubs.[97]

Volleyball was perfect for naturism/nudism since most clubs were small and a volleyball court didn't require much space but involved many people. The game was also inclusive in that it supported varying levels of athleticism and did not require much equipment. But most importantly, it was ideal for nude play since there was no need for a team uniform or protective equipment.[98]

A large (over 70 teams) nude volleyball tournament has been held each fall since 1971 at White Thorn Lodge in western Pennsylvania[99] and several smaller tournaments occur each year in the United States.[100]

### Pro Wrestling

[edit]

Erotic professional wrestling promotions such as the Naked Women's Wrestling League showcased nude females performing mock combat matches for titillation. The NWWL broadcast shows around the world, and its wrestlers were featured in magazines such as Penthouse, Playboy, and Maxim.

## Quotations

[edit]

* "Body Acceptance is the idea, Nude Recreation is the way". – Lee Baxandall (popular motto of The Naturist Society)[101][better source needed]

## See also

[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Naturism.

* Nudity portal

* Timeline of social nudity – shows the varying degrees of acceptance given to the naked human body by diverse cultures from prehistory to the modern era.
* Issues in social nudity
* List of clothing-free events
* List of places where social nudity is practised
* List of social nudity organizations
* The Body Issue, ESPN magazine's annual issue featuring nude photographs of athletes
* Strip games

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Recreational Sports". encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
2. ^ a b McLean, Daniel; Hurd, Amy (2015). Kraus' Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society (10th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9781449689575.
3. ^ Choin, Mireille (2002). World Handbook Naturisme 2002 - 2003. International Naturist Federation. ISBN 978-90-5583-833-2. Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
4. ^ Razzouk, Nabil; Seitz, Victoria (2003). "Nude Recreation in the U. S.: An Empirical Investigation". Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing. 10 (3–4): 145–57\. doi:10.1300/J150v10n03_09. S2CID 168092326.3–4&rft.pages=145-57&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1300/J150v10n03_09&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168092326#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Razzouk&rft.aufirst=Nabil&rft.au=Seitz,+Victoria&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nude+recreation" class="Z3988">
5. ^ "Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude". The Independent. October 5, 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
6. ^ "Nude Year's Eve: 5 places to see in the New Year... as nature intended". www.skyscanner.net. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
7. ^ "Florida Young Naturists". Florida Young Naturists. Archived from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
8. ^ Moye, David (May 3, 2013). "World Naked 'Star Wars' Gardening Day Is May 4". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
9. ^ Baird, Alex (October 20, 2018). "Wellington naturists bare all for National Nude Gardening Day". Newshub. MediaWorks New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
10. ^ Shaskey, Tara (October 20, 2018). "Naturists embrace New Zealand Nude Gardening Day". Stuff.co.nz. Stuff Limited. Archived from the original on 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
11. ^ MacLean, Hamish (October 25, 2021). "Game to join in on Nude Gardening Day". Otago Daily Times Online News. Archived from the original on 2021-11-29. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
12. ^ "Haulover Park". Miami-Dade County. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
13. ^ "Gray Whale North Beach". California Beaches. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
14. ^ "Black's Beach". California Beaches. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
15. ^ "Nude Beaches in Scandinavia". Scandinavian Naturist Portal. Archived from the original on 2012-04-29.
16. ^ Mapes, Terri (June 3, 2019). "Nudism in Scandinavia". TripSavvy. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
17. ^ "Crete". Active Naturists. January 24, 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
18. ^ "Barcelona". Active Naturists. April 20, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
19. ^ Bridge, Adrian (July 17, 2014). "Germans Most Likely to Go Nude". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2019-10-28. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
20. ^ "Why Japanese People Are Comfortable with Nakedness". Japan Today. November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on 2019-10-28. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
21. ^ Walker, Peter (June 12, 2009). "Riders get naked for a weekend of anti-car cycling demonstrations". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
22. ^ Gross, Michael (2016). "A Planet with Two Billion Cars". Current Biology. 26 (8): R307–10. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.R307G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.019.
23. ^ Brian Palmer (March 21, 2013). "Nothing a Coat of Paint Can't Fix: Is it legal to wear nothing but body paint in public?". Slate.
24. ^ "NYC Bodypainting Day 2019". The New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
25. ^ "2019 NYC Bodypainting Day". Human Connections Arts. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
26. ^ Russell, Jenna (March 5, 2007). "Winters a trial for Maine's nudists". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
27. ^ Fahy, Ben (June 5, 2017). "AJ Hackett on stretching minds, pushing limits and jumping nude". Vodafone xone Innovators Series. Idealog. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
28. ^ Sherifi, Macca (May 30, 2012). "Backpackers offered nude discount". Gap Year. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
29. ^ Upe, Robert (November 12, 2013). "25 years of bungy madness". Stuff.co.nz. Stuff Limited. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
30. ^ "Connolly goes naked bungy jumping". Sydney Morning Herald. February 6, 2004. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
31. ^ McKinley, John (March 13, 2019). "Nude bungy jumpers stretch annual Vancouver Island event to record heights". Campbell River Mirror. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
32. ^ PJ Ryan (April 17, 2013). "A View From The Overlook: Nudity And The National Parks". National Parks Traveler. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
33. ^ David Johnson (March 1989). "Au Natural: Sometimes Clothes Get in the Way". Backpacker.
34. ^ "Why The Naked Rambler is no longer letting it all hang out". inews.co.uk. April 15, 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
35. ^ Stephen Moss “Now which way back to the car?” in The Guardian, August 6, 2003
36. ^ Swiss canton bans nude hiking Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine (Reuters, Mon Apr 27, 2009)
37. ^ "Nude hiker convicted" Archived 2019-12-06 at the Wayback Machine (Tages-Anzeiger, Jan 20, 2011)
38. ^ "Nude art lovers tour nude exhibit at Vienna's famed Leopold museum". NY Daily News. February 19, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
39. ^ "Review: 'Cyclepedia,' 'Man/Woman,' and a Thousand Naked Cyclists". Portland Monthly. June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
40. ^ Erin Porter (June 6, 2019). "Six Places to Go Nude in Munich". Trip Savvy. Archived from the original on 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
41. ^ Ana Topoleanu (July 30, 2016). "Beautiful Shots of Berliners Sunbathing Nude on Their Lunch Break". vice. Archived from the original on 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
42. ^ "The naturist area at Paris Bois de Vincennes is back". Sortir á Paris. Archived from the original on 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
43. ^ Aviv, Rachel (January 7, 2007). "Black Tie Optional". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
44. ^ "AMRITA Dinner アムリタの宴". theamrita.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
45. ^ Alexandra, Sims (June 10, 2016). "The Bunyadi: London's only naked restaurant receives first reviews ahead of public opening". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
46. ^ Rodriguez, Cecilia. "Eating Nude: Why Naked Restaurants Are Not Good Business...Yet". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2019-09-15. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
47. ^ a b c Coffey, Helen. "Paris' First Nudist Restaurant to Close Down". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
48. ^ "Paris' first nudist restaurant closing after getting cold shoulder from diners". CBS News. January 8, 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
49. ^ Sawa, Dale Berning (January 9, 2019). "Naked lunch: why diners couldn't stomach the Paris nudist restaurant". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
50. ^ "Orient Beach: Clothing optional paradise on the "Riviera" of French St. Martin". sint-maarten.net. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
51. ^ Nethers, Jocelyn (2013). "I Went 'Cause I Had Nothing On...". Dance Today. 58 (146): 56.
52. ^ "London has the world's biggest nude disco". Nudist Day. March 12, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-01-13.
53. ^ "Naked yoga: it's already big in US, and has now landed here". The Independent. April 15, 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-10-22. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
54. ^ "Naked yoga?! What's that all about?". Naked in Motion. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
55. ^ "Public nudity at Nambassa". Nambassa.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
56. ^ Nambassa: A New Direction, edited by Colin Broadley and Judith Jones, A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1979. ISBN 0-589-01216-9.
57. ^ "Meredith Music Festival". The Age. December 12, 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
58. ^ "Playa Events". Burning Man. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
59. ^ "Folsom Street Events". Folsom Street Events. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
60. ^ "deGeneration X: Buck Naked Jazz on a Black Sea Beach". pastemagazine.com. March 8, 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
61. ^ Club, Naked (September 23, 2015). "Nudist Neptune Festival 2014 in Crimea". Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-12 – via Vimeo.
62. ^ a b "Federación Nudista de México A.C." Fed Nud Mex. Archived from the original on 2019-11-23. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
63. ^ "Declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nudist beaches by the municipality of San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca" (PDF). January 27, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
64. ^ αnaturist (November 28, 2016). "camp Gymnasium at Burning Man 2016". Active Naturists. Archived from the original on 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
65. ^ "Nudefest: What really happens when hundreds of naturists gather in Somerset". ITV. July 9, 2023. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
66. ^ a b c d "Nudity in sports throughout history". Active Naturists. October 14, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
67. ^ "Ancient Olympics Mixed Naked Sports, Pagan Partying". National Geographic News. August 9, 2004. Archived from the original on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
68. ^ Mouratidis 1985, p. 213.
69. ^ "gymnasium | Origin and meaning of gymnasium". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
70. ^ Leleu, Simead; Greck-Ismair, Michaela (2012). "Zusätzliche Einzelheiten". German Pen Pals Made Easy KS3. Dunstable: Brilliant Publications. ISBN 9780857475589. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
71. ^ Samuel, Richard H.; Hinton Thomas, Richard (2001). "III. The Schools". Education and Society in Modern Germany. Vol. 7\. London: Routledge & K. Paul. pp. 44–48\. ISBN 9780415177566. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
72. ^ Chie Ikkai (2003). "Women's Sumo Wrestling in Japan". International Journal of Sport and Health Science. 1 (1): 178–181\. doi:10.5432/ijshs.1.178.
73. ^ Bruce Parry Experiences the Stick Fighting Festival - Tribe (Youtube video). BBC Studios. April 7, 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
74. ^ The ritual side of the donga (Youtube video). New Atlantis TRIBES. September 12, 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
75. ^ chan (October 2, 2008). "Nuba wrestling". Soul Capoeira. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
76. ^ Edghill, Sarah (July 13, 1995). "how to be a naturist". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
77. ^ Miniten: Rules of the Game, Wolfbait Books. 2017
78. ^ "A stitch in time". The Guardian. London. May 31, 2007. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
79. ^ "Nudists descend on town for naturist festival". Sydney Morning Herald. December 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
80. ^ Rohé, Fred: The Zen of Running, New York and San Francisco 1974
81. ^ Heather Knight (February 12, 2009). "Beer, nudity banned in Bay to Breakers race". SF Gate. Archived from the original on 2019-08-31. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
82. ^ "Castellano - Asociación de Naturistas Vascos". Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
83. ^ Goosselink, Dave (June 15, 2016). "Curtains for nude rugby in Dunedin?". Newshub. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
84. ^ Andrieu, Bernard; Da Nóbrega, Terezinha Petrucia; Sirost, Olivier (2017). "Naked Surfing: A Brazilian Example of Body Ecology". Society and Leisure (Loisir et Société). 40 (1): 76–84\. doi:10.1080/07053436.2017.1282015. S2CID 132428227.
85. ^ Travis 1997, pp. 9–23.
86. ^ Cinder, Cec (1998). The Nudist Idea. Riverside, California: Ultraviolet Press. pp. 331–333\. ISBN 978-0-9652085-0-5.
87. ^ Travis 1997, pp. 23, 29.
88. ^ a b c d e Eng, Monica (September 10, 2017). "Baring It All: Why Boys Swam Naked In Chicago Schools". WBEZ.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
89. ^ Wiltse, Jeffrey (2003). "Contested waters: A History of Swimming Pools in America". ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. ProQuest 305343056.
90. ^ Senelick, Richard (February 3, 2014). "Men, Manliness, and Being Naked Around Other Men". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
91. ^ a b Markowitz, Eric (April 29, 2014). "Until Fairly Recently, YMCA Actually Required Swimmers To Be Nude". Vocativ. Archived from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
92. ^ a b Andreatta, David (September 22, 2017). "Andreatta: When boys swam nude in gym class". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
93. ^ Vachon, Dana (April 28, 2005). "The Tao of Skinny-Dipping". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
94. ^ Goodman, J. David (July 17, 2013). "Daring Enough to Bare It All for a New York Swim". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
95. ^ Merrill, Mrs. Frances; Merrill, Mason (1931). Among the Nudists. A. A. Knopf. p. 188\. Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
96. ^ Merrill, Frances (1932). Nudism Comes to America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. Illustration Plate following p.57.
97. ^ Weinberg 1967, pp. 91–99.
98. ^ "Volleyball at Bare Oaks Family Naturist Park". Bare Oaks Family Naturist Park. Archived from the original on 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
99. ^ Matz, Eddie (October 9, 2009). "No shirts, no shorts... lots of service!". ESPN The Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
100. ^ "NudistVolleyball.com". Archived from the original on 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
101. ^ Storey, Mark. "The Naturist Society: A Brief History". The Naturist Society. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16.

Sources

* Baker, Fiona (September 13, 2014). "Charting the rise of nude fitness". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
* Baker, Fiona (September 14, 2014). "The growing trend of naked fitness". bodyandsoulau. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
* Bond, Sarah (August 4, 2016). "A Brief History Of Olympic Nudity From Ancient Greece To ESPN". forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06.
* Crowther, Nigel B. (December 1980 – January 1981). "Nudity and Morality: Athletics in Italy". The Classical Journal. 76 (2). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South: 119–123\. JSTOR 3297374.
* Giles, Geoffrey J. (1992). "Nudism of the Left and Right: Gymnastics in Weimar Germany". In Jordi Monés i Pere Solà (ed.). Education, physical activities and sport in a historical perspective = (Educació, activitats físiques i esport en una perspectiva històrica) : XIV ISCHE Conference 1992 : conference working papers. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. GGKEY:8TWTHDLFS2E.
* Mouratidis, John (1985). "The origin of nudity in Greek athletics" (PDF). Journal of Sport History. 12 (3): 213–232\. JSTOR 43609271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
* Simon, Stephanie (October 31, 2009). "Boulder's Naked Halloween Streak May Be Coming to an End". Wall Street Journal. New York City. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
* Travis, John (1997). "Sea-bathing from 1730 to 1900". In Fisher, Stephen (ed.). Recreation and the Sea. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0859895408. Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
* Weinberg, Martin (1967). "The Nudist Camp: Way of Life and Social Structure". Human Organization. 26 (3): 91–99\. doi:10.17730/humo.26.3.t61k16213r005707. ISSN 0018-7259.
* Opium op Oerol - Viva la Naturisteracion (video) (YouTube) (in Dutch). Utrecht, NL. 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
* "The Clothes Maketh the Man (Sweaty)". TenPlay. September 15, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
* "Time Change For Billy Connolly Tour". Scoop News. New Zealand. April 9, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
* Viva la Naturisteracion. Studio Brussel (in Dutch). Utrecht, NL. 2011. Archived from the original (video) on 2013-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-30.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nude sports.

* International Naturist Sports Week - official website of Naturist beach & camping, Sziksósfürdö
* International Naturist Sports Week - documentation 1989 to 2004 (results of contests, description and galleries), official website
* 35th Alps Adria Meeting 2007
* Nudist Volleyball
* Fremont Solstice Cyclists
* Machu Picchu nude tourism
* The Naturist Society
* World Naked Bike Ride
* World Naked Gardening Day

* v
* t
* e

Adventure travel

Types|

* Accessible tourism
* Adjectival tourisms
* Adventure recreation
* Agritourism
* Backpacking (travel)
* Backpacking (hiking)
* Bicycle touring
* Camping
* Cultural tourism
* Ecotourism
* Extreme tourism
* Freighthopping
* Glamping
* Hiking
* Hitchhiking
* Jungle tourism
* Kloofing
* Overlanding
* Picnic
* Rogaining
* Safari
* Slum tourism
* Tramping
* Travel
* Ultralight backpacking
* Urban exploration
* Volunteer travel
* Wildlife tourism

Activities|

* Climbing
* Geocaching
* Geohashing
* Hang gliding
* Mountain biking
* Mountaineering
* Naturism
* Nude recreation
* Paragliding
* Rafting
* River trekking
* Scuba diving
* Zip-lining

* v
* t
* e

Cycling

* Glossary
* Outlines
* Bicycles
* Cycling

General and technical|

* Bicycle
* Bicycle culture
* Bicycle dynamics
* Bicycle geometry
* Bicycle performance
* Electric bicycle
* History of the bicycle
* History of cycling infrastructure
* Balance bike
* Tandem bicycle
* Tricycle
* Unicycle
* National Bike Month (United States)
* World Bicycle Day

Utility and slow
recreation|

* Bicycle commuting
* Bicycle messenger
* Bicycle rental/hire
* Bicycle-sharing system
* Bicycle touring
* Cargo bike
* Challenge riding
* Cold-weather biking
* Indoor cycling
* Rail trail
* Randonneuring
* Road cycling
* Utility bicycle
* Utility cycling
* Vehicular cycling

Sports-related cycling and
fast-paced recreation|

* Artistic cycling
* BMX
* Cross-country cycling
* Cycle speedway
* Cycle sport
* Cyclo-cross
* Cyclosportive
* Fatbiking
* Freeride
* Goldsprint
* Gravel cycling
* Mountain biking
* Downhill
* Trials
* Pump track
* Road bicycle racing
* Track cycling
* Triathlon
* Unicycle hockey
* Unicycle trials

Health, safety and
infrastructure|

* Active mobility
* Bicycle-friendly
* Bicycle law
* Bicycle parking
* Bicycle poverty reduction
* Bicycle rodeo
* Bicycle safety
* Bicycle transportation planning and engineering
* Bike rage
* Bike registry
* Bike-to-Work Day
* Bike Week (Bicycle Week)
* Cyclability
* Cycling advocacy
* Cycling infrastructure
* Hand signals
* Idaho stop
* Lane splitting
* Protected intersection
* Tegelijk groen
* Time's Up!
* Vehicular cycling

Other|

* Bicycle collecting
* Bicycle locker
* Bicycle parking rack
* Bicycle parking station
* Bicycle tree
* Cycling kit
* Danish bicycle VIN-system
* Green transport hierarchy
* Pentacycle
* Quadracycle
* Sustainable transport

Lists|

* List of bicycle types
* List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies
* List of BMX bicycle manufacturers
* List of bicycle-sharing systems
* List of cyclists
* List of films about bicycles and cycling
* List of doping cases in cycling

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Nudity

Nakedness and clothing|

* History
* Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
* Nakedness and colonialism
* Childhood nudity
* Sex segregation
* Modesty
* Nudity in religion
* Awrah
* Breastfeeding in public
* Public bathing
* Sauna
* Finnish sauna
* Massage
* Toplessness
* Topfreedom
* Canada
* United States
* Nudity and protest
* Dress code
* Clothing laws by country

Nudity and sexuality|

* Intimate part
* Exhibitionism
* Mooning
* Streaking
* Striptease
* Stripper
* Feminist stripper
* Voyeurism
* Anasyrma
* Candaulism

Issues in social nudity|

* Sexualization
* Sexual objectification
* Pornification
* Indecent exposure
* Obscenity
* Wardrobe malfunction
* Strip search

Naturism|

* Naturist resort
* Christian naturism
* Freikörperkultur
* Gay naturism
* Gymnosophy
* Naturist magazines
* Social nudity organizations
* Anarchist naturism
* Timeline of social nudity

Nude recreation|

* Nude beach
* Nude swimming
* Nude swimming classes
* Naked yoga
* Naked party
* Nude wedding
* Nude beaches
* Clothing-optional events

By location|

* Africa
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* San Francisco
* Seattle
* Oceania
* South America

Social nudity advocates|

* Kurt Barthel
* Lee Baxandall
* Paul Bindrim
* Ilsley Boone
* Henry S. Huntington
* Heinrich Pudor
* Elton Raymond Shaw
* Richard Ungewitter

Depictions of nudity|

* Nude (art)
* History
* Nude modeling (art)
* Nude photography (art)
* Nudity in live performance
* Body painting
* Nudity in film
* Nudity in American television
* Nudity in music videos
* Nudity in print media
* Nudity in advertising
* Nude photography
* Glamour photography
* Erotic photography

See also|

* Imagery of nude celebrities
* Nude calendar
* Naked News
* Nudity in combat
* Nudity clause
* Nude psychotherapy
* Softcore pornography

Category Portal

* v
* t
* e

Tourism

Types|

* Accessible
* Adventure
* Agritourism
* Alternative
* Astrotourism
* Atomic
* Backpacking
* Beachgoing
* Bicycle touring
* Birth
* Business
* Culinary
* Enotourism
* Cultural
* Archaeological
* Film
* Literary
* Bookstore
* Tolkien
* Music
* Pop-culture
* Dark
* Disaster
* Holocaust
* War
* Domestic
* Ecotourism
* Shark
* Experiential
* Extreme
* Fashion
* Garden
* Genealogy
* Heritage
* Identity
* Geotourism
* Industrial
* Instagram tourism
* International
* Volunteering
* Jungle
* Justice
* LGBT
* Medical
* MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)
* Nautical
* Orphanage
* Recreational drug
* Red
* Religious
* Christian
* Halal
* Kosher
* Pilgrimage
* Rural
* Science
* Sensory
* Sleep
* Slum
* Smart
* Space
* Lunar
* Sports
* Sustainable
* Urban
* Virtual
* Visiting friends and relatives
* Wellness
* Wildlife
* Safari
* Scuba
* Yoga

Hospitality industry|

* Bed and breakfast
* Boutique hotel
* Convention center
* Cruise ship
* Destination spa
* Front desk
* Guest house
* Guest ranch
* Heuhotel
* Homestay
* Hospitality management studies
* Hostel
* Hotel
* Manager
* Inn
* Motel
* Pension
* Referral chain
* Resort
* Hotel
* Island
* Seaside
* Ski
* Town
* Restaurant

Terminology|

* College tour
* Convention (meeting)
* Destination marketing organization
* Escorted tour
* Excursion
* Factory tour
* Gift shop
* Grand Tour
* Holiday
* Honeymoon
* Hypermobility
* Journey planner
* Package tour
* Passport
* Perpetual traveler
* Road trip
* Roadside attraction
* Souvenir
* Staycation
* Tour bus service
* Tour guide
* Tour operator
* Tourism geography
* Tourism minister
* Tourism region
* Tourist attraction
* Tourist gateway
* Tourist trap
* Touron
* Transport
* Travel
* Travel agency
* Travel behavior
* Travel document
* Travel insurance
* Travel medicine
* Travel survey
* Travel technology
* Travel visa
* Travel warning
* Vacation
* Visitor center

Travel literature|

* Guide book
* Outdoor literature
* Tourism journals
* Travel magazines
* Wikivoyage

Trade associations|

* American Bus Association
* American Hotel and Lodging Association
* American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute
* BEST Education Network
* Caribbean Tourism Organization
* European Travel Commission
* Historical Archive on Tourism
* Life Beyond Tourism
* Musement
* Pacific Asia Travel Association
* South-East Asian Tourism Organisation
* Tourism Radio
* Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
* World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers
* World Tourism Organization
* World Tourism rankings
* World Travel and Tourism Council
* World Travel Monitor

Trade fairs and events|

* Akwaaba African Travel Market
* Arabian Travel Market
* Cruise of the Kings
* Festival del Viaggio
* FITUR
* ITB Berlin
* World Tourism Day

Issues|

* Heritage commodification
* Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism
* Impacts of tourism
* Leakage effect
* Overtourism
* Tourism improvement district
* Tourist tax

Lists|

* Adjectival tourisms
* Attractions
* Bibliography
* Casino hotels
* Casinos
* Cities by international visitors
* Convention and exhibition centers
* Cruise lines
* Hotels
* Largest
* Motels
* Passenger airlines
* UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
* World Heritage Sites by country

* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template