Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

Military operation

Operation Enduring Freedom
Horn of Africa

Part of the War on Terror and the conflicts in the Horn of Africa

French Naval commandos (green) and United States soldiers from the 3rd Infantry Regiment (tan) participate in an exercise at Djibouti in June 2004.
| Location|

Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel

|

Result|

* 21 high level Al-Shabaab leaders killed[5]

Belligerents
* NATO
* European Union
* SADC
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Canada
* Colombia
* Djibouti
* Ethiopia
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* India
* Indonesia
* Italy
* Japan
* Kenya
* South Korea
* Kyrgyzstan
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Seychelles
* Singapore
* South Africa
* Somalia
* Spain
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uganda
* Ukraine
* Uzbekistan
* United Kingdom
* United States

Insurgents:

* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(from 2015)

* * *

* al-Qaeda
(from 2002)
* Al-Shabaab
(from 2006)
* al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
(2002–06)
* Hizbul Islam
(2009–14)
* Ras Kamboni Brigades
(2007–10)
* Jabhatul Islamiya
(2007–09)
* Mu'askar Anole
(2007–09)

* * *

Pirates:

* Somali Marines[1]
* National Volunteer Coast Guard (NVCG)[1]
* Marka group[1]
* Puntland Group[1]
* Yemeni Pirates[2][3][4]

Commanders and leaders

CIC George W Bush (2001–2009)

CIC Barack Obama (2009–2014)
GEN Tommy Franks (2001–2003)
GEN John Abizaid (2003–2007)
ADM William J. Fallon (2007–2008)
GEN Martin Dempsey (2008–2015)
MRAF Sir Graham Stirrup (2003–2011)
GEN David Petraeus (2008–2010)|

Ahmad Umar
Abdul Qadir Mumin
Adan Eyrow †
Abu Mansoor*
Abdirahman Godane †
Omar Iman Abubakar*
Hassan Turki †
Mohamed Hayle*
Mukhtar Abu Ali Aisha*
Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan †
Fazul Mohammed †[6]

* * *

Garaad Mohamed*[1]
Indho Ade*[1]
Mohamed Garfanji*[7]
Strength
500 personnel in Somalia
Unknown
Casualties and losses

United States
2 killed in action, 6 wounded[8]
35 non-combat fatalities (see below)

3 wounded|

Islamic insurgents:
1,230–1,367 militants killed in Somalia[9][10][11]

* 555+ killed (2017-18)
* 10 killed (2019)
(American operations only)

Pirates:
More than 1,200 captured[12]
22–37 civilians killed[13]
(American operations only)
Dis: Disbanded
*: Former commanders

* v
* t
* e

Somalia: Piracy and Counter-Terrorism, 2006-2017

2006

* 18 March

2007

* Ras Kamboni
* 3 June
* Bargal
* 28 October
* Dai Hong Dan

2008

* Dobley
* Thalathine
* Dhusamareb
* 11 November
* Maersk Alabama
* Ocean Shield

2009

* Baraawe

2011

* MV Sinar Kudus

2012

* Buchanan and Thisted
* Bulo Marer

2013

* Barawe

2017

* Barii

* v
* t
* e

Piracy off Somalia

|  2006

* Action of 18 March

2007

* Action of 3 June
* MV Al Marjan
* Action of 28 October
* Dai Hong Dan

2008

* Operation Atalanta
* MY Le Ponant
* MV Iran Deyanat
* Carré d'As IV
* Action of 11 November
* FV Ekawat Nava 5

2009

* Action of 3 March
* April raid
* MV Maersk Alabama
* Action of 13 August
* Operation Ocean Shield
* Action of 7 September

2010

* Action of 23 March
* Action of 30 March
* Action of 1 April
* Action of 5 April
* MV Moscow University

2011

* Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
* Operation Dawn 8
* MV Beluga Nomination
* Operation Island Watch
* Minicoy Island
* MV Sinar Kudus
* SY Quest
* Operation Umeed-e-Nuh

2012

* Patiño

* v
* t
* e

Post-1960 conflicts
in the Horn of Africa

* Eritrean War of Independence
* Eritrean civil wars
* 1961 revolt in Somalia
* Bale revolt
* Somali–Kenyan conflict
* Shifta
* Rhamu
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* 1963 Ogaden Rebellion
* 1964
* Ogaden
* 1982
* 2022 Al-Shabaab
* Oromo conflict
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Somali Civil War
* Rebellion
* Puntland–Somaliland
* 2006–09
* 2009–present
* Somaliland War of Independence
* Djiboutian Civil War
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* 2007–08
* Second Afar insurgency
* Gedeo–Guji clashes
* Hanish Islands conflict
* Eritrean–Ethiopian War
* border conflict
* OEF – Horn of Africa
* Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* Afar–Somali
* Oromia–Somali
* OLA insurgency
* Benishangul-Gumuz
* Tigray war
* War in Amhara
* Al-Fashaga conflict

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) is a component of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF).[14] The Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) is the primary (but not sole) military component assigned to accomplish the objectives of the mission. The naval components are the multinational Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) and Combined Task Force 151 (CTF-151) which operates under the direction of the United States Fifth Fleet. Both of these organizations have been historically part of United States Central Command. In February 2007, United States President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the United States Africa Command which took over all of the area of operations of CJTF-HOA in October 2008.[15]

CJTF-HOA consists of about 2,000 servicemen and women from the United States military and allied countries. The official area of responsibility comprises Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, the Seychelles and Kenya. Outside this Combined Joint Operating Area, the CJTF-HOA has operations in Mauritius, the Comoros, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.[16]

## Anti-piracy operations

[edit]

Further information: Operation Ocean Shield and Operation Atalanta

Pirates were rampant along the coast of Somalia and present a hazard to all shipping there. Anti-piracy operations were done primarily by the Combined Task Force 150, the Combined Task Force 151, Operation Atalanta, Operation Copper and in parallel to other independent anti-piracy operations conducted off the coast of Somalia by other countries such as China, India and Russia.

### 2005

[edit]

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|

The United States Coast Guard cutter USCGC Munro, working with the British aircraft carrier HMS Invincible and destroyer HMS Nottingham in the Gulf of Aden, intercepted a hijacked vessel at around noon on 17 March. The interception was ordered after Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) received telephone reports from the International Maritime Bureau's Piracy Reporting Center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, concerning the hijacking of the Thai-flagged fishing boat Sirichai Nava 12 by three Somalis on the evening of 16 March, as well as a fax indicating that the hijackers demanded U.S. $800,000 in ransom for the vessel's crew.

Commander, Combined Task Force (CTF) 150 tasked Invincible, Nottingham and Munro to investigate the situation. A Visit, Board, Search and Seizure (VBSS) team from Munro boarded Sirichai Nava, while a boarding team from Nottingham went on to a second fishing vessel, Ekhwat Patana, which was with the Thai vessel. Munro's boarding team detained the Somalis without incident.

One of the crew members of the Thai vessel had a minor flesh wound, which was treated by the Munro boarding team. The Coast Guardsmen also discovered four automatic weapons in the pilothouse, expended ammunition shells on the deck of the vessel, as well as ammunition on the detained suspects. The three suspects were transferred to Munro.

### 2006

[edit]

On 21 January 2006, USS Winston S. Churchill, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, captured a vessel operating off the Somali coast whose crew were suspected of piracy.[17]

On 18 March 2006, USS Cape St. George, a Ticonderoga-class cruiser and USS Gonzalez, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, engaged pirate vessels after receiving fire from them.[18] 12 (including 5 wounded) pirates were captured. The U.S. government chose not to prosecute the captured men for piracy and repatriated them over a period of several months.

### 2007

[edit]

On 3 June 2007, USS Carter Hall, a landing ship dock, engaged pirates attacking a freighter, but failed to repel them.[19]

On 28 October 2007, the destroyer USS Porter, opened fire on pirates who had captured a freighter and with other vessels blockaded a port the pirates attempted to take refuge in.

### 2010

[edit]

On 30 March 2010, the Seychelles Coast Guard patrol vessel Topaz rescued a captured vessel, saving 27 hostages near Somalia.[20][21]

On 28 November 2010 the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer announced that the United States has no intention of committing troops to Somalia to root out al-Qaeda.[22]

### 2011

[edit]

On 20 January, a 14 Royal Malaysian Navy PASKAL assault teams engaging seven Somali pirates on board the Japanese-Malaysian chemical freighter MT Bunga Laurel, about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) east of Oman, near Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea, resulting in 3 pirates wounded, 4 remaining pirates captured, and the freeing of 23 Filipino hostages after gunfighting aboard the vessel.[23][24][25]

In the early morning of 22 January, 15 ROKN UDT/SEAL members boarded the 11,000-ton chemical freighter Samho Jewelry which was taken by 13 pirates six days prior;[26][27] killed 8 pirates and captured 5 without taking any casualties after three hours of intense firefighting. All 21 hostages were secured, with one hostage suffering a non-fatal gunshot wound to the abdomen.

On 12 April, HDMS Esbern Snare intercepted a pirate vessel, capturing 34 pirates and freeing 34 hostages. Later that day, HNLMS Tromp opened fire on another pirate vessel, killing 2 pirates.[28]

A hijacked dhow was hailed by USS Bainbridge on 10 May, after which 7 pirates on board immediately surrendered. The ship's 15 crew members claimed they were hijacked six months prior and their ship was used as a mothership for the pirates.[29]

On 16 May, USS Stephen W. Groves exchanged fire with Jih Chun Tsai 68, a known pirate mothership. When a boarding team arrived, they found 3 pirates dead and captured 2 pirates.[30]

The Danish Navy vessel, HDMS Esbern Snare exchanged fire with a hijacked boat, killing 4 pirates on 17 May. A boarding team subsequently captured 24 injured pirates and freed 16 hostages.[30]

On 11 September, a Spanish Navy patrol boat engaged Somali pirates, freeing a French hostage after sinking the pirate skiff and capturing 7 pirates.[31] The woman was taken hostage after pirates killed her husband and left her catamaran off the coast of Yemen.[31]

On 11 October, Royal Marines embarked on board RFA Fort Victoria freed 23 crew members of a hijacked Italian cargo ship after it had been captured by pirates five days earlier. USS DeWert was the first vessel to arrive on scene after gathering intelligence on the whereabouts of the vessel and deploying counter intelligence surveillance units in the area.[32]

On 3 October, the Tanzania navy freed a hijacked vessel and apprehended seven pirates, They are handed over to civilian police for further action.

On 31 October, the Kenyan military announced that they had captured two pirate skiffs, sunk three, and killed 18 pirates.[33]

### 2012

[edit]

Acting on intelligence from other counter-piracy forces, USS Carney boarded the Indian-flagged dhow, Al Qashmi on 6 January. By the time the search team boarded, all evidence of potential piracy had been disposed of, though the crew said they were hijacked by the nine pirates on board from a different vessel. The nine suspected pirates were disarmed and given sufficient fuel and provisions to return to Somalia.[34]

The next day, the Danish warship HDMS Absalon intercepted an Iranian-flagged dhow after identifying it as a potential pirate mother ship. Warning shots had to be fired before a search team boarded. In addition to the crew of 5 Iranian and 9 Pakistani nationals, the team seized 25 pirates. The captured pirates were then taken aboard Absalon to determine whether they should be prosecuted.[34]

A third pirate vessel was intercepted on 13 January. RFA Fort Victoria fired off warning shots to stop the vessel and then launched a boarding party. The pirates surrendered without incident and search uncovered several rocket-propelled grenades and automatic weapons. Royal Marines held the pirates for further investigation.[35]

HDMS Absalon had been observing a pirate mother ship for several days when it attempted to leave the coast of Somalia on 28 February.[36] Danish forces fired on the ship, forcing it to stop.[36] On board were 17 pirates and 18 hostages, though two of the hostages later died from wounds sustained.[36] NATO said that an investigation would be held regarding the hostages' deaths.[36]

## Somali civil war

[edit]

Main article: Somalia War (2006–2009)

The New York Times declared the US backing of a Somali Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism a failed policy.[37] A Reuters report said that support of the ARPCT had backfired and destabilized the area.[38]

United States anti-terrorist activities in the region have included advisers, supplies, and other forms of non-combat support, but more prominently have included drone strikes targeted at Al-Shabaab.[13] Other American combat operations include manned airstrikes, cruise missile strikes, and special forces raids.

On 1 July 2006, a web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there.[39]

On 27 December 2006, The New York Times reported analysts in Nairobi, Kenya claimed U.S. surveillance aircraft were funneling information to Ethiopian forces. Major Kelley Thibode, a spokeswoman for the task force of American military personnel based in Djibouti, said she was "not at liberty to discuss" the matter.[40] Sean Naylor's Relentless Strike describes U.S. SOF personnel accompanying the invading Ethiopian forces. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi declared one of the key objectives of the offensive on Kismayo was the capture of three alleged al-Qaeda members, suspects wanted for the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa: Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan and Abu Taha al-Sudani. At the time, one of the United States Fifth Fleet's task forces (Combined Task Force 150[41]) based out of Bahrain, was patrolling off the Somali coast to prevent terrorists launching an "attack or to transport personnel, weapons or other material," said Commander Kevin Aandahl.[42] The announcement did not say what particular ships comprised the cordon, but the task force includes vessels from Canada, France, Germany, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the U.S. American ships of Combined Task Force 150 include the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Ramage and the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Bunker Hill.[43] The aim of the patrols shifted on 2 January 2007, according to diplomats, to "... stop SICC leaders or foreign militant supporters escaping".[44]

On 2 January 2006, U.S. Marines operating out of Lamu, Kenya, were said to be assisting Kenyan forces patrolling the border with Somalia with the interception of Islamists.[45] On 8 January it was reported that an AC-130 gunship belonging to the United States military had attacked suspected al-Qaeda operatives in southern Somalia. It was also reported that the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower had been moved into striking distance.[46] The aircraft flew out of its base in Djibouti. Many bodies were spotted on the ground, but the identity of the dead or wounded was not yet established. The targeted leaders were tracked by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they headed south from Mogadishu starting on 28 December.[47] It was reported that the leader of al-Qaeda in East Africa, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, was killed in the attack, but later officials confirmed that he survived and also that none of the al-Qaeda operatives were killed. However, at least 10 civilians were killed. On 9 January it was reported U.S. special forces and CIA operatives were working with Ethiopian troops on the ground in operations inside Somalia from a base in Galkayo, in Puntland, and from Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti.[48][citation needed] On 12 January, a small team of U.S. forces investigated the site of the U.S. gunship attack to search for information about the identity and fate of the targeted individuals.[49]

On 17 January 2006, the Assistant Deputy Secretary of Defense for African affairs, Theresa Whelan, clarified the airstrike conducted on 8 January was not the work of the CJTF-HOA, but of another force which she did not specify. The target of the strike was confirmed to be Aden Hashi Farah Ayro, who was believed wounded or possibly dead, while eight members of his group were killed in the attack.[50] Likewise, many airstrikes which resulted in civilian casualties around Afmadow conducted by Ethiopian aircraft were mis-attributed to the United States. On 21 January the capture of U.S. troops was reported by the Qaadisiya.com site, as well as the death of one due to malaria, but this assertion was denied as "utterly bogus" by Michael Ranneberger, U.S. Envoy to Kenya and Somalia.[51] On 24 January, the U.S. admitted to have made a second airstrike, but did not confirm the exact date or location of the strike.[52] United States involvement in the conflict continued through 2008 with airstrikes targeting suspected Al Qaeda affiliated militants including a strike of dubious success conducted on 2 March 2008 where at least one U.S. naval vessel launched cruise missiles against an Al Qaeda target in a strike on the village of Dobley and a successful strike on Dhusamareb which killed several militant leaders

### Alleged operations in Somaliland

[edit]

On 6 May 2005, a United States Marine Corps unit reportedly landed in Somaliland, the autonomous and self-declared state in northern Somalia. The landings were purportedly conducted to carry out searches, as well as to question locals regarding the whereabouts of terrorist suspects. United States military officials denied the allegations and said operations were not being conducted in Somaliland.[53]

### Somali Civil War (2009–present)

[edit]

Main article: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

Operations against al-Qaeda linked terrorists continued in 2009 when on 14 September several U.S. Navy helicopters launched a raid in Baraawe against Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, killing him as well as five other militants. Also in 2009, Operators from the SAS and the SRR were deployed to Djibouti as part of Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa to conducting operations against Islamist terrorists in Somalia; carrying out missions focusing on surveillance and targeting of terrorists, alongside their US counterparts, they have also been carrying out this role in Yemen.[54][55] On 25 January 2012, two U.S. Navy SEAL teams raided a compound 12 miles (19 km) north of Adow, Somalia, freeing two hostages while killing nine pirates and capturing five others.[56] On 5 October 2013, American commandos from DEVGRU launched an amphibious raid on the town of Baraawe engaging with al-Shabaab militants and inflicting some casualties on them before withdrawing.[57] On 5 March 2016, U.S. airstrikes carried out by aircraft and unmanned drones killed more than 150 Al-Shabaab terrorists at a terrorist training camp called "Camp Raso", located about 120 miles north of Mogadishu as they were completing "training for a large-scale attack" according to a Pentagon spokesman. The camp had been under surveillance for some time before the strike.[58] In the early hours of 9 March 2016, U.S. special forces and Somali national army special forces killed between 1 and 15 Al-Shabaab terrorists in a heliborne-attack on the Al-Shabaab-controlled town of Awdhegele, as well as capturing an undisclosed number of high-value Al-Shabaab figures the militants were training for a major operation against coalition forces.[59][60][61] On 11/12 April 2016, two U.S. airstrikes on Al-Shabaab targets in the town of Kismayo killed about a dozen suspected militants who posed an "imminent threat" to American troops in the country.[62][63] As of May 2016, roughly 50 U.S. special operations troops operate at undisclosed locations across southern Somalia, with their headquarters at the airport in Mogadishu; advising and assisting, Kenyan, Somali and Ugandan forces in their fight against Al-Shabaab. Also in that month, U.S. personnel helped those forces plan an operation against illegal checkpoints.[64] On 13 May, a U.S. strike targeted nine al-Shabab militants, three of them were allegedly killed.[65] On 1 June 2016, the Pentagon announced that it had conducted an airstrike that killed a senior Al-Shabaab leader in Somalia on 27 May.[66] On 3 August 2016, a contingent of elite American troops acting as military advisers assisted Somali commandos in an assault on an al-Shabaab checkpoint in Saakow, as the Somali-led force approached the checkpoint the militants opened fire, a gun battle ensued that resulted in 3 militants killed.[67] On 29 September 2016, the Military Times reported that on 26 September a bomb-manufacturing network linked al-Shabaab attacked a small team of U.S. and Somali troops, who were conducting an operation near Kismayo, with small-arms fire. A Pentagon spokesman said the U.S. military "conducted a self-defense strike to neutralize the threat and in doing so killed nine enemy fighters." Also on 28 September, near the town of Galkayo, a Somali army unit conducting counterterrorism operations nearby, when the Somali soldiers came under fire from al-Shabab militants. The Somali soldiers engaged them, then broke contact and rejoined with their nearby American advisers and soon afterwards the militants "began to maneuver in an offensive manner" so the U.S. conducted a self-defense airstrike, killing 4 militants.[68]

#### Drone attacks

[edit]

See also: American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)

* On 25 June 2011, U.S. Predator drones attacked a Shabaab training camp south of Kismayo. Ibrahim al-Afghani, a senior al Shabaab leader was rumored to be killed in the strike.[69]
* On 6 September 2011, a U.S. drone struck a large Al-Shabaab base, killing 35 militants.[citation needed]
* A drone strike on 17 September killed 17 militants.[citation needed]
* A U.S. drone strike occurred near Mogadishu on 21 January 2012, killing British al-Qaeda operative Bilal el-Berjawi.[70]
* 4 Al-Shabaab fighters, including a white Kenyan and a Moroccan jihadist named Abu Ibrahim, were killed in a drone strike in the K60 area (60 miles south of Mogadishu) of the Lower Shabelle region in southern Somalia late on 24 February 2012.[71][72]

## Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa

[edit]

The U.S. Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was created aboard the U.S. Navy command ship Mount Whitney off Djibouti in late 2002.

In February 2007, United States President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the United States Africa Command which took over all of the area of operations of CJTF-HOA in October 2008.[73][74]

CJTF-HOA consists of about 2,000 servicemen and women from the United States military and allied countries. The official area of responsibility comprises Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, the Seychelles and Kenya. Outside the Combined Joint Operating Area, CJTF-HOA has operations in Mauritius, Comoros, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.[75]

27 U.S. servicemen have been killed in non-hostile incidents in Djibouti since the start of operations in the Horn of Africa.[76][77][78][79][80][81]

Four U.S. soldiers were killed in accidents in Kenya.[82][83]

Two U.S. soldiers were killed in a vehicle accident in Ethiopia.[84]

Two U.S. servicemen were killed in the Republic of Seychelles and in the Gulf of Oman, respectively.[85]

## See also

[edit]

* Operation Atalanta
* Manhunt (military)
* Baraawe raid

## References

[edit]

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5. ^ "Somalia Leaders Killed". New America Foundation. 740 15th Street, N.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005. 19 May 2016.
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7. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (1 September 2010). "In Somali Civil War, Both Sides Embrace Pirates". The New York Times.
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50. ^ "U.S. raid may have hit top Somali militant: Pentagon". Reuters. 17 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2006.
51. ^ "U.S. has ground troops in southern Somalia: Journalist". Garowe Online. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2007.[dead link]
52. ^ "Military Official Reports Second US Air Strike in Somalia". Voice of America. 24 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
53. ^ "US denies Somali terror landing". BBC News. 6 May 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
54. ^ "Cargo bomb plot: SAS hunting al-Qaeda in Yemen". The Telegraph. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
55. ^ "UK and US spend millions to counter Yemeni threat". The Independent. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.
56. ^ "U.S. commandos free two hostages in daring Somalia raid". Reuters. 25 January 2012.
57. ^ "US commando raids: What did they achieve?". BBC News. 6 October 2013.
58. ^ "US strike kills at least 150 Shebab fighters in Somalia". yahoo news. 7 March 2016.
59. ^ "US troops in helicopter-borne raid in Somalia: Pentagon". yahoo news. 9 March 2016.
60. ^ "Somalia al-Shabab: US forces took part in raid on militants". BBC News. 9 March 2016.
61. ^ "U.S., Somali commandos nab valuable Al-Shabaab figures, spokesman says". CNN. 10 March 2016.
62. ^ "U.S. air strikes kill suspected al Shabaab militants in Somalia". reuters. 12 April 2016.
63. ^ "U.S. airstrikes hit Al-Shabaab camp in Somalia after 'imminent threat'". CNN. 12 April 2016.
64. ^ "U.S. special forces wage secretive 'small wars' against terrorists". CNN. 12 May 2016.
65. ^ "4 US airstrikes targeted al-Shabab militants in Somalia last month". stars and stripes. 17 June 2016.
66. ^ "Al Shabaab commander killed in US airstrike in Somalia". fox news. 1 June 2016.
67. ^ "Somali Forces, Backed by U.S., Kill Shabab Militants in Raid". The New York Times. 16 August 2016.
68. ^ "Attacks on U.S. troops in Somalia leads to airstrikes on al-Shabab". militarytimes. 29 September 2016.
69. ^ Roggio, Bill; Joscelyn, Thomas (9 July 2011). "Senior Shabaab commander rumored to have been killed in recent Predator strike". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
70. ^ Cobain, Ian (22 January 2012). "British 'al-Qaida member' killed in US drone attack in Somalia". The Guardian. London.
71. ^ "US Drone Strike Kills 4 in Somalia". Fox News. 24 February 2012.
72. ^ Roggio, Bill, "Moroccan jihadist killed in Somalia airstrike", Long War Journal, 24 February 2012; Retrieved 27 February 2012.
73. ^ "DoD Establishing U.S. Africa Command". United States Department of Defense. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
74. ^ "Africans Fear Hidden U.S. Agenda in New Approach to Africom". Fox News. Associated Press. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
75. ^ "CJTF-HOA Factsheet". Hoa.africom.mil. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
76. ^ "Operation Enduring Freedom, Djibouti, Fatalities". iCasualties. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. (Note: apply filter for Country = Djibouti)
77. ^ "Plane crash kills four US military personnel in Djibouti", Voice of America, 20 February 2012.
78. ^ "Army Pvt. 2 James Henry Ebbers| Military Times". thefallen.militarytimes.com.
79. ^ "Army Staff Sgt. Bradley C. Hart| Military Times". thefallen.militarytimes.com.
80. ^ DOD Identifies Navy Casualty, AFRICOM, 19 June 2018.
81. ^ "DOD Identifies Army Casualty". U.S. Department of Defense.
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## External links

[edit]

* Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa Official U.S. Military web site
* USCGC Munro and UK Navy US And UK Navies Resolve Hi-Jacking

* v
* t
* e

War in Somalia (2006–2009)

* Part of the Somali Civil War
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* War on terror

Timeline|

* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009

Background|

* History of Somalia (1991–2006)
* Greater Somalia
* Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
* Somali Civil War
* Factions
* Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts
* Propaganda
* Disarmament
* 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
* 2006 Battle of Mogadishu
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Somali Reconciliation Conferences
* 1993
* 2002
* 2007

Battles|

* Battle of Baidoa
* Battle of Bandiradley
* Battle of Beledweyne (2006)
* Battle of Jowhar
* Fall of Mogadishu
* Battle of Jilib
* Fall of Kismayo
* Battle of Ras Kamboni
* Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)
* Battle of Bargal (2007)
* Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)
* Battle of Mogadishu (2008)
* Battle of Beledweyne (2008)
* Siege of Baidoa
* Battle of Kismayo (2008)

OEF–HOA|

* Battle of Ras Kamboni
* Battle of Bargal (2007)
* Dobley airstrike
* Dhusamareb airstrike

Other events|

* 2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash
* February 2008 Bosaso bombings
* Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre
* 2008 Mogadishu bombing
* 2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings

Key players|

* Ethiopia
* Meles Zenawi
* Gabre Heard
* Islamic Courts Union
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
* al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
* Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki
* al-Shabaab
* Mukhtar Robow
* Aden Hashi Farah Aero
* ARPCT
* Abdi Hasan Awale
* Mohamed Omar Habeb
* Transitional Federal Parliament
* Ali Mohammed Ghedi
* Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
* Puntland
* Mohamud Muse Hersi
* Galmudug
* Mohamed Warsame Ali
* United States
* Jendayi Frazer
* AMISOM
* Yoweri Museveni

* Next phase: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

* v
* t
* e

Somali civil war (2009–present)

* Part of the Somali Civil War
* War on terror

Timeline|

* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

Background|

* History of Somalia (1991–2006)
* Greater Somalia
* Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
* Somali Civil War
* Factions
* Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts
* Propaganda
* Disarmament
* 2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive
* Battle of Mogadishu (2006)
* Ethiopian–Somali conflict
* Insurgency in Ogaden
* Somali Reconciliation Conferences
* 1993
* 2002
* 2007

Operations
and battles|

* Battle of South Mogadishu
* Battle of Mogadishu (2009)
* Battle for Central Somalia (2009)
* Battle of Wabho
* Battle of Kismayo (2009)
* Battle of Beledweyne (2010)
* 2010 Ayn clashes
* 2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash
* Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)
* Battle of Jubbada Hoose
* Battle of Gedo
* Battle of Elwaq
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Battle of Deynile
* Battle of Beledweyne (2011)
* Battle of Yurkud (2012)
* Battle of Kismayo (2012)
* Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
* Operation Indian Ocean
* Galgala campaign
* Battle of Baure
* Battle of Leego (2015)
* Battle of Janale (2015)
* Battle of El Adde
* Qandala campaign
* Battle of Kulbiyow
* 2017 raid on Barii
* Battle of Af Urur
* 2017 Golweyn ambush
* November 2017 Somalia airstrike
* 2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer
* December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe
* Camp Simba attack
* 2021 Mogadishu mutiny
* 2021 Golweyn ambush
* 2021 Galmudug clashes
* 2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
* Battle of Bal'ad
* Battle of Runirgod
* Battle of Buulo Mareer

Attacks|

* 2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu
* 2009 Beledweyne bombing
* 2009 Hotel Shamo bombing
* May 2010 Mogadishu bombings
* 2010 Kampala bombings
* Muna Hotel attack
* 2011 Mogadishu bombing
* June 2013 Mogadishu attack
* 2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack
* Westgate shopping mall attack
* 2013 Beledweyne attacks
* 2014 Villa Somalia attack
* 2014 Hotel Amalo attack
* Central Hotel attack
* Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack
* Garissa University College attack
* 2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack
* Garowe attack
* Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing
* Sahafi Hotel attacks
* January 2016 Mogadishu attack
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* February 2016 Mogadishu attack
* Baidoa suicide bombing
* June 2016 Mogadishu attacks
* 2016 Galkayo bombings
* November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing
* December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing
* 2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings
* Dayah Hotel attack
* February 2017 Mogadishu bombing
* 14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings
* 28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks
* February 2018 Mogadishu attacks
* March 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* July 2018 Mogadishu bombings
* 2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* Sahafi Hotel attacks
* December 2018 Mogadishu bombing
* Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack
* Nairobi Latema Road blast
* 4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings
* Asasey Hotel attack
* 22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 2019 Kenya bus shooting
* December 2019 Mogadishu bombing
* 2020 Afgooye bombing
* 2020 Mogadishu army base bombing
* 2020 Mogadishu hotel attack
* 2020 Galkayo bombing
* March 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* June 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* November 2021 Mogadishu bombing
* 2022 Mandera attack
* February 2022 Beledweyne bombing
* March 2022 Somalia attacks
* April 2022 Mogadishu bombing
* August 2022 Mogadishu attack
* September 2022 Beledweyne attack
* October 2022 Beledweyne bombings
* 2022 Kismayo hotel attack
* October 2022 Mogadishu bombings
* Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel
* Mahas bombings
* 2023 Mogadishu hotel attack
* Mogadishu military academy bombing
* 2023 Beledweyne bombing
* Mogadishu tea shop bombing

OEF–HOA|

* 2009 Baraawe raid
* Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
* 2013 raid on Barawe
* 2017 raid on Barii

Other events|

* Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor
* London Somalia Conference
* Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy
* Daallo Airlines Flight 159
* Awdiinle massacre

Key players|

* Al-Shabaab
* Mukhtar Robow
* Ali Dhere
* Fuad Qalaf
* Hizbul Islam
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki
* Federal Government of Somalia
* Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
* Omar Sharmarke
* Mohamed Sheikh Hassan
* Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
* Galmudug
* Abdi Hasan Awale
* Puntland
* Abdiweli Gaas
* AMISOM
* United States AFRICOM
* Islamic State in Somalia

* Previous phase: War in Somalia (2006–2009)

* v
* t
* e

War on terror

* September 11 attacks
* War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) (Withdrawal)
* Iraq War (2003–2011) (Withdrawal)
* Symbolism of terrorism

Participants|

| Operational|

* ISAF
* Operation Enduring Freedom participants
* Afghanistan
* Northern Alliance
* Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces)
* NATO
* Pakistan
* United Kingdom
* United States
* European Union
* Philippines
* Ethiopia

|

Targets|

| Individuals|

* Osama bin Laden
* Hamza bin Laden
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Sirajuddin Haqqani
* Jalaluddin Haqqani
* Anas Haqqani
* Khalil Haqqani
* Hafiz Saeed
* Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

|

Factions|

* al-Qaeda
* al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
* Abu Sayyaf
* Al-Shabaab
* Boko Haram
* Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Islamic Courts Union
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Jemaah Islamiyah
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Taliban
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
* Islamic State

Conflicts|

| Operation
Enduring Freedom|

* War in Afghanistan
* OEF – Philippines
* Georgia Train and Equip Program
* Georgia Sustainment and Stability
* OEF – Horn of Africa
* OEF – Trans Sahara
* Drone strikes in Pakistan

|

Other|

* Operation Active Endeavour
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Moro conflict in the Philippines
* Iraq War
* Iraqi insurgency
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* War in Somalia (2006–2009)
* 2007 Lebanon conflict
* al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Policies|

* Patriot Act (2001)
* Torture Memos (2002)
* Military Commissions Act of 2006
* Military Commissions Act of 2009
* President's Surveillance Program
* Protect America Act of 2007
* Terrorist Surveillance Program

Related|

* Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
* Axis of evil
* Bush Doctrine
* Clash of Civilizations
* Cold War
* Combatant Status Review Tribunal
* Criticism of the war on terror
* CIA black sites
* Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Enhanced interrogation techniques
* Extrajudicial prisoners
* Extraordinary rendition
* Guantanamo Bay detention camp
* Iranian Revolution
* Islamic terrorism
* Islamism
* North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
* Operation Noble Eagle
* Operation Eagle Assist
* Situation Room photograph
* State Sponsors of Terrorism
* Targeted killing
* Targeted Killing in International Law
* Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
* Unitary executive theory
* Unlawful combatant
* CAGE

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Piracy

Periods|

* Ancient Mediterranean
* Golden Age
* 21st century
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

Types of pirate|

* Albanian piracy
* Anglo-Turkish piracy
* Baltic Slavic pirates
* Barbary pirates (corsairs)
* Algiers
* Brethren of the Coast
* Buccaneers
* Cilician pirates
* Child pirate
* Cossack pirates
* Filibusters
* French corsairs
* Jewish pirates
* Moro pirates
* Narentines
* Privateers
* Confederate
* River pirate
* Sea Beggars
* Sea Dogs
* Sindhi corsairs
* Timber pirate
* Ushkuyniks
* Uskoks
* Vikings
* Victual Brothers
* Wokou
* Women in piracy

Areas|

| Atlantic World|

* Caribbean
* British Virgin Islands
* Spanish Main
* Lake Nicaragua
* Venezuela
* Gulf of Guinea

|

Indian Ocean|

* Horn of Africa
* Somali Coast
* Indonesia
* Persian Gulf
* Strait of Malacca
* Nosy Boraha

Other waters|

* Baltic Slavic piracy
* Barbary Coast
* Falcon Lake
* South China Coast
* Sulu Sea

Pirate havens
and bases|

* Barataria Bay
* Île Sainte-Marie
* Libertatia
* Lundy
* Mamora
* Port Royal
* Republic of Pirates
* Republic of Salé
* Saint Augustin
* Saint-Malo
* Tortuga

Major figures|

| Pirates|

* Abduwali Muse
* Abshir Boyah
* Adam Baldridge
* Abraham Samuel
* Alfhild
* Albert W. Hicks
* Anne Bonny
* Anne Dieu-le-Veut
* António de Faria
* Alexandre Exquemelin
* Artemisia I of Caria
* Awilda
* Bartolomeu Português
* Bartholomew Roberts
* Benito de Soto
* Benjamin Hornigold
* Black Caesar
* Blackbeard
* Bully Hayes
* Cai Qian
* Calico Jack
* Charles Gibbs
* Charlotte de Berry
* Cheung Po Tsai
* Christina Anna Skytte
* Chui A-poo
* Dan Seavey
* Diabolito
* Dido
* Dirk Chivers
* Dominique You
* Edward England
* Edward Low
* Eli Boggs
* Elise Eskilsdotter
* Eustace the Monk
* Flora Burn
* Flying Gang
* Fūma Kotarō
* Francis Drake
* François Le Clerc
* François l'Olonnais
* Gan Ning
* Grace O'Malley
* Hayreddin Barbarossa
* Hendrick Lucifer
* Henri Caesar
* Henry Every
* Henry Morgan
* Henry Strangways
* Hippolyte Bouchard
* Huang Bamei
* Israel Hands
* Jacquotte Delahaye
* Jan Janszoon
* Jean Lafitte
* Jeanne de Clisson
* Johanna Hård
* John Hawkins
* John Hoar
* John Newland Maffitt
* John Pro
* Jørgen Jørgensen
* José Joaquim Almeida
* Joseph Baker
* Joseph Barss
* Klaus Störtebeker
* Lai Choi San
* Laurens de Graaf
* Lawrence Prince
* Liang Daoming
* Limahong
* Lo Hon-cho
* Louis-Michel Aury
* Mansel Alcantra
* Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
* Martin Frobisher
* Mary Lindsey
* Mary Read
* Mary Wolverston
* Michel de Grammont
* Moses Cohen Henriques
* Nathaniel Gordon
* Nicholas van Hoorn
* Ng Akew
* Olivier Levasseur
* Pedro Gilbert
* Peter Easton
* Pierre Lafitte
* Piet Pieterszoon Hein
* Princess Sela
* Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
* Rachel Wall
* Redbeard
* Richard Glover
* Robert Culliford
* Robert Surcouf
* Roberto Cofresí
* Roche Braziliano
* Rusla
* Sadie Farrell
* Samuel Bellamy
* Samuel Hall Lord
* Samuel Mason
* Samuel Pallache
* Sayyida al Hurra
* Sister Ping
* Shap-ng-tsai
* Shirahama Kenki
* Simon Mascarino
* Stede Bonnet
* Teuta
* Thomas Cavendish
* Thomas Tew
* Veborg
* Victual Brothers
* Vincenzo Gambi
* Wang Zhi
* William Dampier
* William Kidd
* Zheng Jing
* Zheng Qi
* Zheng Yi
* Zheng Zhilong
* Zheng Yi Sao

|

Pirate
hunters|

* Angelo Emo
* Chaloner Ogle
* David Porter
* Duarte Pacheco Pereira
* James Brooke
* Julius Caesar
* Jose Campuzano-Polanco
* Luis Fajardo
* Miguel Enríquez
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Pompey
* Richard Avery Hornsby
* Robert Maynard
* Thomas Warren
* Woodes Rogers

Pirate ships|

* Adventure Galley
* Ambrose Light
* Fancy
* Flying Dutchman
* Ganj-i-Sawai
* Queen Anne's Revenge
* Quedagh Merchant
* Marquis of Havana
* My Revenge
* Royal Fortune
* Saladin
* Whydah Gally
* York

Pirate battles and incidents|

* 1582 Cagayan battles
* 1985 Lahad Datu ambush
* Action of 9 November 1822
* Action of 28 October 2007
* Action of 11 November 2008
* Action of 9 April 2009
* Action of 23 March 2010
* Action of 1 April 2010
* Action of 5 April 2010
* Anti-piracy in the Aegean
* Antelope incident
* Anti-piracy in the West Indies
* Attack on Veracruz
* Balanguingui Expedition
* Battle of Boca Teacapan
* Battle of Cape Fear River
* Battle of Cape Lopez
* Battle of Doro Passage
* Battle of Mandab Strait
* Battle of Manila
* Battle off Minicoy Island
* Battle off Mukah
* Battle of Nam Quan
* Battle of New Orleans
* Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
* Battle of Pianosa
* Battle of the Leotung
* Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
* Battle of Tonkin River
* Battle of Ty-ho Bay
* Battle of Tysami
* Beluga Nomination incident
* Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
* Chepo Expedition
* Capture of the Ambrose Light
* Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
* Capture of the schooner Bravo
* Capture of the schooner Fancy
* Capture of the sloop Anne
* Carré d'As IV incident
* Dai Hong Dan incident
* Falklands Expedition
* Great Lakes Patrol
* Irene incident
* Jiajing wokou raids
* Maersk Alabama hijacking
* MT Zafirah hijacking
* MT Orkim Harmony hijacking
* MV Moscow University hijacking
* North Star affair
* Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
* Operation Atalanta
* Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
* Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
* Operation Ocean Shield
* Persian Gulf Campaign
* Pirate attacks in Borneo
* Quest incident
* Raid on Cartagena
* Sack of Baltimore
* Sack of Campeche
* Salvador Pirates
* Slave raid of Suðuroy
* Turkish Abductions

Piracy law|

* Acts of grace (1717–1718 Acts of Grace)
* International piracy law
* Letter of marque
* Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
* Piracy Act (1536, 1698, 1717, 1721, 1837, 1850)
* Piracy Law of 1820

Slave trade|

* African slave trade
* African Slave Trade Patrol
* Amistad Incident
* Atlantic slave trade
* Barbary slave trade
* Blockade of Africa
* Capture of the Veloz Passagera
* Capture of the brig Brillante
* Indian Ocean slave trade
* Trans-Saharan slave trade

Pirates in
popular
culture|

| Fictional pirates|

* Askeladd
* Tom Ayrton
* Barbe Rouge
* Captain Birdseye
* Captain Blood
* Captain Crook
* Captain Flint
* Captain Hook
* Captain Nemo
* Captain Pugwash
* Captain Sabertooth
* Captain Stingaree
* Charlotte de Berry
* Davy Jones
* Edward Kenway
* Elaine Marley
* Elizabeth Swann
* Franky
* Guybrush Threepwood
* Hector Barbossa
* Jack Sparrow
* Jacquotte Delahaye
* José Gaspar
* Joshamee Gibbs
* Long John Silver
* Monkey D. Luffy
* Vaas Montenegro
* Mr. Smee
* Nami
* Nico Robin
* Roronoa Zoro
* Sandokan
* Sanji
* Tony Tony Chopper
* Usopp
* Will Turner
* Zanzibar

|

Novels|

* The Pirate
* The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
* Treasure Island
* Facing the Flag
* On Stranger Tides
* Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
* Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
* The Angel's Command
* Voyage of Slaves
* Long John Silver
* Pirate Latitudes
* Mistress of the Seas
* Silver: Return to Treasure Island

Tropes|

* Buried treasure
* Davy Jones's locker
* Eyepatch
* Jolly Roger
* skull and crossbones
* Keelhauling
* Marooning
* No purchase, no pay
* Pegleg
* Pet parrot
* Pirate code
* Pirate utopia
* Treasure map
* Walking the plank

Miscellaneous|

* Air pirate
* Space pirate
* International Talk Like a Pirate Day
* Pirates versus Ninjas

Miscellaneous|

* A General History of the Pyrates
* Captain Charles Johnson
* Truce of Ratisbon
* Pirate Round

* Mutiny
* Matelotage
* Piracy kidnappings

Meta|

| Lists|

* Pirates
* Pirate films and TV series
* Privateers
* List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
* Timeline of piracy
* Women in piracy

|

Categories|

* Barbary pirates
* By nationality
* Female pirates
* Fictional pirates
* Piracy
* Piracy by year
* Pirates

* Piracy portal
* Category

*[v]: View this template
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*[e]: Edit this template