Online deliberation

Online deliberation is a broad term used to describe many forms of non-institutional, institutional and experimental online discussions.[1] The term also describes the emerging field of practice and research related to the design, implementation and study of deliberative processes that rely on the use of electronic information and communications technologies (ICT).

Although the Internet and social media have fostered discursive participation and deliberation online through computer-mediated communication,[2] the academic study of online deliberation started in the early 2000s.[3]

## Effective support for online deliberation

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A range of studies have suggested that group size, volume of communication, interactivity between participants, message characteristics, and social media characteristics can impact online deliberation.[4][2] and that democratic deliberation varies across platforms. For example, news forums have been shown to have the highest degree of deliberation followed by news websites, and then Facebook.[5] Differences in the effectiveness of platforms as supporting deliberation has been attributed based on numerous factors such as moderation, the availability of information, and focusing on a well defined topic.[5]

A limited number of studies have explored the extent to which online deliberation can produce similar results to traditional, face-to-face deliberation. A 2004 deliberative poll comparing face-to-face and online deliberation on U.S. foreign policy found similar results.[6] A similar study in 2012 in France found that, compared to the offline process, online deliberation was more likely to increase women’s participation and to promote the justification of arguments by participants.[7]

Research on online deliberation suggests that there are five key design considerations that will affect the quality of dialogue: asynchronous communication vs synchronous communication, post hoc moderation vs pre-moderation, empowering spaces vs un-empowering spaces, asking discrete questions vs broad questions, and the quality of information.[8] Other scholars have suggested that successful online deliberation follows four central rules: discussions must be inclusive, rational-critical, reciprocal and respectful.[1]

In general, online deliberation require participants to be able to work together comfortably in order to make the best possible deliberations which can often require rules and regulations that help members feel comfortable with one another.[9]

## Challenges

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Researchers have questioned the utility of online deliberation as an extension of the public sphere, arguing the idea that online deliberation is no less beneficial than face-to-face interaction.[2] Computer-mediated discourse is deemed impersonal, and is found to encourage online incivility.[10] Furthermore, users who participate in online discussions about politics are found to make comments only in groups that agree with their own views,[11] indicating the possibility that online deliberation mainly promotes motivated reasoning and reinforces preexisting attitudes.

## Related Disciplines

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Scholarly research into online deliberation is interdisciplinary and includes practices such as online consultation, e-participation, e-government,[12][2] Citizen-to-Citizen (C2C),[12][2] online deliberative polling, crowdsourcing, online facilitation, online research communities, interactive e-learning, civic dialogue in Internet forums and online chat, and group decision making that utilizes collaborative software and other forms of computer-mediated communication. Work in all these endeavors is tied together by the challenge of using electronic media in a way that deepens thinking and improves mutual understanding.

## See also

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* Argument map
* Computer supported cooperative work
* Deliberative democracy
* E-democracy
* Web annotation
* Popular tools:
* Loomio
* DemocracyOS
* LiquidFeedback
* Pol.is

## References

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1. ^ a b Bächtiger, A., Dryzek, John S., Mansbridge, Jane J., & Warren, Mark. (2018). The Oxford handbook of deliberative democracy (First ed., Oxford handbooks online). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. ^ a b c d e Halpern, Daniel; Gibbs, Jennifer (2013-05-01). "Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression". Computers in Human Behavior. 29 (3): 1159–1168\. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.008. ISSN 0747-5632.
3. ^ Davies, Todd & Chandler, Reid (2012). "Chapter 6: Online Deliberation Design". Democracy in Motion. Oxford University Press. p. 113\. ISBN 978-0-19-989928-9. "Online deliberation is a relatively new field. Although the concept of public deliberation via electronic means was discussed as early as the 1970s,25 and there was some early empirical work on deliberation online in the 1980s and 1990s,26 studies of structured or public online deliberation appear to have begun with work by Stephen Coleman and colleagues,27 Lincoln Dahlberg,28 and Vincent Price29 around a decade ago."
4. ^ Eveland, William P; Hively, Myiah Hutchens (2009-06-01). "Political Discussion Frequency, Network Size, and "Heterogeneity" of Discussion as Predictors of Political Knowledge and Participation". Journal of Communication. 59 (2): 205–224\. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01412.x. ISSN 0021-9916.
5. ^ a b Esau, Katharina, Friess, Dennis, & Eilders, Christiane. (2017). Design Matters! An Empirical Analysis of Online Deliberation on Different News Platforms. Policy and Internet, 9(3), 321-342.
6. ^ Considered Opinions on U.S. Foreign Policy: Face-to-Face versus Online Deliberative Polling*, 2004, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.493.3597
7. ^ Wojcik, Stéphanie; Monnoyer-Smith, Laurence (2012). "Technology and the quality of public deliberation: a comparison between on and offline participation". International Journal of Electronic Governance. 5 (1): 24–49\. doi:10.1504/IJEG.2012.047443.
8. ^ Friess, Dennis, & Eilders, Christiane. (2015). A Systematic Review of Online Deliberation Research. Policy and Internet, 7(3), 319-339.
9. ^ Noveck, Beth (2009). Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful. Brookings Institution Press.
10. ^ Kiesler, Sara; Siegel, Jane; McGuire, Timothy W. (1984). "Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication". American Psychologist. 39 (10): 1123–1134\. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.10.1123.
11. ^ Davis, Richard (1999). The web of politics : the internet's impact on the American political system. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195114843. OCLC 38879177.
12. ^ a b Yildiz, Mete (2007). "E-government research: Reviewing the literature, limitations, and ways forward". Government Information Quarterly. 24 (3): 646–665\. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2007.01.002.

## External links

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* Online deliberation resources
* Online Deliberation: A Review of The Literature, Bang The Table (blog), 7 Aug. 2017.
* Online Deliberation by Participedia
* Decidim\- Free Open-Source participatory democracy software

### Conferences

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* Developing and Using Online Tools for Deliberative Democracy \- the first conference on online deliberation, Carnegie Mellon University (June 2003)
* Online Deliberation 2005 / DIAC-2005 \- the Second Conference on Online Deliberation: Design, Research, and Practice, Stanford University (May 2005)
* Tools for Participation: Collaboration, Deliberation, and Decision Support (DIAC-2008/OD2008) \- the Third Conference on Online Deliberation, University of California, Berkeley (June 2008)
* The Fourth International Conference on Online Deliberation \- University of Leeds (June 30-July 2, 2010)