Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Armed occupation of a US federal protected area in Oregon in 2016

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* https://web.archive.org/web/20160104211508/http://www.ktvz.com/news/refuge-occupiers-settle-in-concerns-mount-in-burns/37249044 (refs: 16, 17, 42)

* http://www.oregonlive.com/oregon-standoff/2016/03/what_oregon_standoff_investiga.html (refs: 25, 147)

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Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

The headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge were occupied by armed militants in early 2016

Date| January 2, 2016 (2016-01-02) – February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)
(40 days)
Location|

Harney County, Oregon
(30 mi (48 km) south of Burns, Oregon)

43°15′55″N 118°50′39″W﻿ / ﻿43.265404°N 118.844272°W﻿ / 43.265404; -118.844272
Caused by|

* Return to prison of ranchers who pled guilty to arson on federal property and group's belief the federal government lacks authority to own and manage public lands in U.S. states[1]
* Leader's belief to be under the direction of a divine message[2]

Goals|

* Short-term:
* Disrupt the work of federal employees at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge[3]
* Release of Dwight and Steven Hammond from custody and the establishment of an "independent evidentiary hearing board" by state and county representatives to re-examine the Hammond's case[4]
* Long-term:
* Transfer of federal lands to private ownership or to state, county, or local government control[5]

Methods|

* Armed occupation of federal property; claim adverse possession of the "land, property and vacant buildings"[6][7]
* Convene a "citizens grand jury"
* Encourage the formation of a "committee of safety"
* Petition[8]
* Public meetings
* Rallies and marches
* Social media and press conferences

Resulted in|

* 26 militants were all indicted and arrested for federal felony conspiracy offenses and some other individual charges. A 27th militant was indicted and arrested for theft of federal property, but not for conspiracy.
* Charges against one defendant, Peter Santilli, were dropped
* Twelve pleaded guilty
* Seven were acquitted by a federal jury on October 27, 2016[9]
* Four were convicted by a federal jury on March 20, 2017
* A total of $78,000 in fines between $3,000 and $10,000 were assessed against thirteen defendants
* Nine were sent to prison
* One militant was killed while resisting arrest and one militant was wounded before being arrested.

Parties

* United States
* Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)[10]
* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
* Governor of Oregon
* Oregon State Police (OSP)[11]
* Grant County Sheriff's Office (GCSO)[12]
* Harney County Sheriff's Office (HCSO)[10]
* Burns Paiute Tribe
* Burns Paiute Tribal Police[13]

* Anti-government militants[14][15]
* Pro-occupation:
* Citizens for Constitutional Freedom[16][17]
* Anti-occupation:
* Pacific Patriots Network (PPN)[18][19]
* 3 Percenters of Idaho

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Lead figures

* Gregory T. Bretzing (FBI Special Agent in Charge)
* Kate Brown (Oregon Governor)
* Steven E. Grasty (Harney County Judge)
* David M. Ward (Harney County Sheriff)

* Ammon Bundy
* Ryan Bundy[20]
* Brian Cavalier
* Blaine Cooper[5][21]
* Robert LaVoy Finicum †
* Ryan Payne[21]
* Jon Ritzheimer

Number

* FBI – unknown
* Oregon State Police – unknown
* ~37 local police[22][23]

40 (Los Angeles Times estimate)
"Several dozen" (The Washington Post estimate)

20 to 25 (The Oregonian estimate)

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One occupier dead, one wounded
Death(s)| Robert LaVoy Finicum[24]
Injuries| Ryan Bundy[25]
Arrested| 27
Charged| 27
Fined| 13

Location in Oregon

Show map of Oregon

Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (the United States)

Show map of the United States

On January 2, 2016, an armed group of Right-wing militants[26] seized and occupied the headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon,[27] and continued to occupy it until law enforcement made a final arrest on February 11, 2016.[28] Their leader was Ammon Bundy, who participated in the 2014 Bundy standoff at his father's Nevada ranch. Other members of the group were loosely affiliated with non-governmental militias and the sovereign citizen movement.

The organizers were seeking an opportunity to advance their view that the federal government is constitutionally required to turn over most of the federal public land they manage to the individual states, in particular land managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), United States Forest Service (USFS), and other agencies.[29] In 2015, the militants believed they could do this by protesting the treatment of two area ranchers convicted of federal land arson, who they believed were wrongly convicted, even though the men in question, Dwight and Steven Dwight Hammond, father and son, did not want their assistance.[30] The occupation began when Bundy led an armed party to the refuge headquarters following a peaceful public rally in the nearby city of Burns.[31]

By February 11, all of the militants had surrendered or withdrawn from the occupation, with several leaders having been arrested after leaving the site; one of them, Robert LaVoy Finicum, was shot and killed during an attempt to arrest him after he reached toward a handgun concealed in his pocket[25][32] after he tried to evade a roadblock; Ryan Bundy was wounded. More than two dozen of the militants were charged with federal offenses including conspiracy to obstruct federal officers, firearms violations, theft, and depredation of federal property.

By August 2017, a dozen had pleaded guilty, and six of those had been sentenced to 1–2 years' probation, some including house arrest. Seven others, including Ammon and Ryan Bundy, were tried and acquitted of all federal charges. Five more had been found guilty and were sentenced months later. Seven of the militants saw prison time for their roles in the occupation. Jake Ryan and Duane Ehmer each received 366 days in prison, with Ryan additionally getting three years of supervised probation. Darryl Thorn received 18 months of prison time on November 21, 2017.[33] Jason Patrick received 21 months on February 15, 2018. Ryan Payne was sentenced to 37 months in federal prison along with three years of supervision on February 27, 2018. Jon Ritzheimer was sentenced to 366 days in federal prison and another 12 months in a residential re-entry program. Corey Lequieu was sentenced to 30 months in prison and three years of supervision. Two others, Joe O'Shaughnessy and Brian Cavalier, were detained for at least a year, but released on time served plus three years of supervision each, plus fines.[34]

## Background

[edit]

### Location

[edit]

Main articles: Harney County, Oregon and Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Harney County is a rural county in eastern Oregon. The county seat is the city of Burns.[35][36] Though it is one of the largest counties by area in the United States,[35][36] its population is only about 7,700,[35] and cattle outnumber people 14-to-1.[35] About 73 percent of the county's area is federal land,[35] variously managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).[37]

The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, located in Harney County, was established in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt, a conservationist.[38] Located in the Pacific Flyway, and currently encompassing 187,757 acres (760 km2), it is "one of the premiere sites for birds and birding in the U.S.," according to the Audubon Society of Portland.[39] Tourism, especially birding, injects US$15 million into the local economy annually.[40]

### Leadership

[edit]

Ammon Bundy, son of Cliven Bundy, in Mesa, Arizona, July 2014

The leader of the occupation was Ammon Bundy—a native of Bunkerville, Nevada, owner of a car fleet management company in Phoenix, Arizona,[41] and a recent resident of Emmett, Idaho. Ammon Bundy was also the leader of a group which he formed shortly before the occupation, which he later named the Citizens for Constitutional Freedom.[42][43]

Ammon's father, Cliven D. Bundy, had previously organized and led a somewhat similar incident roughly two years earlier in March 2014. Both Bundys are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and claimed that their armed opposition to the federal government was ordained for them via divine messages ordering them to do so.[44][45][46][47]

Also in a leadership position amongst the militants was the group's occasional spokesman LaVoy Finicum, another Mormon, who owned a ranch at Cane Beds, in the Arizona Strip, near the community of Colorado City, Arizona.[48] He had recently authored a self-published post-apocalyptic novel.[49][50] Ammon's brother, Ryan Bundy, was also amongst the militants present, and was later arrested for his role in the occupation.

On December 1, 2019, an investigation commissioned by the Washington House of Representatives reported then-Washington state legislator, theocrat and white supremacist Matt Shea,[51] had planned and participated in domestic terrorism on at least three occasions.[52][53] This included his participation, organizing, planning, and promotion of the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada, the 2015 armed conflict in Priest River, Idaho, and the 2016 armed seizure of the Malheur Refuge.[52] Shea led a delegation of right-wing legislators from Oregon, Washington and Idaho that met with law enforcement on January 9, 2016, in Burns, Oregon where they were apprised of confidential intended law enforcement strategies for dealing with the refuge occupiers.[53] The state House district's Republican Representative Cliff Bentz, attended the meeting, despite being warned by Harney County Judge Steven Grasty to decline the invitation. Bentz did, however, warn western Oregon state Representative Dallas Heard, from Roseburg, that it would be "inappropriate," for Heard to attend, though Heard ignored the advice.[54] Shea then disclosed those details to the Bundys, according to the report.[53]

### Hammond arson case

[edit]

Main article: Hammond arson case

In 2012, Dwight Lincoln Hammond, Jr., 73, and Steven Dwight Hammond, 46,[55] were both convicted of two counts of arson on federal land, in relation to two fires they set in 2001 and 2006.[30][56] In a mid-trial settlement agreement, the Hammonds agreed not to appeal the arson convictions in order to have other charges dismissed by the government. The Hammonds were also told the prosecutor would seek the mandatory minimum sentence of five years.[57][58] Ultimately, Dwight Hammond was sentenced to three months' imprisonment and his son Steven was sentenced to a year and a day's imprisonment, which both men served.[59] In 2015, the sentences were, however, vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which then remanded re-sentencing.[60][61] In October 2015, a judge re-sentenced the Hammonds to five years in prison (with credit for time served), ordering that they return to prison on January 4, 2016.[59][61] Stephen was scheduled to be released on June 29, 2019, and Dwight on February 13, 2020.[62] They were pardoned by then-President Donald Trump on July 10, 2018.[63]

In late 2015, the Hammonds' case attracted the attention of Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne. In November 2015, Bundy and his associates began publicizing the Hammonds' case via social media.[64][65] Over the ensuing weeks, Bundy and Payne attempted to set up plans for what they described as a peaceful protest with Harney County Sheriff, David M. Ward, as well as request that the sheriff's office protect the Hammonds from being taken into custody by federal authorities. A sympathetic Ward declined Bundy and Payne's request. He later said that he began receiving death threats by email.[30][66][67]

Despite several early meetings with Bundy and Payne, the Hammonds eventually rejected their offers of assistance.[11]

### Prelude to the occupation

[edit]

On November 5, 2015, Ammon Bundy called Harney County Sheriff David Ward and arranged a meeting later the same day. At the meeting, Ammon Bundy and Montana militiaman Ryan Payne insisted to Sheriff Ward that Ward must shield Dwight and Steven Hammond against re-imprisonment. Ward recalled that when he explained that he did not have authority to shield the Hammonds from a lawful sentence, Bundy's and Payne's demeanor became threatening. Payne told Ward that if he did not shield the Hammonds from imprisonment, "thousands" of armed militiamen would come to the county to "do Ward's job" for him—and Payne pointedly noted that he might not be able to control what else the militia might do.[68] By late fall, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies noticed that members of anti-government militias had started to relocate to Harney County, and the USFWS began circulating a photograph of Ammon Bundy with instructions for staff to "be on the lookout."[30][66][67]

By early December 2015, Bundy and Payne had moved to Burns. The same month, they organized a meeting at the Harney County Fairgrounds to rally support for their efforts. At the meeting, a "committee of safety" was organized by Bundy and Payne to orchestrate direct action against the Hammond sentences.[30] According to that group's website, the Harney County Committee of Safety considers itself "a governmental body established by the people in the absence of the ability of the existing government to provide for the needs and protection of civilized society"[69] (during the American Revolution, committees of safety were shadow governments organized to usurp authority from colonial administrators).[70]

From mid-November to late December 2015, local residents began to notice significant numbers of outsiders in the community, often dressed in military-style attire and openly carrying handguns and sometimes rifles. Some of these armed newcomers engaged in what local people considered threatening and harassing behavior, such as approaching shoppers in local stores and aggressively asking their opinions about the Hammond family. Many local people considered these actions to be deliberate intimidation, intended to sway the community into joining the outsider's unspecified plan to "protect" the Hammonds from re-arrest. Contrary to local custom, some residents began carrying guns in public locations. Many lived in fear that some kind of violent event was about to take place.[71]

On December 30, 2015, USFWS staff members at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge were dismissed early from work. With tensions rising in nearby Burns, supervisors left staff with the final instruction not to return to the refuge unless explicitly instructed.[67] Meanwhile, some Burns residents reported harassment and intimidation by militia members. According to the spouses and children of several federal employees and local police, they had been followed home or to school by vehicles with out-of-state license plates.[72]

On January 1, 2016, a forum held at the Harney County Fairgrounds was attended by about 60 local residents and members of militias. A Burns-area resident who organized the event described it as an opportunity to defuse tensions that had been simmering between locals and out-of-town militia in the preceding days. The event alternated between expressions of sympathy for the Hammonds and suggestions that a peaceful rally could be beneficial.[73]

> The Lord was not pleased with what was happening to the Hammonds. ... If we allowed the Hammonds to continue to be punished, there would be accountability.[44]

—Ammon Bundy, speaking in a video posted on YouTube on January 1

On January 2, a rally of about 300 people gathered in a Safeway supermarket parking lot in Burns, organized by the Pacific Patriots Network (PPN), a militia umbrella organization that includes the 3 Percenters of Idaho. Members of the Pacific Patriots Network had been active in Harney County since November, drawn there by the Hammond arson case.[74] Following speeches, the crowd marched to the home of Dwight and Steven Hammond, stopping briefly en route to protest outside the sheriff's office and the county courthouse. The crowd then returned to the Safeway parking lot and broke up. According to KOIN, the CBS-affiliated television station in Portland, Oregon, there was "no visible police presence at any point."[66][75]

## Armed occupation

[edit]

Main articles: Citizens for Constitutional Freedom and Timeline of the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

### First week

[edit]

A USGS satellite image of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters shows a fire lookout used as a watch tower (1), the main offices used as a headquarters (2), and buildings used as a canteen and barracks (3).

Before the protest crowd broke up, Ammon Bundy announced to the crowd his plan to occupy the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, and he encouraged people to join him. His announcement surprised a PPN rally organizer, who later stated he felt betrayed.[18] Ammon and Ryan Bundy—along with armed associates—separated from the crowd and proceeded to the refuge headquarters, located 30 miles (48 km) south of Burns.[5] The militants settled into the refuge and set up defensive positions.[10] Right before the occupation began, the militants notified the Harney County Sheriff's Office and also contacted a utility company with the intention of taking over the refuge's electric and other services, according to a motion to dismiss and memorandum filed by Ammon Bundy's lawyers on May 9.[7][76]

Law enforcement kept away from the refuge,[10][66][77] but various security measures were taken in surrounding areas.[78][79] By the evening of January 4, no overt police presence was visible in the area between the town and the refuge headquarters.[78] Upon hearing of the occupation at the wildlife refuge, the two ranchers on whose behalf the militants were ostensibly acting disavowed the action.[80]

On January 2, the militia leaders claimed to have 150 armed members at the site, though one journalist reported that no more than a dozen armed militants were on the site,[81] and another reported a claim that there were "between six and 12."[82] On January 3, The Oregonian said there were roughly 20 to 25 people present and that the militants had deployed into defensive positions.[77] On January 3, Ammon Bundy claimed that they were being supplied by area residents.[83]

Other protest groups took varying positions. On January 2, the 3 Percenters of Idaho militia disclaimed involvement, calling the occupation a small splinter action.[27]

Ryan Bundy stated that the militant group wanted the Hammonds to be released and for the federal government to relinquish control of the Malheur National Forest.[5] On January 3, Ammon Bundy said the ultimate goal of the militants was to "get the economics here in the county revived" for logging and outdoor recreation.[83] On January 4, the militants announced a formal name for their group, Citizens for Constitutional Freedom.[84]

Notice posted on the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge's website stating its closure "until further notice"

On January 4, Steven E. Grasty, the judge-executive of Harney County, emailed Ammon Bundy requesting that he leave the refuge.[13] Harney County Sheriff David Ward then requested that the Bundys and others to leave. In response, Ryan Bundy said he wasn't convinced Ward spoke for all of the people in the county.[85] Meanwhile, on January 4, Dwight and Steven Hammond voluntarily reported to begin serving the remainder of their respective prison sentences.[86]

In a public meeting held on January 6 at the Harney County Fairgrounds, nearly every attending person, according to Oregon Public Broadcasting, raised their hands when Ward asked who thought the militants should leave. Ward then offered to escort the militants to the county line if they would depart voluntarily.[87]

A fistfight erupted at the refuge on the evening of January 6 when three members of a group calling themselves Veterans on Patrol attempted to enter the headquarters and convince women, children and Ryan Payne to leave. Instead, they were repelled by militants, leaving one member of the Veterans on Patrol with a black eye.[88][89] Family members of some of the militants were present at the refuge during the occupation, including a minor son of Ammon Bundy, as well as the children of some of the visitors sympathetic to the militia.[90][91][92]

On January 7, Sheriff Ward and other local sheriffs met with Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne 20 miles (32 km) from the site of the occupation. Sheriff Ward repeated his earlier offer to escort the militants out of the county. Bundy rejected the offer, saying the occupation would continue until management of federal land in the county had been turned over to local residents.[93]

### Second week

[edit]

On January 8, members of other militias later met with the militants, asking them to establish a perimeter around the occupied area to avoid a "Waco-style situation."[94] A number of other militia and anti-government groups, some armed, arrived and received a mixed reception.[95] The 3 Percenters of Idaho announced it was sending some of its members to "secure a perimeter" around the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge compound and prevent a repeat of the Waco siege. Ammon Bundy initially welcomed the arrival of the additional militants,[27][96] but hours after their arrival at the refuge on the morning of January 9, the convoy of new militants from the Pacific Patriots Network, led by Brandon Curtiss, president of the 3 Percenters of Idaho, were asked to leave by Utah attorney Todd MacFarlane, who acted as a mediator.[97] The new militants left the refuge that afternoon.[96][98][99]

By January 10, an influx of armed groups and individuals was rotating through Burns, with some declaring they were there to support the occupation, others to try to convince the militants to quit, and still others with undefined purposes.[100] Some militants, meanwhile, left the occupation completely.[101]

On January 11, the militants removed a stretch of fence between the refuge and an adjacent ranch, apparently to give the adjacent ranch access to land that had been blocked for years.[102][103][104] but the ranch owners did not want the fence taken down and subsequently repaired it.[105] The militants began searching through government documents stored for proof of government wrongdoing toward local ranchers.[106][107]

On January 12, the militants told KOIN reporter Chris Holmstrom that the refuge facilities were messy and unorganized when they arrived, and Jason Patrick asserted that they encountered rat feces two inches (51 mm) deep. KOIN recorded some of their cleaning efforts in a garage.[108]

Bruce Doucette, the owner of a computer repair shop in Denver, Colorado, and a self-proclaimed judge, announced on January 12 that he would convene a "citizens grand jury" to charge government officials with various crimes.[109][110] Doucette's claims to be a judge are consistent with legal frauds often practiced by the sovereign citizen movement and other anti-government movements.[111]

On January 14, Ammon Bundy announced that the militants planned a longer stay and were reaching out to nearby county sheriffs for support. Michael Ray Emry, speaking for Bruce Doucette, threaten to hold "a trial with the redress of grievance" against county and other government officials.[112]

Harney County Judge Steven Grasty, Sheriff Ward, and other county officials were served false legal documents by the militants.[113] On January 15, the Oregon State Police arrested a militant at the Safeway in Burns who had been driving a government vehicle stolen from the refuge headquarters.[114][115]

Also on January 15, the Oath Keepers anti-government militia group warned of a prospective "conflagration so great, it cannot be stopped, leading to a bloody, brutal civil war" if the situation descended into violence.[116]

### Third and fourth weeks

[edit]

Ammon Bundy speaks to an FBI negotiator via speaker phone at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge on January 21

Militant numbers continued to grow to "several dozen" according to one report[117] or about 40 in another.[118]

On January 16, LaVoy Finicum told The Washington Post that "[i]t needs to be very clear that these buildings will never, ever return to the federal government," reiterating the group's demands for the federal government to cede ownership of the wildlife refuge.[117]

The militants began to vandalize the property,[119] which local community leaders characterized as an attempt to provoke violent confrontation.[120] A video released by the militants showed them inspecting a locked storage room for archaeological artifacts held in agreement with the Burns Paiute Tribe, an Indian nation in Harney County,[121] leading the tribe to ask the federal authorities to block the passage of occupiers to the site.[122][123]

> We also recognize that the Native Americans had the claim to the land, but they lost that claim. There are things to learn from cultures of the past, but the current culture is the most important.[123]

—Ryan Bundy

On January 19, Ammon Bundy and several other militant occupiers appeared unannounced at a community meeting in Burns without addressing the crowd. Residents urged an end to the occupation as did rallies held by opponents in Eugene and Portland, Oregon, and in Idaho.[124]

On January 21, Bundy met with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and discussed with them about relinquishing federal government control of the refuge as well as the releases of Dwight and Steven Hammond. He agreed to meet with the FBI again on the next day, but when the meeting occurred, Bundy left when the agent present declined to negotiate in front of the media.[125][126]

On January 23, the militants hosted a news conference at the refuge, promising news reporters that an Oregon cattle rancher and one from New Mexico would be present to sign papers renouncing their federal grazing permits. Although the Oregon rancher did not show up, the one from New Mexico did. At the conference, Adrian C. Sewell, of Grant County, New Mexico, renounced his federal grazing permit. The Oregonian newspaper noted that "Sewell's all-American credentials are tarnished" by a conviction on eight counts of assuault with a deadly weapon in Oklahoma in 2002.[126][127]

## January 26 arrests and shooting

[edit]

See also: LaVoy Finicum § 2016 refuge occupation and death

FBI surveillance footage shows Robert LaVoy Finicum's truck being pursued by police vehicles on U.S. Route 395. In this one-minute excerpt, Finicum encounters a police roadblock and drives into a roadside snowbank. Non-lethal weaponry, rubber bullets and flash bang grenades, were employed at the second roadblock. Ryan Payne is hit in the hand by a 40 mm sponge bullet through the open front passenger window as he hesitated, contemplating surrender. A bullet penetrates the roof of the truck, with shrapnel wounding Ryan Bundy in the shoulder. Finicum then quickly exits his vehicle walks away from his truck, and an OSP officer pointing a Taser approaches from uphill to the left of Finicum, while OSP SWAT officers and FBI HRT agents with rifles position themselves to his left. Finicum repeatedly raises and lowers his hands moving his hands from over his head to toward the inside of his jacket, then turns around slightly to the right to face the driver's side of his vehicle from which he had walked. He is then shot three times in the back by two OSP officers. (One-minute excerpt from 26-minute FBI aerial footage.)[128][129][130]

During the first weeks, law enforcement allowed the militants to come and go from the refuge at will.[131] On January 26, the main leaders attempted to drive two vehicles to adjacent Grant County, Oregon, where Ryan Payne was invited by a Canyon City, Oregon, logger to speak at a public meeting at the John Day Senior Center in John Day, Oregon.[132][133][134] It was the first time in which the main leaders were traveling together away from the refuge headquarters. State and federal authorities used the opportunity to intercept them with a traffic stop on a stretch of U.S. Route 395, situated away from populated areas.[131]

The militants' convoy consisted of a white 2015 Dodge Ram driven by LaVoy Finicum, followed by a dark-colored Jeep.[135][136] Vehicles driven by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Oregon State Police pulled in behind the Jeep. The driver of the Jeep pulled over and he and his passengers, Ammon Bundy and Brian Cavalier, surrendered peacefully and were taken into custody. Finicum kept driving, followed by the authorities, but eventually stopped with police cars behind his truck. The police launched a round of 1.6-inch (40 mm) foam-nosed pepper spray at the vehicle.[137] Ryan Payne exited Finicum's truck and surrendered peacefully, also surrendering a handgun holstered on his right hip. Shawna Cox, a passenger in Finicum's truck, recorded cell phone video of Finicum shouting to police that he intended to ignore their orders and drive away.[138] Other cell phone video footage shot by Ryan Bundy, another passenger, also showed Finicum taunting officers and daring them to shoot and kill him.[139][140]

About seven minutes after stopping his truck, Finicum resumed driving north at high speed.[136][141] Cox, Ryan Bundy, and 18-year-old Victoria Sharp, were still in the rear seat of the truck at the time.[141][142][143] They were subsequently pursued by officers and eventually encountered a roadblock about 1 mile (1.6 km) later. An Oregon State Police SWAT member, identified in the trial of FBI agent Astarita as "Officer 1," fired three shots with an AR-15, into Finicum's truck as it approached the roadblock.[144] Finicum steered off the pavement to the left shoulder to evade the roadblock, embedding his truck in a roadside snowbank.[145] Two OSP officers and four FBI agents were posted at the roadblock, with one of the FBI agents nearly being run over by Finicum's truck.[135]

Finicum soon exited and began walking away from his truck, briefly raising and lowering his hands above his head. While Finicum was leaving his truck, an FBI Hostage Rescue Team member allegedly fired two shots[146] one of which entered the truck and ricocheted, inflicting the minor shrapnel wound on Ryan Bundy.[147] OSP officers and FBI agents armed with rifles positioned themselves to his left, while an OSP officer equipped with a non-lethal Taser X2 walked downhill from an embankment toward him. As the officer with the Taser attempted to move within 15 feet (4.6 m) to make the most effective use of the Taser, Finicum turned his body to the left, holding his jacket with his left hand and reaching for a pocket with his right hand. He was then shot twice in the back by an OSP SWA member from the roadblock identified as "Officer 1," and once by "Officer 2," from the pursuit vehicle.[129][137][148]

### Immediate aftermath

[edit]

LaVoy Finicum

Immediately after the shooting and arrests, officials stated that Finicum was reaching for a handgun in his pocket when he was shot by a state trooper.[131] The FBI found a loaded 9mm Ruger SR9, a gift from his stepson, in Finicum's left jacket pocket.[149][150][151]

Both of the Bundy brothers and three other militants were arrested. They faced "federal felony charges of conspiracy to impede federal officers from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation or threats" (Title 18, United States Code, Section 372).[24][152][153] The driver of the Jeep and Victoria Sharp, a passenger in Finicum's truck, were released without charges. Medical assistance was given to Finicum approximately 10 minutes after the shooting.[154]

Prior to the video of the action being released, some of the militants and supporters had claimed that Finicum was cooperating with the police when he was shot. This included a claim by Nevada Assemblywoman Michele Fiore (who was not present at the arrest) that "he was just murdered with his hands up."[155] Cliven Bundy was quoted as saying that Finicum was "sacrificed for a good purpose."[156] At a news conference, officials had initially declined to comment on the Finicum shooting because the encounter was still under investigation,[157] but they later released surveillance video of the incident, which officials said shows Finicum reaching for a handgun after feigning surrender,[158][159] but Finicum's family continued to dispute the nature of the shooting, claiming that he was shot in the back while his hands were in the air, and denied the FBI's assertion that Finicum was armed at the time of his death.[160] Finicum's public autopsy was performed on January 28, but officials withheld the autopsy report from the press until March 8.[146][161] The Finicum family commissioned a private autopsy, but declined to make the results public.[136]

Three others were arrested in separate actions: Peter Santilli and Joseph O'Shaughnessy were arrested locally, while Jon Ritzheimer was placed under arrest by the FBI in Peoria, Arizona, after he had voluntarily surrendered.[162]

## Fifth and sixth weeks

[edit]

Following the January 26 arrests, the occupation continued.[143] In the early morning hours of January 27, militant Jason Patrick said that women and children had left the occupation, adding that five to six people met and then decided to continue the occupation.[24] Many people reportedly left in a hurry. Hours later, federal and state police forces moved into the region, formed a perimeter around the refuge, and blocked access to it by setting up roadblocks. Only ranchers who owned land near the area were allowed to pass.[163]

The remaining members debated on what to do next, with some angry about the recent events.[164] Through his lawyer, Michael Arnold of Eugene, Oregon, Ammon Bundy on January 27 urged those remaining at the refuge to stand down and go home,[165] statements that were echoed by his wife.[166] Later, several vehicles were seen leaving the refuge before the police perimeter had been set up.[167] Later that day, eight people left the refuge and were met by the FBI and the Oregon State Police at the perimeter. Three militants, including Patrick, surrendered and were arrested, while five other people were allowed to leave the refuge by authorities without incident.[168][169] By the morning of January 28, four militants remained: David Fry, 27, of Blanchester, Ohio; husband and wife Sean, 48, and Sandra Lynn Anderson, 47, both of Riggins, Idaho; and Jeff Banta, 46, of Yerington, Nevada.[170][171]

Fry reported that there was a warrant for the arrest of Sean Anderson;[172] the Associated Press reported that Anderson was facing misdemeanor charges in Wisconsin for resisting arrest and drug possession.[173] Fry also added that the others were free to go, but the four were reluctant to leave unless they were all allowed to go freely and Sean Anderson was not arrested.[174][175] The FBI reportedly offered a deal where Sean Anderson would be arrested and the others would go free; this was acceptable to Fry and Banta, but not Sandra Anderson, at which point all four made a pact to remain together.[170]

By January 29, the four said they had ended negotiations with the FBI and were planning to remain at the refuge until their supplies ran out.[170] On January 30, the FBI said negotiations were continuing.[176] The militants also claimed that the FBI was shutting down their ability to communicate with the outside world, including locking down their ability to make or receive cell phone calls.[177] The FBI later confirmed this action.[178] The militants were able to maintain contact with Oregon Public Broadcasting from January 31 to February 3, at which point their line of communication was cut.[179] About a week later, David Fry was able to reestablish online communications.[180] On February 3, the remaining four militants, along with twelve of the arrested militants, were indicted for conspiracy to impede U.S. officers, though Kirkland and Stetson were not.[181]

Signs were added at some roadblocks stating that unauthorized protesters or visitors would be subject to arrest if they passed said blocks.[182]

### Surrender of the last four militants involved

[edit]

At about 4:30 p.m. on February 10, David Fry rode past the police barricades using an all-terrain vehicle before returning to the refuge at high speed. Federal authorities claimed that caused them to begin to surround the refuge at around 5:45 p.m.[183][184][185]

Michael Arnold, Ammon Bundy's lawyer, learned of the escalation from a live feed where the remaining holdouts were talking of murder and asking to speak to Nevada Assemblywoman Michele Fiore. Fiore was informed of the request as her flight touched down at the Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon. Meanwhile, Arnold sent text messages to an FBI negotiator saying, "Fiore is landing now. Can you get her on the phone with the people at the refuge? ... We can slow this down by offering Michele Fiore to talk to them."[186] Fiore stated on a YouTube livestream with the militants that she would try to mediate the situation.[185] While she talked to the four militants, Arnold worked on getting the FBI on the phone. At 7:38 p.m., an FBI agent told Arnold that Fiore was doing a good job and they should go to Burns.[186]

Later that night, it was reported that the remaining militants would be turning themselves in to the FBI at 8:00 a.m. on the following morning.[187] On the morning of February 11, Fiore and Arnold arrived in Burns. Fiore met with Reverend Franklin Graham at the Burns Municipal Airport, who had flown in there on his private airplane, and both were driven to the refuge in an FBI armored truck, with Arnold in a vehicle behind them. Fiore and Graham took turns addressing the militants over a loudspeaker on the truck, and Arnold provided the FBI Ammon Bundy's recorded message for Fry.[186] By 11:00 a.m., Sean and Sandra Anderson, Jeff Banta, and Fry surrendered to the FBI without incident. The previous night, Cliven Bundy had been arrested by the FBI after deplaning at the Portland International Airport on charges related to events that were alleged to have occurred during the 2014 Bundy standoff.[188] He had flown to Portland to support Fry, Banta, and the Andersons.[189] In February 2016, the elder Bundy was transported back from Portland, Oregon, to Las Vegas, Nevada, to be tried in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada on charges related to the standoff at his Nevada ranch.[190] In the first trial there, two defendants who were not charged in Oregon were convicted of some counts, with the jury deadlocked on other charges against them and four others. The two who received guilty verdicts were sentenced on July 26 and 27.[191] Retrials of the first six and the trials of the remaining eleven defendants were scheduled for June 26 by Judge Gloria Navarro.[192]

## Aftermath

[edit]

### Further arrests

[edit]

The final arrest of the 26 militants indicted for felony conspiracy was of Travis Cox, and took place on April 12 in Cedar City, Utah.[193] At sentencing, on August 7, 2017, the 20-year-old Cox, the youngest of all those indicted, described his own behavior as "arrogant" and "ignorant." He had served 51 days in pre-trial custody before making bail. U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown said about him, "I think it's important to note, if my memory is correct, you're the first person who's acknowledged this was a mistake." She sentenced him to two months of house arrest. By August 7, eleven occupiers had pleaded guilty to felony conspiracy to impede federal workers.[194]

In the months preceding the sentencing of Cox, Sean, Sandra and Dylan Anderson each received sentences of a year of probation for trespassing.[194]

A 27th militant, Scott Alan Willingham, was arrested on March 16.[12] Willingham pleaded guilty to one count of theft of government property on May 12.[195] Michael Ray Emry, who had described himself as being an "embedded reporter" for the 3 Percenters of Idaho,[196][197] was arrested by the FBI on May 6 in John Day, Oregon, on federal weapons charges relating to his possession of a stolen fully automatic .50-caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun.[196][197][198][199] Willingham told The Oregonian that Emry spent time at the refuge for media purposes and to share his expertise with weapons, and supplied another militant at the refuge with a semi-automatic AK-47 rifle.[200]

### Trials

[edit]

See also: Citizens for Constitutional Freedom § Legal proceedings

This section should include only a brief summary of Citizens for Constitutional Freedom#Legal proceedings. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (May 2017)

|

A total of 27 people involved in the occupation were charged under federal law; of those, 26 have been indicted for a single federal felony count of conspiracy to impede officers of the U.S. from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation, or threats.[201] A number of those under indictment on the conspiracy charge are also charged with a variety of other counts, some of which incur sentences up to life imprisonment, including possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities, use and carry of firearms in relation to a crime of violence, depredation of government property (relating to damaging the site "by means of excavation and the use of heavy equipment"), and theft of government property.[202][203] In addition, several of those under indictment in Oregon have also been indicted separately for their roles in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada.[204]

In January 2016, a court denied bail to Ammon and Ryan Bundy saying that they were "a flight risk and a danger to the community." The court also denied bail to Ryan Payne, Dylan Anderson, and Jason Patrick.[205] In 2017, prosecutors said they would be asking for a 41-month prison sentence for Payne.[206]

By August 2016, twelve militants pleaded guilty to charges against them, including four of nine militants who were part of Bundy's "inner circle". Of those four, two were reported to be negotiating a resolution to a federal indictment in regards to the Bundy standoff in Nevada.[207][208] The trials for seven militants, including Ammon Bundy, were scheduled to start on September 7, 2016; while a further seven militants were set for trial beginning February 14, 2017.[209][210] Charges against the remaining indicted militant, Peter Santilli, were dropped (but he still faces charges in Nevada related to the 2014 Bundy standoff).[211] On August 3, 2016, about 1,500 potential jurors were summoned and asked to complete questionnaires that would be reviewed by the attorneys and parties involved in the September 7, 2016, trials.[212] Judge Anna Brown previously said the case would require an unusually large jury pool.[209]

On October 27, 2016, Ammon Bundy and six other defendants were found not guilty of conspiracy to impede federal officers and possession of firearms in a federal facility by a jury. One defendant was found not guilty of theft of a government-owned truck, and the jury was hung on charges of theft of surveillance cameras by another defendant.[213] The judge released five of the defendants, but returned Ammon and Ryan Bundy to federal custody because they also face trial related to the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada.[214] At the end of the trial, Marcus Mumford, Ammon Bundy's lawyer, argued with the judge that Bundy should be released immediately on the grounds that the court did not have a detainer, and the United States Marshals Service had no document authorizing Bundy's detention. Both of the Bundy brothers had been ordered to be held without bail in January when they were charged.[215] After the judge admonished him for yelling at the bench, six U.S. Marshals surrounded the defense table and then tackled Mumford and tased him when he resisted. A spokesman for the Marshals Service said Mumford was arrested because he "was resisting and preventing Marshals from taking Ammon Bundy out of the courtroom and back into custody." Other lawyers described the Marshals' actions as a sharp break from customary courtroom decorum.[216][217] On March 13, 2017, federal prosecutors dropped the unusual charges brought against Mumford for his outburst at his client's verdict.[218]

In the trial of the second group of defendants held in February 2017, four remaining defendants were being prosecuted for conspiring to impede federal employees from working at the refuge through intimidation, threats, or fear. Greg Bretzing, the recently retired FBI special agent in charge testified that several agency informants had been sent into the refuge occupation to assess the situation. One, Mark McConnell, was Ammon Bundy's driver in the convoy to the city of John Day. Drones, fixed cameras, and aerial reconnaissance were used in the surveillance. Bretzing said no military had been involved. He said his top three goals were a peaceable end to the takeover, a return of the refuge to USFWS control, and holding accountable the occupiers who were involved.[219] He said there were "maybe a couple of hundred" FBI agents in Harney County plus dozens of state and local law enforcement officers during the refuge takeover. Prosecutors indicated that nine informants had been engaged at the refuge occupation, for periods of two hours to 23 days, and that none were involved at the initial occupation. Some had carried weapons.

A California blogger, Gary Hunt, said he received a thumb drive and documents that contained the names of the nine informants who had been at the Refuge, and six others in the case who had not been there, and he subsequently posted them online to aid the defense. Judge Brown ordered him to take down such information as to their identities that he had posted, holding him in contempt, and he did so just before her deadline when she said she would levy what she termed "more coercive" sanctions.[220]

A neighbor testified that he had heard "hundreds" of shots fired at the refuge's boat launch, and that an occupying tower sentry had aimed a rifle at him and another looked at him through a rifle scope.[221] A video of an occupier meeting found on defendant Jason Patrick's seized camera that was played in the courtroom showed chaos reigned amongst the occupiers after Finicum's death. "We already have our martyr," one said, and another suggested targeting federal officials, saying "execute them, their families, and everyone." Defendant Blaine Cooper proposed leaving the refuge in a USFWS firetruck with others trailing behind it. "If they try to (expletive) with us, lay lead down."[222] Both Cooper's father, Stanley Blaine Hicks, and stepmother, Lindalee Hicks, testified that he was not a truthful person.[223] Refuge employees were set to testify that they had received death threats and feared for their lives, but the judge would not allow it, finding it was prejudicial.

In closing arguments, attorneys for Duane Ehmer, Jason Patrick, Darryl Thorn, and Jake Ryan maintained that no conspiracy existed. "It was never there," Michele Kohler, representing Ehmer, told the jury. "The thought was never given to the employees. [The occupiers] went there on a holiday weekend."[224] The second jury brought split verdicts. All four defendants in it were found guilty of at least one charge, and Darrl Thorn of two. Jason Patrick and Thorn, who were on security details, were found guilty of conspiring to prevent federal workers from doing their refuge jobs. Duane Ehmer and Jake Ryan were found not guilty on that count. Ehmer and Ryan were found guilty of willfully damaging the refuge when they used a refuge excavator to dig two deep trenches on January 27, 2016. Jurors also found Thorn guilty of possessing a firearm in a federal facility, while acquitting Patrick and Ryan of that same charge.[225] While the jury was in deliberations on the felony cases, Judge Brown held a bench trial for the remaining misdemeanor charges on the last four defendants. The defense contended they didn't know nor were they given proper notice that they were trespassing.[226] Ehmer's misdemeanor charges were for tampering with vehicles and equipment, removal of property, and trespassing.[227]

Noting that the defendant's guilty plea and low level of involvement in the occupation had mitigated the consequences of his actions, Judge Brown sentenced Geoffrey Stanek on June 26, 2017, to two years' probation and six months' house arrest.[206] For similar reasons, on July 6, 2017, Brown sentenced 23-year-old Tulalip, Washington, tribal employee Eric Lee Flores, to twenty-four months' probation including five months' house arrest.[228] As with Stanek and Flores, probation had been expected for "low-level defendants" Wesley Kjar and Jason Blomgren.[194]

As of August 11, 2017, it had been anticipated that Jason Patrick, Joseph O'Shaughnessy, Duane Ehmer, Darryl Thorn, Jake Ryan, Ryan Payne, Jon Ritzheimer and Blaine Cooper, would be sentenced later in 2017, for their convictions of felonies and misdemeanors involved in the Malheur occupation.[229] Thirteen convicted occupiers have agreed to pay a total of $78,000 (~$95,371 in 2023) in restitution. Ritzheimer and Payne, after pleading guilty to a federal conspiracy charge, and Patrick, convicted at trial of conspiracy plus several misdemeanor offenses, each agreed to pay $10,000. O'Shaughnessy, Cooper, Brian Cavalier and Corey Lequieu, after their guilty pleas to conspiracy, agreed to pay $7,000 each. Thorn, tried and convicted of felonious conspiracy to impede federal workers from doing their jobs at the refuge, plus possession of a firearm in a federal facility and misdemeanors including trespass, agreed to pay $5,000. The most minor of the offenders, Blomgren, Flores, Stanek, Kjar, and Travis Cox all agreed to pay $3,000 each. As of the end of August, the final two defendants, Duane Ehmer and Jake Ryan, still awaited sentencing. They both had dug trenches at the refuge and received guilty verdicts for depredation of government property.[230]

On November 16, 2017, Duane Ehmer was sentenced to 12 months and 1 day, with three years of supervised release.[231] On November 21, 2017, Darryl Thorn was sentenced to 18 months in prison.[232] On November 22, 2017, Wesley Kjar was sentenced to two years of probation with 250 hours of community service.[233] On November 30, 2017, Jon Ritzheimer was sentenced to a year and a day in federal prison and must spend another 12 months in a residential re-entry program.[234] On January 24, 2018, Jake Ryan was sentenced to 12 months and a day in federal prison for depredation of government property, trespass and tampering with government vehicles and equipment. Ryan was also placed on 3 years' supervised release.[235] On February 15, 2018, Jason Patrick was sentenced to 21 months in federal prison followed by three years of supervised release.[236] On February 27, 2018, Ryan Payne was sentenced to 37 months in federal prison along with three years of supervision.[237] On March 15, 2018, Joseph O'Shaughnessy was sentenced to time served and two years of supervised release.[238] On June 12, 2018, Blaine Cooper was sentenced to time served and three years of supervised release. He was also ordered to pay $7,000 in restitution.[239]

### FBI investigation of scene and damage to refuge

[edit]

Examples of damage caused by the militants

Following the surrender of the last militants, the FBI labeled the entire refuge a crime scene and canvassed the buildings in search of explosives and any previously existing hazardous materials.[240] A collection of firearms and explosives were found inside the refuge.[241] Safes were found to have been broken into, with money, cameras, and computers stolen by the militants. They were also found to have badly damaged tribal artifacts.[242] The FBI's Art Crime Team conducted an archaeological field assessment to determine if the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act or the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 were violated; additional charges may result if so.[243]

During the occupation, the militants illegally dug a new road using a government-owned excavator, expanded a parking lot, dug trenches, destroyed part of a USFWS-owned fence, and removed security cameras.[120][244] Some of the refuge's pipes broke, after which the militants, officials said, defecated "everywhere."[242] Investigators found "significant amounts of human feces" at "two large trenches and an improvised road on or adjacent to grounds containing sensitive artifacts" of the Burns Paiute Tribe.[245] A USFWS spokesperson said that the damage risked "the destruction and desecration of culturally significant Native American sites" and called it "disgusting, ghoulish behavior."[120] The Burns Paiute Tribe condemned the damage;[246] tribal council member Jarvis Kennedy described it as if "someone went to Arlington National Cemetery and went to the bathroom on the graves and rode a bulldozer over them."[247] Two of the militants, Sean Larry Anderson and Jake Edward Ryan, were subsequently indicted for "depredation of government property," an offense that carries a potential ten-year jail sentence.[202][248] A group of 600 volunteers signed up to restore the refuge, after the Oregon Natural Desert Association sought assistance.[244] The FBI also found evidence that the militants used a boat launch area, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northeast of the refuge, for firearms training. At the boat launch area, investigators recovered about 1,685 spent shell casings.[249]

The refuge remained closed after the FBI left the site in late February, with the entrance road blocked off from public access by armed officers from the USFWS.[250] The refuge's manager described it as "one big mess" at the end of February. Although he and fifteen other employees at the refuge were able to return to their jobs at the end of February, they found that while there had not been much structural damage to the buildings, there had been a great deal of disruption to files, heavy equipment, and fittings, in addition to the problems caused by a lengthy break in the maintenance of the refuge's infrastructure.[251] Efforts to reduce the population of invasive carp in Malheur Lake are thought to have been set back by three years. While the buildings remain closed for repairs, which are expected to take until the summer,[252] the refuge's lands were reopened to the public in mid-March.[247]

### Prosecution of FBI agent

[edit]

An FBI agent, W. Joseph Astarita, was alleged to have fired two shots at Finicum's pickup, one penetrating the roof and exiting through a window. Shrapnel from the shot lodged in the shoulder of Ryan Bundy.[130] It was believed that FBI agents may have recovered ejected empty cartridges at the scene.[130] A five-count indictment for alleged lying about the circumstances at the scene of Finicum's death, and for alleged obstruction of justice, was obtained in Portland against Astarita by the Department of Justice. He was represented by a public defender and retained counsel.[130] He stated that his personal costs of defense had drained his finances.[130][253] He entered a not-guilty plea.[254] On July 16, 2018, U.S. District Judge Robert E. Jones struck one count of making a false statement and one count of obstruction of justice.[130][255]

Astarita's trial began in late July 2018 and the prosecution presented its case. Investigators accounted for six of eight shots taken at Finicum or his truck. Three bullets hit the front of the truck as it sped north at the highway roadblock. Two more shots from that roadblock SWAT member (identified as "Officer 1") in the Astarita trial, struck Finicum in the back as he walked uphill away from his vehicle, toward a third officer who was holding a Taser.[130] Those latter shots were discharged as LaVoy was reaching inside his jacket shouting, "Shoot me, shoot me." Detectives said they found Finicum's loaded automatic pistol with a round chambered, in his jacket.[citation needed] A total of six bullets had been fired by two Oregon State Police (OSP) SWAT officers, the first three at the oncoming vehicle.[130] According to investigators, the fatal volley included one round that hit Finicum's back which was fired by "Officer 2," who had arrived in the chase vehicle.[130] Non-lethal rounds had also been fired at the vehicle, and Ryan Payne was hit in the hand by a rubber bullet.[130] The investigators and prosecutors believed someone else fired two additional shots. One of those two bullets hit the roof of Finicum's truck as he was exiting his vehicle with both hands raised, after he had swerved his truck into a deep snowbank alongside the southbound edge of the roadblock. A second shot missed. Both those interim shots, taken before the fatal volley, were attributed by prosecutors to Astarita, but he had denied firing at all.[130][148] Extensive forensic evidence and analysis was presented in expert testimony.[130] Deschutes County, Oregon sheriff's Detective Ron Brown, who was the lead case agent in the Finicum shooting investigation, said he contacted Ryan Bundy, by email, phone and in person, attempting to convince him to have the "metal fragment or whatever it may be" removed from his shoulder, as a bullet fragment could possibly have been, "... traced back (to) help determine where it came from." However, Bundy either refused to have the fragment extracted, or alternatively, made "completely unreasonable demands," including desiring certain individuals to be criminally charged in the case.[130]

The name of one of the officers who fired on Finicum was inadvertently revealed during the trial and circulated via social media by occupier supporters. The public release of that officer's name was objected to by Finicum's widow.[130] On August 10, 2018, a federal jury which had deliberated for six hours, returned not guilty verdicts on all charges against Astarita.[130][256]

### Costs

[edit]

According to an initial analysis by The Oregonian, the occupation "cost taxpayers at least $3.3 million to cover the massive police response, a week of shuttered schools and a long list of supplies ranging from food to flashlight batteries."[257] Most of the cost was for around-the-clock police work: the Oregon State Police spent US$1.2 million on wages, overtime, lodging, and fuel; while an additional US$788,500 was paid for help from other police and government agencies from outside Harney County. The municipalities of Burns and Hines, Oregon, along with Harney County, its schools, spent US$521,800. The US$3.3 million figure also includes wages paid to employees who could not work because of the occupation, such as US$425,000 for about 120 BLM employees whose offices were closed. The figure of the costs does not include additional costs, such as lost time in the field, delayed or canceled BLM projects, or added demand for food and services at local nonprofits, such as the Harney County Senior Center.[257] A subsequent estimate stated the cost as at least US$9 million, including US$2 million spent relocating employees who had been threatened by the militants, US$2.3 million on federal law enforcement, US$1.7 million to replace damaged or stolen property and over US$3 million spent by Oregon government agencies.[258]

### Reopening of refuge headquarters

[edit]

> Do it. Please continue to go there and check birds off your life list. And then, rather than heading into the visitor center, head into Burns, eat at a local restaurant, and provide some boost to their economy as well.[259]

—Jason Holm, Pacific Region USFWS spokesman

In September 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said the headquarters area would remain closed while they installed security upgrades, which they anticipated could take until spring 2017. Roads and wetlands remained open to the public for birding.[259] By May 8, 2017, the entire Visitor Center, including Center Patrol Road, had been reopened to visitors.[260]

### Reactions

[edit]

Main article: Reactions to the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Throughout the occupation, statements were issued by anti-government activists and sympathetic residents, who criticized the militants' tactics.[261][262][263] Other statements of condemnation were issued by legal scholars;[264] and federal, state, local, and tribal governments.[265][266][267][268] In the first days, the takeover sparked a debate in the United States on the meaning of the word "terrorist" and on how the news media and law enforcement treat situations involving people of different ethnicities or religions.[269]

Oregon government officeholders, such as Governor Kate Brown and Congressmen Peter DeFazio, Earl Blumenauer, and other top officials in Oregon who had hoped for a more rapid and rigorous federal response, urged criminal proceedings for the militants and expressed praise that the occupation ended without further bloodshed.[270]

Congressman Greg Walden, whose district office is in Bend and incorporates the refuge, said, "We can all be grateful that today has ended peacefully, and that this situation is finally over. Now, life in Harney County can begin to return to normal and the community can begin the long process of healing." Walden complained about allegedly poor federal forest and land management policies during the occupation, and said he would like to see changes to those policies: "We need to foster a more cooperative spirit between the federal agencies and the people who call areas like Harney County home."[270] On June 27, 2018, Walden pleaded for a pardon for the Hammonds on the floor of the House of Representatives,[271] and in a statement issued July 1, Walden quoted Judge Michael Robert Hogan's opinion that sentencing the Hammonds even to the minimum mandatory sentence would "shock the conscious" [sic] and revealed that then-President Donald Trump was considering a pardon for the arsonists.[272]

Harney County held a primary election in May 2016 at which voters turned out in large numbers. All of the winning candidates had opposed the occupation.[273]

### Civil lawsuits filed in federal court

[edit]

At least two civil suits were filed by participants.

A civil rights case filed by passengers of Finicums truck was dismissed. On January 31, 2018, passengers in Finicum's truck, Ryan Bundy, Shawna Cox and Victoria Sharp along with Ryan Payne filed their own civil rights lawsuit in United States district court in Portland, Oregon against Astarita, Bretzing, and other officials. The plaintiffs allege they were the victims of an "armed ambush, excessive-force seizure, conspiracy, battery and assault and seeks a common law jury to award damages of up to $1 million (~$1.2 million in 2023) per count.[274] On July 19, 2018, U.S. Magistrate Judge Patricia Sullivan granted a motion to dismiss Ryan Bundy and Shawna Cox as plaintiffs.[275] On September 6, 2019, Chief United States District Judge Michael W. Mosman dismissed all counts in the lawsuit.[276]

As of July 24, 2020, a wrongful death case brought by LaVoy Finicum's family remains pending. The case was filed on January 26, 2018, in United States district court in Pendleton, Oregon. Named as defendants were the United States, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Oregon State Police, the Bureau of Land Management, Oregon governor Kate Brown, Greg Bretzing, former FBI special agent in charge in Portland, indicted FBI agent W. Joseph Astarita, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon, former U.S. Senator Harry Reid of Nevada, Harney County Sheriff Dave Ward, Harney County commissioner Steven Grasty, the Center for Biological Diversity and multiple unnamed officers. The lawsuit seeks more than $5 million in damages for Finicum's wife, Jeanette, and each of their 12 children and his estate. Kieran Suckling, executive director of the Center for Biological Diversity, called the suit a "bizarre, incoherent, yet nonetheless dangerous, attack on free speech."[277] Disposition of the case and parties was reviewed by U.S. Magistrate Judge Patricia Sullivan, who on July 24, 2020 made recommendations to the district court regarding each of the defendants. The judge recommended that all defendants be dismissed except the Oregon State Police. The family will have an opportunity to respond to the dismissal recommendations before a district judge makes a final decision on which, if any, of the defendants will remain parties to the lawsuit.[278] On August 5, 2021, U.S. District Judge Michael Mosman dismissed most of the civil claims brought in the suit.[279]

## See also

[edit]

* Occupation of Alcatraz
* Patriot movement
* Posse Comitatus
* Sagebrush Rebellion
* Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
* Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act
* W. Cleon Skousen
* Wise use movement
* Wounded Knee incident

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (April 25, 2016). "Ammon Bundy to challenge authority of feds to prosecute Oregon standoff defendants". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
2. ^ Ammon Bundy Believes the "Lord is not pleased" with the US Federal Government. Youtube clip by Ammon Bundy, January 1, 2016. Downloaded March 14, 2022
3. ^ Sepulvado, John (January 10, 2016) [1st pub. January 9, 2016]. "Ryan Bundy: Guns Show We're Serious". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
4. ^ Terhune, Katie (January 4, 2016). "Militia members speak out about occupation of wildlife refuge". Asheville Citizen-Times. Tysons Corner, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
5. ^ a b c d Zaitz, Les (January 3, 2016). "Militia takes over Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
6. ^ Brown, Karina (May 10, 2016). "Bundy Filing Shows Intent Behind Refuge Takeover". Pasadena, California. Courthouse News Service. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
7. ^ a b Casey, Lissa; Arnold, Michael (May 9, 2016). "Defendant Ammon Bundy's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction" (PDF). Retrieved May 11, 2016.
8. ^ "NOTICE: Redress of Grievance". Bundy Ranch (Blog). December 11, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
9. ^ Levin, Sam; Dake, Lauren (October 27, 2016). "Bundy brothers found not guilty of conspiracy in Oregon militia standoff". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
10. ^ a b c d Zaitz, Les (January 5, 2016). "Militants continue occupation of Oregon refuge, police keep low profile". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
11. ^ a b Stack, Liam; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Wildlife Refuge Occupied in Protest of Oregon Ranchers' Prison Terms". The New York Times. New York. p. A13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
12. ^ a b Hart, Sean (March 24, 2016). "Refuge occupier arrested in Mt. Vernon taken into federal custody". Blue Mountain Eagle. John Day, Oregon. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
13. ^ a b Taylor, Phil (January 6, 2016). "Ore. town fed up, but not afraid of militants". Greenwire. Washington, D.C.: Environment & Energy Publishing. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
14. ^ Flowers, Shaunee (January 8, 2016). "Ammon Bundy Met With Harney County Sheriff, Refuses To Leave Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". The Inquisitr. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
15. ^ Valdes, Manuel (January 9, 2016). "Armed Group Not Ready to End Wildlife Refuge Occupation". ABC News. New York: American Broadcasting Company. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
16. ^ Moore, Wanda; Lerten, Barney (January 4, 2016). "Militia leader explains takeover, says group has name". Bend, Oregon: KTVZ. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
17. ^ Moore, Wanda; Lerten, Barney (January 5, 2016). "Harney County sheriff urges others not to join refuge 'militants'". Bend, Oregon: KTVZ. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
18. ^ a b Leeds, Tyler (January 4, 2016). "Central Oregon activists in Burns: Occupiers hijacked trust". The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon: Western Communications. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
19. ^ Sullivan, Andy (January 5, 2016). "Oregon activists picked the wrong battle, militia leaders say". Reuters. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
20. ^ Bult, Laura (January 5, 2016). "Ryan Bundy, one of the leaders of the armed activists occupying the Malheur Wildlife Refuge in Oregon, says locals support them". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
21. ^ a b Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (January 4, 2016). "Meet the veterans who have joined the Oregon militiamen". The Washington Post. Arlington, Virginia: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
22. ^ Pamplin Media Group (January 6, 2016). "Sheriffs respond to Harney County's call for help". Portland Tribune. Portland, Oregon: Pamplin Media Group. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
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168. ^ Friedman, Gordon; Stanglin, Doug (January 28, 2016). "FBI arrests 3 more Oregon protesters as standoff winds down". Cleveland, OH: WKYC. Retrieved January 28, 2016.[permanent dead link]
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170. ^ a b c "Militants Say Negotiations With FBI Stall At Malheur Refuge". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
171. ^ Rauzi, David (February 3, 2016). "Fear restrains Riggins couple at standoff site". Idaho County Free Press. Grangeville, Idaho: Eagle Newspapers, Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
172. ^ "Trapped Inside Malheur Refuge, Militants Desperate For Way Out". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
173. ^ Ridler, Keith; Sonner, Scott (February 4, 2016). "Who are the 4 still holding out at Malheur refuge?". Portland, Oregon: KGW. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
174. ^ Chappell, Bill (January 28, 2016). "4 Militants Remain In Oregon Wildlife Refuge, As FBI Negotiations Go On". The Two-Way. Washington, D.C.: NPR. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
175. ^ Templeton, Amelia (January 28, 2016). "4 Remaining Militants Tell OPB They Are Ready To Leave Refuge". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
176. ^ "FBI Keeps Negotiating With Defiant Oregon Refuge Holdouts". Lawyer Herald. February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
177. ^ Freda, Kimberley; Vance, Bryan M. (January 31, 2016). "FBI Blocking Most Lines Of Communication, Militants Say". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
178. ^ Urquhart, Jimmy (February 2, 2016). "Oregon town tense amid dueling protests after wildlife refuge takeover". New York: AOL. Reuters. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
179. ^ Sepulvado, John (February 4, 2016). "Last Line Of Communication With Militants Cut". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
180. ^ Dowling, Jennifer (February 8, 2016). "Malheur occupier says they have booby traps near camp". Portland, Oregon: KOIN. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
181. ^ DuBois, Steven (February 4, 2016). "4 holdout occupiers at Malheur wildlife refuge are indicted". Statesman Journal. Tysons Corner, Virginia: Gannett Company. Associated Press. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
182. ^ Vance, Bryan M. (February 8, 2016). "Oregon Refuge Occupation Enters Day 38: 6 Things To Know". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
183. ^ Iboshi, Kyle (February 10, 2016). "FBI surrounds Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". Portland, Oregon: KGW. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
184. ^ "Last refuge occupiers jailed in Portland". Portland, Oregon: KGW. February 11, 2016. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
185. ^ a b "FBI surrounds last occupiers at Malheur Wildlife Refuge". Portland, Oregon: KOIN. February 11, 2016. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
186. ^ a b c Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016). "Nevada lawmaker Michele Fiore thrust into role as Oregon standoff negotiator". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
187. ^ Phipps, Claire; Levin, Sam (February 11, 2016). "Last Oregon militia members say they will turn themselves over to FBI – as it happened". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
188. ^ Smith, Alexander; Ortiz, Erik; Johnson, Alex (February 11, 2016). "Four Remaining Oregon Occupiers, Surrounded by FBI, Surrender". NBC News. New York: NBC. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
189. ^ Graham, David A. (February 12, 2016). "Patience: The FBI's Strategy to End the Oregon Standoff and Nab Cliven Bundy". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Media. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
190. ^ DuBois, Steven (March 14, 2016). "Ammon Bundy defends Oregon sheriff in jailhouse recording". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Wilmington, DE: News + Media Capital Group LLC. Associated Press. ISSN 1097-1645. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
191. ^ Partial verdict reached in Bundy ranch standoff trial in Nevada, Oregon Live (AP), April 24, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
192. ^ Judge declares mistrial in Bundy Ranch standoff case, Las Vegas Review-Journal, Jenny Wilson, April 25, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
193. ^ Scott, Haven (April 19, 2016). "Oregon standoff suspect arrested in Cedar City". The Spectrum. Tysons Corner, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
194. ^ a b c Travis Cox called his refuge occupation 'hasty decision by an arrogant and ignorant young man', Oregon Live, Maxine Bernstein, August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
195. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (May 12, 2016). "First Oregon standoff defendant pleads guilty". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
196. ^ a b Zaitz, Les (May 7, 2016). "'Embedded' reporter tied to militia arrested in John Day on weapons charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
197. ^ a b Zaitz, Les (May 7, 2016). "Oregon occupation 'reporter' has history of bomb making, illegal weapons". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
198. ^ Freda, Kimberley (May 7, 2016). "Boise Gun Dealer Shocked After Machine Gun Stolen By Bundy Sympathizer". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
199. ^ Hart, Sean (May 6, 2016). "FBI arrests Idaho man in John Day on weapons charges". Blue Mountain Eagle. John Day, Oregon. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
200. ^ Zaitz, Les (May 28, 2016). "'Weapon of war' destined for occupied refuge, prosecutor says". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
201. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (March 10, 2016). "New six-count indictment unsealed in Malheur refuge occupation case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
202. ^ a b "New charges added for Bundys, other militia". Portland, Oregon: KOIN. March 9, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
203. ^ Steven, DuBois (March 9, 2016). "Ammon Bundy, others face new charges in Oregon standoff". Statesman Journal. Tysons Corner, Virginia: Gannett Company. Associated Press. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
204. ^ Haas, Ryan; Wilson, Conrad (February 18, 2016) [1st pub. February 17, 2016]. "Bundy Family, Supporters Face 16 Federal Felonies For 2014 Standoff". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
205. ^ Wilson, Conrad (January 29, 2016). "Ammon And Ryan Bundy Denied Bail". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
206. ^ a b Judge To Sentenced Malheur Occupier: 'I Don't Want To See You Again', Oregon Public Broadcasting, Conrad Wilson, June 26, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
207. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (July 23, 2016). "Oregon standoff: 9 guilty pleas up ante for Ammon Bundy, 16 others". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
208. ^ "Malheur conspirator O'Shaughnessy pleads guilty". Portland, OR: KOIN. Associated Press. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
209. ^ a b Wilson, Conrad (April 6, 2016). "Malheur Refuge Occupiers' Trial Date Set For Sept. 7". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
210. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (July 26, 2016). "Second trial in Oregon standoff case set to start on Oregon's birthday, Valentine's Day". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
211. ^ "Charges Dismissed Against Refuge Occupier Pete Santilli". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. September 6, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
212. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (August 3, 2016). "Oregon standoff case: Judge maps out plans for jury selection, schedules last pretrial hearings". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
213. ^ Sottile, Leah (October 27, 2016). "Jury acquits Ammon Bundy, six others for standoff at Oregon wildlife refuge". The Washington Post. Arlington, Virginia: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
214. ^ "Ammon Bundy, Ryan Bundy will stay in jail pending trial in Nevada, judge rules". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. Associated Press. April 20, 2016. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
215. ^ Wagner, Laura (January 29, 2016). "No Bail For Oregon Occupiers Ammon And Ryan Bundy". The Two-Way. Washington, D.C.: NPR. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
216. ^ Woolington, Rebecca (October 28, 2016). "U.S. Marshals' tackling of Ammon Bundy's lawyer creates buzz in legal community". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
217. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (October 28, 2016) [1st pub. October 27, 2016]. "Ammon Bundy's lawyer tackled, Tasered by U.S. Marshals in a surreal ending to the Oregon standoff trial". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
218. ^ Federal Prosecutors Move To Drop Charges Against Tased Attorney For Bundy,Oregon Public Broadcasting, Conrad Wilson, March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
219. ^ Oregon's retired top FBI agent testified why he didn't send agents to 'assault the refuge', The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
220. ^ Man who outed FBI informants in refuge takeover case found in contempt of court, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
221. ^ FBI authorized some informants to engage in unlawful activity at refuge, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
222. ^ Video shows chaos as refuge occupiers debate whether to leave after LaVoy Finicum died, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
223. ^ Malheur Occupier's Father Calls His Son A Liar In Federal Court,Oregon Public Broadcasting, Conrad Wilson, March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
224. ^ 2nd Malheur Trial Goes To Jury, Tempers Flare Outside Courtroom, Oregon Public Broadcasting, Conrad Wilson, March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
225. ^ Two convicted of conspiracy, but two acquitted in Oregon occupation trial, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, March 10, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
226. ^ Malheur Judge Presses Prosecutors For Specifics In Misdemeanor Case, Conrad Wilson, March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
227. ^ Oregon standoff figure wants new judge for non-jury trial, The Washington Times, Steven Dubois, February 2, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
228. ^ Washington Tribe Member Sentenced For Malheur Takeover, Oregon Public Broadcasting, Amelia Templeton, July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
229. ^ Latest: Malheur occupiers sentenced, High Country News, Tay Wiles, August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
230. ^ 13 Oregon refuge occupiers agree to pay $78,000 in restitution, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, August 24, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
231. ^ Oregon standoff figure sentenced for digging trench, The Seattle Times, Steven Dubois, November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
232. ^ Judge sentenced Oregon refuge occupier Darryl Thorn to year and a half in prison Archived November 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
233. ^ Ammon Bundy's personal bodyguard sentenced to probation with community service Archived November 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
234. ^ Oregon refuge occupier Jon Ritzheimer: 'I am extremely sorry for this entire mess Archived December 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
235. ^ Judge calls Oregon refuger occupier Jake Ryan's 'sovereign citizen' stance 'legal gibberish'[permanent dead link], The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
236. ^ Malheur Occupier Jason Patrick Sentenced to 21 Months In Prison, Oregon Public Broadcasting, Ericka Cruz Guevarra, February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
237. ^ Judge sentences Oregon refuge occupier Ryan Payne to over 3 years in prison Archived March 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
238. ^ Oregon standoff defendant Joseph O'Shaughnessy sentenced to time served, supervised release Archived March 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Oregonian, Jim Ryan, March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
239. ^ Oregon refuge occupier Blaine Cooper sentenced, last of 18 convicted in armed takeover Archived June 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, June 12, 2018, Retrieved June 12, 2018.
240. ^ Wilson, Conrad (February 12, 2016). "FBI Begins Processing Malheur Refuge Crime Scene". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
241. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (February 18, 2016). "Firearms, explosives and trench of human feces found at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, feds say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
242. ^ a b Dymburt, Andrew (March 23, 2016). "First look: How the occupiers left Malheur Refuge". Portland, Oregon: KOIN. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
243. ^ "'Trench of human feces' found near Malheur artifacts". Portland, Oregon: KOIN. February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
244. ^ a b Burns, Jes (February 4, 2016). "Northwest Volunteers Want To Help Restore Malheur Refuge". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
245. ^ Skinner, Curtis (February 17, 2016). "FBI finds trench of human feces at cultural site on Oregon refuge". Reuters. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
246. ^ Ford, Dana (February 18, 2016). "Feces, firearms and explosives found at site of Oregon standoff". CNN. Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
247. ^ a b Seminara, Dave (March 21, 2016). "After Oregon Standoff, Birding Is Back". Travel. The New York Times. New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 26, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on March 27, 2016, on page TR11 of the New York edition with the headline: After a 41-Day Standoff, Birding Is Back."
248. ^ Green, Aimee (March 21, 2016). "Occupier who feds say dug trench for feces, disturbed sacred artifacts faces charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
249. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (June 10, 2016). "Feds: Evidence of firearms training during refuge standoff by Malheur boat launch". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
250. ^ Zaitz, Les (February 26, 2016). "Wildlife refuge hosts lawyers, birds and more armed guards". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
251. ^ Peacher, Amanda (March 2, 2016). "Malheur Refuge Manager: 'It's 1 Big Mess'". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
252. ^ Zaitz, Les (March 24, 2016). "$6 million will go to restore Malheur refuge, cover other costs of standoff". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
253. ^ A bullet hole, a mystery and an FBI agent's indictment — the messy aftermath of the Oregon refuge standoff, Los Angeles Times, Brian Denson and Matt Pearce, June 28, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
254. ^ Oregon sheriff blasts FBI team after agent pleads not guilty to lying in Bundy standoff, The Washington Times, June 28, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
255. ^ Judge throws out 2 of 5 charges against indicted FBI agent one week before trial, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
256. ^ Jury acquits FBI agent accused of lying in Finicum shooting case, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
257. ^ a b Hammill, Luke (February 23, 2016). "$3.3 million and counting: The cost of the Malheur occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
258. ^ Levin, Sam (March 24, 2016). "New photos of Oregon wildlife refuge reveal damage done by Bundy standoff". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
259. ^ a b Templeton, Amelia (September 3, 2016). "Malheur Refuge Headquarters Will Remain Closed During Trial". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
260. ^ "Home - Malheur - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
261. ^ Rhodes, Stewart (January 1, 2016). "The Hammond Family Does NOT Want an Armed Stand Off, and Nobody Has a Right to Force One On Them". Oath Keepers. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
262. ^ Johnson, Kirk; Healy, Jack; Turkewitz, Julie; Stack, Liam; Padnani, Amisha; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Armed Group Vows to Continue Occupation at Oregon Refuge". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved February 9, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 4, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Armed Protesters Vow to Stay on Oregon Refuge Indefinitely."
263. ^ Wilson, Conrad; Haas, Ryan (January 7, 2016). "Oregon residents in packed town hall want armed militia to leave". PBS NewsHour. Arlington, Virginia: PBS. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
264. ^ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016). "Demands by Oregon standoff leaders defy logic and law, authorities say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
265. ^ Fabian, Jordan (January 4, 2016). "White House calls Oregon standoff a 'local law enforcement matter'". The Hill (Blog). Washington, D.C.: Capitol Hill Publishing Corp. ISSN 1521-1568. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
266. ^ Ford, Dana (January 7, 2016). "Oregon governor tells armed protesters to leave". CNN. Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
267. ^ Grasty, Steve (January 4, 2016). "January 4, 2016, Press Release-Malheur National Wildlife Refuge" (Press release). Burns, Oregon: Harney County Government. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
268. ^ Peacher, Amanda (February 16, 2016). "Tribe Denounces Malheur Refuge Occupation". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
269. ^ "Armed militia takeover in Oregon sparks debate on meaning of 'terrorist'". CBS News. New York: CBS. Associated Press. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
270. ^ a b Mapes, Jeff (February 16, 2016) [1st pub. February 11, 2016]. "Oregon Congressman: Malheur Could Have Been Prevented With Earlier Bundy Arrest". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
271. ^ "Walden seeks presidential pardon for 2 Oregon ranchers in prison for range fire". Argus Observer. Ontario, Oregon. June 27, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
272. ^ "Walden: Trump 'seriously considering' pardon for Hammonds". KOIN. Portland, Oregon. July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
273. ^ Peacher, Amanda (May 19, 2016). "Harney County Votes For Candidates Opposed To Armed Occupation". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
274. ^ Passengers in Finicum's truck file separate civil suit against FBI, Harney County sheriff, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
275. ^ Finicum family's wrongful death lawsuit moves forward in federal court, East Oregonian, Phil Wright, July 19, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
276. ^ Federal Lawsuit Over Shooting Death of LaVoy Finicum Dismissed, Oregon Public Broadcasting, Meerah Powell, September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019
277. ^ Finicum files wrongful death lawsuit against FBI, BLM, Oregon State Police and others, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
278. ^ Civil suit in Robert ‘LaVoy’ Finicum’s death can proceed against state troopers but not FBI or governor, judge rules[permanent dead link], The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
279. ^ Judge dismisses most of claims brought by LaVoy Finicum's family in wrongful death suit against state police, FBI[permanent dead link], The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Breen, T. H. (2010). American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People (1st ed.). New York: Hill & Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-7588-1. LCCN 2009042496. OCLC 456171429.
* Finicum, LaVoy (2015). Only by Blood and Suffering: Regaining Lost Freedom. Rochester, NY: Legends Library Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-937735-94-4. OCLC 939538338.

## Further reading

[edit]

### Articles and opinion

[edit]

* Brown, Karina (April 6, 2016). "Bundy Militia's Takeover Dreams Dashed by Bond Between Ranchers and Feds". Pasadena, California. Courthouse News Service. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
* Buxton, Charlotte (January 7, 2016). A tale of two militias: finding the right label for the Oregon protests (Blog). Oxford, UK: OxfordDictionaries.com/Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
* Grijalva, Raúl M. (March 16, 2016). "Fairy tales about the West are fueling public lands conflict". Writers on the Range. High Country News. Paonia, CO. ISSN 0191-5657. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
* Herring, Hal (March 21, 2016). "The darkness at the heart of Malheur". Sagebrush Rebellion. High Country News. Paonia, CO. ISSN 0191-5657. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
* Langston, Nancy (February 2, 2016). "The surprising history of the Malheur wildlife refuge". Writers on the Range. High Country News. Paonia, CO. ISSN 0191-5657. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
* Margolis, Jon (November 24, 1994). "Peril In The West: Enforcing Environment Laws Gets Scary". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL: Tribune Publishing. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
* McDermott, Ted (June 12, 2015). "Freedom Fighter". Missoula Independent. Missoula, Montana. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
* Miller, Char (January 6, 2016). "Malheur occupation in Oregon: whose land is it really?". The Conversation US Pilot. Melbourne, Australia: The Conversation Media Group. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
* Odell, Rachel (May 16, 2004). "Ranchers and officials feud over water rights". The Bulletin. Bend, Oregon: Western Communications. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
* Purdy, Jedediah (January 5, 2016). "The Bundys and the Irony of American Vigilantism". The New Yorker. New York: Condé Nast. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
* Rose, Joseph (January 22, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Feds forcibly removed black occupiers from wildlife refuge in 1979". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved April 26, 2016. — Story concerning the 1979 unarmed occupation of the Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge, formerly the Harris Neck Army Air Field, in Georgia.
* Ruether, Kristin (February 3, 2016). "Malheur was taken over by ranchers long before the Bundys came along". The Wildlife News (Blog). Hailey, Idaho: Western Watersheds Project. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
* Sepulvado, John (January 17, 2016). "Bundyland". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon: City of Roses Newspapers. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. — This story was reported in collaboration between Willamette Week and Oregon Public Broadcasting.
* Sullivan, Kevin (May 21, 2016). "Primed to Fight the Government". The Washington Post. Arlington, Virginia: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 24, 2016. — Photos and video by Matt McClain.
* Surowiecki, James (January 25, 2016). "Bundynomics". The Financial Page. The New Yorker. New York: Condé Nast. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
* Taylor, Phil (March 2, 2016). "Federal land? Some Westerners say there's no such thing". Greenwire. Washington, D.C.: Environment & Energy Publishing. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
* Thompson, Jonathan; Warren, Brooke (February 2, 2016). "Graphic: The hidden connections of the Sagebrush Insurgency". High Country News. Paonia, CO. ISSN 0191-5657. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
* Walker, Peter (2018). Sagebrush Collaboration: How Harney County Defeated the Takeover of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. p. 272\. ISBN 978-0-87071-949-3.
* Walker, Peter (February 19, 2016). "Malheur occupation is over, but the war for America's public lands rages on". The Conversation US Pilot. Melbourne, Australia: The Conversation Media Group. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
* Walker, Peter (November 8, 2016). "Why the court 'victory' for Malheur militants was anything but". The Conversation. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
* Wiles, Tay; Warren, Brooke (January 4, 2016). "Malheur occupation, explained". Sagebrush Rebellion. High Country News. Paonia, CO. ISSN 0191-5657. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
* Williams, Mark B. (January 15, 2016). "Before the Bundy gang, I 'occupied' Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". Los Angeles Times (Op-ed). Chicago, IL. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
* Wilson, Jason (May 10, 2016). "The rise of militias: Patriot candidates are now getting elected in Oregon". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 10, 2016.

### Media

[edit]

* "41 Days: An OPB Documentary On The Oregon Occupation". Think Out Loud. Portland, Oregon. February 15, 2016. Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
* "An Occupation In Eastern Oregon". Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016. — "The latest news and updates about the armed occupation at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon."
* "Oregon Standoff: A chronicle of an occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
* Swearingen, Marshall; Schimel, Kate (February 4, 2016). "Timeline: A brief history of the Sagebrush Rebellion". High Country News. Paonia, CO. ISSN 0191-5657. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
* Wilson, Conrad; Peacher, Amanda; Sepulvado, John (September 2, 2016). "This Land Is Our Land: Meet The Defendants" (Podcast). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved September 4, 2016.`{{cite podcast}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* "This Land Is Our Land" podcast episodes available at SoundCloud.
* Wise, Cat (May 24, 2016). "Cranes, curlews, and cows — the delicate debate over Oregon's federal lands". PBS NewsHour (Podcast). Arlington, Virginia: PBS. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
* "No Man's Land". Independent Lens. Portland, Oregon. May 7, 2018. Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved May 8, 2018.

## External links

[edit]

* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

* v
* t
* e

Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Ranches|

* Double-O Ranch Historic District
* P Ranch
* Sod House Ranch

Lakes|

* Harney Lake
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Occupation|

| Related events|

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* Timeline

|

Persons|

* 3 Percenters
* Citizens for Constitutional Freedom
* Ammon Bundy
* Ryan C. Bundy
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* v
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* e

Riots and civil unrest in the history of the United States (1980–present)

1980–1991|

* Boston desegregation busing crisis (1974–1988)
* 1980 Miami riots
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1992–2007|

| California|

* 1992 Los Angeles riots
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|

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* Crown Heights riot (1991)
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Ohio|

* 1993 Southern Ohio Correctional Facility riot
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Others|

* 1991 Washington, D.C., riot
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* St. Petersburg, Florida riots of 1996
* Michigan State University student riots (1998; 1999; 2005)
* Seattle Mardi Gras riot (2001)
* 2003 Benton Harbor riots
* 2004 ASPC-Lewis riot
* 2004 ALCS Game 7 riot
* 2007 New Castle Correctional riot

2008–present|

| California|

* Oscar Grant shooting protests and riots (2009)
* 2011 Oakland general strike
* 2012 Anaheim police shooting and protests
* 2014 Oakland riots
* 2016 Oakland riots
* 2016 Sacramento riot

|

Minnesota|

* Republican National Convention (2008)
* Occupy Minneapolis (2011–2012)
* Killing of Jamar Clark (2015)
* Shooting of Philando Castile (2016)
* Shooting of Justine Damond (2017)
* Dakota Access Pipeline protests (2016–2017)
* George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul (2020–protests)
* 2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest
* George Floyd Square occupied protest (2020–present)
* 2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot
* Killing of Dolal Idd (2020)
* Daunte Wright protests (2021)
* 2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest
* Killing of Deona Marie Knajdek (2021)

Others|

* Akron riots of 2009
* 2013 Michigan State University student riot
* Ferguson unrest (2014–2015)
* 2015 Baltimore protests
* Mansur Ball-Bey shooting civil unrest (2015)
* 2016 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge occupation
* 2016 Milwaukee riots
* Keith Lamont Scott shooting rioting (2016)
* 2016 Portland riots
* Unite the Right rally (2017)
* George Floyd protests (2020–present)
* 2020 Seattle Capitol Hill Occupied Protest
* 2020 Kenosha protests
* 2020–2023 United States racial unrest
* January 6 United States Capitol attack
* 2021 United States inauguration week protests
* Stop Cop City
* 2023 Union Square riot
* 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses

Related|

* List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
* Mass racial violence in the United States

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* Law
* United States
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* Oregon

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