Open collaboration

Collaboration with a result open to all

Open collaboration refers to any "system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who cooperate voluntarily to create a product (or service) of economic value, which is made freely available to contributors and noncontributors alike."[1] It is prominently observed in open source software, and has been initially described in Richard Stallman's GNU Manifesto,[2] as well as Eric S. Raymond's 1997 essay, The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Beyond open source software, open collaboration is also applied to the development of other types of mind or creative works, such as information provision in Internet forums, or the production of encyclopedic content in Wikipedia.[3]

The organizing principle behind open collaboration is that of peer production.[4] Peer production communities are structured in an entirely decentralized manner, but differ from markets in that they function without price-based coordination, and often on the basis of volunteering only. Such communities are geared toward the production of openly accessible public or "common" goods, but differ from the State as well as charity groups in that they operate without a formal hierarchical structure, and rest solely on the construction of a rough, evolving consensus among participants.[5][6]

## Definition

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Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of egalitarianism, meritocracy, and self-organization.[7] Levine and Piretula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."[8][9] This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements — goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work — are present in an open source software project, in Wikipedia, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on user-generated content. In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated.[10]: 17

## Academia

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An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym).[11] As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."[12]

Since 2011, a peer-reviewed academic journal, The Journal of Peer Production (JoPP), is dedicated to documenting and researching peer production processes. This academic community understands peer production "as a mode of commons-based and oriented production in which participation is voluntary and predicated on the self-selection of tasks. Notable examples are the collaborative development of Free Software projects and of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia."[13]

## See also

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* Peer production or Commons-based peer production
* Money-free market
* Open-source model
* Resource-based economy
* Open knowledge

## References

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1. ^ Sheen S. Levine; Michael J. Prietula (2014). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance
2. ^ Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. Research Policy, 32, 923–943 doi:10.2139/ssrn.290305
3. ^ Yochai Benkler, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw (2015). Peer Production: A Form of Collective Intelligence. In Handbook of Collective Intelligence, edited by Thomas Malone and Michael Bernstein. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.[1]
4. ^ Yochai Benkler (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.[2]
5. ^ Yochai Benkler (2002). Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm. Yale law journal, pp. 369-446 [3]
6. ^ Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities Archived 2021-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Organization Science, 22(5), 1224-1239, doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0614
7. ^ Riehle, D.; Ellenberger, J.; Menahem, T.; Mikhailovski, B.; Natchetoi, Y.; Naveh, B.; Odenwald, T. (March 2009). "Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges" (PDF). IEEE Software. 26 (2): 52–58\. doi:10.1109/MS.2009.44. ISSN 0740-7459.
8. ^ Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, Michael J. (2014). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance". Organization Science. 25 (5): 1414–1433\. arXiv:1406.7541. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. ISSN 1047-7039. S2CID 6583883.
9. ^ Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance. Organization Science, doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872
10. ^ Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020). Collaborative Society. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-35645-9.
11. ^ "About". The International Symposium on Open Collaboration. 15 June 2010.
12. ^ ". Kenneth Pascal (12 April 2013). "Definition of Open Collaboration". The International Symposium on Open Collaboration. Retrieved 2018-03-26. "Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist, meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."
13. ^ "About". The Journal of Peer Production.

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Free culture and open content

Concepts and
practices|

| Key concepts|

* Commons-based peer production
* Crowdsourcing
* Freedom of information
* Gratis versus libre
* Open collaboration
* Open source
* Openness
* Participatory culture
* Sharism

|

Research and science|

* Citizen science
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* Access
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* Plan S

Data, information,
and knowledge|

* Free content
* Knowledge commons
* Open communication
* Open knowledge
* Content
* Data

Communication
and learning|

| Media|

* Collaborative writing
* Democratic media
* Open publishing
* Participatory media
* Peer review

|

Education|

* Open education
* educational resources
* admissions
* open-door policy
* List of open universities

Journalism|

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Products|

* Free and open-source software (FOSS)
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Economic principles|

* Gift economy
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Politics and governance|

* Open government
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* Freedom of information laws by country

Organizations|

* Creative Commons
* Free Software Foundation
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* Open Knowledge Foundation
* Open Rights Group
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* Pirate Party
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Activists|

* Tim Berners-Lee
* Alexandra Elbakyan
* Lawrence Lessig
* Peter Murray-Rust
* Douglas Rushkoff
* Richard Stallman
* Peter Suber
* Peter Sunde
* Aaron Swartz
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Projects and
movements|

* Anna's Archive
* DIYbio
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* Free software movement
* Library Genesis
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* The Anarchist Library
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* Z-Library

| Tools|

* Licenses
* Creative Commons
* GPL
* Definition docs
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* Free Software
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* Open Data Indices
* Open educational resources
* Open music model
* Open Web movement

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