Oklahoma

U.S. state

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation).

"Oklahoman" redirects here. For the newspaper, see The Oklahoman. For the film, see The Oklahoman (film).

State in the United States

Oklahoma

Oklahumma (Choctaw)
ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ (Cherokee)

State

Flag

Seal

Nicknames:

* Native America (official)
* Land of the Red Man
* Sooner State

Motto(s):

Labor omnia vincit
(English: "Work conquers all")

Anthem: "Oklahoma" and
"Oklahoma Hills"

Location of Oklahoma within the United States

Country| United States
Before statehood|

* Indian Territory (Independent, 1834–1907)
* Oklahoma Territory (U.S. jurisdiction, 1890–1907)

Admitted to the Union| November 16, 1907; 117 years ago (1907-11-16) (46th)
Capital
(and largest city)| Oklahoma City
Largest county or equivalent| Oklahoma
Largest metro and urban areas| Greater Oklahoma City
Government

• Governor| Kevin Stitt (R)
• Lieutenant Governor| Matt Pinnell (R)
Legislature| Oklahoma Legislature
• Upper house| Senate
• Lower house| House of Representatives
Judiciary| Oklahoma Supreme Court (civil)
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (criminal)
U.S. senators|

* James Lankford (R)
* Markwayne Mullin (R)

U.S. House delegation| 5 Republicans (list)
Area

• Total

| 69,699 sq mi (180,519 km2)
• Land| 68,595 sq mi (177,660 km2)
• Water| 1,304 sq mi (3,377 km2)  1.9%
• Rank| 20th
Dimensions

• Length| 468 mi (756 km)
• Width| 230 mi (370 km)
Elevation

| 1,300 ft (400 m)
Highest elevation

(Black Mesa[1][a])

| 4,975 ft (1,516 m)
Lowest elevation

(Little River at Arkansas border[1][a])

| 289 ft (88 m)
Population

(2024)

• Total

|  4,095,393[2]
• Rank| 28th
• Density| 55.20/sq mi (21.30/km2)
• Rank| 34th
• Median household income

| $62,100 (2023)[3]
• Income rank

| 43rd
Demonym(s)| Oklahoman;
Okie (colloq., historically derogatory);
Sooner (historically)
Language

• Official language| English, Choctaw, Cherokee[b][4][5][6]
Time zones
entire state (legally)| UTC−06:00 (Central)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−05:00 (CDT)
Kenton (informally)| UTC−07:00 (Mountain)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation|

ISO 3166 code| US-OK
Traditional abbreviation| Okla.
Latitude| 33°37' N to 37° N
Longitude| 94° 26' W to 103° W (35°N 98°W﻿ / ﻿35°N 98°W﻿ / 35; -98﻿ (State of Oklahoma))
Website| oklahoma.gov
State symbols of Oklahoma| List of state symbols

Flag of Oklahoma

Seal of Oklahoma

Living insignia
Amphibian| Bullfrog[9]
Bird| Scissor-tailed Flycatcher[10]
Fish| Sand bass[11]
Flower|

* Oklahoma Rose
* Wildflower: Indian Blanket

Grass| Indian Grass
Insect| European honey bee
Mammal| American bison[7]
Reptile| Mountain Boomer
Tree| Redbud
Inanimate insignia
Beverage| Milk[14]
Color(s)| Green and white
Dance| Waltz: "Oklahoma Wind"
Dinosaur| Acrocanthosaurus atokensis[8]
Folk dance| Square dance
Fossil| Saurophaganax maximus[12]
Instrument| Drum[13]
Rock| Rose Rock
Soil| Port Silt Loam
Tartan| Oklahoma Tartan
Other|

* Cartoon: Gusty, created by Don Woods, Oklahoma's first professional meteorologist, used on KTUL-TV from 1954 to 1989.[16][17]
* Fruit: Strawberry[18]
* Vegetable: Watermelon[19][20]
* Game bird: Wild turkey[21]
* Monument: Golden Driller[22]
* Rock song: "Do You Realize??" by The Flaming Lips[23]
* Theater group: Lynn Riggs Players of Oklahoma[24][10]

State route marker
State quarter

Released in 2008, as part of the state quarters series. Oklahoma's state bird flying above its state wildflower.[15]

Lists of United States state symbols

Oklahoma (/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ⓘ OHK-lə-HOH-mə;[25] Choctaw: Oklahumma, pronounced [oklahómma])[26] is a landlocked state in the South Central and Southwestern region of the United States.[27] It borders Texas to the south and west, Kansas to the north, Missouri to the northeast, Arkansas to the southeast, New Mexico to the west, and Colorado to the northwest. Partially in the western extreme of the Upland South, it is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its residents are known as Oklahomans and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.

The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla, 'people' and humma, which translates as 'red'.[28] Oklahoma is also known informally by its nickname, "The Sooner State", in reference to the Sooners, American settlers who staked their claims in formerly American Indian-owned lands until the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 authorized the Land Rush of 1889 opening the land to settlement.

With ancient mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, and the U.S. Interior Highlands, all regions prone to severe weather.[29] Oklahoma is at a confluence of three major American cultural regions. Historically, it served as a government-sanctioned territory for American Indians moved from east of the Mississippi River, a route for cattle drives from Texas and related regions, and a destination for Southern settlers. There are currently 25 Indigenous languages spoken in Oklahoma.[30] According to the 2020 U.S. census, 14.2 percent of Oklahomans identify as American Indians, the highest Indigenous population by percentage in any state.[31]

A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology.[32] Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas.[33]

## Etymology

[edit]

The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw language phrase okla, 'people', and humma, translated as 'red'.[28][34] Choctaw Nation Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1865 during treaty negotiations with the federal US government on the use of Indian Territory. He envisioned an all exclusive American Indian state controlled by the United States bureau of Indian Affairs. A painting of the 1865 Council now hangs in the Oklahoma Senate.[35] Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after that area was opened to American settlers.[36][37][38]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Oklahoma

### Pre-Columbian

[edit]

Indigenous peoples were present in what is now Oklahoma by the last ice age.[39] Ancestors of the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (including Teyas and Escanjaques and Tawakoni), Tonkawa,[40] and Caddo (including Kichai) lived in what is now Oklahoma. Southern Plains villagers lived in the central and west of the state, with a subgroup, the Panhandle culture people, living in the panhandle region. Caddoan Mississippian culture peoples lived in the eastern part of the state. Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, was a major Mississippian mound complex that flourished between AD 850 and 1450.[41][42] Plains Apache people settled in the Southern Plains and in Oklahoma between 1300 and 1500.[43]

### European exploration and colonization

[edit]

The expedition of Spaniard Francisco Vázquez de Coronado traveled through the area in 1541,[44] but French explorers claimed the area in the early 18th century.[45] By the 18th century, Comanche and Kiowa entered the region from the west and Quapaw and Osage peoples moved into what is now eastern Oklahoma. French colonists claimed the region until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.[44] The territory was a part of the Arkansas Territory from 1819 until 1828.[46]

### 19th century

[edit]

During the 19th century, the U.S. federal government forcibly removed tens of thousands of American Indians from their ancestral homelands from across North America and transported them to the area including and surrounding present-day Oklahoma. The Choctaw was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed from the Southeastern United States. The phrase "Trail of Tears" originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831, although the term is usually used for the Cherokee removal.[47]

Seventeen thousand Cherokees and 2,000 of their black slaves were deported.[48] The area, already occupied by Osage and Quapaw tribes, was called for the Choctaw Nation until revised Native American and then later American policy redefined the boundaries to include other Native Americans. By 1890, more than 30 Native American nations and tribes had been concentrated on land within Indian Territory or "Indian Country".[49]

All Five Civilized Tribes signed treaties with the Confederate military during the American Civil War.[50] The Cherokee Nation had an internal civil war.[51] Slavery in Indian Territory was not abolished until 1866.[52]

In the period between 1866 and 1899,[44] cattle ranches in Texas strove to meet the demands for food in eastern cities and railroads in Kansas promised to deliver in a timely manner. Cattle trails and cattle ranches developed as cowboys either drove their product north or settled illegally in Indian Territory.[44] In 1881, four of five major cattle trails on the western frontier traveled through Indian Territory.[53]

Indian reservations in Oklahoma prior to the Dawes Act of 1887.

Increased presence of white settlers in Indian Territory and their demand for land owned and guaranteed to Indian tribes by treaties with the U.S. government prompted the United States to enact the Dawes Act in 1887 and the Curtis Act of 1898. The acts abolished tribal governments, eliminated tribal ownership of land, and allotted 160 acres (65 ha) of land to each head of an Indian family. An objective of the acts was the forced assimilation of Indians into white society. Land not allotted to individual Indians was owned by the U.S. government and sold or distributed to settlers and railroads. The proceeds of the land sales were used to educate Indian children and advance the policy of assimilation. As a result of the two acts about one-half of land previously owned by Indian tribes was owned by whites by 1900.[54] Moreover, much of the land allotted to individual Indian heads of families became white-owned. Allottees often sold or were fraudulently deprived of their land.[55]

The acquisition of tribal lands by the U.S. government led to land runs, also called "land rushes," from 1887 and 1895. Major land runs, including the Land Rush of 1889, opened up millions of acres of formerly tribal lands to white settlement. The "rushes" began at a precise times as each prospective settler literally raced with other prospective settlers to claim ownership of 160 acres (65 ha) of land under the Homestead Act of 1862. Usually land was claimed by settlers on a first come, first served basis.[56] Those who broke the rules by crossing the border into the territory before the official opening time were said to have been crossing the border sooner, leading to the term sooners, which eventually became the state's official nickname.[57] George Washington Steele was appointed the first governor of the territory of Oklahoma in 1890.

### 20th century

[edit]

Main articles: Organic act § List of organic acts, Oklahoma Territory, Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

A proposed map of the 'State of Sequoyah' compiled from the USGS Map of Indian Territory (1902)

Attempts to create an all-Indian state named Oklahoma and a later attempt to create an all-Indian state named Sequoyah failed but the Sequoyah Statehood Convention of 1905 eventually laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma Statehood Convention, which took place two years later.[58] On June 16, 1906, Congress enacted a statute authorizing the people of the Oklahoma and Indian Territories (as well what would become the states of Arizona and New Mexico) to form a constitution and state government in order to be admitted as a state.[59] On November 16, 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt issued Presidential Proclamation no. 780, establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state in the Union.[60]

The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy.[61] In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.[62]

In late September 1918, the first cases of the Spanish flu appeared in Oklahoma. Though public health authorities statewide had some indication that the pandemic was westward, the turmoil caused by the rapid advancement of the disease quickly overwhelmed both health workers and local governing bodies. In Oklahoma City, shortages of both supplies and personnel were mitigated, in part, by the mobilization of the American Red Cross. Rough estimates based on contemporary reports indicate that approximately 100,000 people fell ill with the disease before the pandemic ebbed in 1919. Of those 100,000 cases, it is assumed that around 7,500 proved fatal, placing total mortality rates for the state in the area of 7.5%.[63]

Oklahoma also has a rich African-American history. Many Black towns, founded by the Freedmen of the Five Tribes during Reconstruction, thrived in the early 20th century with the arrival of Black Exodusters who migrated from neighboring states, especially Kansas. The politician Edward P. McCabe encouraged Black settlers to come to what was then Indian Territory. McCabe discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt the possibility of making Oklahoma a majority-Black state.[64]

By the early 20th century, the Greenwood district of Tulsa was one of the most prosperous African-American communities in the United States.[65] Jim Crow laws had established racial segregation since before the start of the 20th century, but Tulsa's Black residents had created a thriving area.[66][67][68]

Social tensions were exacerbated by the revival of the Ku Klux Klan after 1915. The Tulsa race massacre occurred in 1921, with White mobs attacking Black people and carrying out a pogrom in Greenwood. In one of the costliest episodes of racist violence in American history, sixteen hours of rioting resulted in the destruction of 35 city blocks, $1.8 million in property damage, and an estimated death toll of between 75 and 300 people.[69] By the late 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan had declined to negligible influence within the state.[70]

During the 1930s, parts of the state began to suffer from the consequences of poor farming practices. This period was known as the Dust Bowl, throughout which areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall, strong winds, abnormally high temperatures, and most notably, severe dust storms sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States.[71] Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.

Soil and water conservation projects markedly changed practices in the state, leading to the construction of massive flood control systems and dams to supply water for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation.[29][72] As of 2024, Oklahoma had more than 4,700 dams, about 20% of all dams in the U.S.[73]

* The Dust Bowl sent thousands of farmers into poverty during the 1930s.

* The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was one of the deadliest acts of terrorism in American history.

In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of the most destructive act of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh detonated a large, crude explosive device outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. For his crime, McVeigh was executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001. His accomplice, Terry Nichols, is serving life in prison without parole for helping plan the attack and prepare the explosive.[74]

### 21st century

[edit]

On May 31, 2016, several cities experienced record setting flooding.[75][76]

The former reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes in dispute in McGirt v. Oklahoma

On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States determined in McGirt v. Oklahoma that the reservations of the Five Tribes, comprising much of Eastern Oklahoma, were never disestablished by Congress and thus are still "Indian Country" for the purposes of criminal law.[77]

Later decisions by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals also found the Quapaw Nation,[78] Ottawa Tribe, Peoria Tribe, and Miami Tribe[79] also had existing reservations. The Osage Nation is awaiting for a possible appellate decision after a district judge had ruled that the Osage reservation was disestablished.[80]

## Geography

[edit]

Main article: Geography of Oklahoma

See also: List of Oklahoma tri-points

Köppen climate types of Oklahoma

Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,895 square miles (181,030 km2), with 68,591 square miles (177,650 km2) of land and 1,304 square miles (3,380 km2) of water.[81] It lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bordered on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.

### Borders

[edit]

Oklahoma's border with Kansas was defined as the 37th Parallel in the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act. This was disputed with the Cherokee and Osage Nations, which claimed their border extended North of this line and could not be part of the Kansas Territory. This was resolved in 1870 with the Drum Creek Treaty, which reestablished Kansas's southern border as the 37th parallel. This also applied to the then No-Man's Land that became the Oklahoma Panhandle.

The Oklahoma-Texas border consists of the Red River of the South in the south and the 100th meridian west as the western border between Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle. These were first established in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain.

The Oklahoma panhandle was originally part of the Panhandle of the Republic of Texas, but when Texas joined the Union as a slave state, it could not retain any lands north of 36 degrees 30 minutes, as specified in the Missouri Compromise. The Panhandle existed as a no-man's land until 1907 when Oklahoma acquired the territory upon gaining statehood.

Oklahoma's Eastern border is divided between Missouri and Arkansas. The Missouri-Oklahoma border is defined as the Meridian passing through the Kawsmouth,[82] where the Kansas River meets the Missouri River. This is the same Meridian as the Kansas-Missouri border.

The Oklahoma-Arkansas border was originally defined by two lines: the borders between Arkansas and the Cherokee and Choctaw Reservations. This formed two diagonal lines meeting at the western edge of Fort Smith Arkansas, with one line running northeast from the Red River and the other running southeast from the Oklahoma-Arkansas-Missouri border. The Choctaw-Arkansas border was established in the 1820 Treaty of Doak's Sand, and later refined in the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. These treaties left a 57-acre exclave of the Choctaw reservation bounded by Arkansas, the Arkansas River and the Poteau River. This became the site of a smuggling camp called "Coke Hill", noted mostly for its importance in cocaine smuggling.[83]

After Petitioning congress to hand over jurisdiction, the 57 acres was given to Arkansas in 1905. The 1985 US Supreme Court Case Oklahoma v. Arkansas decided the land would remain Arkansas, even though the Choctaw had not been notified or asked about the territory being handed over.[84] Therefore, the Poteau River serves as the Oklahoma-Arkansas boundary for approximately 1 mile, reducing the Choctaw Reservation and later Oklahoma by 57 acres as established in the treaties of the early 1800s.

### Topography

[edit]

See also: List of lakes in Oklahoma

Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed,[85] generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary.[86][87] Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.[88]

Among the most geographically diverse states, Oklahoma is one of four to harbor more than 10 distinct ecological regions, with 11 in its borders—more per square mile than in any other state.[29] Its western and eastern halves, however, are marked by extreme differences in geographical diversity: Eastern Oklahoma touches eight ecological regions and its western half contains three. Although having fewer ecological regions Western Oklahoma contains many rare, relic species.[29]

Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains.[86] Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains are the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.[89] A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and near the state's eastern border, The Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department regards Cavanal Hill as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot.[90]

The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannas cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.[87][91]

More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma's waterways, and with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the nation's highest number of artificial reservoirs.[90] Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas Rivers, though the Lee and Little Rivers also contain significant drainage basins.[91]

* Turner Falls

* State rock (rose rock) specimens from Cleveland County

* Illinois River in northeastern Oklahoma

* Elk Mountain, in the eastern Wichita Mountains, southwestern Oklahoma

* Wichita Mountains Narrows

* The Ouachita Mountains cover much of southeastern Oklahoma.

* Grave Creek in McIntosh County

* Mesas rise above one of Oklahoma's state parks.

### Flora and fauna

[edit]

See also: List of fauna of Oklahoma

Populations of American bison inhabit Oklahoma's prairie ecosystems.

Due to Oklahoma's location at the confluence of many geographic regions, Oklahoma's climatic regions have a high rate of biodiversity. Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma[90] and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses.[92] Where rainfall is sparse in the state's western regions, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the panhandle's far western reaches.[92] Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species, including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina, and Texas live oak.[93]

Marshlands, cypress forests, and mixtures of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, blue palmetto, and deciduous forests dominate the state's southeastern quarter, while mixtures of largely post oak, elm, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and pine forests cover northeastern Oklahoma.[91][92][94]

The scissor-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus) is Oklahoma's State Bird

Oklahoma has populations of white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, American bison, greater prairie-chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, gray fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator.[92]

### Protected lands

[edit]

Oklahoma has fifty-one state parks,[95] six national parks or protected regions,[96] two national protected forests or grasslands,[97] and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas. Six percent of the state's 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of forest is public land,[94] including the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest, the largest and oldest national forest in the Southern United States.[98]

With 39,000 acres (160 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only ten percent of its former land area, once covering fourteen states.[99] In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma.[100] The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine National Wildlife Refuges in the state[101] and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).[102]

Of Oklahoma's federally protected parks or recreational sites, the Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest, with 9,898.63 acres (4,005.83 ha).[103] Other sites include the Santa Fe and Trail of Tears national historic trails, the Fort Smith and Washita Battlefield national historic sites, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial.[96]

### Climate

[edit]

Further information: Climate change in Oklahoma and Tornadoes in Oklahoma

Oklahoma's climate is prime for the generation of thunderstorms. Winter at the Oklahoma Baptist University campus Most of Oklahoma has a humid subtropical climate.

Oklahoma is in a humid subtropical region[104] that lies in a transition zone between semiarid further to the west, humid continental to the north, and humid subtropical to the east and southeast. Most of Oklahoma lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth.[88] An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year—one of the highest rates in the world.[105]

Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances, and they can change drastically in a short time.[88] On November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F (28 °C) (the record high for that date), then a cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to reach 17 °F (−8 °C) (the record low for that date) by midnight.[106] This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour.[107]

The humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) of central, southern, and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semiarid zone (Köppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture.[104] Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west. Areas in the southeast average an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 in (1,020 mm) and up to 56 in (1,420 mm). Areas of the higher-elevation panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with annual rainfall under 17 in (430 mm).[108]

Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring, to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma, with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years.[88]

Severe drought is common in the hottest summers, such as those of 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and highs well over 100 °F (38 °C). Average precipitation rises again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wetter season, then declines from late October through December.[88]

The entire state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) or below 0 °F (−18 °C),[104] though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 in (102 mm) in the south to just over 20 in (508 mm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle.[88] Oklahoma is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, the Warning Decision Training Division, and the Radar Operations Center, all part of the National Weather Service and in Norman.[109]

Monthly temperatures for Oklahoma's largest cities[110][111] City  |  | Jan  | Feb  | March  | April  | May  | June  | July  | Aug  | Sept  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Oklahoma City  | Avg. high  | 50 °F
(10 °C)  | 55 °F
(13 °C)  | 63 °F
(17 °C)  | 73 °F
(23 °C)  | 80 °F
(27 °C)  | 88 °F
(31 °C)  | 94 °F
(34 °C)  | 93 °F
(34 °C)  | 85 °F
(29 °C)  | 73 °F
(23 °C)  | 62 °F
(17 °C)  | 51 °F
(11 °C)
Avg. low  | 29 °F
(−2 °C)  | 33 °F
(1 °C)  | 41 °F
(5 °C)  | 50 °F
(10 °C)  | 60 °F
(16 °C)  | 68 °F
(20 °C)  | 72 °F
(22 °C)  | 71 °F
(22 °C)  | 63 °F
(17 °C)  | 52 °F
(11 °C)  | 40 °F
(4 °C)  | 31 °F
(−1 °C)
Tulsa  | Avg. high  | 48 °F
(9 °C)  | 53 °F
(12 °C)  | 62 °F
(17 °C)  | 72 °F
(22 °C)  | 79 °F
(26 °C)  | 88 °F
(31 °C)  | 93 °F
(34 °C)  | 93 °F
(34 °C)  | 84 °F
(29 °C)  | 73 °F
(23 °C)  | 61 °F
(16 °C)  | 49 °F
(9 °C)
Avg. low  | 27 °F
(−3 °C)  | 31 °F
(−1 °C)  | 40 °F
(4 °C)  | 49 °F
(9 °C)  | 59 °F
(15 °C)  | 68 °F
(20 °C)  | 73 °F
(23 °C)  | 71 °F
(22 °C)  | 62 °F
(17 °C)  | 51 °F
(11 °C)  | 40 °F
(4 °C)  | 30 °F
(−1 °C)
Lawton  | Avg. high  | 50 °F
(10 °C)  | 56 °F
(13 °C)  | 65 °F
(18 °C)  | 73 °F
(23 °C)  | 82 °F
(28 °C)  | 90 °F
(32 °C)  | 96 °F
(36 °C)  | 95 °F
(35 °C)  | 86 °F
(30 °C)  | 76 °F
(24 °C)  | 62 °F
(17 °C)  | 52 °F
(11 °C)
Avg. low  | 26 °F
(−3 °C)  | 31 °F
(−1 °C)  | 40 °F
(4 °C)  | 49 °F
(9 °C)  | 59 °F
(15 °C)  | 68 °F
(20 °C)  | 73 °F
(23 °C)  | 71 °F
(22 °C)  | 63 °F
(17 °C)  | 51 °F
(11 °C)  | 39 °F
(4 °C)  | 30 °F
(−1 °C)

### Cities and towns

[edit]

See also: List of cities in Oklahoma

Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000.[112] Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa. Sixty-five percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2020, with 1,425,695 people. The metropolitan area of Tulsa had 1,015,331 residents.[113] Between 2000 and 2010, the leading cities in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).[112]

In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.[114]

Under Oklahoma law, municipalities are divided into two categories: cities, defined as having more than 1,000 residents, and towns, with under 1,000 residents. Both have legislative, judicial, and public power within their boundaries, but cities can choose between a mayor–council, council–manager, or strong mayor form of government, while towns operate through an elected officer system.[115]

Largest cities or towns in Oklahoma

Source (2020):[116]

Rank  | Name | County | Pop.
1 | Oklahoma City | Oklahoma | 681,054
2 | Tulsa | Tulsa | 413,066
3 | Norman | Cleveland | 128,026
4 | Broken Arrow | Tulsa | 113,540
5 | Edmond | Oklahoma | 94,428
6 | Lawton | Comanche | 90,381
7 | Moore | Cleveland | 62,793
8 | Midwest City | Oklahoma | 58,409
9 | Enid | Garfield | 51,308
10 | Stillwater | Payne | 48,394

* Oklahoma City

* Tulsa

* Norman

* Broken Arrow

## Demographics

[edit]

Main article: Demographics of Oklahoma

A map of Oklahoma's population density Historical population Census| Pop.| Note| %±

|
|
|

1890| 258,657| | —
1900| 790,391| | 205.6%
1910| 1,657,155| | 109.7%
1920| 2,028,283| | 22.4%
1930| 2,396,040| | 18.1%
1940| 2,336,433| | −2.5%
1950| 2,233,513| | −4.4%
1960| 2,328,284| | 4.2%
1970| 2,559,229| | 9.9%
1980| 3,025,290| | 18.2%
1990| 3,145,585| | 4.0%
2000| 3,450,654| | 9.7%
2010| 3,751,675| | 8.7%
2020| 3,959,353| | 5.5%
2024 (est.)| 4,095,393| [117]| 3.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[118]

From a 1920 U.S. census population of 2,028,283, Oklahoma's population has continued to increase. At the 2010 census, its population was 3,751,675. The 2020 census revealed its population to be was 3,959,353, an 5.5% increase since 2010.[119] A 2022 American Community Survey estimate found that the population had surpassed 4 million residents for the first time.[120] Among the states of the South Central region, Oklahoma had the second-largest population increase from 2010 to 2020, behind Texas.[121][122]

In 2018, of Oklahoma's total resident population, approximately 236,882 were immigrants, making up 6% of Oklahoma's population at the time. Most of its immigrant population came from Mexico (45%), Vietnam (5%), India (5%), Germany (3%), and Guatemala (3%). In the state, 246,550 residents were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. An estimated 85,000 immigrants were undocumented with 125,989 Oklahomans having lived with at least one undocumented family member between 2010 and 2014. Immigrants to Oklahoma have contributed more than a billion U.S. dollars in taxes in 2018.[123]

In 2011, the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data from 2005 to 2009 indicated about 5% of Oklahoma's residents were born outside the United States. This was lower than the national figure of about 12.5% of U.S. residents being foreign-born.[124]

In 2010, the center of population of Oklahoma was in Lincoln County, near the town of Sparks.[125]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 3,754 homeless people in Oklahoma.[126][127]

### Race and ethnicity

[edit]

Map of counties in Oklahoma by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census

Legend

* Non-Hispanic White

50–60%

60–70%

70–80%

80–90%

|  Native American

40–50%

50–60%

|  Hispanic or Latino

50–60%

|
|

As with the majority of the U.S., Oklahoma has experienced diversification since the beginning of the 21st century.[128] In 1940, 90.1% of the state's population was non-Hispanic White. In 2020, 75.5% of the population was White, down from 1990's 81% yet up from 2010's 72.2%. Among its population at the 2020 census, the remainder of its increasingly diverse population was 11.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 16% American Indian and Alaska Native, 9.7% Black or African American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 9% some other race.[129]

In the 2010 census, 8.6% were American Indian and Alaska Native, 7.4% Black or African American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 4.1% from some other race and 5.9% of two or more races; 8.9% of Oklahoma's population were of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race).[129]

Historical racial demographics  Racial composition | 1940[130] | 1970[130] | 1990[130] | 2010[131] | 2020[132]

|
|
|
|
|

White | 90.1% | 89.1% | 81% | 72.2% | 63.5%
Hispanic | – | – | 2.7% | 8.9% | 11.9%
Native | 2.7% | 3.8% | 8% | 8.6% | 8.4%
Black | 7.2% | 6.7% | 7.4% | 7.4% | 7.3%
Asian (Included
Pacific Islanders before 1990) | - | 0.1% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 2.3%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander | – | – | – | 0.1% | 0.2%
Other race | – | 0.2% | 1.3% | 4.1% | 5.4%
Two or more races | – | – | – | 5.9% | 12.8%
Oklahoma racial composition by ethnicity, including in combination  Racial composition | 2010[129] | 2020[129]

|
|

White | 77.5% | 75.5%
Hispanic | 8.9% | 11.9%
Native | 12.9% | 16%
Black | 8.7% | 9.7%
Asian | 2.2% | 3.1%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander | 0.2% | 0.4%
Other race | 4.7% | 9%
Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Areas (teal)

In 2005, Oklahoma's estimated ancestral makeup was 14.5% German, 13.1% American, 11.8% Irish, 9.6% English, 8.1% African American, and 11.4% Native American (including 7.9% Cherokee),[133] though the percentage of people claiming American Indian as their only race was 8.1%.[134]

Most people from Oklahoma who self-identify as having American ancestry are of overwhelmingly English and Scots-Irish ancestry with significant amounts of Scottish, Welsh and Irish ancestry.[135][136] The majority of Hispanics in Oklahoma are of Mexican origin.[137] There are 38 federally recognized Native American tribes in Oklahoma.[138]

In 2011, 47.3% of Oklahoma's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[139]

### Language

[edit]

Oklahoma English

Region| Oklahoma
Ethnicity| Okies

Language family

Indo-European

* Germanic
* West Germanic
* Ingvaeonic
* Anglo–Frisian
* Anglic
* English
* North American English
* American English
* Southern American English
* American Inland South English
* Oklahoma English

Early forms

Old English

* Middle English
* Early Modern English

Writing system

| Latin (English alphabet)
American Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-3| –
Glottolog| `ozar1236`
Recording of a Cherokee language stomp dance ceremony in Oklahoma Located in Tahlequah, this stop sign includes Cherokee lettering.

#### English

[edit]

The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010.[140] The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, which is "quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects".[141][better source needed] In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population, five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990.[141] 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English at home in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the state's population.[141]

#### Native American languages

[edit]

The two most commonly spoken native North American languages are Cherokee and Choctaw, with 10,000 Cherokee speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma and another 10,000 Choctaw speakers living in the Choctaw Nation directly south of the Cherokees.[142] Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.[4][5][6]

Twenty-five Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma,[30] second only to California. However, only Cherokee, if any, exhibits some language vitality at present. Ethnologue sees Cherokee as moribund because the only remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent generation and older.

#### Other languages

[edit]

Top 10 non-English languages spoken in Oklahoma Language | Percentage of population
(as of 2000[update])[141]

|

Spanish | 4.4%
Native North American languages | 0.6%
German and Vietnamese (tied) | 0.4%
French | 0.3%
Chinese | 0.2%
Korean, Arabic, Tagalog, Japanese (tied) | 0.1%

Spanish is the second-most commonly spoken language in Oklahoma, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000.[141] German has 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the state's population.[141] Vietnamese is spoken by 11,330 people,[141] or about 0.4% of the population,[141] many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%).[141]

### Religion

[edit]

See also: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Oklahoma

The Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa is a National Historic Landmark.

Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Protestant Christianity known as the "Bible Belt". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, with the Republican Party having the greater number of voters registered between the two major parties.[143] Tulsa, the state's second-largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the "buckle of the Bible Belt".[144][145]

In 2000, there were about 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims, with ten congregations to each group.[146]

According to the Pew Research Center in 2008, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents were Christian, accounting for about 80% of the population. The percentage of Catholics was half the national average, while the percentage of Evangelical Protestants was more than twice the national average, tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state.[147]

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Oklahoma City

In 2010, the state's largest church memberships were in the Southern Baptist Convention (886,394 members), the United Methodist Church (282,347), the Roman Catholic Church (178,430), and the Assemblies of God (85,926) and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[148] (47,349). Other religions represented in the state include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.[149]

According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents remained Christian accounting for 79% of the population, 9 percent higher than the national average.[150] The percentage of Evangelical Protestants declined since the last study, but they remain the largest religious group in the state at 47% over 20 percent higher than the national average.[150] The largest growth over the six years between Pew's 2008 and 2014 survey was in the number of people who identify as unaffiliated in the state with an increase of 6% of the total population.

By the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's survey, 73% of the population were Christian.[151] Evangelicalism made up 29% of the state population, followed by Mainline Protestantism at 19%. Historically and predominantly African-American and Latino churches collectively made up 8% of the religious demographic. An estimated 13% of the state's religious population were Roman Catholic. About 22% of the population had no religious affiliation.

In April 2025, the Oklahoma Legislature passed a non-binding concurrent resolution proclaiming Christ the King and recognize "the enduring influence of Christian faith in the lives of its people."[152]

Religious affiliation in Oklahoma Religion  | 2008[146][c] | 2014[153] | 2023-2024[154]

|
|
|

Evangelical Protestant | 53% | 47% | 47%
Mainline Protestant | 16% | 18% | 11%
Historically Black Protestant | 3% | 4% | 4%
Catholic | 12% | 8% | 8%
Mormon | <0.5% | 1% | 1%
Orthodox Christianity | <0.5% | <1% | <1%
Jehovah's Witness | <0.5% | <1% | <1%
Other Christians | 1% | <1% | <1%
Jewish | 1% | <1% | 1%
Muslim | <0.5% | <1% | <1%
Buddhist | 1% | <1% | <1%
Hindu | <0.5% | <1% | <1%
Other World Faiths | <0.5% | <1% | <1%
Unaffiliated, Atheist, Agnostic, and nothing in particular | 12% | 18% | 26%
Unitarians, Humanists, Deists, Spiritual but not religious, Eclectic, and "other liberal faiths" | No data | <1% | 1%
New Age religion, Pagans or Wiccan | No data | <1% | <1%
Native American religions | No data | <1% | <1%
Don't Know | 1% | 1% | 1%

### Incarceration

[edit]

Oklahoma has been described as "the world's prison capital", with 1,079 of every 100,000 residents imprisoned in 2018, the fourth-highest incarceration rate of any American state, and by comparison, higher than the incarceration rates of any country in the world.[155][156]

### Gender issues

[edit]

In an April 2023 report, The Sentencing Project highlighted Oklahoma's Failure to Protect law, which has "been used primarily against women" and has "sometimes resulted in survivors of abuse facing longer sentences for allegedly failing to protect their children from harm than the person who committed the abuse." The report states that "since the law went into effect in 2009, 139 women in Oklahoma have been imprisoned solely for failure-to-protect charges."[157] The Human Rights Campaign has also pointed out cases of the Oklahoma legislature's actions against the LGBTQ population and censuring of a nonbinary lawmaker.[158]

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of Oklahoma

See also: Oklahoma locations by per capita income and List of Oklahoma counties by socio-economic factors

The BOK Tower in Tulsa, Oklahoma's second-tallest building, serves as the world headquarters for the Williams Companies.

Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food.[32] The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat.[159] Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma,[160] and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation,[161] with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007.[162]

* Total employment (2018): 1,385,228
* Number of employer establishments: 93,561[163]

In 2010, Oklahoma City-based Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores ranked 18th on the Forbes list of largest private companies, Tulsa-based QuikTrip ranked 37th, and Oklahoma City-based Hobby Lobby ranked 198th in 2010 report.[164]

Oklahoma's gross domestic product was $254.13 billion in 2023.[165] The state had a per capita income of $58,499 in 2023, which ranked 43rd in the U.S., and its median household income ranked 46th at $59,673.[166][167] Additionally, Oklahoma ranks consistently among the lowest states in cost of living index.[168]

Though oil has historically dominated the state's economy, a collapse in the energy industry during the 1980s led to the loss of nearly 90,000 energy-related jobs between 1980 and 2000, severely damaging the local economy.[169] Oil accounted for 35 billion dollars in Oklahoma's economy in 2007,[170] and employment in the state's oil industry was outpaced by five other industries in 2007.[171] As of September 2020[update], the state's unemployment rate was 5.3%.[172]

### Industry

[edit]

In mid-2011, Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1.7 million and non-farm employment fluctuated around 1.5 million.[171] The government sector provides the most jobs, with 339,300 in 2011, followed by the transportation and utilities sector, providing 279,500 jobs, and the sectors of education, business, and manufacturing, providing 207,800, 177,400, and 132,700 jobs, respectively.[171] Among the state's largest industries, the aerospace sector generates $11 billion annually.[161]

Tulsa is home to the largest airline maintenance base in the world, which serves as the global maintenance and engineering headquarters for American Airlines.[173] In total, aerospace accounts for more than 10 percent of Oklahoma's industrial output, and it is one of the top 10 states in aerospace engine manufacturing.[32] Because of its position in the center of the United States, Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistic centers, and a major contributor to weather-related research.[161]

The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest-growing biotechnology industries in the nation.[161] In 2005, international exports from Oklahoma's manufacturing industry totaled $4.3 billion, accounting for 3.6 percent of its economic impact.[174] Tire manufacturing, meat processing, oil and gas equipment manufacturing, and air conditioner manufacturing are the state's largest manufacturing industries.[175]

### Energy

[edit]

A major oil-producing state, Oklahoma is the fifth-largest producer of crude oil in the United States.[170]

Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, and its fifth-largest producer of crude oil. The state also has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs,[170][176] and it is even ranked fifth in crude oil reserves.[177] While the state was ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011,[178] it still was at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy in 2009, with 94% of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25% from coal and 46% from natural gas.[179]

In 2019, 53.5% of electricity was produced from natural gas and 34.6% from wind power.[180]

Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009,[181] the state's energy costs were eighth-lowest in the nation.[182]

#### Oil, gas, and coal

[edit]

As a whole, the oil energy industry contributes $35 billion to Oklahoma's gross domestic product (GDP), and employees of the state's oil-related companies earn an average of twice the state's typical yearly income.[170] In 2009, the state had 83,700 commercial oil wells churning 65.374 million barrels (10,393,600 m3) of crude oil.[183] A tabulated 8.5% of the nation's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma, with 1.673 trillion cubic feet (47.4 km3) being produced in 2009.[183]

The Oklahoma Stack Play is a geographic referenced area in the Anadarko Basin. The oil field "Sooner Trend", Anadarko basin and the counties of Kingfisher and Canadian make up the basis for the "Oklahoma STACK". Other Plays such as the Eagle Ford are geological rather than geographical.[184]

All of the Fortune 500 companies based in Oklahoma are energy-related, including some of the largest companies in the petroleum industry in the U.S.[160] Tulsa's ONEOK and the Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second- and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine.[185]

Oklahoma Gas & Electric, commonly referred to as OG&E (NYSE: OGE) operates four base electric power plants in Oklahoma. Two of them are coal-fired power plants: one in Muskogee, and the other in Red Rock. Two are gas-fired power plants: one in Harrah and the other in Konawa. OG&E was the first electric company in Oklahoma to generate electricity from wind farms in 2003.[186]

#### Nuclear power

[edit]

Oklahoma had no operational nuclear power plants as of March 2021.[187]

In 1973, the Public Service Company of Oklahoma proposed the Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant near Inola, Oklahoma.[188] Protestors disrupted project construction in 1979, several months after the Three Mile Island accident, and the project was cancelled in 1982 after nine years of legal challenges.[189][190]

#### Wind generation

[edit]

Main article: Wind power in Oklahoma

### Agriculture

[edit]

The 27th-most agriculturally productive state, Oklahoma is fifth in cattle production and fifth in production of wheat.[159][191] Approximately 5.5 percent of American beef comes from Oklahoma, while the state produces 6.1 percent of American wheat, 4.2 percent of American pig products, and 2.2 percent of dairy products.[159]

The state had 85,500 farms in 2012, collectively producing $4.3 billion in animal products and fewer than one billion dollars in crop output with more than $6.1 billion added to the state's gross domestic product.[159] Poultry and swine are its second- and third-largest agricultural industries.[191]

## Education

[edit]

See also: List of school districts in Oklahoma, List of high schools in Oklahoma, and List of colleges and universities in Oklahoma

Oklahoma's system of public regional universities includes Northeastern State University in Tahlequah. Bizzell Memorial Library, the heart of the University of Oklahoma in Norman

With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008[update].[192] Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009–10 school year.[193] Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, and was 47th in the nation in expenditures per student,[192] though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd.[194]

The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it "a model for early childhood schooling".[195] High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate.[196] In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among Southern states.[197][198] According to a study conducted by the Pell Institute, Oklahoma ranks 48th in college-participation for low-income students.[199]

The University of Oklahoma, The University of Tulsa, Oklahoma State University, the University of Central Oklahoma, and Northeastern State University are the largest institutions of higher education in Oklahoma, each operating through one primary campus and satellite campuses throughout the state. The two state universities, along with Oklahoma City University and the University of Tulsa, rank among the country's best universities.[200]

Oklahoma City University School of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and University of Tulsa College of Law are the state's only ABA-accredited institutions. Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 2 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 55th and the University of Tulsa ranked 120th in the nation.[201]

Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities,[202] including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River,[203] also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma[204] and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount.[203][205] Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007,[206] and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.[192]

In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278-degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 - June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component.[207]

Beginning on April 2, 2018, tens of thousands of K–12 public school teachers went on strike due to lack of funding. According to the National Education Association, teachers in Oklahoma had ranked 49th out of the 50 states in terms of teacher pay in 2016. The Oklahoma Legislature had passed a measure a week earlier to raise teacher salaries by $6,100, but it fell short of the $10,000 raise for teachers, $5,000 raise for other school employees, and $200 million increase in extra education funding many had sought.[208] A survey in 2019 found that the pay raise obtained by the strike lifted the State's teacher pay ranking to 34th in the nation.[209]

### Non-English education

[edit]

Writing in Cherokee

The Cherokee Nation instigated a ten-year plan in 2005 that involved growing new speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood as well as speaking it exclusively at home.[210] The plan was part of an ambitious goal that in fifty years would have at least 80% of their people fluent.[211] The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used.[211] A Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.[212]

## Culture

[edit]

The Pioneer Woman statue in Ponca City, by Bryant Baker (1930).

Oklahoma is placed in the South by the United States Census Bureau,[27] but other definitions place the state at least partly in the Southwest, Midwest,[213] Upland South,[214] and Great Plains.[215] Oklahomans have a high rate of English, Scotch-Irish, German, and Native American ancestry,[216] with 25 different Indigenous languages spoken in the state.[30]

Because many American Indians were forced to move to Indian territory (modern day Oklahoma) when American settlement within North America had increased, Oklahoma has much linguistic diversity. Mary Linn, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma and the associate curator of Native American languages at the Sam Noble Museum, notes Oklahoma also has high levels of language endangerment.[217]

Sixty-seven Native American tribes and bands are represented in Oklahoma,[44] including 38 federally recognized tribes,[138] who are headquartered and have tribal jurisdictional areas or Indian reservations in the state.[218] Native American tribes, Western ranchers, Southern settlers, and Eastern oil barons have shaped the state's cultural predisposition, and its largest cities have been named among the most underrated cultural destinations in the United States.[219]

Residents of Oklahoma are associated with traits of Southern hospitality—the 2006 Catalogue for Philanthropy (with data from 2004) ranks Oklahomans 7th in the nation for overall generosity.[220] The state has also been associated with a negative cultural stereotype first popularized by John Steinbeck's 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath, which described the plight of uneducated, poverty-stricken Dust Bowl-era farmers deemed "Okies".[221][222] While the term is often used in a positive manner by Oklahomans,[221] it is still considered a derogatory term by many.[223]

### Arts

[edit]

Further information: List of Native American artists from Oklahoma

Philbrook Museum of Art, one of the nation's top fifty[224]

In the state's largest urban areas, pockets of jazz culture flourish,[225] and African American, Mexican American, and Asian American communities produce music and art of their respective cultures.[226] The Oklahoma Mozart Festival in Bartlesville is one of the largest classical music festivals on the Southern Plains,[227] and Oklahoma City's Festival of the Arts has been named one of the top fine arts festivals in the nation.[225]

The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States.[225] The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The university program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States.[228][229]

In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called "Discoveryland!" (since closed) is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma![230] Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma,[231] starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!,[232][233][234][235] playing the role of "Curly McClain" in more than 2,600 performances.[232][236] In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast.[236] Bond was instrumental in the Oklahoma! title song becoming the Oklahoma state song[231][237] and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary.[232][238]

Historically, Oklahoma has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the "Carnegie Hall of Western Swing",[239] served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s.[240] Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers.

Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Lyric Theatre of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.

Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums.[225] The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States,[224] and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region.[225] The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.[241]

The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles.[242] The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world,[243] and Oklahoma City's National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier.[225] With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States.[244]

### Festivals and events

[edit]

Oklahoma Renaissance Festival, 2017 Oklahoma Regatta Festival on the North Canadian River, 2012

Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association,[245] and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as ceremonial events, include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions.

Oklahoma City is home to a few reoccurring events and festivals. During a ten-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people[246] along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Such as various Latin American and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Oklahoma City Pride Parade has been held annually in late June since 1987 in the gay district of Oklahoma City on 39th and Penn.[247] The First Friday Art Walk in the Paseo Arts District is an art appreciation festival held the first Friday of every month.[248] Additionally, an annual art festival is held in the Paseo on Memorial Day Weekend.[249]

The Tulsa State Fair attracts more than a million people each year during its ten-day run,[250] and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 in four days during 2007.[251] In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today.

Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "largest weekend event and the third-largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation".[252]

Further information: Vacant Era Film Festival

### Sports

[edit]

The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas–Fort Worth after that season[253] and became the Dallas Wings.[254]

Oklahoma has teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the Triple-A and Double-A levels (the Oklahoma City Comets and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio, Texas. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA G League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League.[255] Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.

The Oklahoma City Thunder moved to Oklahoma City in 2008, becoming the state’s first (and so far only) permanent major-league team in any sport.

Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The Oklahoma Sooners participate in the Southeastern Conference,[256] and the Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls participate in the Big 12 Conference.[257] The Big 12 and SEC are two of the so-called Power Four conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The Sooners and Cowboys average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games.[258] The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation.[259][260]

Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference,[261] while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football,[262] is a member of the Summit League.[263] In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of three different conferences,[264][265][266] and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference.[267]

Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa.[268] Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation, Southern Hills has hosted five PGA Championships, including one in 2022, and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001.[269] Rodeos are popular throughout the state, and Guymon, in the state's panhandle, hosts one of the largest in the nation.[270]

ESPN called Oklahoma City "the center of the softball universe", specifically referring to the fast-pitch version, in a 2020 story. Oklahoma City is home to the governing body of the sport in the United States, USA Softball, which has its headquarters in a complex that also includes Devon Park. It annually hosts the Women's College World Series, the eight-team final round of the NCAA Division I softball tournament.[271] Devon Park will host softball at the 2028 Summer Olympics, and the Riversport OKC complex will host canoe slalom at the Games.[272]

College wrestling has strong tradition in Oklahoma. Oklahoma State has the most NCAA national championships of any collegiate team with 34, with the Oklahoma Sooners having 7 NCAA wrestling titles. The National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum is headquartered in Stillwater.[273]

A teqball competition was held in Tulsa June 14–16, 2024.[274]

#### Current professional teams

[edit]

Basketball  Team | Type | League | Venue | City | Area (Metro/Region)

|
|
|
|
|

Oklahoma City Thunder | Men's Basketball | NBA | Paycom Center | Oklahoma City | OKC Metro
Oklahoma City Blue | Men's Basketball | NBA G League | Paycom Center | Oklahoma City | OKC Metro
Baseball  Team | Type | League | Venue | City | Area (Metro/Region)

|
|
|
|
|

Oklahoma City Comets | Baseball | PCL (Triple-A)  | Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark | Oklahoma City | OKC Metro
Tulsa Drillers | Baseball | TL (Double-A)  | ONEOK Field | Tulsa | Tulsa Metro
Hockey  Team | Type | League | Venue | City | Area (Metro/Region)

|
|
|
|
|

Tulsa Oilers | Hockey | ECHL | BOK Center | Tulsa | Tulsa Metro
Football  Team | Type | League | Venue | City | Area (Metro/Region)

|
|
|
|
|

Oklahoma Flying Aces | Indoor Football | CIF | Stride Bank Center | Enid |
Oklahoma Thunder | Football | GDFL | Bixby High School  | Bixby | Tulsa Metro
Oklahoma City Bounty Hunters | Football | GDFL | Putnam City Stadium  | Warr Acres | OKC Metro
Soccer  Team | Type | League | Venue | City | Area (Metro/Region)

|
|
|
|
|

FC Tulsa | Men's Soccer | USL | ONEOK Field | Tulsa | Tulsa Metro
Tulsa Spirit | Women's Soccer | WPSL | Union 8th  | Broken Arrow | Tulsa Metro
Oklahoma City FC | Women's Soccer | WPSL | Miller Stadium | Oklahoma City | OKC Metro
Oklahoma City Energy | Men's Soccer | USL | Taft Stadium | Oklahoma City | OKC Metro
Rugby  Team | Type | League | Venue | City | Area (Metro/Region)

|
|
|
|
|

Tulsa Rugby Club | Men's Rugby | Division II Rugby | Riverside Pitch | Tulsa | Tulsa Metro

## Health

[edit]

Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center, Tulsa

Oklahoma was the 21st-largest recipient of medical funding from the federal government in 2005, with health-related federal expenditures in the state totaling $75,801,364; immunizations, bioterrorism preparedness, and health education were the top three most funded medical items.[275] Instances of major diseases are near the national average in Oklahoma, and the state ranks at or slightly above the rest of the country in percentage of people with asthma, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.[275]

In 2000, Oklahoma ranked 45th in physicians per capita and slightly below the national average in nurses per capita, but was slightly above the national average in hospital beds per 100,000 people and above the national average in net growth of health services over a twelve-year period.[276] One of the worst states for percentage of insured people, nearly 25 percent of Oklahomans between the age of 18 and 64 did not have health insurance in 2005, the fifth-highest rate in the nation.[277]

Oklahomans are in the upper half of Americans in terms of obesity prevalence. In 2009, Oklahoma was the 5th most obese in the nation, with 30.3 percent of its population at or near obesity.[278] Oklahoma ranked last among the 50 states in a 2007 study by the Commonwealth Fund on health care performance.[279]

The OU Medical Center, Oklahoma's largest collection of hospitals, is the only hospital in the state designated a Level I trauma center by the American College of Surgeons. OU Medical Center is on the grounds of the Oklahoma Health Center in Oklahoma City, the state's largest concentration of medical research facilities.[280][281]

The Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center in Tulsa is one of four such regional facilities nationwide, offering cancer treatment to the entire southwestern United States, and is one of the largest cancer treatment hospitals in the country.[282] The largest osteopathic teaching facility in the nation, Oklahoma State University Medical Center at Tulsa, also rates as one of the largest facilities in the field of neuroscience.[283][284] On June 26, 2018, Oklahoma made marijuana legal for medical purposes, making it one of the most conservative states to approve medical marijuana.[285]

### Life expectancy

[edit]

The residents of Oklahoma have a lower life expectancy than the U.S. national average. In 2014, males in Oklahoma lived an average of 73.7 years compared to a male national average of 76.7 years and females lived an average of 78.5 years compared to a female national average of 81.5 years. Increases in life expectancy have been below the national average. Male life expectancy in Oklahoma between 1980 and 2014, increased by an average of 4.0 years, compared to a male national average of a 6.7 year increase. Life expectancy for females in Oklahoma between 1980 and 2014, increased by 1.0 years, compared to a female national average of a 4.0 year increase.[286]

Using 2016–2018 data, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation calculated that life expectancy (all sexes) for Oklahoma counties ranged from 71.2 years for Okfuskee County to 79.7 years for Cimarron and Logan counties. Life expectancy for the state as a whole was 76.0 years.[287]

### Impact of Covid

[edit]

As of December 22, 2022, Oklahoma has been impacted more by the Covid pandemic (2020–2023) than the average U.S. state. Statistics for the U.S. as a whole are 331 deaths per 100,000 population with 68 percent of the population fully vaccinated. The comparable statistics for Oklahoma are 405 deaths per 100,000 population with 59 percent of the population fully vaccinated; 16,041 deaths from Covid have been recorded in Oklahoma. A wide variation in deaths from Covid exists among Oklahoma counties. Greer County recorded the highest death rate of .00753 (753 deaths per 100,000 residents). Payne County recorded the lowest death rate of .00231 (231 deaths per 100,000 residents).[288]

## Media

[edit]

Main articles: List of newspapers in Oklahoma, List of radio stations in Oklahoma, and List of television stations in Oklahoma

The second-largest newspaper in Oklahoma, the Tulsa World, has a circulation of 189,789.[289]

Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the 45th- and 61st-largest media markets in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's third-largest media market, Lawton-Wichita Falls, Texas, is ranked 149th nationally by the agency.[290] Broadcast television in Oklahoma began in 1949 when KFOR-TV (then WKY-TV) in Oklahoma City and KOTV-TV in Tulsa began broadcasting a few months apart.[291] Currently, all major American broadcast networks have affiliated television stations in the state.[292]

Oklahoma has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690. The Tulsa World, the second-most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558.[289] Oklahoma's first newspaper was established in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and was written in both Cherokee and English.[293] In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications.[293]

Oklahoma's first radio station, WKY in Oklahoma City, began broadcasting in 1920.[294] In 2006, there were more than 500 radio stations in Oklahoma broadcasting with various local or nationally owned networks. Five universities in Oklahoma operate non-commercial, public radio stations/networks.[295]

Oklahoma has a few ethnic-oriented TV stations broadcasting in Spanish and Asian languages, and there is some Native American programming. TBN, a Christian religious television network, has a studio in Tulsa, and built its first entirely TBN-owned affiliate in Oklahoma City in 1980.[296]

## Transportation

[edit]

Road network and waterways of Oklahoma from the 1970 edition of the National Atlas

Transportation in Oklahoma is generated by an anchor system of Interstate Highways, inter-city rail lines, airports, inland ports, and mass transit networks. Situated along an integral point in the United States Interstate network, Oklahoma contains three primary Interstate highways and four auxiliary Interstate Highways. In Oklahoma City, Interstate 35 intersects with Interstate 44 and Interstate 40, forming one of the most important intersections along the United States highway system.[297]

More than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of roads make up the state's major highway skeleton, including state-operated highways, ten turnpikes or major toll roads,[297] and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation.[298] In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma's busiest highway, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars.[299] In 2010, the state had the nation's third-highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges.[300]

Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010.[301] Tulsa International Airport, the state's second-largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010.[302] Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma.[303][304] In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008.[305] Oklahoma has more than 150 public-use airports.[306]

Oklahoma is connected to the nation's rail network via Amtrak's Heartland Flyer, its only regional passenger rail line. It currently stretches from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, Texas. Lawmakers began seeking funding in early 2007 to connect the Heartland Flyer to Tulsa,[307] but nothing came of this. In June 2023, following studies and negotiations, Oklahoma and Kansas state officials began seeking federal approval and funding to extend the Heartland Flyer from Oklahoma City to Newton, Kansas. The two locations are currently connected by an Amtrak Thruway Bus route that includes a stop in Wichita, Kansas.[308] In November 2023, KDOT said the service would start in 2029 if approved, but could begin sooner were the project to be fast tracked.[309]

Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The Tulsa Port of Catoosa is one of the United States' most inland international ports, at head of navigation of the McClellan–Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River.[310] The port ships over two million tons of goods annually and is a designated foreign trade zone.

Local transit map

Lawton Area Transit System

Tulsa Transit

The Bus

Muskogee County Transit

Pelivan Transit

KATS

Citylink Edmond

CART

Embark

class=notpageimage|

Local Transit Systems (Only systems with fixed-route services are shown)

## Law and government

[edit]

Main article: Government of Oklahoma

The Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City

Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government modeled after the federal government of the United States, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[311] Oklahoma has 77 counties with jurisdiction over most local government functions within each respective domain,[87] five congressional districts, and a voting base with a majority in the Republican Party.[312] State officials are elected by plurality voting in the state of Oklahoma.

Oklahoma has capital punishment as a legal sentence. Between 1976 to mid-2011, Oklahoma had the highest per capita execution rate in the nation.[313] Authorized methods of execution include the electric chair, the gas chamber and the firing squad.[314]

In a 2020 study, Oklahoma was ranked as the 14th most difficult state for citizens to vote in.[315] In May 2020, it became the first state to enact an anti-red flag law, prohibiting the acceptance of any grants or funding to enact red flag laws.[316][317] Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal in nearly all circumstances.[318]

### State government

[edit]

See also: Governor of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Legislature, and Oklahoma Supreme Court

The Legislature of Oklahoma consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. As the lawmaking branch of the state government, it is responsible for raising and distributing the money necessary to run the government. The Senate has 48 members serving four-year terms, while the House has 101 members with two-year terms. The state has a term limit for its legislature that restricts any one person to twelve cumulative years service between both legislative branches.[319][320]

Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serve one county. The Oklahoma judiciary contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment for impeachment trials, and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases. This split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas. Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule.[319]

The executive branch consists of the governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch. He serves as the ex officio Commander-in-chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.[321]

### Local government

[edit]

See also: List of counties in Oklahoma

Oklahoma is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff.[322] Each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power. County governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, and have executive power but no legislative or judicial power.[115]

Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction.[115][323] Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts.

Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations are typical in most of the United States, they are not present in Oklahoma. Tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction, and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.[324][325]

Oklahoma has 11 substate districts, including the two large Councils of Governments, INCOG in Tulsa (Indian Nations Council of Governments) and ACOG (Association of Central Oklahoma Governments).

### National politics

[edit]

Further information: Political party strength in Oklahoma

Main article: Politics of Oklahoma

During the first half-century of statehood, Oklahoma was considered a Democratic stronghold, being carried by the Republican Party in only two presidential elections, 1920 and 1928. After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015,[326] Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election since 1952: Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 landslide victory.

Every single county in Oklahoma has been won by the Republican candidate in each election since 2004. Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any counties in 2008. Oklahoma City was the largest city in the United States carried by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 elections.

Democrats are strongest in urban areas, such as the inner parts of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, as well as the college towns of Norman and Stillwater, and areas which are most heavily African American. The Democrats once held dominance in the eastern part of Oklahoma and Little Dixie before the area gradually shifted Republican in the late 2000s. As of the 2020 election, Native American voters, 16% of the state's population, are split, with urban populations supporting the Democrats, and rural reservation populaces favoring the Republicans.[327]

Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. Oklahoma has had an all-Republican congressional delegation since 2021 and previously from 2013 to 2019.

Voter registration and party enrollment as of June 30, 2025[328] Party  | Number of voters  | Percentage

|
|

| Republican | 1,266,591  | 53.45%
| Democratic | 610,157  | 25.75%
| Libertarian | 22,991  | 0.97%
| No affiliation/Other  | 469,702  | 19.82%
Total  | 2,369,441  | 100.00%

### Military

[edit]

Main articles: List of military units and installations in Oklahoma and List of battles fought in Oklahoma

## State symbols

[edit]

See also: List of Oklahoma state symbols

The American bison is Oklahoma's state mammal.

State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions.[329] The Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. In 2012 the House passed HCR 1024, which would change the state motto from "Labor Omnia Vincit" to "Oklahoma—In God We Trust!". The author of the resolution stated a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.[330][331]

## See also

[edit]

* Oklahoma portal
* United States portal

* Index of Oklahoma-related articles
* Outline of Oklahoma
* Zodletone Mountain

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
2. ^ Choctaw official within Choctaw Nation, Cherokee official within Cherokee Nation and UKB
3. ^ Determined by a survey by the Pew Research Center in 2008. Percentages represent claimed religious beliefs, not necessarily membership in any particular congregation. Figures have a ±5 percent margin of error.[147]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
2. ^ "United States Census Quick Facts Oklahoma". Retrieved January 9, 2025.
3. ^ "Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023" (PDF). Retrieved January 12, 2025.
4. ^ a b "Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB" (PDF). Keetoowah Cherokee News: Official Publication of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
5. ^ a b "UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language" (PDF). United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
6. ^ a b "The Cherokee Nation & its Language" (PDF). University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
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9. ^ "Oklahoma State Amphibian—Bullfrog". State Symbols USA. September 6, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
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11. ^ "Oklahoma State Fish—White Bass". State Symbols USA. September 7, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
12. ^ "Oklahoma State Fossil". State fossils. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2007.
13. ^ "Oklahoma State Percussive Instrument—Drum". State Symbols USA. September 7, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
14. ^ "Oklahoma State Beverage—Milk". State Symbols USA. September 6, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
15. ^ "New Oklahoma Quarter Launches into History". United States Mint. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2008.
16. ^ Oklahoma Statutes, §25–98.8
17. ^ "Oklahoma State Cartoon Character—Gusty". State Symbols USA. September 6, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
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27. ^ a b "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
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31. ^ "Detailed Data of Hundreds of American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
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252. ^ "Medieval Fair of Norman". Medieval Fair of Norman. 2010. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
253. ^ "WNBA Approves Relocation of Shock from Tulsa to Dallas–Fort Worth" (Press release). Women's National Basketball Association. July 23, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
254. ^ "WNBA's Dallas Wings Introduced in DFW Metroplex" (Press release). Women's National Basketball Association. November 2, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
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256. ^ "History-Southeastern Conference". Southeastern Conference. July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
257. ^ "Big 12 Conference—One True Champion". Big 12 Conference. June 26, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
258. ^ "Attendance Records" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
259. ^ "America's Best Sports Colleges: 1–10". Sports Illustrated. October 7, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
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261. ^ "About TU". Tulsa Golden Hurricane. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
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263. ^ "Summit League Quick Facts". The Summit League. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
264. ^ "Home Page". Great American Conference. Retrieved August 23, 2024. Move the cursor over "Member Institutions" on the menu to see a list of members; six members are from Oklahoma.
265. ^ "Lone Star Conference History". Lone Star Conference. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
266. ^ "About the MIAA". Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
267. ^ "NAIA Member Schools: Oklahoma". National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
268. ^ "Oklahoma's Top 10 Private Golf Courses". Tulsaweb. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
269. ^ "Southern Hills Country Club is rich in History". PGA. 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
270. ^ "Rodeo History". Guymon Rodeo Foundation. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
271. ^ Hays, Graham (May 28, 2020). "How Oklahoma City, home of the Women's College World Series, became the center of the softball universe". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
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273. ^ Exhibit highlights Oklahoma's strong wrestling history, tradition. nwhof.org. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
274. ^ "Major Teqball extravaganza descends upon Tulsa", FITEQ (April 4, 2024)
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278. ^ "U.S. Obesity Trends". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
279. ^ Hitti, Miranda (June 13, 2007). "How States Rank on Health Care". WebMD Health News. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
280. ^ "OU Medical Center Employment Opportunities". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
281. ^ "Trauma One Center". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on July 21, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
282. ^ "Southwestern Regional Medical Center". Cancer Treatment Centers of America. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
283. ^ "Tulsa Regional Medical Center Changes its name to OSU Medical Center". Oklahoma State University. 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
284. ^ "Basic Biomedical Research in the OSU College of Osteopathic Medicine". Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
285. ^ Murphy, Sean (June 27, 2018). "Oklahoma voters approve medical marijuana despite opposition". AP News. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
286. ^ "US Health Map". Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. University of Washington. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
287. ^ "Oklahoma: Life Expectancy". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
288. ^ "Tracking Coronavirus in Oklahoma: Latest Map and Case Count, December 22, 2022". New York Times. March 3, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
289. ^ a b "2011 Top Media Outlets: Newspapers, Blogs, Consumer Magazines & Social Network" (PDF). BurrellesLuce. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
290. ^ "Local Television Market Universe Estimates Comparisons of 2008–09 and 2009–10 Market Ranks" (PDF). Nielsen Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
291. ^ "Historical Highlights of Television in Tulsa, Oklahoma". Tulsa TV History. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
292. ^ "U.S. Television Stations in Oklahoma". Global Computing. 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
293. ^ a b "History of Newspapers in Oklahoma". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
294. ^ Gleason, Matt (January 28, 2007). "Radio Days: Oklahoma's First Station: Broadcast pioneer WKY began in garage, living room". Tulsa World. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
295. ^ "Complete List of Radio Stations in the State of OK". On the Radio.net. 2006. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
296. ^ Federal Communications Commission. "Call Sign History". Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
297. ^ a b "Transportation in Oklahoma City". Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
298. ^ "Route 66—Facts and Trivia". Legends of America. 2007. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
299. ^ "2008 Annual Average Daily Traffic" (PDF). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
300. ^ "Deficient Bridges by State and Highway System". United States Department of Transportation—Federal Highway Administration. 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
301. ^ "Aviation Activity Report December 2010" (PDF). Oklahoma City Airport Authority. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
302. ^ "Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data for U.S. Airports" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
303. ^ "Tulsa International Airport—Airline Information". Tulsa Airport Authority. 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
304. ^ "Will Rogers World Airports—Airline Information". Oklahoma City Airport Authority. 2004. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
305. ^ "Riverside Jones Airport". Tulsa Airport Authority. 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
306. ^ "Airports of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Airport Operators Association. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
307. ^ Barber, Brian (January 18, 2007). "Federal matching funds may help bring Amtrak to Tulsa". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
308. ^ Forman, Carmen (June 12, 2023). "Tulsa not included in proposed OKC-to-Kansas passenger rail expansion". Tulsa World. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
309. ^ "KDOT gives update on potential Amtrak expansion into Wichita". www.kake.com. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
310. ^ "What's new at the port?". Tulsa Port Authority. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
311. ^ "State Government—Oklahoma". GoveEngine.com. 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
312. ^ "Current Registration Statistics by County" (PDF). State of Oklahoma. January 15, 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
313. ^ "The Execution State?". Oklahoma Watch. February 21, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
314. ^ "Methods of Execution".
315. ^ J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509\. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. ISSN 1533-1296. S2CID 225139517.
316. ^ "Oklahoma SB1081 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
317. ^ "Nation's first anti-red flag law now on the books". Claremore Daily Progress. May 21, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
318. ^ "Where Can I Get an Abortion? | U.S. Abortion Clinic Locator". www.abortionfinder.org. Retrieved December 29, 2024.
319. ^ a b "Oklahoma State Government". Netstate. June 7, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
320. ^ "Legislative Longevity Limits". U.S. Term Limits. Archived from the original on September 20, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
321. ^ "Report of the Governor's Commission on Government Performance". Governor's Commission. December 1, 1995. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
322. ^ "List of County Officers". Government of Oklahoma. January 6, 2006. Archived from the original on May 31, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
323. ^ Diehl, Don (July 24, 2007). "Metro About Jenks population figures ... doubled in size since 2000 census". Neighbor Newspapers. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
324. ^ Henry, Robert (March 22, 1989). "Oklahoma Attorney General's Opinions: Question Submitted by: The Honorable Enoch Kelly Haney, Oklahoma State Senate". The Oklahoma State Courts Network. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
325. ^ Robertson, Lindsay (2001). "Native Americans and the Law: Native Americans Under Current United States Law". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
326. ^ "Registration by Party as of January 15, 2015" (PDF). Oklahoma State Election Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
327. ^ "Oklahoma Voter Surveys: How Different Groups Voted". The New York Times. November 3, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
328. ^ 2025 Month-End Voter Registration Reports Oklahoma State Election Board
329. ^ "OCIS Document Index". The Oklahoma Supreme Court Network. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
330. ^ "Oklahoma House approves 'In God We Trust' for state motto". newsok.com. March 26, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
331. ^ "HCR 1024" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Baird, W. David; Danney Goble (1994). The Story of Oklahoma. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2650-0.
* Dale, Edward Everett; Morris L. Wardell (1948). History of Oklahoma. New York: Prentice-Hall. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
* Gibson, Arrell Morgan (1981). Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (2nd ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1758-4.
* Goble, Danney (1980). Progressive Oklahoma: The Making of a New Kind of State. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1510-8.
* Gunther, John (1947). "Oklahoma and the Indians". Inside U.S.A. New York; London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 869–885.
* Jones, Stephen (1974). Oklahoma Politics in State and Nation. Vol. 1: 1907–62. Enid, Okla.: Haymaker Press.
* Joyce, Davis D., ed. (1994). An Oklahoma I Had Never Seen Before: Alternative Views of Oklahoma History. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2599-2.
* Morgan, Anne Hodges; Morgan, H. Wayne, eds. (1982). Oklahoma: New Views of the Forty-sixth State. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1651-8.
* Morgan, David R.; Robert E. England; George G. Humphreys (1991). Oklahoma Politics and Policies: Governing the Sooner State. Lincoln, OK: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3106-1.
* Morris, John W.; Charles R. Goins; Edwin C. McReynolds (1986). Historical Atlas of Oklahoma (3rd ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1991-5.
* Wishart, David J., ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Lincoln, OK: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4787-1. 900 pages of scholarly articles.

## External links

[edit]

Oklahoma at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Travel information from Wikivoyage

### Government

[edit]

* Official website
* Oklahoma Legislative Branch
* Oklahoma Department of Commerce
* Oklahoma Department of Human Services
* Oklahoma Department of Transportation

### Tourism and recreation

[edit]

* Official Oklahoma Tourism Info
* Oklahoma State Parks
* Red Earth (Archived January 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine)
* Woody Guthrie Folk Festival

### Culture and history

[edit]

* Oklahoma State Guide from the Library of Congress
* Oklahoma Arts Council
* Oklahoma Theatre Association
* Oklahoma Oral History Research Program
* Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
* Voices of Oklahoma Oral History Project

### Maps and demographics

[edit]

* Oklahoma QuickFacts Geographic and Demographic information
* State highway maps
* Oklahoma Genealogical Society
* Realtime USGS geographic, weather, and geologic information (Archived May 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine)
* Geographic data related to Oklahoma at OpenStreetMap
* Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

Preceded by

Utah

|  List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on November 16, 1907 (46th)  | Succeeded by

New Mexico

|
|

Topics related to Oklahoma
Native America

* v
* t
* e

State of Oklahoma

Oklahoma City (capital)

Topics|

* Index
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* Geography
* Ghost towns
* Government
* governor (list)
* History
* Land Rush of 1889, 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1895
* Unassigned Lands
* Mass media
* newspapers
* radio
* TV
* People
* Sports
* Symbols
* Tourist attractions

Society|

* Abortion
* Cannabis
* Culture
* Crime
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education
* Gun laws
* LGBTQ rights
* Politics

Regions|

* Ark-La-Tex
* Central
* Cherokee Outlet
* Choctaw Country
* Cross Timbers
* Four State Area
* Flint Hills
* Green Country
* Little Dixie
* Northwestern
* Oklahoma City Metro
* Ouachita Mountains
* The Ozarks
* Panhandle
* South Central
* Southwestern
* Texoma
* Tulsa Metro
* Western

Largest cities|

* Ardmore
* Bartlesville
* Bixby
* Broken Arrow
* Del City
* Duncan
* Edmond
* Enid
* Lawton
* Midwest City
* Muskogee
* Moore
* Norman
* Oklahoma City
* Owasso
* Ponca City
* Shawnee
* Stillwater
* Tulsa
* Yukon

Counties|

* Adair
* Alfalfa
* Atoka
* Beaver
* Beckham
* Blaine
* Bryan
* Caddo
* Canadian
* Carter
* Cherokee
* Choctaw
* Cimarron
* Cleveland
* Coal
* Comanche
* Cotton
* Craig
* Creek
* Custer
* Delaware
* Dewey
* Ellis
* Garfield
* Garvin
* Grady
* Grant
* Greer
* Harmon
* Harper
* Haskell
* Hughes
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Johnston
* Kay
* Kingfisher
* Kiowa
* Latimer
* Le Flore
* Lincoln
* Logan
* Love
* Major
* Marshall
* Mayes
* McClain
* McCurtain
* McIntosh
* Murray
* Muskogee
* Noble
* Nowata
* Okfuskee
* Oklahoma
* Okmulgee
* Osage
* Ottawa
* Pawnee
* Payne
* Pittsburg
* Pontotoc
* Pottawatomie
* Pushmataha
* Roger Mills
* Rogers
* Seminole
* Sequoyah
* Stephens
* Texas
* Tillman
* Tulsa
* Wagoner
* Washington
* Washita
* Woods
* Woodward

Oklahoma portal

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of Oklahoma

Federal|

| National Forests|

* Ouachita

|

National Grasslands|

* Black Kettle
* Rita Blanca

National Historic Sites|

* Fort Smith
* Washita Battlefield

National Memorials|

* Oklahoma City

National Recreation Areas|

* Chickasaw
* Winding Stair Mountain

National Trails|

* Buttefield Overland
* Santa Fe
* Trail of Tears

National Wildlife Refuges|

* Deep Fork
* Little River
* Optima
* Ozark Plateau
* Salt Plains
* Sequoyah
* Tishomingo
* Washita
* Wichita Mountains

Other|

* National Historic Landmarks
* National Natural Landmarks
* National Register of Historic Places
* Wilderness Areas

State|

| State Parks|

* Alabaster Caverns
* Arrowhead
* Beavers Bend
* Black Mesa
* Boiling Springs
* Cherokee Landing
* Clayton Lake
* Fort Cobb
* Foss
* Gloss Mountain
* Great Plains
* Great Salt Plains
* Greenleaf
* Keystone
* Lake Eufaula
* Lake Murray
* Lake Texoma
* Lake Thunderbird
* Lake Wister
* Little Sahara
* McGee Creek
* Natural Falls
* Osage Hills
* Quartz Mountain
* Raymond Gary
* Robbers Cave
* Roman Nose
* Sequoyah
* Sequoyah Bay
* Talimena
* Tenkiller

|

Grand Lake State Park areas|

* Bernice
* Cherokee
* Disney/Little Blue
* Honey Creek
* Spavinaw
* Twin Bridges

Wildlife Management Areas|

* Altus-Lugert
* Arbuckle Springs
* Atoka
* Thomas A. Bamberger Sr.
* Barren Fork
* Beaver River
* Beaver River - McFarland Unit
* Blue River
* Broken Bow
* Hal and Fern Cooper
* Honobia Creek
* McCurtain County
* Pine Creek
* Pushmataha

Other|

* Arcadia Conservation Education Area
* Atoka Public Hunting Area
* Black Mesa Nature Preserve
* Hugo Lake

Oklahoma Historical Society|

* Cabin Creek Battlefield
* Fort Gibson Historic Site
* Fort Supply Historic Site
* Fort Towson Historic Site
* Honey Springs Battlefield
* Hunter’s Home
* Pawnee Bill Ranch and Museum
* Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center
* White Hair Memorial
* Will Rogers Birthplace Ranch

Oklahoma Commissioners of the Land Office|

Manages land for revenue to fund schools

Local|

| Former state parks|

* Adair Park
* Beaver Dunes Park
* Boggy Depot Park (Choctaw Nation)
* Brushy Lake Park
* Crowder Lake University Park
* Dripping Springs Park
* Heavener Runestone Park
* Lake Eucha Park
* Okmulgee Park
* Red Rock Canyon Adventure
* Snowdale (closed)
* Wah-Sha-She Park
* Walnut Creek (closed)

|

* v
* t
* e

Southern United States

Topics|

* Cuisine
* Culture
* Dialect
* accent
* Economy
* Geography
* Government and politics
* History
* Sports
* Black Southerners
* White Southerners

States|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Mississippi
* North Carolina
* Oklahoma
* South Carolina
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Virginia
* West Virginia

Federal districts|

District of Columbia

Major cities|

* Atlanta
* Austin
* Baltimore
* Birmingham
* Charleston (SC)
* Charleston (WV)
* Charlotte
* Columbia
* Dallas
* Fort Worth
* Greensboro
* Hampton
* Hialeah
* Houston
* Huntsville
* Jacksonville
* Little Rock
* Louisville
* Memphis
* Miami
* Nashville
* New Orleans
* Newport News
* Norfolk
* Oklahoma City
* Orlando
* Portsmouth
* Raleigh
* Richmond
* San Antonio
* St. Petersburg
* Tampa
* Tulsa
* Virginia Beach
* Washington, D.C.
* Wilmington
* Winston-Salem

State capitals|

* Annapolis
* Atlanta
* Austin
* Baton Rouge
* Charleston (WV)
* Columbia
* Dover
* Frankfort
* Jackson
* Little Rock
* Montgomery
* Nashville
* Oklahoma City
* Raleigh
* Richmond
* Tallahassee

* v
* t
* e

New France (1534–1763)

History|

* French colonization of the Americas
* French colonial empire
* Timeline of New France history
* Beginnings–1533
* 1534–1607
* 1608–1662
* 1663–1759
* 1763 Treaty of Paris
* History of Quebec
* History of the Acadians
* History of the French-Americans

Colonies|

* Acadia (1604–1713)
* Canada (1608–1763)
* Terre-Neuve (1662–1713)
* Louisiana (1682–1763, 1801–1803)
* Île Royale (1713–1763)
* Illinois Country
* Ohio Country
* Pays d'en Haut
* Domaine du roy

Towns and
villages|

* Acadie
* Port Royal
* Canada
* Quebec City
* Trois-Rivières
* Montreal
* Détroit
* Île Royale
* Louisbourg
* Louisiane
* Mobile
* Biloxi
* New Orleans
* Terre-Neuve
* Plaisance

Forts|

* List of French forts in North America
* Fort Rouillé
* Fort Michilimackinac
* Fort de Buade
* Fort de Chartres
* Fort Detroit
* Fort Carillon
* Fort Condé
* Fort Duquesne
* Fortress of Louisbourg
* Castle Hill
* Fort St. Louis (Illinois)
* Fort St. Louis (Texas)

Governments|

* Canada
* Governor General
* Intendant
* Sovereign Council
* Bishop of Quebec
* Governor of Trois-Rivières
* Governor of Montreal
* Acadie
* Governor
* Terre-Neuve
* Governor
* Louisiane
* Governor

Laws|

* Custom of Paris in New France
* Seigneurial system of New France
* Criminal justice in New France
* Intendancy
* Superior Council
* Admiralty court
* Provostship
* Officiality
* Bailiff
* Maréchaussée
* Code Noir

Economy|

* Chemin du Roy
* Fur trade
* Coureur des bois
* Voyageurs
* Company of One Hundred Associates
* French West India Company
* John Law's Company
* French Indies Company

Society|

* Population
* 1666 census
* Habitants
* Canadiens
* King's Daughters
* Acadians
* Casquette girls
* Métis
* Amerindians
* Slavery
* Plaçage
* Gens de couleur libres
* Alcohol
* Currency
* card money
* Intellectual life

Missionary groups|

* Jesuit missions
* Récollets
* Grey Nuns
* Ursulines
* Sulpicians

Wars|

* Military of New France
* Military history of the Acadians
* Acadian Civil War
* Intercolonial Wars
* King William's War
* Queen Anne's War
* King George's War
* Seven Years' War
* French and Iroquois Wars
* Expulsion of the Acadians
* Great Peace of Montreal
* Lachine Raid
* Schenectady Raid
* Deerfield Raid

* Category

* v
* t
* e

New Spain (1521–1821)

Conflicts|

* Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire →
* Spanish conquest of Guatemala →
* Spanish conquest of Yucatán →
* Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) →
* Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) →
* Dutch Revolt →
* Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) →
* Piracy in the Caribbean →
* Queen Anne's War →
* War of Jenkins' Ear →
* Seven Years' War →
* Spain and the American Revolutionary War

Conflicts with indigenous
peoples during colonial rule|

* Mixtón War →
* Yaqui Wars →
* Chichimeca War →
* Philippine revolts against Spain →
* Acaxee Rebellion →
* Spanish–Moro conflict →
* Acoma Massacre →
* Tepehuán Revolt →
* Tzeltal Rebellion →
* Pueblo Revolt →
* Pima Revolt →
* Spanish American wars of independence

Central
government
and
administration|

| Habsburg Spain|

* Charles I
* Joanna of Castile
* Philip II
* Philp III
* Philip IV
* Charles II

|

Bourbon Spain|

* Philip V (also reigned after Louis I)
* Louis I
* Ferdinand VI
* Charles III
* Charles IV
* Ferdinand VII of Spain (also reigned after Joseph I)

Viceroys of New Spain|

* List of viceroys of New Spain

Audiencias|

* Guadalajara
* Captaincy General of Guatemala
* Manila
* Mexico
* Santo Domingo

Captancies General|

* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Philippines
* Puerto Rico
* Santo Domingo
* Yucatán
* Provincias Internas

Intendancy|

* Havana
* New Orleans
* State of Mexico
* Chiapas
* Comayagua
* Nicaragua
* Camagüey
* Santiago de Cuba
* Guanajuato
* Valladolid
* Guadalajara
* Zacatecas
* San Luis Potosí
* Veracruz
* Puebla
* Oaxaca
* Durango
* Sonora
* Mérida, Yucatán
* La Florida

Politics|

* Viceroy
* Gobernaciones
* Adelantado
* Captain general
* Corregidor (position)
* Cabildo
* Encomienda

Treaties|

* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Treaty of Zaragoza
* Peace of Westphalia
* Peace of Ryswick
* Peace of Utrecht
* Congress of Breda
* Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)
* Treaty of Paris (1783)
* Treaty of Córdoba
* Adams–Onís Treaty

Notable
cities,
provinces,
and territories|

| Cities|

* Mexico City
* Veracruz
* Xalapa
* Puebla
* Toluca
* Cuernavaca
* Oaxaca
* Morelia
* Acapulco
* Campeche
* Mérida
* Guadalajara
* Durango
* Monterrey
* León
* Guanajuato
* Zacatecas
* Pachuca
* Querétaro
* Saltillo
* San Luis Potosí
* Los Ángeles
* Yerba Buena (San Francisco)
* San José
* San Diego
* Santa Fe
* Albuquerque
* El Paso
* Los Adaes
* San Antonio
* Tucson
* Pensacola
* St. Augustine
* Havana
* Santo Domingo
* San Juan
* Antigua Guatemala
* Cebu
* Manila

|

Provinces and
territories|

* Louisiana
* La Florida (Florida)
* Las Californias
* Alta California (California)
* Baja California
* Santa Fe de Nuevo México (New Mexico)
* Tejas (Texas)
* Nueva Galicia
* Nueva Vizcaya
* Nueva Extremadura
* New Kingdom of León
* Cebu
* Bulacan
* Pampanga

Other areas|

* Spanish Formosa

Explorers,
adventurers and
conquistadors|

| Pre-New Spain
explorers|

* Christopher Columbus
* Ferdinand Magellan
* Juan Sebastián Elcano
* Vasco Núñez de Balboa
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar

|

Explorers and
conquistadors|

* Hernán Cortés
* Juan Ponce de León
* Nuño de Guzmán
* Bernal Díaz del Castillo
* Pedro de Alvarado
* Pánfilo de Narváez
* Hernando de Soto
* Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
* Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
* Miguel López de Legazpi
* Ángel de Villafañe
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
* Juan de Oñate
* Juan José Pérez Hernández
* Gaspar de Portolá
* Manuel Quimper
* Cristóbal de Oñate
* Andrés de Urdaneta
* Ruy López de Villalobos
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
* Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)
* Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)
* Gil González Dávila
* Francisco de Ulloa
* Juan José Pérez Hernández
* Dionisio Alcalá Galiano
* Bruno de Heceta
* Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
* Alonso de León
* Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán
* José de Bustamante y Guerra
* José María Narváez
* Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
* Antonio Gil Y'Barbo
* Alexander von Humboldt
* Thomas Gage

Catholic Church
in New Spain|

| Spanish missions
in the Americas|

* Spanish missions in Arizona
* Spanish missions in Baja California
* Spanish missions in California
* Spanish missions in the Carolinas
* Spanish missions in Florida
* Spanish missions in Georgia
* Spanish missions in Louisiana
* Spanish missions in Mexico
* Spanish missions in New Mexico
* Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert
* Spanish missions in Texas
* Spanish missions in Virginia
* Spanish missions in Trinidad

|

Friars, fathers,
priests, and bishops|

* Pedro de Gante
* Gerónimo de Aguilar
* Toribio de Benavente Motolinia
* Bernardino de Sahagún
* Juan de Zumárraga
* Alonso de Montúfar
* Vasco de Quiroga
* Bartolomé de las Casas
* Alonso de Molina
* Diego Durán
* Diego de Landa
* Gerónimo de Mendieta
* Juan de Torquemada
* Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
* Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora
* Eusebio Kino
* Francisco Javier Clavijero
* Junípero Serra
* Francisco Palóu
* Fermín de Lasuén
* Esteban Tápis
* José Francisco de Paula Señan
* Mariano Payeras
* Sebastián Montero
* Marcos de Niza
* Francisco de Ayeta
* Antonio Margil
* Francisco Marroquín
* Manuel Abad y Queipo
* Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
* José María Morelos

Other events|

* Our Lady of Guadalupe
* Suppression of the Jesuits
* California mission clash of cultures
* Cargo system
* Indian Reductions

Society
and culture|

| Indigenous
peoples|

| Mesoamerican|

* Aztecs
* Maya
* Huastec
* Mixtec
* P'urhépecha
* Totonac
* Pipil
* Kowoj
* Kʼicheʼ
* Kaqchikel
* Zapotec
* Poqomam
* Mam

|

Caribbean|

* Arawak
* Ciboney
* Guanahatabey

California|

* Mission Indians
* Cahuilla
* Chumash
* Cupeño
* Juaneño
* Kumeyaay
* Luiseño
* Miwok
* Mohave
* Ohlone
* Serrano
* Tongva

Oasisamerica (Southwest US)|

* Akimel O'odham
* Apache
* Hopi
* Hualapai
* Navajo
* Pueblo peoples
* Quechan
* Solano
* Tohono O'odham
* Zuni

Aridoamerica|

* Acaxee
* Chichimeca
* Coahuiltecan
* Cochimí
* Cocopah
* Kiliwa
* La Junta
* Opata
* Tepehuán
* Yaqui

Southern Plains|

* Caddo
* Comanche
* Lipan Apache
* Plains Apache
* Tonkawa
* Wichita

Southeastern Woodlands|

* Indigenous people during De Soto's travels
* Apalachee
* Calusa
* Muscogee
* Jororo
* Pensacola
* Seminole
* Timucua
* Yustaga

Filipinos|

* Negrito
* Igorot
* Mangyan
* Peoples of Palawan
* Ati
* Panay
* Lumad
* Bajau
* Tagalog
* Cebuano

Others|

* Taiwanese indigenous peoples
* Chamorro people

Architecture|

* Spanish Colonial style
* by country
* Colonial Baroque style
* Forts
* Missions

Trade and economy|

* Real
* Columbian exchange
* Manila galleon
* Triangular trade

People and classes|

* Casta
* Peninsulares
* Criollo
* Indios
* Mestizo
* Castizo
* Coyotes
* Pardos
* Zambo
* Negros

People|

* Juan Bautista de Anza
* Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
* Francis Drake
* Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
* Eusebio Kino
* La Malinche
* Fermín de Lasuén
* Limahong
* Moctezuma II
* Junípero Serra
* Hasekura Tsunenaga

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Political divisions of the United States

List of states and territories

States|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Federal district|

Washington, D.C.

Territories|

* American Samoa
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Outlying islands|

* Baker Island
* Howland Island
* Jarvis Island
* Johnston Atoll
* Kingman Reef
* Midway Atoll
* Navassa Island
* Palmyra Atoll
* Wake Island

Indian country|

* Federally recognized tribe
* Indian reservation
* List of federally recognized tribes by state
* List of Indian reservations

International concessions|

* Guantanamo Bay
* Pituffik

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Israel
* Catalonia

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
* Yale LUX

*[Avg.]: Average
*[Pop.]: Population
*[%±]: Percent change
*[Pub. L.]: Public Law
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