Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Military operation

U.S. "War on Terror" in the Horn of Africa
2002-2016

Marines from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit participate in a long-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1) into Djibouti, August 2002.
| Location|

Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel

|

Result|

* 21 high level Al-Shabaab leaders killed[1]

Belligerents
* * United Kingdom
* United States

Insurgents:

* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(from 2015)

* * *

* al-Qaeda
(from 2002)
* Al-Shabaab
(from 2006)
* al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
(2002–06)
* Hizbul Islam
(2009–14)
* Ras Kamboni Brigades
(2007–10)
* Jabhatul Islamiya
(2007–09)
* Mu'askar Anole
(2007–09)

* * *

Commanders and leaders
General Tommy Franks (2001–2003)
General John Abizaid (2003–2007)
Admiral William J. Fallon (2007–2008)
General Martin Dempsey (2008–2015)
General David Petraeus (2008–2010)|

Ahmad Umar
Abdul Qadir Mumin
Adan Eyrow †
Abu Mansoor*
Abdirahman Godane †
Omar Iman Abubakar*
Hassan Turki †
Mohamed Hayle*
Mukhtar Abu Ali Aisha*
Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan †
Fazul Mohammed †[2]

* * *

Garaad Mohamed*[3]
Indho Ade*[3]
Mohamed Garfanji*[4]
Strength
500 personnel in Somalia
Unknown
Casualties and losses
United States
2 killed in action, 6 wounded[5]
35 non-combat fatalities (see below)|

Islamic insurgents:
1,230–1,367 militants killed in Somalia[6][7][8]

* 555+ killed (2017-18)
* 10 killed (2019)
(American operations only)

22–37 civilians killed[9]
(American operations only)
Dis: Disbanded
*: Former commanders

* v
* t
* e

Somalia: Piracy and Counter-Terrorism, 2006–2017

2006

* 18 March

2007

* Ras Kamboni
* 3 June
* Bargal
* 28 October
* Dai Hong Dan

2008

* Dobley
* Thalathine
* Dhusamareb
* 11 November
* Maersk Alabama
* Ocean Shield

2009

* Baraawe

2011

* MV Sinar Kudus

2012

* Buchanan and Thisted
* Bulo Marer

2013

* Barawe

2017

* Barii

* v
* t
* e

Piracy off Somalia

|  2006

* Action of 18 March

2007

* Action of 3 June
* MV Al Marjan
* Action of 28 October
* Dai Hong Dan

2008

* Operation Atalanta
* MY Le Ponant
* MV Iran Deyanat
* Carré d'As IV
* Action of 11 November
* FV Ekawat Nava 5
* Chinese anti-piracy operations

2009

* Action of 3 March
* April raid
* MV Maersk Alabama
* Action of 13 August
* Operation Ocean Shield
* Action of 7 September

2010

* Action of 23 March
* Action of 30 March
* Action of 1 April
* Action of 5 April
* MV Moscow University

2011

* MV Blida
* Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
* Operation Dawn 8
* MV Beluga Nomination
* Operation Island Watch
* Minicoy Island
* MV Sinar Kudus
* SY Quest
* Operation Umeed-e-Nuh

2012

* Patiño

* v
* t
* e

Post-1960 conflicts
in the Horn of Africa

* Eritrean War of Independence
* Eritrean civil wars
* 1961 revolt in Somalia
* Bale revolt
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* 1963 Ogaden Rebellion
* 1964
* Ogaden
* 1982
* Oromo conflict
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Somali Civil War
* Rebellion
* Puntland–Somaliland
* 2006–09
* 2009–present
* Somaliland War of Independence
* Djiboutian Civil War
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Second Afar insurgency
* Hanish Islands conflict
* Eritrean–Ethiopian War
* OEF – Horn of Africa
* Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* Oromia
* Benishangul-Gumuz
* Tigray
* Amhara

Operation Enduring Freedom has had related activities in the Horn of Africa.

United States counter-terrorist activities in the region have included advisers, supplies, and other forms of non-combat support, but more prominently have included drone strikes targeted at Al-Shabaab.[9] Other American combat operations include manned airstrikes, cruise missile strikes, and special forces raids. Many such activities were initially supervised by Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa before CJTF-HOA pivoted to a defense/diplomacy/development mission; others have been undertaken by task forces from Joint Special Operations Command.

After the Fall of Kabul in November 2001, there was considerable U.S. Department of Defense concern that Islamist takfiri, jihadis, and others fleeing from Afghanistan might escape south and west to the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa.[10] U.S. Central Command already had responsibility for Yemen.[11] But there were concerns that takfiri militants might escape across the Arabian Sea to East Africa.

As a result, II Marine Expeditionary Force was directed to establish a task force, to be responsible for Yemen and East Africa, to operate from the former French colony of Djibouti. In due course Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established, with its headquarters initially based aboard the command vessel USS Mount Whitney. Its original mission was purely directed against fleeing takfiri militants from Afghanistan and/or other terrorist groups. U.S. forces became increasingly involved in the Somali Civil War. In October 2008, CJTF-HOA became part of the new United States Africa Command.[12]

## Somali civil war

[edit]

See also: American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)

In June 2006, The New York Times reported that senior Foreign Service officers at the United States Embassy in Nairobi had criticised the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's backing of the Somali Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism as short-sighted and counter-productive.[13] A Reuters report said that support of the ARPCT had backfired and destabilized the area.[14] In mid-June 2006, Ethiopian troops began to enter Somalia in large numbers, aiming to remove the Council of Islamic Courts who were then running Mogadishu. This began the next phase of the War in Somalia.

On 1 July 2006, a web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there.[15]

On 3 January 2007, U.S. Marines operating out of Lamu, Kenya, were reported as assisting Kenyan forces patrolling the border with Somalia with the interception of Islamists.[16] On 8 January it was reported that a U.S. Air Force AC-130 gunship had attacked suspected al-Qaeda operatives in southern Somalia. It was also reported that the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower had been moved into striking distance.[17] Many bodies were spotted on the ground, but the identity of the dead or wounded was not yet established. The targeted leaders were tracked by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they headed south from Mogadishu starting on 28 December.[18] It was reported that the leader of al-Qaeda in East Africa, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, was killed in the attack, but later officials confirmed that he survived and also that none of the al-Qaeda operatives were killed. However, at least 10 civilians were killed. On 9 January it was reported U.S. special forces and CIA operatives were working with Ethiopian troops on the ground in operations inside Somalia from a base in Galkayo, in Puntland, and from Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti.[19][citation needed] On 12 January, a small team of U.S. forces investigated the site of the U.S. gunship attack to search for information about the identity and fate of the targeted individuals.[20]

On 17 January 2007, the Assistant Deputy Secretary of Defense for African affairs, Theresa Whelan, clarified the airstrike conducted on 8 January was not the work of the CJTF-HOA, but of another force which she did not specify. The target of the strike was confirmed to be Aden Hashi Farah Ayro, who was believed wounded or possibly dead, while eight members of his group were killed in the attack.[21]

On 27 December 2006, The New York Times reported analysts in Nairobi, Kenya claimed U.S. surveillance aircraft were funnelling information to Ethiopian forces.[22] Sean Naylor's Relentless Strike describes U.S. SOF personnel accompanying the invading Ethiopian forces.[23] Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi declared one of the key objectives of the offensive on Kismayo was the capture of three alleged al-Qaeda members, suspects wanted for the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa: Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan and Abu Taha al-Sudani.

Combined Task Force 150, a U.S.-led Combined Maritime Forces task force was operating off the coast of Somalia to disrupt terrorist activity.[24][25] At the time, the task force included vessels from Canada, France, Germany, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Ramage and the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Bunker Hill.[26] The aim of the patrols shifted on 2 January 2007, according to diplomats, to "... stop SICC leaders or foreign militant supporters escaping".[27]

Likewise, many airstrikes which resulted in civilian casualties around Afmadow conducted by Ethiopian aircraft were mis-attributed to the United States. On 21 January 2007 the capture of U.S. troops was reported by the Qaadisiya.com site, as well as the death of one due to malaria, but this assertion was denied as "utterly bogus" by Michael Ranneberger, U.S. Envoy to Kenya and Somalia.[28] On 24 January, the U.S. admitted to have made a second airstrike, but did not confirm the exact date or location of the strike.[29] United States involvement in the conflict continued through 2008 with airstrikes targeting suspected Al Qaeda affiliated militants including a strike of dubious success conducted on 2 March 2008 where at least one U.S. naval vessel launched cruise missiles against an Al Qaeda target in a strike on the village of Dobley and a successful strike on Dhusamareb which killed several militant leaders

### Somali Civil War (2009–present)

[edit]

Main article: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

On 28 November 2010 the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer announced that the United States has no intention of committing troops to Somalia to root out al-Qaeda.[30]

On 25 January 2012, two U.S. Navy SEAL teams raided a compound 12 miles (19 km) north of Adado, Galmudug, Somalia, freeing two hostages while killing nine pirates and capturing five others.[31]

On 5 October 2013, Naval Special Warfare Development Group SEAL commandos launched an amphibious raid on the town of Baraawe, fighting with al-Shabaab militants and inflicting some casualties on them before withdrawing.[32] On 5 March 2016, U.S. airstrikes carried out by aircraft and unmanned drones killed more than 150 Al-Shabaab terrorists at a terrorist training camp called "Camp Raso", located about 120 miles north of Mogadishu as they were completing "training for a large-scale attack" according to a Pentagon spokesman. The camp had been under surveillance for some time before the strike.[33] In the early hours of 9 March 2016, U.S. special forces and Somali national army special forces killed between 1 and 15 Al-Shabaab terrorists in a heliborne-attack on the Al-Shabaab-controlled town of Awdhegele, as well as capturing an undisclosed number of high-value Al-Shabaab figures the militants were training for a major operation against coalition forces.[34][35][36] On 11/12 April 2016, two U.S. airstrikes on Al-Shabaab targets in the town of Kismayo killed about a dozen suspected militants who posed an "imminent threat" to American troops in the country.[37][38] As of May 2016, roughly 50 U.S. special operations troops operate at undisclosed locations across southern Somalia, with their headquarters at the airport in Mogadishu; advising and assisting, Kenyan, Somali and Ugandan forces in their fight against Al-Shabaab. Also in that month, U.S. personnel helped those forces plan an operation against illegal checkpoints.[39] On 13 May, a U.S. strike targeted nine al-Shabab militants, three of them were allegedly killed.[40] On 1 June 2016, the Pentagon announced that it had conducted an airstrike that killed a senior Al-Shabaab leader in Somalia on 27 May.[41] On 3 August 2016, a contingent of elite American troops acting as military advisers assisted Somali commandos in an assault on an al-Shabaab checkpoint in Saakow, as the Somali-led force approached the checkpoint the militants opened fire, a gun battle ensued that resulted in 3 militants killed.[42] On 29 September 2016, the Military Times reported that on 26 September a bomb-manufacturing network linked al-Shabaab attacked a small team of U.S. and Somali troops, who were conducting an operation near Kismayo, with small-arms fire. A Pentagon spokesman said the U.S. military "conducted a self-defense strike to neutralize the threat and in doing so killed nine enemy fighters." Also on 28 September, near the town of Galkayo, a Somali army unit conducting counterterrorism operations nearby, when the Somali soldiers came under fire from al-Shabab militants. The Somali soldiers engaged them, then broke contact and rejoined with their nearby American advisers and soon afterwards the militants "began to maneuver in an offensive manner" so the U.S. conducted a self-defense airstrike, killing 4 militants.[43]

#### Drone attacks

[edit]

* On 25 June 2011, U.S. Predator drones attacked a Shabaab training camp south of Kismayo. Ibrahim al-Afghani, a senior al Shabaab leader was rumored to be killed in the strike.[44]
* On 6 September 2011, a U.S. drone struck a large Al-Shabaab base, killing 35 militants.[citation needed]
* A drone strike on 17 September killed 17 militants.[citation needed]
* A U.S. drone strike occurred near Mogadishu on 21 January 2012, killing British al-Qaeda operative Bilal el-Berjawi.[45]
* 4 Al-Shabaab fighters, including a white Kenyan and a Moroccan jihadist named Abu Ibrahim, were killed in a drone strike in the K60 area (60 miles south of Mogadishu) of the Lower Shabelle region in southern Somalia late on 24 February 2012.[46][47]

## Naval actions against piracy

[edit]

Piracy off the coast of Somalia presented a hazard to all shipping in the Gulf of Aden and down the coast of East Africa. It began to escalate after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which heavily impacted livelihoods along the coast of southern Somalia.[48]

CJTF-HOA is primarily an air and land task force. It did not control naval actions against piracy, which fell under U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT). The Combined Maritime Forces, under the direction of NAVCENT, directed Combined Task Force 150, and Combined Task Force 151. Pakistan joined CTF 150.

The European Union Military Staff directed the EU anti-piracy Operation Atalanta. NATO later ran Operation Ocean Shield.

Independent anti-piracy operations were conducted off the coast of Somalia by other countries such as China and Russia.

## See also

[edit]

* Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* Terrorism in Yemen
* Baraawe raid
* Manhunt (military)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ New America Foundation (19 May 2016). "Somalia Leaders Killed". Washington DC: New America Foundation.
2. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (11 June 2011). "Somalis kill Mastermind of 2 US Embassy Bombings". The New York Times.
3. ^ a b Pike, John. "Pirates". Global security. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
4. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (1 September 2010). "In Somali Civil War, Both Sides Embrace Pirates". The New York Times.
5. ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Cooper, Helene (8 June 2018). "1 U.S. Soldier Is Killed and 4 Are Wounded in Somalia Firefight". The New York Times.
6. ^ New America Foundation: Somalia. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
7. ^ "The Bureau of Investigative Journalism", Somalia Datasheet. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
8. ^ Cooper, Helene. ""US Strikes Kill 150 Shabab fighters in Somalia, officials say". Washington Post. March 7 2016. "American warplanes on Saturday struck a training camp in Somalia belonging to the Islamist militant group the Shabab, the Pentagon said, killing about 150 fighters who United States officials said were preparing an attack against American troops and their regional allies in East Africa." New York Times. 7 March 2016.
9. ^ a b "The Bureau of Investigative Journalism", Somalia Datasheet. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
10. ^ Mayer, Jane (2008). Dark side: the inside story of how the war on terror turned into a war on American ideals. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 105–107, 134. ISBN 978-0-385-52639-5. OCLC 229309144.Naylor, Sean (29 March 2013). "The Secret War: How U.S. hunted AQ in Africa — Clandestine SEAL mission planted cameras, but little came out of the images". Military Times.
11. ^ "The Pentagon has decided to form a new Joint Task Force for the Horn of Africa to oversee antiterrorist operations". Voice of America.
12. ^ "DoD Establishing U.S. Africa Command". United States Department of Defense. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
13. ^ Mazzetti, Mark (8 June 2006). "Efforts by C.I.A. Fail in Somalia, Officials Charge". New York Times.
14. ^ US cash support for Somali warlords 'destabilising' Reuters
15. ^ "Bin Laden releases Web message on Iraq, Somalia". USA Today. 1 July 2006. Archived from the original on 5 July 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
16. ^ Kibaki meets Somalia president as tension at border persists[usurped] The Standard
17. ^ "U.S. targets al Qaeda suspects in Somalia, Pentagon official says". CNN. 8 January 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
18. ^ "Reports say U.S. targeted al Qaeda suspects in Somalia". 9 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.[dead link]
19. ^ "U.S. Special Forces Engaged in Operations on the Ground in Somalia". ABC News. 9 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
20. ^ "U.S. troops seek airstrike dead in Somalia". United Press International. 12 January 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
21. ^ "U.S. raid may have hit top Somali militant: Pentagon". Reuters. 17 January 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
22. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (27 December 2006), "Islamists in Somalia Retreat From Ethiopia-Backed Forces", The New York Times,
23. ^ Sean Naylor, Relentless Strike: The Secret History of Joint Special Operations Command, St. Martin's Press, 2015.
24. ^ "Navy tries to block fleeing jihadists from Somalia". Air Force Times. 3 January 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
25. ^ "Thousands Flee Somalia Fighting". Associated Press. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2007.[dead link]
26. ^ "Ramage, Bunker Hill keeping an eye on Somalia". MarineTimes.com. 4 January 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.[permanent dead link]
27. ^ "Ethiopian troops to stay in Somalia weeks". Reuters. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2007.
28. ^ "U.S. has ground troops in southern Somalia: Journalist". Garowe Online. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2007.[dead link]
29. ^ "Military Official Reports Second US Air Strike in Somalia". Voice of America. 24 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
30. ^ US Does Not Plan to Send Troops Against Al-Qaida in Somalia, US: State Department, archived from the original on 28 November 2010.
31. ^ "U.S. commandos free two hostages in daring Somalia raid". Reuters. 25 January 2012.
32. ^ "US commando raids: What did they achieve?". BBC News. 6 October 2013.
33. ^ "US strike kills at least 150 Shebab fighters in Somalia". yahoo news. 7 March 2016.
34. ^ "US troops in helicopter-borne raid in Somalia: Pentagon". yahoo news. 9 March 2016.
35. ^ "Somalia al-Shabab: US forces took part in raid on militants". BBC News. 9 March 2016.
36. ^ "U.S., Somali commandos nab valuable Al-Shabaab figures, spokesman says". CNN. 10 March 2016.
37. ^ "U.S. air strikes kill suspected al Shabaab militants in Somalia". reuters. 12 April 2016.
38. ^ "U.S. airstrikes hit Al-Shabaab camp in Somalia after 'imminent threat'". CNN. 12 April 2016.
39. ^ "U.S. special forces wage secretive 'small wars' against terrorists". CNN. 12 May 2016.
40. ^ "4 US airstrikes targeted al-Shabab militants in Somalia last month". stars and stripes. 17 June 2016.
41. ^ "Al Shabaab commander killed in US airstrike in Somalia". fox news. 1 June 2016.
42. ^ "Somali Forces, Backed by U.S., Kill Shabab Militants in Raid". The New York Times. 16 August 2016.
43. ^ "Attacks on U.S. troops in Somalia leads to airstrikes on al-Shabab". militarytimes. 29 September 2016.
44. ^ Roggio, Bill; Joscelyn, Thomas (9 July 2011). "Senior Shabaab commander rumored to have been killed in recent Predator strike". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
45. ^ Cobain, Ian (22 January 2012). "British 'al-Qaida member' killed in US drone attack in Somalia". The Guardian. London.
46. ^ "US Drone Strike Kills 4 in Somalia". Fox News. 24 February 2012.
47. ^ Roggio, Bill, "Moroccan jihadist killed in Somalia airstrike", Long War Journal, 24 February 2012; Retrieved 27 February 2012.
48. ^ Westberg, Andreas Bruvik (11 November 2015). "Bloodshed and Breaking Wave: The first outbreak of Somali Piracy". Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. 43 (2): 1–38\. doi:10.5787/43-2-1122. ISSN 2224-0020.

* Defence Technical Information Centre, [1]
* Rozoff, Rick. "AFRICOM's First War: U.S. Directs Large-Scale Offensive in Somalia". Information Clearing House. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.

## External links

[edit]

* Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa Official U.S. Military web site
* USCGC Munro and UK Navy US And UK Navies Resolve Hi-Jacking

* v
* t
* e

War in Somalia (2006–2009)

* Part of the Somali Civil War
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* War on terror

Timeline|

* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009

Background|

* History of Somalia (1991–2006)
* Greater Somalia
* Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
* Somali Civil War
* Factions
* Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts
* Propaganda
* Disarmament
* 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
* 2006 Battle of Mogadishu
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Somali Reconciliation Conferences
* 1993
* 2002
* 2007

Battles|

* Battle of Baidoa
* Battle of Bandiradley
* Battle of Beledweyne (2006)
* Battle of Jowhar
* Fall of Mogadishu
* Battle of Jilib
* Fall of Kismayo
* Battle of Ras Kamboni
* Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)
* Battle of Bargal (2007)
* Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)
* Battle of Mogadishu (2008)
* Battle of Beledweyne (2008)
* Siege of Baidoa
* Battle of Kismayo (2008)

OEF–HOA|

* Battle of Ras Kamboni
* Battle of Bargal (2007)
* Dobley airstrike
* Dhusamareb airstrike

Other events|

* 2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash
* February 2008 Bosaso bombings
* Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre
* 2008 Mogadishu bombing
* 2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings

Key players|

* Ethiopia
* Meles Zenawi
* Gabre Heard
* Islamic Courts Union
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
* al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
* Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki
* al-Shabaab
* Mukhtar Robow
* Aden Hashi Farah Aero
* ARPCT
* Abdi Hasan Awale
* Mohamed Omar Habeb
* Transitional Federal Parliament
* Ali Mohammed Ghedi
* Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
* Puntland
* Mohamud Muse Hersi
* Galmudug
* Mohamed Warsame Ali
* United States
* Jendayi Frazer
* AMISOM
* Yoweri Museveni

* Next phase: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

* v
* t
* e

Somali Civil War (2009–present)

* Part of the Somali Civil War
* War on terror

Timeline|

* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Background|

* History of Somalia (1991–2006)
* Greater Somalia
* Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
* Somali Civil War
* Factions
* Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts
* Propaganda
* Disarmament
* 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
* Battle of Mogadishu (2006)
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Somali Reconciliation Conferences
* 1993
* 2002
* 2007

Operations
and battles|

* Battle of South Mogadishu
* Battle of Mogadishu (2009)
* Battle for Central Somalia (2009)
* Battle of Wabho
* Battle of Kismayo (2009)
* Battle of Beledweyne (2010)
* 2010 Ayn clashes
* 2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash
* Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)
* Battle of Jubbada Hoose
* Battle of Gedo
* Battle of Elwaq
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Battle of Deynile
* Battle of Beledweyne (2011)
* Battle of Yurkud (2012)
* Battle of Kismayo (2012)
* Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
* Operation Indian Ocean
* Galgala campaign
* Battle of Baure
* Battle of Leego (2015)
* Battle of Janale (2015)
* Battle of El Adde
* Qandala campaign
* Battle of Kulbiyow
* 2017 raid on Barii
* Battle of Af Urur
* 2017 Golweyn ambush
* November 2017 Somalia airstrike
* 2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer
* December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe
* Camp Simba attack
* 2021 Mogadishu mutiny
* 2021 Golweyn ambush
* 2021 Galmudug clashes
* 2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
* Battle of Bal'ad
* Battle of Runirgod
* Battle of Buulo Mareer
* 2025 Shabelle offensive

Attacks|

* 2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu
* 2009 Beledweyne bombing
* 2009 Hotel Shamo bombing
* May 2010 Mogadishu bombings
* 2010 Kampala bombings
* Muna Hotel attack
* 2011 Mogadishu bombing
* June 2013 Mogadishu attack
* 2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack
* Westgate shopping mall attack
* 2013 Beledweyne attacks
* 2014 Villa Somalia attack
* 2014 Hotel Amalo attack
* Central Hotel attack
* Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack
* Garissa University College attack
* 2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack
* Garowe attack
* Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing
* Sahafi Hotel attacks
* January 2016 Mogadishu attack
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* February 2016 Mogadishu attack
* Baidoa suicide bombing
* June 2016 Mogadishu attacks
* 2016 Galkayo bombings
* November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing
* December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing
* 2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings
* Dayah Hotel attack
* February 2017 Mogadishu bombing
* 14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings
* 28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks
* February 2018 Mogadishu attacks
* March 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* July 2018 Mogadishu bombings
* 2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* Sahafi Hotel attacks
* December 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack
* Nairobi Latema Road blast
* 4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings
* Asasey Hotel attack
* 22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 2019 Kenya bus shooting
* December 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 2020 Afgooye bombing
* 2020 Mogadishu army base bombing
* 2020 Mogadishu hotel attack
* 2020 Galkayo bombing
* March 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* June 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* November 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* 2022 Mandera attack
* February 2022 Beledweyne bombing
* March 2022 Somalia attacks
* April 2022 Mogadishu bombing
* August 2022 Mogadishu attack
* September 2022 Beledweyne attack
* October 2022 Beledweyne bombings
* 2022 Kismayo hotel attack
* October 2022 Mogadishu bombings
* Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel
* Mahas bombings
* 2023 Mogadishu hotel attack
* Mogadishu military academy bombing
* 2023 Beledweyne bombing
* 2023 Mogadishu tea shop bombing
* 2024 Mogadishu market bombing
* 2024 Mogadishu SYL Hotel attack and siege
* 2024 El Dher attack
* 2024 Mogadishu prison attack
* Top Coffee bombing
* 2024 Lido Beach attack
* 2024 Mogadishu tea shop bombing
* 2025 Beledweyne hotel attack
* Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
* 2025 Garissa attack

OEF–HOA|

* 2009 Baraawe raid
* Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
* 2013 raid on Barawe
* 2017 raid on Barii

Other events|

* Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor
* London Somalia Conference
* Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* Awdiinle massacre

Key players|

* Al-Shabaab
* Mukhtar Robow
* Ali Dhere
* Fuad Qalaf
* Hizbul Islam
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki
* Federal Government of Somalia
* Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
* Omar Sharmarke
* Mohamed Sheikh Hassan
* Ma'awisley
* Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
* Galmudug
* Abdi Hasan Awale
* Puntland
* Abdiweli Gaas
* AMISOM
* United States AFRICOM
* Islamic State in Somalia

* Previous phase: War in Somalia (2006–2009)

* v
* t
* e

War on terror

* September 11 attacks
* War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) (Withdrawal)
* Iraq War (2003–2011) (Withdrawal)

Participants|

| Operational|

* ISAF
* Operation Enduring Freedom participants
* Afghanistan
* Northern Alliance
* Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces)
* NATO
* Pakistan
* United Kingdom
* United States
* European Union
* Philippines
* Ethiopia

|

Targets|

| Individuals|

* Osama bin Laden
* Hamza bin Laden
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Sirajuddin Haqqani
* Jalaluddin Haqqani
* Anas Haqqani
* Khalil Haqqani
* Hafiz Saeed
* Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

|

Factions|

* al-Qaeda
* al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
* Abu Sayyaf
* Al-Shabaab
* Boko Haram
* Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Islamic Courts Union
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Jemaah Islamiyah
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Taliban
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
* Islamic State

Conflicts|

| Operation
Enduring Freedom|

* War in Afghanistan
* OEF – Philippines
* Georgia Train and Equip Program
* Georgia Sustainment and Stability
* OEF – Horn of Africa
* OEF – Trans Sahara
* Drone strikes in Pakistan

|

Other|

* Operation Active Endeavour
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Moro conflict in the Philippines
* Iraq War
* Iraqi insurgency
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* War in Somalia (2006–2009)
* 2007 Lebanon conflict
* al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Policies|

* Patriot Act (2001)
* Torture Memos (2002)
* Military Commissions Act of 2006
* Military Commissions Act of 2009
* President's Surveillance Program
* Protect America Act of 2007
* Terrorist Surveillance Program

Related|

* Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
* Axis of evil
* Bush Doctrine
* Clash of Civilizations
* Cold War
* Combatant Status Review Tribunal
* Criticism of the war on terror
* CIA black sites
* Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Enhanced interrogation techniques
* Extrajudicial prisoners
* Extraordinary rendition
* Guantanamo Bay detention camp
* Iranian Revolution
* Islamic terrorism
* Islamism
* North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
* Operation Noble Eagle
* Operation Eagle Assist
* Situation Room photograph
* State Sponsors of Terrorism
* Targeted killing
* Targeted Killing in International Law
* Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
* Unitary executive theory
* Unlawful combatant
* CAGE

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Piracy

Periods|

* Ancient Mediterranean
* Golden Age
* 21st century
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

Types of pirate|

* Albanian piracy
* Anglo-Turkish piracy
* Baltic Slavic pirates
* Barbary pirates (corsairs)
* Algiers
* Brethren of the Coast
* Buccaneers
* Cilician pirates
* Child pirate
* Cossack pirates
* Filibusters
* French corsairs
* Jewish pirates
* Moro pirates
* Narentines
* Privateers
* Confederate
* River pirate
* Sea Beggars
* Sea Dogs
* Sindhi corsairs
* Timber pirate
* Ushkuyniks
* Uskoks
* Vikings
* Victual Brothers
* Wokou
* Women in piracy

Areas|

| Atlantic World|

* Caribbean
* British Virgin Islands
* Spanish Main
* Lake Nicaragua
* Venezuela
* Gulf of Guinea

|

Indian Ocean|

* Horn of Africa
* Somali Coast
* Indonesia
* Persian Gulf
* Strait of Malacca
* Nosy Boraha

Other waters|

* Baltic Slavic piracy
* Barbary Coast
* Falcon Lake
* South China Coast
* Sulu Sea

Pirate havens
and bases|

* Barataria Bay
* Île Sainte-Marie
* Libertatia
* Lundy
* Mamora
* Port Royal
* Republic of Pirates
* Republic of Salé
* Saint Augustin
* Saint-Malo
* Tortuga

Major figures|

| Pirates|

* Abduwali Muse
* Abshir Boyah
* Adam Baldridge
* Abraham Samuel
* Alfhild
* Albert W. Hicks
* Anne Bonny
* Anne Dieu-le-Veut
* António de Faria
* Alexandre Exquemelin
* Artemisia I of Caria
* Bartolomeu Português
* Bartholomew Roberts
* Benito de Soto
* Benjamin Hornigold
* Black Caesar
* Blackbeard
* Bully Hayes
* Cai Qian
* John Rackham
* Charles Gibbs
* Charlotte Badger
* Charlotte de Berry
* Cheung Po Tsai
* Christina Anna Skytte
* Chui A-poo
* Dan Seavey
* Diabolito
* Dido
* Dirk Chivers
* Dominique You
* Edward England
* Edward Low
* Eli Boggs
* Elise Eskilsdotter
* Eustace the Monk
* Flora Burn
* Flying Gang
* Fūma Kotarō
* Francis Drake
* François Le Clerc
* François l'Olonnais
* Gan Ning
* Grace O'Malley
* Hayreddin Barbarossa
* Hendrick Lucifer
* Henri Caesar
* Henry Every
* Henry Morgan
* Henry Strangways
* Hippolyte Bouchard
* Huang Bamei
* Israel Hands
* Jacquotte Delahaye
* Jan Janszoon
* Jean Lafitte
* Jeanne de Clisson
* Johanna Hård
* John Hawkins
* John Hoar
* John Newland Maffitt
* John Pro
* Jørgen Jørgensen
* José Joaquim Almeida
* Joseph Baker
* Joseph Barss
* Klaus Störtebeker
* Lai Choi San
* Laurens de Graaf
* Lawrence Prince
* Liang Daoming
* Limahong
* Lo Hon-cho
* Louis-Michel Aury
* Mansel Alcantra
* Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
* Martin Frobisher
* Mary Critchett
* Mary Lindsey
* Mary Read
* Mary Wolverston
* Michel de Grammont
* Moses Cohen Henriques
* Nathaniel Gordon
* Nicholas van Hoorn
* Ng Akew
* Olivier Levasseur
* Pedro Gilbert
* Peter Easton
* Pierre Lafitte
* Piet Pieterszoon Hein
* Princess Sela
* Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
* Rachel Wall
* Redbeard
* Richard Glover
* Robert Culliford
* Robert Surcouf
* Roberto Cofresí
* Roche Braziliano
* Rusla
* Sadie Farrell
* Samuel Bellamy
* Samuel Hall Lord
* Samuel Mason
* Samuel Pallache
* Sayyida al Hurra
* Sister Ping
* Shap-ng-tsai
* Shirahama Kenki
* Simon Mascarino
* Stede Bonnet
* Teuta
* Thomas Cavendish
* Thomas Tew
* Veborg
* Victual Brothers
* Vincenzo Gambi
* Wang Zhi
* William Dampier
* William Kidd
* Zheng Jing
* Zheng Qi
* Zheng Yi
* Zheng Zhilong
* Zheng Yi Sao

|

Pirate
hunters|

* Angelo Emo
* Chaloner Ogle
* David Porter
* Duarte Pacheco Pereira
* James Brooke
* Julius Caesar
* Jose Campuzano-Polanco
* Luis Fajardo
* Miguel Enríquez
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Pompey
* Richard Avery Hornsby
* Robert Maynard
* Thomas Warren
* Woodes Rogers

Pirate ships|

* Adventure Galley
* Ambrose Light
* Fancy
* Flying Dutchman
* Ganj-i-Sawai
* Queen Anne's Revenge
* Quedagh Merchant
* Marquis of Havana
* My Revenge
* Royal Fortune
* Saladin
* Whydah Gally
* York

Pirate battles and incidents|

* 1582 Cagayan battles
* 1985 Lahad Datu ambush
* Action of 9 November 1822
* Action of 28 October 2007
* Action of 11 November 2008
* Action of 9 April 2009
* Action of 23 March 2010
* Action of 1 April 2010
* Action of 5 April 2010
* Anti-piracy in the Aegean
* Antelope incident
* Anti-piracy in the West Indies
* Attack on Veracruz
* Balanguingui Expedition
* Battle of Boca Teacapan
* Battle of Cape Fear River
* Battle of Cape Lopez
* Battle of Doro Passage
* Battle of Mandab Strait
* Battle of Manila
* Battle off Minicoy Island
* Battle off Mukah
* Battle of Nam Quan
* Battle of New Orleans
* Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
* Battle of Pianosa
* Battle of the Leotung
* Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
* Battle of Tonkin River
* Battle of Ty-ho Bay
* Battle of Tysami
* Beluga Nomination incident
* Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
* Chepo Expedition
* Capture of the Ambrose Light
* Capture of John Rackham
* Capture of the schooner Bravo
* Capture of the schooner Fancy
* Capture of the sloop Anne
* Carré d'As IV incident
* Dai Hong Dan incident
* Falklands Expedition
* Great Lakes Patrol
* Irene incident
* Jiajing wokou raids
* Maersk Alabama hijacking
* MT Zafirah hijacking
* MT Orkim Harmony hijacking
* MV Moscow University hijacking
* North Star affair
* Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
* Operation Atalanta
* Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
* Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
* Operation Ocean Shield
* Persian Gulf Campaign
* Pirate attacks in Borneo
* Quest incident
* Raid on Cartagena
* Sack of Baltimore
* Sack of Campeche
* Salvador Pirates
* Slave raid of Suðuroy
* Turkish Abductions

Piracy law|

* Acts of grace (1717–1718 Acts of Grace)
* International piracy law
* Letter of marque
* Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
* Piracy Act (1536, 1698, 1717, 1721, 1837, 1850)
* Piracy Law of 1820

Slave trade|

* African slave trade
* African Slave Trade Patrol
* Amistad Incident
* Atlantic slave trade
* Barbary slave trade
* Blockade of Africa
* Capture of the Veloz Passagera
* Capture of the brig Brillante
* Indian Ocean slave trade
* Trans-Saharan slave trade

Pirates in
popular
culture|

| Fictional pirates|

* Askeladd
* Tom Ayrton
* Barbe Rouge
* Brook
* Captain Birdseye
* Captain Blood
* Captain Crook
* Captain Flint
* Captain Hook
* Captain Nemo
* Captain Pugwash
* Captain Sabertooth
* Captain Stingaree
* Charlotte de Berry
* Davy Jones
* Edward Kenway
* Elaine Marley
* Elizabeth Swann
* Franky
* Guybrush Threepwood
* Hector Barbossa
* Jack Sparrow
* Jacquotte Delahaye
* Jimbei
* José Gaspar
* Joshamee Gibbs
* Long John Silver
* Monkey D. Luffy
* Vaas Montenegro
* Mr. Smee
* Nami
* Nico Robin
* Roronoa Zoro
* Sandokan
* Sanji
* Tony Tony Chopper
* Usopp
* Will Turner
* Zanzibar

|

Novels|

* The Pirate
* The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
* Treasure Island
* Facing the Flag
* On Stranger Tides
* Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
* Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
* The Angel's Command
* Voyage of Slaves
* Long John Silver
* Pirate Latitudes
* Mistress of the Seas
* Silver: Return to Treasure Island

Tropes|

* Buried treasure
* Davy Jones's locker
* Eyepatch
* Jolly Roger
* skull and crossbones
* Keelhauling
* Marooning
* No purchase, no pay
* Pegleg
* Pet parrot
* Pirate code
* Pirate utopia
* Treasure map
* Walking the plank

Miscellaneous|

* Air pirate
* Space pirate
* International Talk Like a Pirate Day
* Pirates versus Ninjas

Miscellaneous|

* A General History of the Pyrates
* Captain Charles Johnson
* Truce of Ratisbon
* Pirate Round

* Mutiny
* Matelotage
* Piracy kidnappings

Lists|

* Pirates
* Pirate films and TV series
* Privateers
* List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
* Timeline of piracy
* Women in piracy

* Piracy portal
* Category

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