Oestroidea

Superfamily of flies

Not to be confused with Ostreoidea.

Oestroidea

Sarcophaga bercaea (Sarcophagidae)
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Class:  | Insecta
Order:  | Diptera
Clade:  | Eremoneura
(unranked):  | Cyclorrhapha
Section:  | Schizophora
Subsection:  | Calyptratae
Superfamily:  | Oestroidea
Families

see text

Oestroidea is a superfamily of Calyptratae that includes the blow flies, bot flies, flesh flies, and their relatives.[1][2] It occurs worldwide and has about 15,000 described species.[3]

## Evolution and phylogeny

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Mesembrinella caenozoica holotype male, fossil in Dominican amber

The earliest known fossil of Oestroidea is of a Mesembrinellidae found in Dominican amber from the Miocene. The Oestroidea in general are believed to have originated 48.2 million years ago.[2]

The superfamily includes the families:

* Calliphoridae
* Mesembrinellidae (formerly included in Calliphoridae)
* Mystacinobiidae
* Oestridae
* Polleniidae (formerly included in Calliphoridae)
* Rhiniidae (formerly included in Calliphoridae)
* Sarcophagidae
* Tachinidae
* Ulurumyiidae[4]

Historically, Oestroidea was considered the sister group to Muscoidea.[1] A 2012 molecular analysis placed Oestroidea within a paraphyletic Muscoidea, and also confirmed the monophyly of Oestroidea and of most of its families (except Calliphoridae).[5] Morphological and molecular analyses in 2017 yielded overall similar results.[2] Relationships among the families and subfamilies within Oestroidea are complicated and not well resolved.[2][5]

## Ecology

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Oestroidea have a wide range of feeding habits and breeding environments: saprophagous (many Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae), feeding on blood of birds or mammals (some Calliphoridae), parasites of gastropods or earthworms (some Calliphoridae), parasitoids of arthropods (Rhinophoridae, Tachinidae and some Sarcophagidae), living in association with termites or ants (some Calliphoridae and Rhiniidae), and commensals of bats (Mystacinobiidae).[3][5] Various species of Calliphoridae, Oestridae and Sarcophagidae have larvae that parasitise vertebrates, causing myiasis.[3][5][6]

## Forensic entomology

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Many species of Oestroidea are of forensic importance due to feeding on decomposing animals, including humans.[3]

## References

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1. ^ a b David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann (2005). "Phylogeny and evolution of Diptera: recent insights and new perspectives". The Evolutionary Biology of Flies. Columbia University Press. pp. 14–44\. ISBN 978-0-231-12700-4.
2. ^ a b c d Cerretti, P; Stireman, JO III; Pape, T; O’Hara, JE; Marinho, MAT; Rognes, K; Grimaldi, DA (2017). "First fossil of an oestroid fly (Diptera: Calyptratae: Oestroidea) and the dating of oestroid divergences". PLOS ONE. 12 (8 (e0182101)): e0182101. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1282101C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182101. PMC 5568141. PMID 28832610.
3. ^ a b c d El-Hawagry, M. S.; El-Azab, S. A. (2019). "Catalog of the Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae of Egypt (Diptera: Oestroidea)". Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 29 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s41938-019-0118-8. ISSN 2536-9342.
4. ^ Michelsen, Verner; Pape, Thomas (2017). "Ulurumyiidae – a new family of calyptrate flies (Diptera)". Systematic Entomology. 42 (4): 826–836\. doi:10.1111/syen.12252. S2CID 90058240.
5. ^ a b c d Marinho, M.A.T.; Junqueira, A.C.M.; Paulo, D.F.; Esposito, M.C.; Villet, M.H.; Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Oestroidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) with emphasis on Calliphoridae: Insights into the inter-familial relationships and additional evidence for paraphyly among blowflies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (3): 840–854\. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.007. PMID 22926310.
6. ^ Scholl, Philip J.; Colwell, Douglas D.; Cepeda-Palacios, Ramón (2019), "Myiasis (Muscoidea, Oestroidea)", Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Elsevier, pp. 383–419, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00019-4, ISBN 978-0-12-814043-7, retrieved 2024-10-30

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* t
* e

Extant Diptera families

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Class: Insecta
* Subclass: Pterygota
* Infraclass: Neoptera
* Superorder: Holometabola

Suborder Nematocera

| Axymyiomorpha|

* Axymyiidae

|

| Culicomorpha|

| Culicoidea|

* Dixidae (meniscus midges)
* Corethrellidae (frog-biting midges)
* Chaoboridae (phantom midges)
* Culicidae (mosquitoes)

|

Chironomoidea|

* Thaumaleidae (solitary midges)
* Simuliidae (black flies)
* Ceratopogonidae (biting midges)
* Chironomidae (non-biting midges)

| Blephariceromorpha|

* Blephariceridae (net-winged midges)
* Deuterophlebiidae (mountain midges)
* Nymphomyiidae

|

| Bibionomorpha|

| Bibionoidea|

* Bibionidae (march flies, lovebugs)

|

Anisopodoidea|

* Anisopodidae (wood gnats)

Sciaroidea
(fungus gnats)|

* Bolitophilidae
* Cecidomyiidae (gall midges)
* Diadocidiidae
* Ditomyiidae
* Keroplatidae (predatory fungus gnats)
* Lygistorrhinidae (long-beaked fungus gnats)
* Mycetophilidae
* Rangomaramidae (long-winged fungus gnats)
* Sciaridae (dark-winged fungus gnats)

| Perissommatomorpha|

* Perissommatidae

|

| Psychodomorpha|

| Scatopsoidea|

* Canthyloscelidae
* Scatopsidae (minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)
* Valeseguyidae

|

Psychodoidea|

* Psychodidae (moth flies)

| Ptychopteromorpha|

* Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies)
* Tanyderidae (primitive crane flies)

|

| Tipulomorpha|

| Trichoceroidea|

* Trichoceridae (winter crane flies)

|

Tipuloidea
(crane flies)|

* Cylindrotomidae (long-bodied crane flies)
* Limoniidae (limoniid crane flies)
* Pediciidae (hairy-eyed craneflies)
* Tipulidae (large crane flies)

Suborder Brachycera

| Asilomorpha|

| Asiloidea|

* Apioceridae (flower-loving flies)
* Apsilocephalidae
* Apystomyiidae
* Asilidae (robber flies)
* Bombyliidae (bee flies)
* Evocoidae
* Hilarimorphidae (hilarimorphid flies)
* Mydidae (mydas flies)
* Mythicomyiidae
* Scenopinidae (window flies)
* Therevidae (stiletto flies)

|

Empidoidea|

* Atelestidae
* Dolichopodidae (long-legged flies)
* Empididae (dagger flies, balloon flies)
* Homalocnemiidae
* Hybotidae (dance flies)
* Oreogetonidae
* Ragadidae

Nemestrinoidea|

* Acroceridae (small-headed flies)
* Nemestrinidae (tangle-veined flies)

Muscomorpha|

| Aschiza|

| Platypezoidea|

* Ironomyiidae (ironic flies)
* Lonchopteridae (spear-winged flies)
* Opetiidae (flat-footed flies)
* Phoridae (scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)
* Platypezidae (flat-footed flies)

|

Syrphoidea|

* Pipunculidae (big-headed flies)
* Syrphidae (hoverflies)

| Schizophora|

| Acalyptratae|

| Conopoidea|

* Conopidae (thick-headed flies)

|

Tephritoidea|

* Pallopteridae (flutter flies)
* Piophilidae (cheese flies)
* Platystomatidae (signal flies)
* Pyrgotidae
* Richardiidae
* Tephritidae (peacock flies)
* Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies)

Nerioidea|

* Cypselosomatidae
* Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies)
* Neriidae (cactus flies, banana stalk flies)

Diopsoidea|

* Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies)
* Gobryidae
* Megamerinidae
* Nothybidae
* Psilidae (rust flies)
* Somatiidae
* Strongylophthalmyiidae
* Syringogastridae
* Tanypezidae

Sciomyzoidea|

* Coelopidae (kelp flies)
* Dryomyzidae
* Helcomyzidae
* Helosciomyzidae
* Heterocheilidae
* Huttoninidae
* Natalimyzidae
* Phaeomyiidae
* Ropalomeridae
* Sciomyzidae (marsh flies)
* Sepsidae (black scavenger flies)

Sphaeroceroidea|

* Chyromyidae
* Heleomyzidae
* Nannodastiidae
* Sphaeroceridae (small dung flies)

Lauxanioidea|

* Celyphidae (beetle-backed flies)
* Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies)
* Cremifaniidae
* Lauxaniidae

Opomyzoidea|

* Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies)
* Anthomyzidae
* Asteiidae
* Aulacigastridae (sap flies)
* Clusiidae (lekking, or druid flies)
* Fergusoninidae
* Marginidae
* Neminidae
* Neurochaetidae (upside-down flies)
* Odiniidae
* Opomyzidae
* Periscelididae
* Teratomyzidae
* Xenasteiidae

Ephydroidea|

* Camillidae
* Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies)
* Diastatidae (bog flies)
* Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies)
* Ephydridae (shore flies)
* Mormotomyiidae (frightful hairy fly)

Carnoidea|

* Acartophthalmidae
* Australimyzidae
* Braulidae (bee lice)
* Canacidae (beach flies)
* Carnidae
* Chloropidae (frit flies)
* Inbiomyiidae
* Milichiidae (freeloader flies)

Lonchaeoidea|

* Cryptochetidae
* Lonchaeidae (lance flies)

Calyptratae|

| Muscoidea|

* Anthomyiidae (cabbage flies)
* Fanniidae (little house flies)
* Muscidae (house flies, stable flies)
* Scathophagidae (dung flies)

|

Oestroidea|

* Calliphoridae (blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)
* Mesembrinellidae
* Mystacinobiidae (New Zealand batfly)
* Oestridae (botflies)
* Rhiniidae
* Rhinophoridae
* Sarcophagidae (flesh flies)
* Tachinidae (tachina flies)
* Ulurumyiidae

Hippoboscoidea|

* Glossinidae (tsetse flies)
* Hippoboscidae (louse flies)
* Nycteribiidae (bat flies)
* Streblidae (bat flies)

| Stratiomyomorpha|

| Stratiomyoidea|

* Pantophthalmidae (timber flies)
* Stratiomyidae (soldier flies)
* Xylomyidae (wood soldier flies)

|

Tabanomorpha|

| Rhagionoidea|

* Austroleptidae
* Bolbomyiidae
* Rhagionidae (snipe flies)

|

Tabanoidea|

* Athericidae (water snipe flies)
* Oreoleptidae
* Pelecorhynchidae
* Tabanidae (horse and deer flies)

Vermileonomorpha|

| Vermileonoidea|

* Vermileonidae

|

Xylophagomorpha|

| Xylophagoidea|

* Xylophagidae (awl flies)

|

List of families of Diptera

Taxon identifiers

Oestroidea|

* Wikidata: Q1617275
* Wikispecies: Oestroidea
* AFD: Oestroidea
* BugGuide: 13234
* EoL: 46544057
* GBIF: 4797862
* iNaturalist: 356157
* ITIS: 130072
* NBN: NBNSYS0100026259
* NCBI: 43755
* NZOR: 0c7c3520-941b-46cb-8663-ec4aa6435fbb
* Open Tree of Life: 184522
* Paleobiology Database: 255568
* WoRMS: 736220

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