Opawa

Suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand

This article is about the suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. For places in Poland, see Opawa (disambiguation). For the city in the Czech Republic, see Opava.

Suburb in Christchurch, New Zealand

Opawa

Suburb

Main retail area on Opawa Road, looking south-east towards Mount Cavendish

Coordinates: 43°33′05″S 172°39′43″E﻿ / ﻿43.551342°S 172.661937°E﻿ / -43.551342; 172.661937
Country| New Zealand
City| Christchurch
Local authority| Christchurch City Council
Electoral ward| Heathcote
Community board| Waihoro Spreydon-Cashmere-Heathcote
Established| 1860s
Area

[1]

• Land| 81 ha (200 acres)
Population

(June 2023)[2]

• Total| 1,320

Waltham |  | Woolston

|
|

Opawa

St Martins |  | Hillsborough

Opawa (/oʊpɑːwɑː/) is an inner residential suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located approximately 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) south-east of the city centre, and mostly between the suburbs of Hillsborough and Waltham. By the 1860s, the area was sparsely populated by European settlers and later became a rural-agricultural locality, with many of the early settlers of English descent. As Woolston emerged as an industrial hub nearby, Opawa was subsequently heavily urbanised, transforming it into an upscale residential area and its population largely included factory workers and businesspeople. In its formative days, Opawa was a riding of the Heathcote County Council. It later amalgamated in to the city area in 1916. Notable heritage-listed buildings in the suburb include "Risingholme" and "The Hollies".

Opawa is predominantly residential, and lies mostly within a U-shaped bend of the Heathcote River. Opawa contains a light retail precinct located on Opawa Road. Its population largely consists of European New Zealanders, and contains numerous landmarks known for their connection with the early settlers in the area. Opawa used to be known to local Māori as Ōpāwaho. It was a resting place for Māori travelling between Kaiapoi Pā and the Banks Peninsula. Various other names rendered the area until Opawa became the established name. Its railway station opened in 1864. Though public passenger trains have not been in operation since 1972. Opawa's main roads are Ensors Road and Opawa Road. Brougham Street (State Highway 76) and the Main South Line are situated further north of the suburb.

At a national level, the suburb is part of the Christchurch Central parliamentary electorate. Locally, the suburb is part of the Heathcote Ward for Christchurch City Council local body elections. Opawa contains three primary schools, two kindergartens, a retirement village and a rest home. The suburb is home to the Opawa Bowling Club and the Opawa Lawn Tennis Club. Additional sporting amenities are located in Hansen Park which contains two rugby fields, two football fields and the clubrooms of a local athletics club. Notable people with Opawa connections include some of the early settlers and several people who were born or educated in the suburb.

## History

[edit]

Opawa Rural Section Plan 157, circa 1877 to 1898.

The Māori name for the area is Ōpāwaho.[3] It is a combination of 'Ō' which means a part of and pā and 'waho' which means outer or outside a defined area.[4] Ōpāwaho (or Opaawaho) is also the name of the Heathcote River.[5] There was a kāinga located near the present-day Vincent Place and Judge Street intersection. It was a resting place for Māori travelling between Kaiapoi Pā and the Banks Peninsula. Māori lived in the marshy regions of Opawa and used its surrounding swamplands and the river as a source of lamprey and eels.[6][7] The name of the village itself was Poho-Areare. It is also the name of an early rangatira of the settlement and the name is also applied to a walking track that led from the village to South New Brighton. Later, Tūrakipō was the settlement's chief.[8] A hapū of Ngāi Tahu built the village approximately 250 years ago and the name given to this hapū was Ō-Roto-Repo meaning "swamp dwellers".[9][10]

Opawa was a low-lying area, and a continuation of the Sydenham swamp. The Māori name for the swamplands which the Heathcote River drained is Te Kuru.[11] Poho-areare was strategically located to control the river passage to the estuary and the ocean, eventually becoming known as Ōpāwaho. Various names rendered the area (such as Opawako and Opoira) and Opawa eventually became the established and officially recognised name.[12]

By the 1860s, Opawa was sparsely populated by European settlers and the area south of Linwood and Woolston became a rural-agricultural locality. Early settlers in Opawa were farmers and people of English descent, many of whom came from relatively wealthy families.[13][14]

It developed little during its early years in becoming a residential suburb, the centre of the locality was reportedly the corner of Locarno Street and Opawa Road, where the St Mark's Anglican Church is located. Opawa was established around a U-shaped bend of the Heathcote River. Initially, a number of large houses were built on large riverside sections. There were no shops in the Opawa district until 1885. Up until the 1890s, the only regular means of transportation, was a stagecoach which ran along Opawa Road.[13][15]

A stagecoach in Cathedral Square, waiting to depart to Opawa (1910)

As Woolston emerged as an industrial hub nearby, the population of Opawa grew rapidly, transforming it into an upscale residential area.[12] Additionally, it also grew as people left Woolston's industrial areas including factory-workers and businesspeople who could not find homes in Woolston.[16] In its formative days, Opawa was also home to a brickmaking industry.[17] Opawa contributed in the development of Christchurch with its brick and clay industry, which always had its home in Opawa and the its surrounding hills.[18] Opawa's railway station opened in 1864. Though public passenger trains are have no longer been in operation since 1972.[19] Residents previously had two to three trains to Christchurch passing everyday through the district. But, travelling by train was not considered convenient.[20] Today, nothing of the station remains.

Opawa suffered some damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake. A section of shops along Opawa Road had been closed due to the damage, while the other shops remained operating as usual. And, several homes had been damaged by collapsing chimneys.[21] Opawa is served by the Opawa Library and Opawa Children's Library. These buildings suffered substantial earthquake-related damages. The Opawa Children's Library was able to reopen and operate and the Opawa Library was later rebuilt in 2019.[22][23]

## Geography

[edit]

Locale of Opawa Road's main retail area, Brougham Street, and the Main South Line c. 2024

In the 19th century, much of the suburb consisted of grasslands and mixed-use vegetation. Its surroundings largely consisted of marshlands and swamplands which were heavily connected to the ecosystem of the Heathcote River.[24] In Māori times, it was generally considered to be a continuation of the Sydenham swamp. Today, State Highway 76 (Brougham Street) and the Main South Line traverse north through the suburb. Other suburbs nearby include, Murray Aynsley Hill, Huntsbury, St Martins, Waltham, Hillsborough, and Linwood.[25] The flat area between Opawa and Heathcote Valley enters a substantial locale of industrial businesses.[26] The suburb's main roads are Opawa Road and Ensors Road. The main retail precinct is centred on Opawa Road,[27] it was developed on one of the earliest settled routes, at the intersection of Hawford and Reeves Roads.[28]

In 1967, there were proposals for the Opawa Expressway from Waltham to Tunnel Road, which will affect 307 residential and other properties in the Heathcote County and Christchurch City areas. Maps supplied to the authorities showed the expressway starting at the terminus of the northern and southern motorways near the corner of Shakespeare Road and Waltham Road, running north of Shakespeare Road, alongside the railway from Ensors Road to Garlands Road, and continued along Port Hills Road to Tunnel Road. This project would cause disruption of the residential area during its construction, and 60 properties would be affected.[29] Opawa Road is no longer the primary thoroughfare through to Lyttelton and Heathcote.[30]

Opawa Road bridge across the Heathcote River

The area between Brougham Street and Moorhouse Avenue traversing Waltham and Sydenham accommodates many small businesses and light industrial premises.[31] The Main South Line used to provide one of Christchurch's largest industries the Addington Railway Workshops, in Addington. Woolston also became an industrial centre, positioned on the railway line.[32][12]

Most of the suburb lies within a U-shaped bend in the Heathcote River. It is flood-prone suburb. Because of its location next to the Heathcote River, the area has subsequently been flooded numerous times in recent years.[33] Dates of repeated instances of significant flooding in the area include, August 1941, April 1962, and January 1980.[34] In 1986 the Woolston Cut began to allow flood waters to bypass a long loop of the Heathcote River,[35] known locally as the Woolston Loop. In recent times, notable flooding events in Opawa occurred in 2014 and 2017.[36][37]

The primary road supporting the transportion in the area is State Highway 76 (Brougham Street) which traverses from the north through the suburb, also through Sydenham and Brougham Street, going thoroughfare the suburbs of Hillsborough and Opawa, then Port Hills Road connecting with Tunnel Road to pass through the Lyttelton road tunnel at Heathcote Valley.[38] The suburb is linked by two bus routes to its neighbouring suburbs, nearby shopping centres, and central Christchurch.[39]

## Landmarks

[edit]

See also: List of historic places in Christchurch

Risingholme (July 2024)

The Hollies (April 2016)

St Marks Church (February 2022)

Opawa contains multiple landmarks known for their connection with some of the early European settlers in the area, among them, the Risingholme, which was built in 1864 by Mary and William Reeves. Up until 1943, the building was owned by several private owners. It was later purchased by philanthropist John McKenzie in 1943. The building was gifted to the city council for the "health, amusement and instruction of the public". Established in 1944, it became one of New Zealand's first community centres.[40] It has a Category 2 listing with Heritage New Zealand.[41]

"Fownhope" was built in 1868 its historically significant for its connection with Edward Harley, an English settler, who worked as an accountant, and Frederick Bowler. The house is built from mataī and other native New Zealand trees. The floor in the house is lined with baltic pine, which was brought from Europe. Fownhope has a strong link to early European settlement in the area, and is representative of what many houses were at the time. It has a Category 2 listing with Heritage New Zealand and the Christchurch City Council recognises a "Group 3" listing to the Fownhope.[42][43]

The Hollies was built in 1871, it is an early colonial house built by English-born mechanice Edward Richardson. Richardson was responsible for overseeing the completion of the Lyttelton rail tunnel. Richardson was born in England where he trained as a civil engineer before emigrating to Christchurch. The building sits fairly close to the eastern boundary facing the Heathcote River. The Hollies is a Category 2 heritage-listed building.[44][45]

St Mark's Anglican Church is located on Opawa Road. Its foundation stone was laid in May 1865 by Bishop Selwyn, the first Primate of New Zealand.[12][46] In December 1949 the old St Mark's Anglican Church was destroyed by fire. This severance with the church for many people was one of the few remaining links to Christchurch's early European settlers.[47] A new church was constructed on the same site and reopened four years later in December 1953.[48]

Roxburghe is located on 44 Opawa Road. It was built by businessman William Wombwell Charters in 1879. The building is significant because of it being a fine example of an Italianate villa. The dwelling suffered considerable damage during the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes. New foundations were laid and the building was repaired.[49][50]

The Fifield located on 14 Hawford Road holds historic significance for its connection with civil engineer William Bray and pharmacist William Townend and his family. The building contains a smoking room, a nursery, and a servants' quarters. After the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes, there was damage to dwelling's chimneys. It partially collapsed and was removed as a result.[51]

Another landmark is an untitled house located on 9 Ford Road. Noted residents here include Otto and Margaret Frankel. This dwelling holds historic significance for its connection with an Austrian architect Ernst Plischke and the significant number of European intellectuals seeking refuge in New Zealand to escape the increasing influence of Nazism in the 1930s. It is also holds significance as it reflects the ideals of in the dwelling's modernist design.[52] It has a Category 2 listing with Heritage New Zealand.[53]

## Governance

[edit]

In its early days, Opawa was a riding of the Heathcote County Council.[54] In December 1915, a deputation from the district presented to the Christchurch City Council asserting that more than seventy out of 210 ratepayers in the area had backed the idea of joining at a public meeting. The spokesperson of the deputation, J. Clarke, argued that the "City could offer much more to the residents of Opawa than the County Council would." Additionally, Clarke stated that the local homeowners were "Quite willing to pay a little more in rates in order to enjoy the city services." George Scott, the chairman of Heathcote and a city councilor, was in favour for the entire county merging with Christchurch as long as its capital value rating could be preserved.[55] It was favoured to amalgamate Opawa to the city area in a proposal in February 1916.[56]

Opawa was incorporated in to the city area in October 1916.[57][58] Its neighbouring suburb of Woolston remained a self-governing borough until its amalgamation with the city in November 1921.[59] The Christchurch City Council administers Opawa. The suburb is part of the Heathcote Ward for Christchurch City Council local body elections.[60] The current city councillor is Sara Templeton.[61] At a national level, Opawa currently is part of the Christchurch Central parliamentary electorate.[62] The member of parliament is Duncan Webb of the Labour Party.[63]

## Demographics

[edit]

Opawa covers 0.81 km2 (0.31 sq mi).[1] It had an estimated population of 1,320 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 1,630 people per km2.

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

2006| 1,434| —
2013| 1,302| −1.37%
2018| 1,365| +0.95%
Source: [64]

Opawa had a population of 1,365 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 63 people (4.8%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 69 people (−4.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 504 households, comprising 642 males and 723 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.89 males per female. The median age was 47.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 219 people (16.0%) aged under 15 years, 186 (13.6%) aged 15 to 29, 621 (45.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 342 (25.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.8% European/Pākehā, 6.6% Māori, 1.3% Pasifika, 5.1% Asian, and 2.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52.7% had no religion, 37.8% were Christian, 0.9% were Hindu, 1.1% were Buddhist and 2.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 363 (31.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 195 (17.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 222 people (19.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 501 (43.7%) people were employed full-time, 180 (15.7%) were part-time, and 30 (2.6%) were unemployed.[64] Many of the early residents of Opawa were businesspeople and factory-workers who could not find homes in Woolston.[65]

## Education

[edit]

See also: List of schools in Christchurch

A group of children standing outside the old Opawa School building c. 1920

Opawa has no secondary schools, although it does contain three primary schools and two kindergartens. One of the older schools in the district, Opawa School, is one of North Canterbury's oldest schools, and is located on Ford Road. In 1920, foundation of a new school at Opawa was laid.[66] Today, Opawa School (Te Kura o Ōpāwaho) is a full-primary school for years 1 to 8,[67] with a roll of 313 students. The school initially opened in 1872,[12][68] and its growth was influenced by its district which was on route via the Bridle Path from Christchurch to Lyttelton.[69] There are two kindergartens in the suburb, one located on Cholmondeley Avenue and another kindergarten located on Butler Street.[70][71]

Christchurch Rudolf Steiner School, a state-integrated composite school for years 1 to 13,[72] located on Ombersley Terrace and has a roll of 328 students. The school opened in 1975 and became state-integrated in 1989.[73][74] St Mark's School is an Anglican state-integrated full primary school for years 1 to 8, it is located on Cholmondeley Avenue.[75] It has a roll of 218 students. It was established in 1921.[76][77] The nearest secondary school is in Phillipstown located on Aldwins Road, Te Aratai College (formerly Linwood College) situated 2.5 km (1.6 mi) to the north.[78] All these schools are co-educational. Rolls are as of February 2024.[79]

## Amenities

[edit]

Opawa Tennis Club team c. 1932

Opawa is home to the Opawa Bowling Club and the Opawa Lawn Tennis Club.[80] The Opawa Bowling Club had its fiftieth jubilee in March 1958.[81] The Alpine Ice Centre is located nearby on Brougham Street is Christchurch's main ice sports venue.[a] It hosts the Canterbury Red Devils.[82]

The suburb is located approximately 3.7 km (2.3 mi) from Lancaster Park, in Waltham.[83] Christchurch's main former sporting venue and has since been transformed into a public park with facilities for community sport.[84] Recreational parks in Opawa include Risingholme Park and Hansens Park.[85]

A particularly notable park in Opawa is Hansens Park. Initially the site of a former rubbish dump, there was later plans to transform the landfill site into a park in 1959.[86] Hansen Park contains the clubrooms of the Port Hills Athletic Club.[87] There are two rugby fields and two football fields in the park.[88]

Local businesses in Opawa include a café, a bakery, a butchery, a dairy, a pharmacy, and an op-shop.[22][89] Additionally, more shops are also located on Ferry Road 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) to the north, in Woolston.[90] Opawa also contains a retirement village and a rest home. In addition to the Saint Marks Anglican Church, another church in Opawa is the Opawa Community Church, located on the corner of Opawa Road and Aynsley Terrace.[91] The suburb is linked by two bus routes to its neighbouring suburbs, a nearby shopping mall, and the city centre.[92]

## Notable people

[edit]

William Reeves (1823–1891)

Notable people with Opawa connections include many of whom were born in the suburb and some were the suburb's early settlers.

* Noeline Baker (1878–1958), an administrator of women's labour in wartime and educator, born in Opawa.[93]
* Alfred William Buxton (1872–1950), a landscape gardener and nurseryman[94]
* John B. Condliffe (1891–1981), an economist and university professor, attended Opawa School.[95]
* Margaret Frankel (1902–1997), a painter, printmaker and art teacher[96]
* Otto Frankel (1900–1998), an Austrian-born geneticist[96]
* Kennaway Henderson (1879–1960), an illustrator and cartoonist[97]
* Ivan Mauger (1939–2018), a motorcycle speedway rider, attended Opawa School[98]
* Robert Page (1897–1957), an industrial chemist[99]
* William Reeves (1823–1891), a businessman and politician who built in 1864 and resided in a house known as "Risingholme".
* William Pember Reeves (1857–1932), politician, cricketer, and historian[100]
* Mollie Tripe (1870–1939), an artist and art teacher, born in Opawa[101]
* Joshua Strange Williams (1837–1915), a politician and judge, an early settler in Opawa.[12]
* Wilfred Stanley Wallis (1891–1957), an orthopaedic surgeon and chief, born in Opawa.[102]
* Anthony Wilding (1883–1915) is one of New Zealand's most successful tennis players in the international class, born in Opawa.[103]
* Robin Williams (1919–2013), an academic administrator and mathematician[104]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Note: Christchurch currently has no formal definition of the boundaries of suburbs, and as a result there can be inconsistencies between sources in the suburb. (see this Archived 20 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine) Some sources might differ while referring to the ice sports centre as being apart of Waltham, other sources might refer to it as being apart of Opawa (e.g. its official website Archived 8 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
2. ^ a b "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
3. ^ Ogilvie, Gordon (2009). The Port Hills of Christchurch. Christchurch, New Zealand. p. 175\. ISBN 9780958331562.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
4. ^ Reed 2010, p. 278.
5. ^ "MAORI NAMES. ATTEMPT TO PRESERVE THEM IN CANTERBURY". Papers Past. Lyttelton Times. 30 December 1901. p. 2\. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
6. ^ Tau, Goodall & Palmer 1990, p. 20–22.
7. ^ Gillespie 2007, p. 1.
8. ^ "Ōpāwaho – Heathcote River". Christchurch City Libraries. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
9. ^ Gillespie 2007, p. 1–2.
10. ^ "Ōtākaro – Avon River". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
11. ^ Taylor 1952, p. 49.
12. ^ a b c d e f Ogilvie 2017, p. 187.
13. ^ a b McDonald, Liz (12 December 2007). "High society in Opawa". The Press. Christchurch, New Zealand - via ProQuest.
14. ^ Wilson, 2005, p. 135 and Morrison, 1948, p. 33, 78
15. ^ Wilson, 2005, p. 135 and Morrison, 1948, p. 33, 78
16. ^ Wilson, 2005, p. 119 and Morrison, 1948, p. 33
17. ^ Wetton, Krysti (7 November 2002). "An earthy lesson for schoolkids". Daily News. New Plymouth, New Zealand - via ProQuest.
18. ^ Public Library Carnival Johnson's Picnic Gardens (PDF), 169 St Asaph Street Christchurch: Simpson & WilIiams Ltd., 1936, p. 15 - via Christchurch City Libraries`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
19. ^ Scoble 2012.
20. ^ Morrison 1948, p. 49.
21. ^ "Earthquake damage by suburb". The Press. 4 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
22. ^ a b "Community profile – November 2014 St Martins / Opawa / Beckenham" (PDF). Christchurch CIty Council. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
23. ^ "Opawa Library rebuild to start this month". Star News. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
24. ^ "Black Maps Digitised via Canterbury Regional Council". Canterbury Maps Open Data. Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
25. ^ "Place name detail: Opawa". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
26. ^ "Heathcote Ward Profile February 2023" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
27. ^ "Suburb snapshot. Opawa; On the market". The Press (2 ed.). Christchurch, New Zealand. 6 April 2006. ISSN 0113-9762.
28. ^ Morrison 1948, p. 78.
29. ^ "307 Properties Cut By Opawa Expressway". The Press. 8 November 1967. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024 - via Papers Past.
30. ^ Character charmer, The Press, 14 January 2006 — via ProQuest
31. ^ "Heathcote Ward Profile February 2023" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
32. ^ Wilson, John (14 September 2006). "Canterbury places – South Christchurch". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
33. ^ Hayward, Michael. "The streets that keep flooding". The Press. Christchurch, New Zealand - via ProQuest.
34. ^ Multiple sources:
* "Floods in the suburbs". The Press. 20 August 1941. p. 10\. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024 - via Papers Past.
* "The Heathcote River overflows its banks and floods Clarendon Terrace, Opawa". The Press. 17 April 1962. p. 7\. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024 - via Papers Past.
* "The Heathcote River where it burst its banks in Opawa". The Press. 13 April 1968. p. 34\. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024 - via Papers Past.
* "Traffic inches along Opawa Road, flooded by overflow from the Heathcote River". The Press. 4 January 1980. p. 3\. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024 - via Papers Past.
35. ^ Wilson, John (14 September 2007). "Canterbury places – South Christchurch". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
36. ^ "From the air: City under water". The Press. p. 2\. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
37. ^ "Photos: State of emergency declared as Christchurch floods". Stuff. 22 July 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
38. ^ "Heathcote Ward Profile February 2023" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
39. ^ "Metro — Arrivals — All routes". Metro Info. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
40. ^ "Community returns home to Christchurch's historic Risingholme". Christchurch City Council. 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
41. ^ "Risingholme". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
42. ^ "House". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
43. ^ Killick, David (7 May 1997). "Crafted home a cosy retreat". The Press. Christchurch, New Zealand - via ProQuest.
44. ^ "The Hollies – 188 Richardson Terrace / 67E Vincent Place, Christchurch" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 10 March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
45. ^ "The Hollies". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
46. ^ A Short History of S.MARK'S CHURCH OPAWA 1865–1965. 1965. p. 6\. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
47. ^ "Fire Destroys Church". Ashburton Guardian. 3 December 1949. p. 4\. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
48. ^ "ST. MARK'S CHURCH, OPAWA". The Press. 3 December 1953. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024 - via Papers Past.
49. ^ Rea, Anabela (15 May 2024). "1879 colonial mansion a quake survivor". Stuff. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
50. ^ "Dwelling And Setting, Roxburghe – 41D Opawa Road, Christchurch" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 1 March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
51. ^ "Dwelling And Setting, Fifield – 14 Hawford Road, Christchurch" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 4 March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
52. ^ "Dwelling And Setting — 9 Ford Road, Opawa, Christchurch" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
53. ^ "House". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
54. ^ "Opawa Lighting". Sun (Christchurch). 23 October 1915. p. 10\. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024 - via Papers Past.
55. ^ Watson, James (1989). Along The Hills A History of the Heathcote Road Board and the Heathcote County Council 1864–1989. Christchurch, New Zealand: Caxton Press. p. 131\. ISBN 9780473008512.
56. ^ "Joining The City". Lyttelton Times. 22 February 1916. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024 - via Papers Past.
57. ^ Morrison 1948, p. 124.
58. ^ "Greater Christchurch". The Star. 23 October 1915. p. 9\. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
59. ^ "Christchurch Chronology to 1989: 1921". Christchurch City Libraries. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
60. ^ "Heathcote Ward Profile February 2023" (PDF). Christchurch City Council. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
61. ^ "Christchurch 13 percent rates rise 'unviable for residents'". Radio New Zealand. 27 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
62. ^ "Christchurch Central – Electorate Profile". New Zealand Government. 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
63. ^ Andelane, Lana (15 October 2023). "NZ election 2023 live electorate results". Newshub. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
64. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Opawa (330900). 2018 Census place summary: Opawa
65. ^ Killick, 1997 and Morrison, 1948, p. 33
66. ^ New School At Opawa, The Press, 19 April 1920 — via ProQuest
67. ^ Education Counts: Opawa School
68. ^ "Welcome From Our Principal". Ōpāwa School. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
69. ^ "School centennial celebrations". The Press. 11 October 1974. Retrieved 19 August 2024 - via Papers Past.
70. ^ Tenders For New Kindergartens, The Press, 4 February 1958
71. ^ Community Calender, The Press, 19 February 1999 — via ProQuest
72. ^ Education Counts: Rudolf Steiner School
73. ^ "About Our School". Christchurch Rudolf Steiner School. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
74. ^ Kenny, Lee (21 September 2019). "Rudolf Steiner school's name change dilemma". Stuff. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
75. ^ Education Counts: St Mark's School
76. ^ "St Mark's History". St Mark's School. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
77. ^ McJorrow, Tim (16 August 2001). "Enriching our young; Curriculum offers balance". The Press. Christchurch, New Zealand - via ProQuest.
78. ^ "Distance between Opawa and 85 Aldwins Road, Christchurch, (New Zealand)". Distance Calculator via GlobeFeed.com. 2023. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
79. ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
80. ^ "Opawa Tennis Club". The Press. 16 September 1957. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024 - via Papers Past.
81. ^ "Opawa Club Celebrates Jubilee". The Press. 24 March 1958. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024 - via Papers Past.
82. ^ "Alpine Ice Sports Centre Christchurch". eurohockey.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
83. ^ "Distance between Opawa and Lancaster Park, Canterbury, NZL (New Zealand)". Distance Calculator via GlobeFeed.com. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
84. ^ "Lancaster Park". Christchurch City Council. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
85. ^ Suburb snapshot Opawa; On the market, 8 Apr 2006, The Press — via ProQuest
86. ^ "Hawford Road Park". The Press. 17 September 1959. p. 8\. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024 - via Papers Past.
87. ^ "About Us — Port Hills Athletic Club". Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
88. ^ "Winter sports field map". Christchurch City Council. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
89. ^ Conway, Glenn (20 April 2014). "Review: Opawa Bakery and Cafe". Sunday Star Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
90. ^ "Distance between Opawa and Woolston (New Zealand)". Distance Calculator via GlobeFeed.com. 2024. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
91. ^ "Opawa — OpenStreetMap". OpenStreetMap. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
92. ^ "Metro - Arrivals - All routes". Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
93. ^ Taylor, Leah (1998). "Baker, Isabel Noeline". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
94. ^ Tipples, Rupert (1996). "Buxton, Alfred William". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
95. ^ Fleming, Grant (1998). "Condliffe, John Bell". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
96. ^ a b Vial, Jane (30 August 2021). "In Plain Sight". Bulletin (205). Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetū. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
97. ^ Hamilton, Stephen D. (1998). "Henderson, Andrew Kennaway". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
98. ^ Gillespie 2007, p. 166.
99. ^ Gillespie 2007, p. 192.
100. ^ Sinclair, Keith (1993). "Reeves, William Pember". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
101. ^ Platts, Una (1980). Nineteenth Century New Zealand Artists. Christchurch, New Zealand: Avon Fine Prints. p. 237.
102. ^ Dow, Derek A. (200). "Wallis, Wilfred Stanley". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
103. ^ Walter, Helen (1996). "Wilding, Anthony Frederick". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
104. ^ "Leading NZ scientist worked on development of atomic bomb". The Dominion Post. 25 March 2013. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.

## Works cited

[edit]

* Morrison, J.P. (1948). The evolution of a city: the story of the growth of the city and suburbs of Christchurch, the capital of Canterbury, in the years from 1850 to 1903. Christchurch, New Zealand: Christchurch City Council.
* Tau, T.M; Goodall, A.; Palmer, D. (1990). Te Whakatau Kaupapa: Ngai Tahu resource management strategy for the Canterbury Region. Wellington, New Zealand: National Library of New Zealand. ISBN 0473011476.
* Taylor, W.A (1952). Lore and history of the South Island Māori. Christchurch, New Zealand. ISBN 9781927207024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Reed, A. W. (2010). Peter Dowling (ed.). Place Names of New Zealand. Rosedale, North Shore: Raupo. ISBN 978-0-14-320410-7.
* Wilson, John (2005). Contextual Historical Overview of Christchurch City (PDF) (report). Christchurch: Christchurch City Council. ISBN 9781877313219. OCLC 156459064. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2023 - via Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission.
* Gillespie, Noel (2007). Opawa: The Outpost on the Banks of the Heathcote: The Colourful History of One of Christchurch's Oldest Settlements. Christchurch, New Zealand. ISBN 9780473124045.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Ogilvie, Gordon (2017). Place Names of Banks Peninsula and the Port Hills. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. ISBN 9781927145937.
* Scoble, Juliet (2012). Names & Opening and Closing Dates of Railway Stations in New Zealand, 1863 to 2012. Wellington: Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Opawa, New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
* Geographic data related to Opawa at OpenStreetMap

* v
* t
* e

Christchurch, New Zealand

Seat: Christchurch Central

Populated places|

| Northern suburbs|

* Belfast
* Bishopdale
* Bottle Lake
* Bridgend
* Brooklands
* Casebrook
* Chaneys
* Coutts Island
* Edgeware
* Harewood
* Kainga
* Mairehau
* McLeans Island
* Northcote
* Northwood
* Papanui
* Redwood
* Shirley
* Spencerville
* Styx

|

Eastern suburbs|

* Aranui
* Avondale
* Bexley
* Burwood
* Dallington
* Marshland
* New Brighton
* North New Brighton
* Parklands
* Prestons
* South New Brighton
* Southshore
* Waimairi Beach
* Wainoni

Central suburbs|

* Addington
* Avonside
* Barrington
* Bryndwr
* Central City
* Bromley
* Fendalton
* Hillmorton
* Hoon Hay
* Linwood
* Merivale
* Middleton
* Phillipstown
* Riccarton
* Richmond
* Spreydon
* St Albans
* Strowan
* Sydenham
* Upper Riccarton
* Woolston

Western suburbs|

* Avonhead
* Broomfield
* Burnside
* Hei Hei
* Hornby
* Ilam
* Islington
* Paparua
* Russley
* Sockburn
* Templeton
* Yaldhurst

Southern suburbs|

* Aidanfield
* Beckenham
* Cashmere
* Clifton
* Cracroft
* Ferrymead
* Halswell
* Heathcote Valley
* Hillsborough
* Huntsbury
* Kennedys Bush
* Lansdowne
* Moncks Bay
* Mount Pleasant
* Murray Aynsley Hill
* Oaklands
* Opawa
* Redcliffs
* Richmond Hill
* Scarborough
* Somerfield
* St Martins
* Sumner
* Taylors Mistake
* Waltham
* Westmorland
* Wigram

Geographic features|

* Avon River / Ōtākaro
* Avon-Heathcote Estuary / Ihutai
* Lyttelton Harbour
* Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River
* Port Hills
* Tauhinukorokio / Mount Pleasant

Facilities and attractions|

* Akaroa Marine Reserve
* Cathedral Square
* Christchurch Adventure Park
* Christchurch Gondola
* Ferrymead Regional Park
* Hagley Park
* International Antarctic Centre
* Margaret Mahy Playground
* Tūranga

Government|

* City Council
* Mayor
* Regional Council

*[c.]: circa
*[Pop.]: Population
*[±% p.a.]: Per annum growth rate
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template