Ocetá Páramo

Ecosystem in Colombia

Ocetá Páramo

Ciudad de Piedra and frailejones on the Ocetá Páramo

Ecology
Realm| Neotropic
Biome| Páramo
Borders|

* Pisba National Natural Park
* Siscuinsí Lake

Animals| Andean condor, black agouti, eastern cottontail, mountain paca, spectacled bear, white-tailed deer
Geography
Area| 57.711 km2 (22.282 sq mi)
Country|  Colombia
State| Monguí, Mongua, Tópaga
Sugamuxi Province, Boyacá
Elevation| 2,950 metres (9,680 ft) to 3,950 metres (12,960 ft)
Coordinates| 5°42′39.5″N 72°47′52.2″W﻿ / ﻿5.710972°N 72.797833°W﻿ / 5.710972; -72.797833
Geology| Paleocene: Socha Formation
Cretaceous: Guaduas, Guadalupe & Chipaque Formations
Basin: El Cocuy sub-basin
Orogen: Eastern Ranges
Mountain range: Andes
Rivers| Calicanto, Morro & Tejar Rivers
Climate type| Cf

Ocetá Páramo

class=notpageimage|

Location of Ocetá Páramo on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Ocetá Páramo (Spanish: Páramo de Ocetá) is a páramo, which means an ecosystem above the continuous forest line yet below the permanent snowline. This particular páramo is located at altitudes between 2,950 metres (9,680 ft) and 3,950 metres (12,960 ft) in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. It covers parts of the municipalities Monguí, Mongua and Tópaga, belonging to the Sugamuxi Province, Boyacá. The Ocetá Páramo is known for its collection of small shrubs called frailejones, as well as other Andean flora and fauna. Hiking tours from Monguí or Mongua to the páramo take a full day.

The Páramo de Ocetá in the times before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca was inhabited by the Muisca, loyal to the iraca of Suamox, who considered the region sacred. Myths and legends exist from pre-Columbian and Spanish colonial times and in the lower part of the páramo the Muisca women gave birth in little man-made pools (Tortolitas).

The Ocetá Páramo is considered the most beautiful páramo in the world and one of the treasures of Colombia.

## Description

[edit]

The Ocetá Páramo is considered the most beautiful páramo in the world and one of the national treasures of Colombia.[1][2] It is located at 230 kilometres (140 mi) from the Colombian capital Bogotá and 93 kilometres (58 mi) from the departmental capital Tunja.[3] Colombia is the country with the most páramos in the world; more than 60% of the Andean ecosystem is found within Colombian territories.[4] Boyacá is the department where 18.3% of the national total area is located.[5]

### Geography and climate

[edit]

The Ocetá Páramo is situated in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes at altitudes between 2,950 metres (9,680 ft) and 3,950 metres (12,960 ft).[3][6] The páramo with an area of 5,771.1 hectares (14,261 acres) lies east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, southwest of the Pisba National Natural Park and north of Siscuinsí Lake.[7] Farther to the northeast are the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy and to the southwest Lake Tota. The climate varies between 0 °C (32 °F) in winter nights and 17 °C (63 °F) on sunny days.[8] Foggy blankets are common in the area.[9]

Páramos are "sponges"; sources of water for lower lying terrains and the Ocetá Páramo is no exception.[10] In the upper part of the páramo, marshes and small lakes exist. The biggest waterbody is the Laguna Negra and the Calicanto, Tejar and Morro Rivers as well as numerous creeks (quebradas) have their origin on the Páramo de Ocetá. The Penagos waterfall feeds the Laguna Negra.[11]

* Topography of Boyacá

* Fog at the Ocetá Páramo

* Creeks on the páramo

* Marshes in Ocetá

* Laguna Negra

* Penagos waterfall

### Geology

[edit]

The Ocetá Páramo is part of the El Cocuy sub-basin, an inverted basin in the Eastern Ranges.[12] During the Hauterivian, the El Cocuy and Tablazo sub-basins formed a continuous basin due to the flooding of the Santander-Floresta paleohigh.[13] The main uplift in the Eastern Ranges occurred between the late Oligocene and Pleistocene, with increased tectonic uplift in the Plio-Pleistocene.[14] The Neogene compression led to the formation of alluvial fans in the intermontane valleys of the Eastern Cordillera. Pollen analysis has shown the transition from lowland tropical forests to colder mountainous vegetation over the last 5 million years.[15] The youngest uplifted eastern chain of the Colombian Andes formed the provenance area for the Magdalena River.[16] In the vicinity of the area of Ocetá, to the southwest in Iza and Paipa for the Eastern Cordillera unique volcanic and magmatic activity is noted from 4.7 to 2.1 Ma.[17]

The stratigraphical units encountered on the Ocetá Páramo are Paleocene sandstones and shales of the Socha Formation in the Peña de Ortí, and the Late Cretaceous Guadalupe sandstone and shale formations, Guaduas Formation, and the organic shales of the Chipaque Formation.[18] The Guaduas Formation contains coal seams that are mined in the area.[19] The Cretaceous-Paleocene Guaduas Formation is the most important source for the rich coal deposits in the Andean interior of Colombia.[20]

During the Miocene, establishing the current ecosystem in the Pliocene, the vegetation became that of a páramo.[21]

* Coal
Guaduas Formation

* Dark organic shale
Chipaque Formation

* Banded shales
Chipaque Formation

* Grey shale
Chipaque Formation

* Sandstone
Guadalupe Group

* Coal mining close to Monguí

### Flora

[edit]

The typical flora of a páramo are frailejones, that are plants of the genus Espeletia. The lower altitude parts of the páramo are characterised by Espeletia barclayana, Espeletia jaramilloi, Espeletia congestiflora and Espeletia argentea, while Espeletia grandiflora is growing in a wider altitude distribution. Chusquea tessellata is characteristic of the Eastern Ranges.[22] On the Ocetá Páramo, formerly written as Oseta, various species have been described by Thomas van der Hammen; Bryum argenteum, Breutelia polygastrica, Calamagrostis effusa, Ceratodon stenocarpus, Didymodon laevigatus, Leptodontium flexifolium and Sphagnum sancto-josephense.[23][24][25][26][27][28] Other flora occurring on the páramo are Pentacalia vernicosa, Ageratina tinifolia, Bidens andicola, Lupinus luisanae var. ocetensis, Viola sp., Arnica sp. and various types of mosses and lychen.[6][29][30]

* Pentacalia vernicosa

* Ageratina tinifolia

* Calamagrostis effusa and Espeletia

* Bidens andicola

* L. luisanae

* Viola sp.

### Fauna

[edit]

Among the fauna that can be observed on the páramo are Andean condor, black agouti, eastern cottontail, frogs, mountain paca, spectacled bear, white-tailed deer.[6] The spectacled bear is very rare and possibly extinct.[31] The white tailed deer, the main ingredient of the diet of the Muisca and pre-Muisca, has been extensively hunted and captured over time.[9]

* Andean condor

* Black agouti

* Eastern cottontail

* Mountain paca

* Spectacled bear

* White-tailed deer

### History

[edit]

The Páramo de Ocetá was a sacred place for the Muisca, who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and surrounding areas before the Spanish conquest.[32] The region of Monguí was populated by the Sanoa tribe.[33]

### Sights

[edit]

Along the route from Monguí to the highest point of the Ocetá Páramo, a series of sights are present. From most of the route, to the (south)west, a view of the Duitama-Sogamoso Valley, especially the settlements of Tibasosa, Nobsa and Duitama, is visible. From the Mirador de Cóndores and the Cerro de Águilas on clear days it is possible to see the snowy peaks of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy and even the Llanos Orientales.[34]

Panorama of Tibasosa (left), Nobsa (centre) and Duitama (background)

#### Tortolitas

[edit]

The Tortolitas (English: "Sweethearts") are oval-shaped depressions that were made by the Muisca. They served as "baths" where the Muisca women bore their babies. Close to the Tortolitas, Muisca petroglyphs have been found.[9]

* Rock formation where the Tortolitas are made

* Tortolita

* Tortolita

* Muisca petroglyphs

* Muisca petroglyph

* Muisca petroglyphs

#### Peña de Otí

[edit]

The Peña de Otí (English: "Rock of Otí") is an outcrop of alternating shales and sandstones of the Socha Formation.[18] It is observed to the southwest from the main trail leading to the Mirador de los Cóndores on the páramo. The rocks of the Peña de Otí were used to construct the churches and convent in Monguí. Legends about the Peña include tales of witches dancing with the devil on October 31, the origin of the scratches on the rock face from the devil who was riding a donkey on the hilltop and fell down, when the hoofs created the scratches and that the hill opened one day revealing the Calicanto Bridge and church made of gold. The end of the world would come when the hill closed again.[35]

Panorama of the Peña de Otí

#### Caja del Rey

[edit]

The Caja del Rey (English: "The King's Box") is a monolith of about 8 metres (26 ft) high, 8 metres (26 ft) wide and 15 metres (49 ft) long. Legend says it is a box of rock with a lid on top where the cacique Sanoha hid a fifteen-year-old girl inside, who during a night in April exited naked.[9] The monolith contains an upper part where a natural fractured zone has been excavated more by humans. The rock is also a viewpoint for the western area.[3]

Panorama of the Caja del Rey and the Peña de Otí

#### Ciudad de Piedra

[edit]

Ciudad de Piedra or Ciudad Perdida (English: "The Stone or Lost City"), not to be confused with its famous counterpart in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, is a series of rock formations of 15 metres (49 ft) high, 20 metres (66 ft) wide and 200 metres (660 ft) long.[1][3][36] In the Ciudad de Piedra, a tabular stone, thought to have served for human sacrifices, called Mesa de los Sacrificios is present.[37]

El Pulpito del Diablo (English: "The Devil's Pulpit") is a raised mesa-type hill to the south of the main hiking trail on the Páramo de Ocetá.[3]

* Ciudad de Piedra

* Ciudad de Piedra

* Moss at the Ciudad de Piedra

* Moss at the Ciudad de Piedra

* Mesa de los Sacrificios

* El Pulpito del Diablo

#### Playa de los Frailejones

[edit]

The Playa or Valle de Frailejones or Jardines de Ocetá (English: "Frailejon Beach or Valley" or "Ocetá Gardens") is a relatively flat portion on the páramo where a large quantity of frailejones are growing.[1][3] The frailejones grow 1 centimetre (0.39 in) a year.[6]

Panorama of the Playa de los Frailejones

#### Cerro de Águilas

[edit]

The Cerro de Águilas (English: "Eagles Hill") is a hill on the páramo consisting of alternating shales and sandstone formations of the Guadalupe Group.[18]

Panorama of the Cerro de Águilas

#### Mirador de Cóndores

[edit]

The Mirador de Cóndores (English: "Condor Viewpoint") is the highest point of the páramo and offers a view on the Laguna Negra. Andean condors can be sighted from this viewpoint.

Panorama from the Mirador de Cóndores

#### Laguna Negra

[edit]

Laguna Negra (English: "Black Lake") is a permanent lake on the páramo that can be viewed from the Cerro de Águilas or the Mirador de Cóndores.[3] The lake drains towards Mongua and it is possible to reach from that village. Legend tells that a young boy is living in the lake, whose singing can be heard close to the Penagos waterfall.[33]

Panorama of Laguna Negra and feeder creeks

## Tourism

[edit]

The Ocetá Páramo is mostly accessed from Monguí along the Camino de la Otra Vida; a full-day hike, ascending and back descending 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), that takes between six and eleven hours.[8] A steep and pebbly access to the Ocetá Páramo is indicated with a gate called Portal de la Gloria. It is possible to access the páramo by horse and do wild camping on the páramo.[8] The use of a trained guide is recommended, as the journey contains many paths and the sudden mist can be cold and dangerous due to the loss of orientation.[38] The best months to visit the páramo are November and December.[1]

An alternative route towards the Ocetá Páramo starts in Mongua and reaches the Laguna Negra first.

* Camino La Otra Vida; access from Monguí to the Páramo

* Portal de la Gloria

* Hunting and making fires is forbidden

* Wild camping on the Ocetá Páramo

* Mongua gives an alternative access to the Páramo

* Horseriders on the Páramo

## See also

[edit]

* Biology portal
* Colombia portal
* Andes portal

* Páramo
* Sumapaz Páramo, Chingaza National Natural Park, Monguí
* Muisca mythology, religion

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d (in Spanish) Ocetá, el páramo más bello en el mundo \- El Tiempo
2. ^ Wills et al., 2001, p.117
3. ^ a b c d e f g (in Spanish) Monguí-Ocetá Caminata
4. ^ Five unmissable Colombian páramos begging to be explored
5. ^ Nieto Escalante et al., 2010, p.75
6. ^ a b c d (in Spanish) Páramo de Ocetá \- Colparques
7. ^ N.N. - Monguí - Plan Ambiental, s.a., p.4
8. ^ a b c Wills et al., 2001, p.116
9. ^ a b c d (in Spanish) Objeciones del páramo más lindo del mundo \- Universidad Sergio Arboleda
10. ^ (in Spanish) Factores de formación de los suelos de páramo \- Banco de la República
11. ^ (in Spanish) Páramo de Ocetá
12. ^ Sarmiento Rojas et al., 2006, p.384
13. ^ Sarmiento Rojas et al., 2006, p.390
14. ^ Hoorn et al., 1995, p.238
15. ^ Hoorn et al., 1995, p.239
16. ^ Hoorn et al., 1995, p.240
17. ^ Monsalve et al., 2011, p.120
18. ^ a b c Ulloa et al., 1998
19. ^ N.N. - Monguí - resumen esquema ordenamiento territorial, s.a., p.7
20. ^ Amaya et al., 2010
21. ^ Hammen, 2000, p.233
22. ^ (in Spanish) Los páramos de Colombia - Chapter 4 - Zonas altitudinales del páramo
23. ^ Bryum argenteum \- Tropicos
24. ^ Breutelia polygastrica \- Tropicos
25. ^ Ceratodon stenocarpus \- Tropicos
26. ^ Didymodon laevigatus \- Tropicos
27. ^ Leptodontium flexifolium \- Tropicos
28. ^ Sphagnum sancto-josephense \- Tropicos
29. ^ Barney Duran, 2011, p.9
30. ^ Páramo Ecosystem
31. ^ (in Spanish) Ocetá, una de las últimas maravillas ambientales \- El Tiempo
32. ^ Páramo de Ocetá - the world's most divine and sacred natural beauty
33. ^ a b Hurtado Caro, 2012
34. ^ Wills et al., 2001, p.118
35. ^ (in Spanish) Recursos y reservas naturales - Monguí
36. ^ (in Spanish) Visita el Páramo de Ocetá
37. ^ (in Spanish) Monguí - caravana de comercio, industria y turismo
38. ^ Hiking the most beautiful páramo of Colombia

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Amaya, Erika; Mariño, Jorge; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), "Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 32 (1), retrieved 2016-11-17
* Barney Duran, Victoria Eugenia (2011), Biodiversidad y ecogeografía del género Lupinus (Leguminosae) en Colombia (MSc.) (PDF), Universidad Nacional, pp. 1–81, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-18, retrieved 2016-11-17
* Hammen, Thomas van der (2000), "Aspectos de historia y ecología de la biodiversidad norandina y amazónica", Revista Academia Colombia de Ciencias (in Spanish), 24 (91): 231–245
* Hoorn, Carina; Guerrero, Javier; Sarmiento, Gustavo A.; Lorente, Maria A. (1995), "Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America", Geology, 23 (3): 237–240, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0237:ATAACF>2.3.CO;2
* Hurtado Caro, José Próspero (2012), Monguí - Boyacá - Colombia
* Monsalve, Maria Luisa; Rojas, Nadia R.; Velandia P., Francisco A.; Pintor, Iraida; Martínez, Lina Fernanda (2011), "Caracterización geológica del cuerpo volcánico de Iza, Boyacá - Colombia", Boletín de Geología: 117–130
* Nieto Escalante, Juan Antonio; Sepulveda Fajardo, Claudia Inés; Sandoval Sáenz, Luis Fernando; Siachoque Bernal, Ricardo Fabian; Fajardo Fajardo, Jair Olando; Martínez Díaz, William Alberto; Bustamante Méndez, Orlando; Oviedo Calderón, Diana Rocio (2010), Geografía de Colombia - Geography of Colombia (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, pp. 1–367, ISBN 978-958-8323-38-1
* Sarmiento Rojas, L.F.; Van Wees, J.D.; Cloetingh, S. (2006), "Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21 (4), Elsevier: 383–411, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.003
* Ulloa, Carlos E.; Guerra, Álvaro; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), Geología de la Plancha 172 - Paz de Río, Ingeominas
* Wills, Fernando (2001), Nuestro patrimonio - 100 tesoros de Colombia - Our heritage - 100 treasures of Colombia (in Spanish), El Tiempo, pp. 1–311, ISBN 958-8089-16-6
* Monguí - resumen esquema ordenamiento territorial, pp. 1–23
* Monguí - plan ambiental (PDF), pp. 1–4, retrieved 2016-11-17

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Páramo de Ocetá.

* (in French) Páramo de Ocetá: le plus beau désert du monde

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Treasures of Colombia

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Heritage of humanity

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Caldas|

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* Angostura del Caquetá
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Casanare|

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Cesar|

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Chocó|

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Cundinamarca|

* Chingaza
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Guainía|

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La Guajira|

* Alta Guajira
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Guaviare|

* Cerro Pintado
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Huila|

* Claro River
* Estrecho del Magdalena
* Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago
* Nevado del Huila
* Tatacoa Desert

Magdalena|

* Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
* Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta

Meta|

* Caño Cristales
* Chingaza

Nariño|

* Cumbal Volcano
* Galeras Volcano
* Laguna de la Cocha
* Laguna Verde del Azufral
* Putumayo River
* Sanquianga

Norte de Santander|

* Los Estoraques

Putumayo|

* Cascada del Indio
* La Paya
* Putumayo River

Quindío|

* Cocora Valley
* Los Nevados

Risaralda|

* Los Nevados

San Andrés y Providencia|

* Providencia Island

Santander|

* Chicamocha Canyon
* El Gallineral

Tolima|

* Cerro Bravo
* Nevado del Huila
* Los Nevados

Valle del Cauca|

* Farallones de Cali
* Malpelo Island

Vaupés|

* Apaporis River Tunnel
* Raudal de Jirijirimo
* Raudal de Yuruparí

Vichada|

* El Tuparro

Source: Wills, Fernando; et al. (2001). Nuestro patrimonio – 100 tesoros de Colombia [Our heritage – 100 treasures of Colombia] (in Spanish). El Tiempo. pp. 1–311\. ISBN 958-8089-16-6.

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Muisca

Topics

| General|

* Agriculture
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|

Specific|

* Battle of Pasca (~1470)
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* Chicha
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* Muisca raft
* Ruana
* Tejo
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The Salt People|

* Zipaquirá
* Nemocón
* Tausa
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Geography and history

| Altiplano
Cundiboyacense|

* Bogotá River
* Frío
* Fucha
* Juan Amarillo
* Soacha
* Teusacá
* Torca
* Tunjuelo
* Bogotá savanna
* Suba Hills
* Wetlands
* Eastern Hills
* Flora & fauna
* Suárez River
* Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley

|
|

Neighbouring areas|

* Ocetá Páramo
* Tenza Valley

History|

| Prehistory (<10,000 BP)|

* Lake Humboldt
* El Abra
* Tibitó
* Sueva
* Tequendama

|

Lithic (10,000 - 2800 BP)|

* Piedras del Tunjo
* Checua
* Galindo
* Nemocón
* Sáchica
* Aguazuque
* Lake Herrera
* El Infiernito

Ceramic (>800 BC)|

* Herrera (800 BC - 800)
* Early Muisca (800 - 1200)
* Muisca Confederation (~1450 - 1540)
* Cabildo Mayor (>2002)

Religion and mythology

| Deities|

* Chiminigagua
* Bachué
* Chía
* Sué
* Bochica
* Huitaca
* Chibchacum
* Cuchavira
* Nencatacoa
* Chaquén
* Chibafruime
* Guahaioque

|

Sacred sites|

| Built|

* Sun Temple
* Moon Temple
* Cojines del Zaque
* Goranchacha Temple
* Hunzahúa Well

|

Natural|

* Fúquene
* Guasca
* Guatavita
* Iguaque
* Siecha
* Suesca
* Tota
* Ubaque
* Tequendama Falls

Mythology|

| Myths|

* El Dorado
* Monster of Lake Tota

|

Mythological figures|

* Goranchacha
* Idacansás
* Pacanchique
* Thomagata

Caciques and neighbours

| Northern caciques|

| zaque of Hunza|

* Hunzahúa
* Michuá
* Quemuenchatocha
* Aquiminzaque

|

iraca of Suamox|

* Nompanim
* Sugamuxi

cacique of Tundama |

* Tundama

Southern caciques|

| zipa of Bacatá|

* Meicuchuca
* Saguamanchica
* Nemequene
* Tisquesusa
* Sagipa

|

cacique of Turmequé|

* Diego de Torres y Moyachoque

Neighbours|

| Chibcha-speaking|

* U'wa
* Sutagao
* Guane
* Lache

|

Arawak-speaking|

* Achagua
* Tegua
* Guayupe

Cariban-speaking|

* Panche
* Muzo
* Yarigui

Spanish conquest

| Conquistadors|

| Major|

* Gonzalo de Quesada
* Hernán de Quesada
* Baltasar Maldonado
* Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
* Juan de Céspedes
* Juan de San Martín

|

Minor|

* Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
* Antonio de Lebrija
* Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
* Gonzalo García Zorro
* Gonzalo Macías
* Hernán Venegas Carrillo
* Juan de Albarracín
* Juan del Junco
* Juan Tafur
* Lázaro Fonte
* Luis Lanchero
* Martín Galeano
* Martín Yañéz Tafur
* Miguel Holguín y Figueroa
* Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
* Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
* Pedro Ruíz Corredor

Neighbouring conquests|

* Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
* Conquest of the Muzo
* Conquest of the Panche
* Battle of Tocarema (1538)

Research and collections

| Scholars|

* Acosta
* Acosta Samper
* De Aguado
* Arango
* Broadbent
* De Castellanos
* Celis
* Correal
* Duquesne
* Freyle
* Friede
* Gamboa
* Groot
* Hammen
* Humboldt
* Izquierdo
* Langebaek
* De Lugo
* Ocampo
* De Piedrahita
* De Quesada
* Reichel-Dolmatoff
* Schrimpff
* Simón
* Triana
* Uricoechea
* Zerda

|

Publications|

* Elegías (1589)
* El Carnero (1638)
* Epítome (1889)

Research institutes|

* ICANH
* Universidad Nacional
* Universidad de los Andes
* Universidad La Javeriana
* University of Pittsburgh
* UPTC

Collections|

* Museo del Oro
* Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
* Archaeology Museum of Pasca
* Metropolitan Museum of Art

* Category

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