On Abstinence from Eating Animals

3rd-century treatise on vegetarianism by Porphyry

Depiction of Porphyry from the Tree of Jesse at the Sucevița Monastery, 1535

On Abstinence from Eating Animals[a] (Koinē Greek: Περὶ ἀποχῆς ἐμψύχων, romanized: Peri apochēs empsychōn, Latin: De abstinentia ab esu animalium) is a 3rd-century treatise by Porphyry on the ethics of vegetarianism. The four-book treatise was composed by the philosopher as an open letter to Castricius Firmus, a fellow pupil of Plotinus who had renounced a vegetarian diet.

De abstinentia is the most detailed surviving work discussing vegetarianism from classical antiquity. Porphyry advocates for vegetarianism on both spiritual and ethical grounds, applying arguments from his own school of Neoplatonism to counter those in favor of meat-eating from the Stoic, Peripatetic, and Epicurean schools. Porphyry argues that there is a moral obligation to extend justice to animals because they are rational beings. He discusses societies that have been historically vegetarian, the implications of metempsychosis (transmigration of the soul), and offers arguments against animal sacrifice. Porphyry directs his discourse towards philosophers, and does not advocate that people such as soldiers or athletes adopt a vegetarian diet.

According to philosopher Daniel Dombrowski, in De abstinentia Porphyry originated the argument from marginal cases, that is, that if animals are not afforded moral status, then neither should "marginal cases" of human beings such as infants, persons with severe cognitive disabilities, and the senile.

The treatise is written in Koine Greek but is often referred to in academia by the abbreviation of its Latin name, De abstinentia. While the manuscript traditions of the text seem to faithfully represent Porphyry's ideas and arguments, they contain errors and lack fidelity to the original. The entirety of the work is extant except for the ending of the fourth book.

## Background

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Medieval illuminated manuscript depicting Porphyry and Plotinus discussing the purification of the soul by means of theurgy

Porphyry was born c. 234 in Tyre, Roman Phoenicia. He studied under Plotinus and promulgated the philosophy of the Neoplatonists. He composed original works in Greek and wrote On Abstinence from Eating Animals between 263 and 301,[1] most probably between the years 268 and 271 when he was living in Sicily.[2]

Porphyry composed De abstinentia[b] as an extended open letter to Castricius Firmus, a fellow pupil of Plotinus who had renounced vegetarianism and began eating meat after converting to a Peripatetic philosophy, possibly around 270.[3] Castricius Firmus did not find a vegetarian diet to be justifiable in theory and found that it was irreconcilable with the demands of public life and established religion. He made public statements to explain his attitude and offered arguments to justify a meat-eating diet.[4][3]

As a treatise that collects various arguments for and against vegetarianism, De abstinentia is evidence of the existence of a wider debate on the subject during Porphyry's times.[1] It follows other works from classical antiquity that address vegetarianism and animal ethics, including Plutarch's Odysseus and Gryllus, On Animal Cleverness, and On the Eating of Flesh, all of which were collected in the Moralia. In addition to Plutarch, several of Porphyry's philosophical predecessors were known to be or thought to have been vegetarian, including Pythagoras, Seneca the Younger, Empedocles, Theophrastus, and Ovid.[5]

## Overview

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In Porphyry's four-book treatise, he introduces various arguments to induce Castricius Firmus to return to a vegetarian diet.[5] De abstinentia includes a polemical review of arguments both for and against vegetarianism. It draws on quotations, empirical reports, and arguments derived from other authors.[6] Many of the arguments that Porphyry raises are rebuttals to arguments for meat-eating that were common to his era. The rationales offered for adopting a vegetarian diet are quite varied, and include beliefs in the transmigration of the soul, that meat-eating is detrimental to the soul or the body, and that it causes unnecessary suffering in animals.[5] The treatise raises the philosophical questions of whether non-human animals are rational, whether they have souls, and how the concept of justice should then be applied to them.[7]

The entirety of De abstinentia is extant except for the ending of the fourth book.[3]

## Contents

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### Book I

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In Book I of On Abstinence from Eating Animals, Porphyry provides summaries of several arguments in opposition to vegetarianism. He refutes these arguments, using agonistic imagery, metaphors, and vocabulary. He reasons that abstention from eating meat is a crucial element of the Platonist philosophy and points to the traditional vegetarianism of Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Pythagoras.[3][8]

Porphyry argues that Castricius Firmus has been influenced by Stoic and Epicurean arguments against the "ethical necessity of a vegetarian diet".[6] Porphyry rejects the Stoic position that justice would be confounded if humanity did not have a status above that of other animals.[9] He draws on Plutarch's criticism of the Stoics' cruelty towards animals to counter arguments, including that of Clodius of Naples from his lost work Against the Vegetarians.[3]

Porphyry follows the ascetic supposition of Plotinus that gratification of the body turns the soul away from true good and the intellectual perfection of the soul.[6] His arguments for abstaining from eating animals are informed by the goal of being free from the sensible realm and the body[10] by living a life as close as possible to the intelligible realm.[8] By Porphyry's logic, the consumption of animals is an unnecessary luxury and a gratification of the body and therefore, of the irrational aspect of the soul.[6]

In De abstinentia, Porphyry directs his discourse towards philosophers rather than athletes, who are presumed to derive physical strength by consuming meat.

Porphyry also argues for a vegetarian diet as a matter of justice, as he considers harming entities who have no intention of causing people harm to be unjust.[10][11] Porphyry argues that animal slaughter in particular is unjust and that a vegetarian diet is necessary to achieve purificatory justice.[6] Some of Porphyry's arguments extend to the use of animal products, and bear a similarity to the modern tenets of ethical veganism:[12]

> If, however, some one should, nevertheless, think it is unjust to destroy brutes, such a one should neither use milk, nor wool, nor sheep, nor honey. For, as you injure a man by taking from him his garments, thus, also, you injure a sheep by shearing it. For the wool which you take from it is its vestment. Milk, likewise, was not produced for you, but for the young of the animal that has it. The bee also collects honey as food for itself; which you, by taking away, administer to your own pleasure.

In Book I, Porphyry specifically advocates for a vegetarian diet for philosophers, being clear that his discourse is not directed towards manual laborers, athletes, soldiers, or sailors. Porphyry seems to accept the belief, common at the time, that physical strength can be derived from the consumption of meat and that those who need strength should be allowed to eat meat.[13][6] Porphyry also writes that illness can be cured through a vegetarian diet. He recounts that his friend, Rogatianus, was bedridden for eight years before being cured through a meat-free diet.[13]

### Book II

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Ancient Greek red-figure pottery depicting Hermes leading a goat to sacrifice, 4th century BCE

In the second book, Porphyry addresses animal sacrifice and the notion that killing animals fulfills an obligation to the Gods.[8] He offers arguments against ritual sacrifice and demonstrates that vegetarian diets do not contravene religious practices.[6] He asserts that even if a sacrifice were required by the Gods, there would be no obligation to consume the flesh of the sacrificed animal.[8]

Porphyry explicates the Pythagorean argument of abstention from meat-eating. Stitching together lengthy passages from Theophrastus's lost work On Piety,[14] he argues that animals and humans have souls and a natural kinship, and that the sacrifice of a kindred creature is an unjust act.[15]

### Book III

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Book III of De abstinentia concerns the moral status of animals and how the concept of justice can be applied to them. Porphyry's main argument is that there is a moral obligation to extend justice to animals because they are rational beings.[6] To support his conjecture, Porphyry argues that because animals have similar anatomy, psychology, and pathology to humans, it is not unreasonable to infer that they would also be similar in their capacity for reason. He follows Plutarch's example, offering behavioristic evidence of rationality in animals, such as communication and complex, goal-oriented behavior.[6] Expounding on the rationality of animals and human interpretations of it, Porphyry writes "If we do not understand how an animal acts because we cannot enter into their reasoning, we shall not therefore accuse them of non-rationality."[16]

Porphyry rejects the Stoic argument that non-human animals are not rational. He writes, "We ought not to say that wild animals cannot think or be intelligent or have logos, even if their intelligence is slower than ours and they do not think as well as we do."[6] Porphyry points to the interdependence of human beings and animals, owing to the "providential teleological design of a cosmic Demiurge" that has conferred a natural sense of justice.[6] Porphyry discusses the Pythagorean tenet of metempsychosis (transmigration of the soul), concluding that the sacrifice of ensouled animals is unjust.[15][17]

### Book IV

[edit]

In Book IV of De abstinentia, Porphyry describes the origination of vegetarian diets, beginning with a discussion of the mythical Golden Age. He draws from Dicaearchus's account of Greek history, where abstinence from meat-eating was part of the blessed life, and luxury, war and injustice only became part of people's lives when they began to slaughter animals.[1] Porphyry addresses whether the systematic slaughter of animals in a society results in a utilitarian advantage. He examines historical and ethnographical examples of societies that subsisted on vegetarian diets and considers whether they were practicable and capable of survival.[8] He refers to the religious and cultural practices of various peoples,[18] including the Egyptians, the Essenes, the Spartans, Brahmins and Gymnosophists.[19]

The conclusion of Book IV is not extant, ending before Porphyry's discussion of vegetarianism in Ancient Rome and Greece.

## Analysis

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On Abstinence from Eating Animals is an influential historical document and includes many of the same arguments used modernly in support of vegetarianism.[20] While Porphyry did not advocate for changing existing customs and laws, his opposition to traditional animal sacrifices was a stance that "must have seemed alarmingly revolutionary" to his contemporaries.[21]

Over the years, debates over the philosophical underpinnings of vegetarianism have rekindled interest in Ancient Greek thought about the subject.[5] Many of the ideas raised by Porphyry, such as that animals are rational and therefore entitled to just treatment from humans, have been carried forward into modern arguments supporting vegetarianism and animal rights.[20]

Roman fresco of a man preparing to sacrifice a pig. From the Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii, c. 40 BCE.

Historian Gillian Clark writes that much of Porphyry's text is a "report and discussion of other people's arguments, deployed to win an argument rather than to explore all the implications".[6] She argues that Porphyry's description of animal behavior shows a conflict between reason and passion:

> Animals use reason so much in what they do that often, knowing that baits are used to trap them, they approach because of uncontrolled appetite or because of hunger: but some do not approach directly, others hesitate and try if they can remove the food without being caught, and often reasoning wins and their passion goes away. Some even insult the human contraption by urinating on it.[16]

Philosopher Daniel Dombrowski contends that Porphyry originated the argument from marginal cases, that is, that if animals are not afforded moral status, then neither should "marginal cases" of human beings such as infants, persons with severe cognitive disabilities, and the senile.[5] Dombrowski's supposition draws in part on the following passage from De abstinentia:

> To compare plants, however, with animals, is doing violence to the order of things. For the latter are naturally sensitive, and adapted to feel pain, to be terrified and hurt; on which account also they may be injured. But the former are entirely destitute of sensation, and in consequence of this, nothing foreign, or evil, or hurtful, or injurious, can befall them. For sensation is the principle of all alliance... And is it not absurd, since we see that many of our own species live from sense alone, but do not possess intellect and reason... but that no justice is shown from us to the ox that ploughs, the dog that is fed with us, and the animals that nourish us with their milk, and adorn our bodies with their wool? Is not such an opinion most irrational and absurd?[5]

Most scholars interpret Porphyry's De abstinentia as asserting that eating animals is unjust because they are rational creatures, though it is unclear whether Porphyry held this belief consistently. In the work, Porphyry employs material that diverges from his own theoretical suppositions for dialectical or rhetorical purposes.[6] Elsewhere in Porphyry's writings, such as in Isagoge, his treatise on Aristotelian logic, he makes an argument that non-human animals are irrational. Jonathan Barnes and other philosophers have proposed means for reconciling the discrepancy, though scholars such as G. Fay Edwards have rejected that conclusion.[22]

Philosopher Owen Goldin concludes that most of Porphyry's arguments are not made for the sake of the animal, but rather out of self-interest.[6]

## Manuscript traditions and translations

[edit]

Two distinct manuscript traditions of De abstinentia have been preserved. While both contain numerous errors and lack fidelity to the original text, the manner of expression may have diverged from the original more than the subject matter itself. Portions of the work were quoted extensively in Eusebius's Praeparatio evangelica (early 4th century), Cyril of Alexandria's Contra Julianum (c. 420s), and Theodoret's Graecarum Affectionum Curatio (c. late 430s). The quotations, often passages describing Greek paganism, are closer to the original text than the preserved manuscripts.[c][2] German scholar August Nauck commented in an 1886 edition of De Absentia that the existing manuscripts of the treatise all derive "from an exemplar which was uniquely and gravely corrupt".[2]

A Latin translation of De abstinentia was published by Johannes Bernardus Felicianus (Giovanni Feliciano) in Venice in 1547. The first edition based on one of the Greek manuscripts was printed by Piero Vettori in Florence in 1548. A 1655 Cambridge edition created by J. Valentinus was the first to include chapter divisions and was accompanied by a Latin translation by Lucas Holstenius. Jacobus de Rhoer's 1767 edition reprinted the translation of Johannes Bernardus Felicianus and included conjectures by Friedrich Ludwig Abresch and Johann Jakob Reiske. Nauck's Teubner edition was published in 1860 and again in a revised edition in 1886.[2]

### English translations

[edit]

Neoplatonist Thomas Taylor translated De abstinentia into English in 1823. In his commentary, Taylor refers to Jacobus de Rhoer's edition of the text.[2] Gillian Clark made a translation of De abstinentia in 2000 that includes extensive commentary. It is described as literal and "accurate, yet fluid".[21][23]

## Influence

[edit]

De abstinentia is the most detailed surviving work discussing vegetarianism from classical antiquity.[23] Alongside Pythagoras and Plutarch, Porphyry has become one of the most well-known vegetarians and proponents of ethical vegetarianism from his era. Catherine Rowett calls De abstinentia a "treasure store of evidence for philosophical thinking on the status of animals from the Presocratics to Porphyry's own school, Neoplatonism".[8]

John Milton refers to De abstinentia in his 17th-century masque Comus.[24] William Metcalfe, a minister for the vegetarian Bible Christian Church, published a sermon that was inspired by Porphyry's De abstinentia in 1821. A pamphlet based on the sermon influenced several people who were influential in the 19th-century vegetarian movement of the United States, including minister Sylvester Graham, physician William Alcott, and reformer Amos Bronson Alcott.[20]

Vegetarian literature frequently cites De abstinentia and Porphyry's arguments. He believed that everything was created for mutual advantage, and vegetarianism was a way to preserve the universal harmony of nature.[25]

The ecological ethic of community proposed by J. Baird Callicott bears a resemblance to Porphyry's description of natural justice owing to the interdependence of human beings and animals.[6]

## See also

[edit]

* Ethics of eating meat
* History of vegetarianism
* Intrinsic value in animal ethics
* Moral status of animals in the ancient world

## Notes

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1. ^ Also translated as On Abstinence from Animal Food, On Abstinence from Killing Animals, On Abstinence from Ensouled Beings, and On the Abstinence of Eating Flesh.
2. ^ In academic research, the treatise is often referred to by the abbreviation of its Latin name, De abstinentia.[2]
3. ^ Especially the quotations of Eusebius and Cyril; Theodoret's quotations were shorter and generally derived from Eusebius.[2]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Komorowska, Joanna (2021). "Pythagoras, Plutarch, Porphyry, and the ancient defense of the vegetarian choice". The Routledge Handbook of Vegan Studies. Routledge. p. 16\. ISBN 9781003020875. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Prometheus Trust (1994). "Porphyry, On abstinence from animal food (1823) Preface to the online edition". Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024 - via The Tertullian Project.
3. ^ a b c d e Osek, Ewa (2020). "Agōn, Agonistic Imagery, and Agonistic Argumentation in Porphyry's De Abstinentia". Conflict and Competition: Agon in Western Greece: Selected Essays from the 2019 Symposium on the Heritage of Western Greece. pp. 233–248\. doi:10.2307/j.ctv15tt78p.19. S2CID 225632184. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.233-248&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/j.ctv15tt78p.19&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225632184#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Osek&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft_id=https://www.academia.edu/44711881&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Brisson, Luc (2000). "Firmus Castricius". In Goulet, Richard (ed.). Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques (in French). Vol. III (Nouv. éd. ed.). Paris: CNRS éd. p. 425\. ISBN 2271057485. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
5. ^ a b c d e f Dombrowski, Daniel A. (January 1984). "Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry". Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 (1): 141–143\. doi:10.2307/2709335. JSTOR 2709335. PMID 11611354. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.141-143&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info:pmid/11611354&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709335#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/2709335&rft.aulast=Dombrowski&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709335&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Goldin, Owen (2001). "Porphyry, Nature, and Community". History of Philosophy Quarterly. 18 (4): 353–371\. ISSN 0740-0675. JSTOR 27744898. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.353-371&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27744898#id-name=JSTOR&rft.issn=0740-0675&rft.aulast=Goldin&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27744898&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
7. ^ Press, Alexander (2020). Justice Purity Piety: A Reading of Porphyry's On Abstinence from Ensouled Beings (Thesis). UCLA. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
8. ^ a b c d e f Osborne, Catherine (January 2007). "On Eating Animals: Porphyry's Dietary Rules for Philosophers". Dumb Beasts and Dead Philosophers: 224–238\. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282067.003.0009. ISBN 978-0-19-928206-7. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.224-238&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282067.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928206-7&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https://academic.oup.com/book/32887/chapter/276467243&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
9. ^ Newmyer, Stephen T. (1999). "Speaking of Beasts: The Stoics and Plutarch on Animal Reason and the Modern Case against Animals". Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica. 63 (3): 104. doi:10.2307/20546612. ISSN 0033-4987. JSTOR 20546612. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
10. ^ a b Emilsson, Eyjólfur (2022). "Porphyry". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
11. ^ Tuominen, Miira (2015). "Why Do We Need Other People to Be Happy?". The Quest for the Good Life: 241–264\. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746980.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-19-874698-0.241-264&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746980.003.0014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874698-0&rft.aulast=Tuominen&rft.aufirst=Miira&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
12. ^ Casamitjana, Jordi (2020). Ethical Vegan: A Personal and Political Journey to Change the World. September Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912836-87-1. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
13. ^ a b Edwards, G. Fay (22 May 2019). "Ancient Arguments For Vegetarianism". The Philosophers' Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
14. ^ Smith, Andrew (2007). "Porphyry – Scope for a Reassessment". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement (98): 13. ISSN 2398-3264. JSTOR 43767967.
15. ^ a b Newmyer, Stephen T. (1995). "Plutarch on the Moral Grounds for Vegetarianism". The Classical Outlook. 72 (2): 41–43\. ISSN 0009-8361. JSTOR 43937700. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.41-43&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43937700#id-name=JSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8361&rft.aulast=Newmyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+T.&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43937700&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
16. ^ a b Clark, Gillian (2000). "Animal Passions". Greece & Rome. 47 (1): 90. doi:10.1093/gr/47.1.88. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 826950. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
17. ^ Dombrowski, Daniel A. (2022). "Porphyry, the Argument from Species Overlap, and Rationality". Between the Species. 25 (1, Article 2). Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
18. ^ Karamanolis, George; Sheppard, Anne (2007). "Introduction: Studies on Porphyry". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement (98): 1–5\. ISSN 2398-3264. JSTOR 43767966. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.1-5&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43767966#id-name=JSTOR&rft.issn=2398-3264&rft.aulast=Karamanolis&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Sheppard,+Anne&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43767966&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
19. ^ Di Serio, Chiara (2020). "Utopian Elements in Porphyry's De abstinentia". Studia Ceranea. Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe. 10: 47–61\. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.10.03. hdl:11089/38895.47-61&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info:hdl/11089/38895&rft_id=info:doi/10.18778/2084-140X.10.03&rft.aulast=Di+Serio&rft.aufirst=Chiara&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
20. ^ a b c Avey, Tori (28 January 2014). "Evolution of Vegetarianism | The History Kitchen". PBS Food. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
21. ^ a b Van den Berg, R. M. (2003). "Review of Porphyry: On Abstinence from Killing Animals". Mnemosyne. 56 (1): 90–91\. ISSN 0026-7074. JSTOR 4433411.90-91&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4433411#id-name=JSTOR&rft.issn=0026-7074&rft.aulast=Van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4433411&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
22. ^ Edwards, G. Fay (2014). "Irrational Animals in Porphyry's Logical Works: A Problem for the Consensus Interpretation of "On Abstinence"". Phronesis. 59 (1): 22–43\. doi:10.1163/15685284-12341259. ISSN 0031-8868. JSTOR 24767950. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.22-43&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0031-8868&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24767950#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/15685284-12341259&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=G.+Fay&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24767950&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:On+Abstinence+from+Eating+Animals" class="Z3988">
23. ^ a b Newmyer, Stephen T. (2001). "Review of Porphyry: On Abstinence from Killing Animals". The Classical Outlook. 78 (3): 143. ISSN 0009-8361. JSTOR 43938477. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
24. ^ Shorey, Paul (1906). "A Greek Source of Milton". Modern Language Notes. 21 (6): 192. doi:10.2307/2917100. ISSN 0149-6611. JSTOR 2917100. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
25. ^ Williams, Howard (1883). "The Ethics of Diet - A Catena". International Vegetarian Union. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Edwards, G. Fay (22 May 2019). "Ancient Arguments For Vegetarianism". The Philosopher's Magazine.
* Muratori, Cecilia (2020). Renaissance Vegetarianism: The Philosophical Afterlives of Porphyry's "On abstinence". Cambridge: Legenda. ISBN 978-1-781883-41-9.

## External links

[edit]

* "On Abstinence from Animal Food". The Select Works of Porphyry. Translated by Taylor, Thomas. London: Thomas Rodd. 1823 - via Internet Archive.
* Πορφυρίου φιλοσόφου περὶ ἀποχῆς ἐμφύχων βιβλία τέσσαρα = Porphyrii philosophi De abstinentia ab esu animalium libri quatuor \- the 1767 edition of the Ancient Greek original by Jacob de Rhoer, with a parallel Latin translation - via Internet Archive.

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* Meat alternatives
* List of meat substitutes
* Bacon
* Burgers
* Duck
* Hot dogs
* Jambon
* Quorn
* Sausage roll
* Seitan
* Tempeh
* Tofu
* Tofurkey
* Gelatin substitutes
* Vegetarian mark
* Beer
* Wine

Groups
and events|

| Vegan|

* American Vegan Society
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* China Vegan Society
* Food Empowerment Project
* Go Vegan
* Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
* Our Hen House
* Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
* Plamil Foods
* Vegan Awareness Foundation
* Vegan flag
* Vegan Outreach
* Vegan Prisoners Support Group
* The Vegan Society
* Veganmania
* Veganuary
* Veganz
* World Vegan Day

|

Vegetarian|

* Alcott House
* Bible Christian Church
* Boston Vegetarian Society
* Christian Vegetarian Association
* European Vegetarian Union
* French Vegetarian Society
* Hare Krishna Food for Life
* International Vegetarian Union
* Jewish Veg
* Meat-free days
* Meatless Monday
* Friday fast
* North American Vegetarian Society
* Order of the Golden Age
* ProVeg Deutschland
* ProVeg International
* ProVeg Nederland
* Scottish Vegetarian Society
* Swissveg
* Toronto Vegetarian Association
* Vegetarian Federal Union
* Vegetarian Society
* Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
* Veggie Pride
* Viva! Health
* World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
* World Vegetarian Day

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* Diet for a New America (film) (1991)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* A Sacred Duty (2007)
* Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
* Planeat (2010)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* Live and Let Live (2013)
* Cowspiracy (2014)
* PlantPure Nation (2015)
* What the Health (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Eating You Alive (2018)
* The Game Changers (2018)
* Maa Ka Doodh (2023)
* You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)

Magazines|

* Naked Food
* Satya
* The Vegetarian Magazine
* Vegetarian Times
* VegNews
* The Animals' Agenda

Books,
reports,
journals|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
* Vegetable Cookery (1812)
* A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
* Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* Nature's Own Book (1835)
* Fruits and Farinacea (1845)
* The Pleasure Boat (1845)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
* Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
* Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
* Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
* Figs or Pigs? (1896)
* Fifty Years of Food Reform (1898)
* Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
* The Meat Fetish (1904)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* A Fleshless Diet (1910)
* The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927)
* Living the Good Life (1954)
* Ten Talents (1968)
* Diet for a Small Planet (1971)
* The Vegetarian Epicure (1972)
* Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973)
* The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975)
* Laurel's Kitchen (1976)
* Moosewood Cookbook (1977)
* Fit for Life (1985)
* Diet for a New America (1987)
* The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990)
* Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997)
* The China Study (2005)
* Skinny Bitch (2005)
* Livestock's Long Shadow (2006)
* The Bloodless Revolution (2006)
* Eating Animals (2009)
* Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
* The Vegan Studies Project (2015)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* The End of Animal Farming (2018)
* Vegetable Kingdom (2020)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Meat Atlas (annual)

Academics,
activists,
authors,
physicians|

| Vegan|

* Elisa Aaltola
* Carol J. Adams
* Suzanne M. Babich
* Martin Balluch
* Neal D. Barnard
* David Benatar
* Steven Best
* Yves Bonnardel
* Will Bonsall
* Will Bulsiewicz
* Georges Butaud
* Jodey Castricano
* T. Colin Campbell
* Robert Cook
* Brenda Davis
* Garth Davis
* Jan Deckers
* Alan Desmond
* Freya Dinshah
* H. Jay Dinshah
* George Dornbusch
* Mylan Engel
* Caldwell Esselstyn
* Gary L. Francione
* Joel Fuhrman
* Kristi Funk
* Valéry Giroux
* Lewis Gompertz
* Michael Greger
* A. Breeze Harper
* Oscar Horta
* Melanie Joy
* Colin Kaepernick
* Joel Kahn
* Avery Yale Kamila
* Michael Klaper
* Aph Ko
* Renan Larue
* Maxwell G. Lee
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Howard Lyman
* Al-Ma'arri
* Reed Mangels
* John Mackey
* John A. McDougall
* James E. McWilliams
* Vesanto Melina
* Gemma Newman
* David Nibert
* Jack Norris
* David Olivier
* David Pearce
* Emelia Quinn
* Tom Regan
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* David Sztybel
* Sunaura Taylor
* Richard Twine
* Kim A. Williams
* Corey Lee Wrenn
* Laura Wright
* Sophie Zaïkowska

|

Vegetarian|

* Phyllis B. Acosta
* William Alcott
* Bertrand P. Allinson
* Thomas Allinson
* Charles R. Attwood
* William Axon
* Eduard Baltzer
* H. S. Bathgate
* Horace A. Barrows
* Geoffrey Barstow
* Sidney H. Beard
* George Bedborough
* Ernest Bell
* Robert Bell
* Ragnar Berg
* Rynn Berry
* Maximilian Bircher-Benner
* George Black
* Ernest Bonnejoy
* Lucius Duncan Bulkley
* J. L. Buttner
* Paul Carton
* Job Caudwell
* James Clark
* George Cheyne
* Henry S. Clubb
* Antonio Cocchi
* Edwin Collier
* Lenna F. Cooper
* Daniël de Clercq
* Georges Danjou
* Daniel Dombrowski
* James Elmslie Duncan
* Eknath Easwaran
* T. Forster
* Charles W. Forward
* Michael Allen Fox
* Peter Foxcroft
* Greta Gaard
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Narasinh Narayan Godbole
* Jules Grand
* Jeremiah Hacker
* John Haddon
* Walter Hadwen
* Alexander Haig
* Edward Hare
* George Harrison
* William Harrison
* William Harvey
* Philippe Hecquet
* Brian Hines
* Martin Luther Holbrook
* Isaac Jennings
* John Harvey Kellogg
* Norman Kerr
* Daniel H. Kress
* William Lambe
* W. R. C. Latson
* Elmer Lee
* Susan M. Levin
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Jacques de Marquette
* Alice Garrett Marsh
* Paul McCartney
* Stella McCartney
* Elmer McCollum
* William Metcalfe
* Eli Peck Miller
* Harry Willis Miller
* Alfred Mansfield Mitchell
* J. Howard Moore
* Reuben D. Mussey
* Helen Nearing
* Scott Nearing
* Francis William Newman
* R. E. O'Callaghan
* Josiah Oldfield
* Dean Ornish
* Felix Ortt
* Cyril V. Pink
* A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* Rod Preece
* James Rachels
* Ulma Doyle Register
* Kenneth Romanes
* Rollo Russell
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Johan Lindström Saxon
* James Scholefield
* Richard H. Schwartz
* W. B. Shearn
* James Simpson
* Ernest Lester Smith
* Arthur St. John
* William O. Stephens
* Alan Stoddard
* Russell Thacher Trall
* Frederick Towgood
* Sidney Trist
* Valluvar
* Emil Weilshäuser
* Ellen G. White
* Severin Wielobycki
* Howard Williams
* Frank Wokes
* W. A. Sibly
* E. Dolby Shelton
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Tzachi Zamir
* Kathleen Keen Zolber

Chefs,
cookbook
authors|

* Pamela Anderson
* Akiko Aoyagi
* Nava Atlas
* Mayim Bialik
* Carleigh Bodrug
* Gypsy Boots
* BOSH!
* Martha Brotherton
* Edward Espe Brown
* Tabitha Brown (actress)
* Suzy Amis Cameron
* Hannah Che
* Pinky Cole
* Chloe Coscarelli
* Yamuna Devi
* Sue Donaldson
* Crescent Dragonwagon
* Rose Elliot
* Rip Esselstyn
* Toni Fiore
* Carol Lee Flinders
* Alexis Gauthier
* Dick Gregory
* Richa Hingle
* Madhur Jaffrey
* Mollie Katzen
* Frances Moore Lappé
* Deborah Madison
* Linda McCartney
* Mary McCartney
* Hetty Lui McKinnon
* Tracye McQuirter
* Joanne Lee Molinaro
* Moosewood Collective
* Charity Morgan
* Isa Chandra Moskowitz
* Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
* Gaz Oakley
* Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
* Mathew Pritchard
* Satchidananda Saraswati
* Derek Sarno
* Miyoko Schinner
* William Shurtleff
* Alicia Silverstone
* Hannah Sunderani
* Bryant Terry
* Anna Thomas
* Haile Thomas
* Lauren Toyota
* Jeeca Uy
* Umberto Veronesi
* Nisha Vora
* Alan Wakeman
* Joe Yonan

Restaurants|

* Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
* Cinnaholic
* Crossroads Kitchen
* Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
* Greens Restaurant
* Hiltl Restaurant
* Little Pine
* Moosewood Restaurant
* Purezza
* Slutty Vegan
* Souley Vegan
* The Sound Lounge
* Veggie Galaxy
* Veggie Grill
* Former restaurants
* Cranks
* Food for Thought
* InSpiral Lounge
* Lentil as Anything
* Minerva Café
* New Riverside Cafe
* Nix
* Penny Cafeteria
* Pink Peacock
* The Hollow Reed
* The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel

Related|

* Vegetarian and vegan symbolism
* Juice fasting
* Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
* Vegaphobia
* Plant-based diet
* Plant-based action plan
* Sustainable diet
* Low-carbon
* Planetary health

* v
* t
* e

Animal rights

Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)

| Overviews|

* Animal rights movement
* Animal rights by country or territory
* Anarchism and animal rights
* Animal rights and punk subculture
* Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
* Animal rights in Indian religions
* Christianity and animal rights
* History of animal rights
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Moral status of animals in the ancient world
* Timeline of animal welfare and rights
* Total liberation
* Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare

|

Concepts|

* Abolitionism
* Ahimsa
* Animal cognition
* Animal consciousness
* Animal ethics
* Animal–industrial complex
* Animal law
* Animal protectionism
* Animal welfare
* Animal-free agriculture
* Anthrozoology
* Argument from marginal cases
* Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
* Carnism
* Equal consideration of interests
* Emotion in animals
* Ethics of eating meat
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Ethology
* Insects in ethics
* Meat paradox
* Nonviolence
* Open rescue
* Opposition to hunting
* Personism
* Replaceability argument
* Sentiocentrism
* Speciesism
* Veganism
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarianism

Issues|

| Animal agriculture|

* Animal product
* Battery cage
* Bile bear
* Chick culling
* Crocodile farm
* Concentrated animal feeding operation
* Fish farming
* Fur farming
* Fur trade
* Insect farming
* Intensive animal farming
* Intensive pig farming
* Livestock
* Poultry farming
* Slaughterhouse
* Wildlife farming
* Working animal
* Feedback (pork industry)
* Foam depopulation
* Ventilation shutdown

|

Animal testing|

* Alternatives to animal testing
* Animal testing on non-human primates
* Animal testing regulations
* Great ape research ban
* Green Scare
* Huntingdon Life Sciences
* Model organism
* Nafovanny
* Operation Backfire
* Vivisection

Animal welfare|

* Animal euthanasia
* Cruelty to animals
* Pain in animals
* Pain in amphibians
* Pain in cephalopods
* Pain in crustaceans
* Pain in fish
* Pain in invertebrates
* Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
* Welfare of farmed insects

Fishing|

* Commercial fishing
* Fishing bait
* Recreational fishing

Wild animals|

* Culling wildlife
* Hare coursing
* Hunting
* International primate trade
* Ivory trade
* Predation problem
* Seal hunting
* Wild animal suffering
* Wildlife management

Other|

* Abandoned pets
* Animal sacrifice
* Animal slaughter
* Animal trial
* Animals in sport
* Live food
* Live export

Cases|

* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
* McLibel case
* Monkey selfie copyright dispute
* Pit of despair
* SHAC
* Silver Spring monkeys
* University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
* Unnecessary Fuss
* War of the currents

Methodologies|

* Direct Action Everywhere
* Hunt sabotage

Observances|

* World Animal Day
* World Day for the End of Speciesism
* World Day for Laboratory Animals
* World Day for the End of Fishing

Advocates (academics, writers, activists)

| Academics
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Carol J. Adams
* Aysha Akhtar
* Kristin Andrews
* Tom Beauchamp
* Marc Bekoff
* Steven Best
* Paola Cavalieri
* Stephen R. L. Clark
* Alasdair Cochrane
* J. M. Coetzee
* Alice Crary
* David DeGrazia
* Daniel Dombrowski
* Sue Donaldson
* Josephine Donovan
* Joan Dunayer
* Mylan Engel
* Catia Faria
* Lawrence Finsen
* Gary L. Francione
* Robert Garner
* Valéry Giroux
* Lori Gruen
* John Hadley
* Oscar Horta
* Dale Jamieson
* Kyle Johannsen
* Melanie Joy
* Hilda Kean
* Will Kymlicka
* Renan Larue
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Dan Lyons
* David Nibert
* Martha Nussbaum
* Clare Palmer
* Charles Patterson
* David Pearce
* Jessica Pierce
* Evelyn Pluhar
* Mark Rowlands
* Richard D. Ryder
* Steve F. Sapontzis
* Jeff Sebo
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* Gary Steiner
* Cass Sunstein
* David Sztybel
* Michael Tye
* Tatjana Višak
* Paul Waldau
* Corey Lee Wrenn

|

Historical|

* Jeremy Bentham
* David Renaud Boullier
* Stephen St. C. Bostock
* Brigid Brophy
* Peter Buchan
* Mona Caird
* Priscilla Cohn
* Henry Crowe
* Herman Daggett
* Richard Dean
* Wilhelm Dietler
* William Hamilton Drummond
* Edward Payson Evans
* T. Forster
* John Galsworthy
* Thomas G. Gentry
* Arthur Helps
* John Hildrop
* John Zephaniah Holwell
* Soame Jenyns
* Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
* John Lawrence
* Charles R. Magel
* Jean Meslier
* Mary Midgley
* J. Howard Moore
* José Ferrater Mora
* Leonard Nelson
* Edward Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* Rod Preece
* Humphrey Primatt
* James Rachels
* Tom Regan
* Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
* Bernard Rollin
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Laurids Smith
* John Styles
* Thomas Tryon
* Gary Varner
* Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
* Mary Anne Warren
* Adam Gottlieb Weigen
* Johann Heinrich Winckler
* Steven M. Wise
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Voltaire
* Thomas Young

Activists|

| Contemporary|

* James Aspey
* Greg Avery
* Matt Ball
* Martin Balluch
* Carole Baskin
* Barbi Twins
* Brigitte Bardot
* Gene Baur
* Yves Bonnardel
* Joey Carbstrong
* Aymeric Caron
* Jake Conroy
* Rod Coronado
* Karen Dawn
* Chris DeRose
* John Feldmann
* Bruce Friedrich
* Juliet Gellatley
* Tal Gilboa
* Antoine Goetschel
* Mark Gold
* Brigitte Gothière
* Wayne Hsiung
* Charlotte Laws
* Ronnie Lee
* Howard Lyman
* Evanna Lynch
* Bill Maher
* Keith Mann
* Jim Mason
* Dan Mathews
* Jo-Anne McArthur
* Luísa Mell
* Virginia McKenna
* Morrissey
* Ingrid Newkirk
* Heather Nicholson
* Jack Norris
* Ric O'Barry
* David Olivier
* Alex Pacheco
* Craig Rosebraugh
* Jasmin Singer
* Kim Stallwood
* Lynda Stoner
* Marianne Thieme
* Darren Thurston
* Christine Townend
* Wendy Turner-Webster
* Jerry Vlasak
* Louise Wallis
* Gary Yourofsky
* That Vegan Teacher

|

Historical|

* Cleveland Amory
* Henry B. Amos
* Bob Barker
* Ernest Bell
* Edith Carrington
* Frances Power Cobbe
* Joan Court
* Karen Davis
* Royal Dixon
* Muriel Dowding
* Elizabeth Farians
* Emarel Freshel
* André Géraud
* Lewis Gompertz
* James Granger
* Barry Horne
* Marie Huot
* Lizzy Lind af Hageby
* Jessie Mackay
* Alfred Mansfield Mitchell
* J. Isaac Pengelly
* Norm Phelps
* Jill Phipps
* Maud Ingersoll Probasco
* Hans Ruesch
* Nell Shipman
* Henry Spira
* Joseph Stratton
* Andrew Tyler
* Gretchen Wyler

Movement (groups, parties)

| Groups|

| Contemporary|

* American Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Aid
* Animal Ethics
* Animal Justice
* Animal Justice Project
* Animal Legal Defense Fund
* Animal Liberation
* Animal Liberation Front
* Animal Rising
* AnimaNaturalis
* Anti-Vivisection Coalition
* Anonymous for the Voiceless
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* Born Free Foundation
* Centre for Animals and Social Justice
* Chinese Animal Protection Network
* Cruelty Free International
* Direct Action Everywhere
* Doctors Against Animal Experiments
* Equanimal
* Every Animal
* Farm Animal Rights Movement
* Faunalytics
* Great Ape Project
* Hunt Saboteurs Association
* In Defense of Animals
* Korea Animal Rights Advocates
* L214
* Last Chance for Animals
* Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
* Mercy for Animals
* Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
* Rise for Animals
* Sentience Politics
* Uncaged Campaigns
* United Activists for Animal Rights
* United Poultry Concerns
* UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
* Viva!
* Voice for Animals Humane Society
* Voiceless

|

Historical|

* Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
* Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
* Millennium Guild
* Order of the Golden Age
* Oxford Group

Parties|

* Animal Justice Party (Australia)
* Animal Politics EU (Europe)
* Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
* Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
* Animals' Party (Sweden)
* Animalist Movement (Italy)
* Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain)
* DierAnimal (Belgium)
* Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany)
* Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
* Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
* People Animals Nature (Portugal)
* V-Partei³ (Germany)

Activism|

* Animal Rights National Conference

Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)

| Books|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Rights of Animals (1838)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* Animals' Rights (1892)
* Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
* Animal Liberation (1975)
* The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
* Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
* The Lives of Animals (1999)
* Eternal Treblinka (2001)
* Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2008)
* An American Trilogy (2009)
* An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
* Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
* Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* Sentientist Politics (2018)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)

|

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Shores of Silence (2000)
* The Witness (2000)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
* The Meatrix (2003)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* Behind the Mask (2006)
* Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
* The Cove (2009)
* Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* An Apology to Elephants (2013)
* Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
* The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
* Unlocking the Cage (2016)
* Dominion (2018)
* Seaspiracy (2021)

Periodicals|

| Journals|

* Animal Sentience
* Between the Species
* Cahiers antispécistes
* Etica & Animali
* Journal of Animal Ethics
* Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
* The Animals' Defender

|

Magazines|

* Arkangel
* Bite Back
* Muutoksen kevät
* No Compromise
* Satya

Albums|

* Animal Liberation (1987)
* Tame Yourself (1991)
* Manifesto (2008)
* Salvation of Innocents (2014)
* Onward to Freedom (2014)

Fairs and exhibitions|

* Holocaust on your Plate (2003)

* Category ( 139 )

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* 2

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Spain
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia

Other|

* IdRef
* 2

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