Oprah Winfrey

American media personality (born 1954)

"Oprah" redirects here; not to be confused with Orpah or Opera.

For the talk show, see The Oprah Winfrey Show. For the painting by Shawn Michael Warren, see Oprah Winfrey (painting).

Oprah Winfrey

Winfrey in 2016

Born|

Orpah Gail Winfrey

(1954-01-29) January 29, 1954 (age 71)

Kosciusko, Mississippi, U.S.

Education| Tennessee State University (BA)
Occupations|

* Television presenter
* actress
* television producer
* media proprietor
* philanthropist
* author

Years active| 1973–present
Works| Media projects
Title|

* Chairwoman and CEO of Harpo Productions (1986–present)
* Chairwoman, CEO and CCO of the Oprah Winfrey Network (2011–present)

Partner| Stedman Graham (1986–present)
Children| 1[1]
Awards| Full list
Website| oprah.com
Signature

Oprah Gail Winfrey (/ˈoʊprə/; born Orpah Gail Winfrey;[a] January 29, 1954) is an American talk show host, television producer, actress, author, and media proprietor. She is best known for her talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, broadcast from Chicago, which ran in national syndication for 25 years, from 1986 to 2011.[3][4] Dubbed the "Queen of All Media",[5] she was the richest African-American of the 20th century[6][7] and was once the world's only Black billionaire.[8] By 2007, she was often ranked as the most influential woman in the world.[9][10]

Winfrey was born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a single teenage mother and later raised in inner-city Milwaukee. She has stated that she was molested during her childhood and early teenage years and became pregnant at 14; her son was born prematurely and died in infancy.[11] Winfrey was then sent to live with the man she calls her father, Vernon Winfrey, a barber in Nashville, Tennessee, and landed a job in radio while still in high school.[4] By 19, she was a co-anchor for the local evening news. Winfrey's often emotional, extemporaneous delivery eventually led to her transfer to the daytime talk show arena, and after boosting a third-rated local Chicago talk show to first place,[12] she launched her own production company.

Credited with creating a more intimate, confessional form of media communication,[13] Winfrey popularized and revolutionized[13][14] the tabloid talk show genre pioneered by Phil Donahue.[13] By the mid-1990s, Winfrey had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self-improvement, mindfulness, and spirituality. She has been criticized for unleashing a confession culture, promoting controversial self-help ideas,[15] and having an emotion-centered approach,[16] and has also been praised for overcoming adversity to become a benefactor to others.[17] Winfrey also emerged as a political force in the 2008 presidential race, with her endorsement of Barack Obama estimated to have been worth about one million votes during the 2008 Democratic primaries.[18] In the same year, she formed her own network, the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). In 2013, Winfrey was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.[19]

In 1994, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[20] Then in October, she finished the Marine Corps Marathon in less than four and a half hours.[21] She has received honorary doctorate degrees from multiple universities.[22] Winfrey has won many awards throughout her career, including 19 Daytime Emmy Awards (including the Lifetime Achievement Award and the Chairman's Award), 2 Primetime Emmy Awards (including the Bob Hope Humanitarian Award), a Tony Award, a Peabody Award, and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award awarded by the Academy Awards, in addition to two competitive Academy Award nominations. Winfrey was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021.[23]

## Early life

[edit]

Orpah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954; her first name was spelled Orpah on her birth certificate after the biblical figure in the Book of Ruth, but people mispronounced it regularly and "Oprah" stuck.[a] She was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, to a teenaged mother,[24] Vernita Lee, and father Vernon Winfrey. Winfrey's parents never married.[25] Vernita Lee (1935–2018) was a housemaid.[26][27] Vernon Winfrey (1933–2022)[28] was a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who was in the Armed Forces when she was born.[26][b] A genetic test in 2006 determined that her matrilineal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, from the area that became Liberia. Her genetic makeup was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American[30][c], and 3% East Asian.[32]

After Winfrey's birth, her mother traveled north, and Winfrey spent her first six years living in rural poverty with her maternal grandmother, Hattie Mae (Presley) Lee (April 15, 1900 – February 27, 1963). Her grandmother was so poor that Winfrey often wore dresses made of potato sacks, for which other children made fun of her.[24][33] Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of three and took her to the local church, where she was nicknamed "The Preacher" for her ability to recite Bible verses. Her grandmother, a believer in the adage "spare the rod, spoil the child," beat her almost daily.[34]

At age six, Winfrey moved to an inner-city neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Her mother had little time for Oprah as a result of the long hours she worked as a maid.[26] Around this time, Lee had given birth to another daughter, Winfrey's younger half-sister, Patricia,[35] who died of causes related to cocaine addiction in February 2003 at age 43.[36] By 1962, Lee was having difficulty raising both daughters, so Winfrey was temporarily sent to live with Vernon in Nashville, Tennessee.[37] While Winfrey was in Nashville, Lee gave birth to a third daughter,[38] who was put up for adoption in the hopes of easing the financial straits that had led to Lee's being on welfare, and was later also named Patricia.[39] Winfrey did not know that she had a second half-sister until 2010.[39] By the time Winfrey moved back with her mother, Lee had also given birth to Winfrey's half-brother Jeffrey, who died of AIDS-related causes in 1989.[36] At the age of eight, she was baptized in a Baptist church.[40]

Winfrey has stated she was molested by her cousin, uncle, and a family friend, starting when she was nine years old, something she first announced on a 1986 episode of her TV show regarding sexual abuse.[41][42] A biographer alleged that when Winfrey discussed the alleged abuse with family members at age 24, they refused to believe her account.[43] Winfrey once commented that she had chosen not to be a mother because she had not been mothered well.[44] At 13, after suffering what she described as years of abuse, Winfrey ran away from home.[2]

When she was 14, she became pregnant, but her son was born prematurely and died shortly after birth.[45] Winfrey later stated she felt betrayed by the family member who had sold the story of her son to the National Enquirer in 1990.[46]

Winfrey attended Lincoln Middle and High School in Milwaukee, but after early success in the Upward Bound program, was transferred to the affluent suburban Nicolet High School. Upon transferring, she said she was continually reminded of her poverty as she rode the bus to school with fellow African-Americans, some of whom were servants of her classmates' families. She began to rebel and steal money from her mother in an effort to keep up with her free-spending peers.[47][48] As a result, her mother once again sent her to live with her father in Nashville, although this time, she did not take her daughter back. Vernon was strict but encouraging, and made her education a priority. Winfrey became an honors student, was voted Most Popular Girl, and joined her high school speech team at East Nashville High School, placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation.[49][50] In 1986, Winfrey said, "'When my father took me, it changed the course of my life. He saved me. He simply knew what he wanted and expected. He would take nothing less'".[26]

Winfrey's first job as a teenager was working at a local grocery store.[51][52] At the age of 17, Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant.[53][54][55] She also attracted the attention of the local black radio station, WVOL, which hired her to do the news part-time.[41] She worked there during her senior year of high school and in her first two years of college.[56] Winfrey won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship to Tennessee State University, a historically black institution, where she studied communication. However, she did not deliver her final paper until 1987, by which time she was a successful television personality.[57] It was only then Winfrey earned her degree.

Winfrey's career in media would not have surprised her grandmother, who once said that ever since Winfrey could talk, she was on stage. As a child, she played games interviewing her corncob doll and the crows on the fence of her family's property. Winfrey later acknowledged her grandmother's influence, saying it was Hattie Mae who had encouraged her to speak in public and "gave me a positive sense of myself".[58]

## Television

[edit]

Main article: The Oprah Winfrey Show

Working in local media, Winfrey was both the youngest news anchor and the first black female news anchor at Nashville's WLAC-TV (now WTVF-TV), where she often covered the same stories as John Tesh, who worked at a competing Nashville station. In 1976, she moved to Baltimore's WJZ-TV to co-anchor the six o'clock news. In 1977, she was removed as co-anchor and worked in lower profile positions at the station. She was then recruited to join Richard Sher as co-host of WJZ's local talk show People Are Talking, which premiered on August 14, 1978. She also hosted the local version of Dialing for Dollars.[59][60][61]

In 1984, Winfrey relocated to Chicago to host WLS-TV's low-rated half-hour morning talk show, AM Chicago, after being hired by that station's general manager, Dennis Swanson. The first episode aired on January 2, 1984. Within months after Winfrey took over, the show went from last place in the ratings to overtaking Donahue as the highest-rated talk show in Chicago. The movie critic Roger Ebert persuaded her to sign a syndication deal with King World. Ebert predicted that she would generate 40 times as much revenue as his television show, At the Movies.[62] It was then renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show and expanded to a full hour. The first episode was broadcast nationwide on September 8, 1986.[63][64] Winfrey's syndicated show brought in double Donahue's national audience, displacing Donahue as the number-one daytime talk show in America. Their much-publicized contest was the subject of enormous scrutiny. According to Time magazine in August 1988:

> Few people would have bet on Oprah Winfrey's swift rise to host of the most popular talk show on TV. In a field dominated by white males, she is a black female of ample bulk. As interviewers go, she is no match for, say, Phil Donahue ... What she lacks in journalistic toughness, she makes up for in plainspoken curiosity, robust humor and, above all empathy. Guests with sad stories to tell are apt to rouse a tear in Oprah's eye ... They, in turn, often find themselves revealing things they would not imagine telling anyone, much less a national TV audience. It is the talk show as a group therapy session.[65]

TV columnist Howard Rosenberg said: "She's a roundhouse, a full course meal, big, brassy, loud, aggressive, hyper, laughable, lovable, soulful, tender, low-down, earthy, and hungry. And she may know the way to Phil Donahue's jugular."[66] Newsday's Les Payne observed, "Oprah Winfrey is sharper than Donahue, wittier, more genuine, and far better attuned to her audience, if not the world"[67] and Martha Bayles of The Wall Street Journal wrote, "It's a relief to see a gab-monger with a fond but realistic assessment of her own cultural and religious roots."[67]

Winfrey in 1997

In the early years of The Oprah Winfrey Show, the program was classified as a tabloid talk show. In the mid-1990s, Winfrey began to host shows on broader topics such as heart disease, geopolitics, spirituality, and meditation. She interviewed celebrities on social issues they were directly involved with, such as cancer, charity work, or substance abuse, and hosted televised giveaways.[68][69] The later years of the show faced accusations that Winfrey was promoting junk science.[70] This has manifested as criticisms of Winfrey for promoting particular guests whose medical commentaries (both on her show and in the wider media) frequently lack supporting science. Common targets of this criticism include Jenny McCarthy's unfounded assertions about vaccines, and Suzanne Somers's promotion of bioidenticals.[71][72]

In addition to her talk show, Winfrey moderated three ABC Afterschool Specials from 1992 to 1994 and also produced and co-starred in the drama miniseries The Women of Brewster Place (1989) and its short-lived spin-off, Brewster Place.[73] As well as hosting and appearing on television shows, Winfrey co-founded the women's cable television network Oxygen, which was the initial network for her Oprah After the Show program from 2002 to 2006 before moving to Oprah.com when Winfrey sold her stake in the network. She is also the president of Harpo Productions (Oprah spelled backwards), a film and TV production company behind The Oprah Winfrey Show, Dr. Phil, Rachael Ray, The Dr. Oz Show and many others.

Dr. Phil has been criticized as being at best, simplistic and, at worst, ineffective or harmful.[74] The National Alliance on Mental Illness has called Dr. Phil's conduct "unethical" and "incredibly irresponsible".[75] Dr. Oz (Mehmet Oz) has been criticized by various medical publications and physicians for spreading pseudoscience[76][77][78][79] Dr. Oz's promotion of various "miracle pills" (especially those aimed at weight loss),[80] One website, Science-Based Medicine, said "No other show on television can top The Dr. Oz Show for the sheer magnitude of bad health advice it consistently offers, all while giving everything a veneer of credibility".[81] Multiple publications have called on Winfrey to denounce medical statements made by her former proteges long after her show ended. For example, there were calls for her to denounce Dr. Oz in 2020 reaction to his comments about coronavirus and his promotion of a poorly vetted drug as a cure.[82]

On January 15, 2008, Winfrey and Discovery Communications announced plans to change Discovery Health Channel into a new channel called OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. It was scheduled to launch in 2009 but was delayed, and actually launched on January 1, 2011.[83]

The series finale of The Oprah Winfrey Show aired on May 25, 2011.[84]

In January 2017, CBS announced that Winfrey would join 60 Minutes as a special contributor on the Sunday evening news magazine program starting in September 2017.[85] The National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2018 opened a special exhibit on Winfrey's cultural influence through television.[86] Winfrey left 60 Minutes by the end of 2018.[87]

In June 2018, Apple announced a multi-year content partnership with Winfrey, in which it was agreed that Winfrey would create new original programs exclusively for Apple's streaming service, Apple TV+.[88] The first show under the deal, Oprah's Book Club, premiered on November 1, 2019. Oprah's Book Club is based on the segment of the same name from The Oprah Winfrey Show. The second show under the deal, Oprah Talks COVID-19, debuted on March 21, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A third show, The Oprah Conversation debuted on July 30, 2020, with Winfrey "[continuing] to explore impactful and relevant topics with fascinating thought leaders from all over the world".[89]

### Celebrity interviews

[edit]

In 1993, Winfrey hosted a rare prime-time interview called, Michael Jackson Talks ... to Oprah with Michael Jackson, which became the fourth most-watched event in American television history as well as the most watched interview ever, with an audience of 36.5 million.[90] On December 1, 2005, Winfrey appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman for the first time in 16 years, to promote the new Broadway musical, The Color Purple,[91] which she produced. The episode was hailed by some as the "television event of the decade" and helped Letterman attract his largest audience in more than 11 years: 13.45 million viewers.[92] Although a much-rumored feud was said to have been the cause of the rift,[91] both Winfrey and Letterman balked at such talk. "I want you to know, it's really over, whatever you thought was happening," said Winfrey. On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, as its season premiere was filmed in New York City.[93]

In 2006, rappers Ludacris, 50 Cent, and Ice Cube criticized Winfrey for what they perceived as an anti-hip hop bias. In an interview with GQ magazine, Ludacris said that Winfrey gave him a "hard time" about his lyrics, and edited comments he made during an appearance on her show with the cast of the film Crash. He also said that he wasn't initially invited on the show with the rest of the cast.[94] Winfrey responded by saying that she is opposed to rap lyrics that "marginalize women," but enjoys some artists, including Kanye West, who appeared on her show. She said she spoke with Ludacris backstage after his appearance to explain her position and said she understood that his music was for entertainment purposes, but that some of his listeners might take it literally. In September 2008, Winfrey received criticism after Matt Drudge of the Drudge Report[95] reported that Winfrey refused to have Sarah Palin on her show, allegedly because of Winfrey's support for Barack Obama.[96] Winfrey denied the report, maintaining that there never was a discussion regarding Palin's appearing on her show. She said that after she made public her support for Obama, she decided that she would not let her show be used as a platform for any of the candidates.[96] Although Obama appeared twice on her show, those appearances were prior to his declaration as a presidential candidate. Winfrey added that Palin would make a fantastic guest and that she would love to have her on the show after the election, which she did on November 18, 2009.[96]

In 2009, Winfrey was criticized for allowing actress Suzanne Somers to appear on her show to discuss hormone treatments that are not accepted by mainstream medicine.[97] Critics have also suggested that Winfrey is not tough enough when questioning celebrity guests or politicians whom she appears to like.[98] Lisa de Moraes, a media columnist for The Washington Post, stated: "Oprah doesn't do follow-up questions unless you're an author who's embarrassed her by fabricating portions of a supposed memoir she's plugged for her book club", referring to the controversy around James Frey's A Million Little Pieces.[99]

In 2021, she conducted an interview with Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, and her husband Prince Harry, which was broadcast globally and received international media attention.[100]

In 2024, ABC aired a new television special titled “AI and the Future of Us: An Oprah Winfrey Special”. The one-hour show aimed to delve into the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on daily life. It featured interviews with prominent figures from the tech industry, including OpenAI CEO Sam Altman and Bill Gates.[101][102]

## Other media

[edit]

### Film

[edit]

Winfrey co-starred in Steven Spielberg's The Color Purple (1985), as distraught housewife Sofia. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. The Alice Walker novel later became a Broadway musical which opened in late 2005, with Winfrey credited as a producer. In October 1998, Winfrey produced and starred in the film Beloved, based on Toni Morrison's Pulitzer Prize–winning novel of the same name. To prepare for her role as Sethe, the protagonist and former slave, Winfrey experienced a 24-hour simulation of the experience of slavery, which included being tied up and blindfolded and left alone in the woods. Despite major advertising, including two episodes of her talk show dedicated solely to the film, and moderate to good critical reviews, Beloved opened to poor box-office results, losing approximately $30 million. While promoting the movie, co-star Thandiwe Newton described Winfrey as "a very strong technical actress and it's because she's so smart. She's acute. She's got a mind like a razor blade."[103] Harpo Productions released a film adaptation of Zora Neale Hurston's 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God in 2005. The made-for-television film was based upon a teleplay by Suzan-Lori Parks and starred Halle Berry in the lead female role.

In late 2008, Winfrey's company Harpo Films signed an exclusive output pact to develop and produce scripted series, documentaries, and movies exclusively for HBO.[104]

In 2013, Winfrey starred in the film The Butler directed by Lee Daniels. Though her performance garnered significant Oscar buzz, she was not nominated for the award.[105]

Oprah voiced Gussie the goose in Charlotte's Web (2006) and voiced Judge Bumbleton in Bee Movie (2007), co-starring the voices of Jerry Seinfeld and Renée Zellweger. In 2009, Winfrey provided the voice for the character of Eudora, the mother of Princess Tiana, in Disney's The Princess and the Frog and in 2010, narrated the US version of the BBC nature program Life for Discovery.

In 2018, Winfrey starred as Mrs. Which in the film adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's novel A Wrinkle in Time.[106] She also lent her voice to an animated virtual-reality short film written and directed by Eric Darnell, starring John Legend, titled Crow: The Legend, telling a Native American origin tale.[107]

### Publishing and writing

[edit]

Winfrey has co-authored five books. At the announcement of a weight-loss book in 2005, co-authored with her personal trainer Bob Greene, it was said that her undisclosed advance fee had broken the record for the world's highest book advance fee, previously held by the autobiography of former U.S. President Bill Clinton.[108]

Winfrey on her "The Life You Want" tour in October 2014

In 2015, her memoir, The Life You Want, was announced following on her tour of the same name,[109][110] and scheduled for publication in 2017,[111] but was "indefinitely postponed" in 2016.[112]

Winfrey publishes the magazine: O, The Oprah Magazine and from 2004 to 2008 also published a magazine called O At Home.[113] In 2002, Fortune called O, the Oprah Magazine the most successful start-up ever in the industry.[114] Although its circulation had declined by more than 10 percent to 2.4 million from 2005 to 2008, the January 2009 issue was the best selling issue since 2006.[115][116] The audience for her magazine is considerably more upscale than for her TV show; the average reader earns well above the median for U.S. women.[114] In July 2020, it was announced that O Magazine would end its regular print publications after the December 2020 issue.[117][118] In the December 2020 issue, Winfrey thanked readers and acknowledged it was the magazine's "final monthly print edition".[119]

### Online

[edit]

Winfrey's company created the Oprah.com website to provide resources and interactive content related to her shows, magazines, book club, and public charity. Oprah.com averages more than 70 million page views and more than six million users per month, and receives approximately 20,000 e-mails each week.[120] Winfrey initiated "Oprah's Child Predator Watch List", through her show and website, to help track down accused child molesters. Within the first 48 hours, two of the featured men were captured.[121]

### Radio

[edit]

On February 9, 2006, it was announced that Winfrey had signed a three-year, $55-million contract with XM Satellite Radio to establish a new radio channel. The channel, Oprah Radio, features popular contributors to The Oprah Winfrey Show and O, The Oprah Magazine including Nate Berkus, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Bob Greene, Dr. Robin Smith, and Marianne Williamson. Oprah & Friends began broadcasting at 11:00 am ET, September 25, 2006, from a new studio at Winfrey's Chicago headquarters. The channel broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week on XM Radio Channel 156. Winfrey's contract requires her to be on the air 30 minutes a week, 39 weeks a year.[122]

## Personal life

[edit]

### Homes

[edit]

Aerial view of Oprah's Montecito estate

Oprah's extensive and continuously evolving real-estate portfolio has garnered heightened attention throughout her life and career, with many prominent industry outlets branding her a "tycoon" regarding her investments which as of 2022, are estimated to total approximately $127 million.

As her talk show was beginning, Oprah first purchased a condominium in Chicago's Water Tower Place in 1985, before purchasing the condos adjoining and directly below it in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively. In 1988, she purchased an 164-acre property including main and guest residences, orchard, and stables in Rolling Prairie, Indiana as her weekend refuge. In 1992, she purchased an 80-acre compound in Telluride, Colorado, which she would go on to sell in approximately late 2000. In 1994, she also purchased an apartment at the Four Seasons Hotel Chicago. Between 1996 and 2000 she purchased a total of five condos in different development areas of Fisher Island, Florida. In 2000, through her Chicago-based LLC Overground Railroad, Oprah purchased her friend Gayle King an estate in Greenwich, Connecticut. In 2001, Oprah sold all five of her Fisher Island condos and purchased what would become her "main home base" she has also called "The Promised Land" (where she currently lives as of 2022), a (then) 42-acre (17 ha) estate with ocean and mountain views in Montecito, California.[123][124]

Additionally that year, she also purchased homes in both Elmwood Park, Illinois and Merrillville, Indiana for other family members and friends. Similarly, in 2002, she purchased her father's home in Franklin, Tennessee and a lakefront condo in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 2003 she listed her compound in Rolling Prairie, Indiana, and sold it in 2004.[125][126] From 2003 to 2005, Oprah acquired several properties totaling 163 acres in Kula and Hana, Hawaii as well as a penthouse apartment in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2005, she purchased a home in Douglasville, Georgia which was gifted in 2011 to a family member.

In 2006, Oprah purchased a co-op apartment along Lake Shore Drive in downtown Chicago, reportedly with plans to permanently move there from her prior adjoined-condo unit in Water Tower Place for the duration of her show; for reasons unknown, the property sat entirely unused until she sold it in 2012.[127] In 2008, she sold her penthouse apartment in Atlanta. That year, she also listed Gayle King's estate and purchased her (through her second LLC Sophie's Penthouse) a penthouse apartment in midtown Manhattan, New York City which would later be sold in 2012.

In early 2014, she listed her combined-unit Chicago duplex on the market. Later that year, Oprah came back to Telluride, Colorado to purchase a 60-acre lot with plans to build on the property. A lawsuit filed against her that year by a retired nuclear physicist living in the area regarding trail access rights was dismissed later that year with the judge citing little case law to support his case, among other issues. The extent of the agreement between all the parties and jurisdictions regarding her subsequent development on the property remains undisclosed.[128]

In 2015, Oprah purchased another property in Telluride, and later that year, expanded her Montecito compound with another 23-acre estate and yet another 44-acre dedicated crop and equestrian preserve. That year she also sold both of her downtown Chicago homes.

In 2018, Oprah obtained two adjoining parcels of land totaling 23 acres including the Madroneagle compound on Orcas Island, Washington and sold her last home property in the Chicago area from Elmwood Park.[129] In late 2019, Oprah yet again expanded her Montecito home-base compound, this time to 70 contiguous acres, with the purchase of a four-acre complex from actor Jeff Bridges. In 2021, she sold her Orcas Island compound as she said she was too busy to use it and purchased another compound in Montecito further away from her home-base compound, flipping the latter in 2022 with split properties, one of which was sold to her property manager and longtime personal trainer Bob Greene, and the other to actress Jennifer Aniston.[130][131][132][133][134][excessive citations] In 2023, Winfrey also purchased 870 acres of land in Maui for $6.6 million.[135]

### Romantic history

[edit]

Winfrey's high school sweetheart Anthony Otey recalled an innocent courtship that began in Winfrey's senior year of high school, from which he saved hundreds of love notes; Winfrey conducted herself with dignity and was a model student.[136] The two spoke of getting married, but Otey claimed to have always secretly known that Winfrey was destined for a far greater life than he could ever provide.[137] She broke up with him on Valentine's Day of her senior year.[138]

In 1971, several months after breaking up with Otey, Winfrey met William "Bubba" Taylor at Tennessee State University. According to CBS journalist George Mair, Taylor was Winfrey's "first intense, to-die-for love affair". Winfrey helped get Taylor a job at WVOL, and according to Mair, "did everything to keep him, including literally begging him on her knees to stay with her".[139] Taylor, however, was unwilling to leave Nashville with Winfrey when she moved to Baltimore to work at WJZ-TV in June 1976. "We really did care for each other," Winfrey would later recall. "We shared a deep love. A love I will never forget."[140]

In the 1970s, Winfrey had a romantic relationship with John Tesh. Biographer Kitty Kelley claims that Tesh split with Winfrey over the pressures of an interracial relationship.[141]

When WJZ-TV management criticized Winfrey for crying on air while reporting tragedies and were unhappy with her physical appearance (especially when her hair fell out as a result of a bad perm), Winfrey turned to reporter Lloyd Kramer for comfort. "Lloyd was just the best," Winfrey would later recall. "That man loved me even when I was bald! He was wonderful. He stuck with me through the whole demoralizing experience. That man was the most fun romance I ever had."[142]

According to Mair, when Kramer moved to NBC in New York, Winfrey had a love affair with a married man who had no intention of leaving his wife.[143] Winfrey would later recall: "I'd had a relationship with a man for four years. I wasn't living with him. I'd never lived with anyone—and I thought I was worthless without him. The more he rejected me, the more I wanted him. I felt depleted, powerless. At the end, I was down on the floor on my knees groveling and pleading with him".[144] Winfrey became so depressed that on September 8, 1981, she wrote a suicide note to best friend Gayle King instructing King to water her plants.[144] "That suicide note had been much overplayed" Winfrey told Ms. magazine. "I couldn't kill myself. I would be afraid the minute I did it, something really good would happen and I'd miss it."[145]

According to Winfrey, her emotional turmoil gradually led to a weight problem: "The reason I gained so much weight in the first place and the reason I had such a sorry history of abusive relationships with men was I just needed approval so much. I needed everyone to like me, because I didn't like myself much. So I'd end up with these cruel self-absorbed guys who'd tell me how selfish I was, and I'd say 'Oh thank you, you're so right' and be grateful to them. Because I had no sense that I deserved anything else. Which is also why I gained so much weight later on. It was the perfect way of cushioning myself against the world's disapproval."[145]

Winfrey later confessed to smoking crack cocaine with a man she was romantically involved with during the same era. She explained on her show: "I always felt that the drug itself is not the problem but that I was addicted to the man." She added: "I can't think of anything I wouldn't have done for that man."[146]

Winfrey was allegedly involved in a second drug-related love affair. Self-proclaimed former boyfriend Randolph Cook said they lived together for several months in 1985 and did drugs. In 1997, Cook tried to sue Winfrey for $20 million for allegedly blocking a tell-all book about their alleged relationship.[147][148]

In the mid-1980s, Winfrey briefly dated movie critic Roger Ebert, whom she credits with advising her to take her show into syndication.[62]

In 1985, before Winfrey's Chicago talk show had gone national, Haitian filmmaker Reginald Chevalier claims he appeared as a guest on a look-alike segment and began a relationship with Winfrey involving romantic evenings at home, candlelit baths, and dinners with Michael Jordan and Danny Glover. Chevalier says Winfrey ended the relationship when she met Stedman Graham.[149]

Winfrey and her partner Stedman Graham have been together since 1986. They were engaged to be married in November 1992, but the ceremony never took place.[150]

### Close friends

[edit]

Winfrey celebrating her 50th birthday among friends at her Santa Barbara estate, 2004

Winfrey's best friend since their early twenties is Gayle King. King was formerly the host of The Gayle King Show and is currently an editor of O, the Oprah Magazine. Since 1997, when Winfrey played the therapist on an episode of the sitcom Ellen in which Ellen DeGeneres came out of the closet, Winfrey and King have been the target of persistent rumors that they were gay. "I understand why people think we're gay," Winfrey says in the August 2006 issue of O magazine. "There isn't a definition in our culture for this kind of bond between women. So I get why people have to label it—how can you be this close without it being sexual?"[151] "I've told nearly everything there is to tell. All my stuff is out there. People think I'd be so ashamed of being gay that I wouldn't admit it? Oh, please."[151]

Winfrey has also had a long friendship with Maria Shriver, after they met in Baltimore.[152][153] Winfrey considered Maya Angelou, author of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, her mentor and close friend; she called Angelou her "mother-sister-friend".[154] Winfrey hosted a week-long Caribbean cruise for Angelou and 150 guests for Angelou's 70th birthday in 1998, and in 2008, threw her "an extravagant 80th birthday celebration" at Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida.[155]

### Personal wealth

[edit]

Born in rural poverty, and raised by a mother dependent on government welfare payments in a poor urban neighborhood, Winfrey became a millionaire at the age of 32 when her talk show received national syndication. Winfrey negotiated ownership rights to the television program and started her own production company. At the age of 41, Winfrey had a net worth of $340 million and replaced Bill Cosby as the only African American on the Forbes 400.[156] By 2000, with a net worth of $800 million, Winfrey is believed to have been the richest African American of the 20th century. There has been a course taught at the University of Illinois focusing on Winfrey's business acumen; namely, "History 298: Oprah Winfrey, the Tycoon".[157] Winfrey was the highest-paid television entertainer in the United States in 2006, earning an estimated $260 million during the year, five times the sum earned by second-place music executive Simon Cowell.[158] By 2008, her yearly income had increased to $275 million.[159]

Forbes' list of The World's Billionaires has listed Winfrey as the world's only black billionaire from 2004 to 2006 and as the first black woman billionaire in the world that was achieved in 2003.[156] One of the richest celebrities ever, as of 2014, Winfrey had a net worth in excess of 2.9 billion dollars[160] and had overtaken former eBay CEO Meg Whitman as the richest self-made woman in America.[d]

### Religious views

[edit]

Oprah was raised a Baptist. In her early life, she would speak at local, mostly African American congregations of the Southern Baptist Convention that were often deeply religious and familiar with such themes as evangelical Protestantism, the Black church, and being born-again.[162][163][164]

She was quoted as saying: "I have church with myself: I have church walking down the street. I believe in the God force that lives inside all of us, and once you tap into that, you can do anything."[165] She also stated, "Doubt means don't. When you don't know what to do, do nothing until you do know what to do. Because the doubt is your inner voice or the voice of God or whatever you choose to call it. It is your instinct trying to tell you something is off. That's how I have found myself to be led spiritually, because that's your spiritual voice saying to you, 'let's think about it.' So when you don't know what to do, do nothing."[166]

Oprah has stated that she is a Christian and her favorite Bible verse is Acts 17:28.[167]

Oprah attends The Potter's House, an Evangelical church in Dallas.[40]

### Other

[edit]

After the loss of her infant child at age 14, Winfrey did not want more children. In a 2017 interview with Vanity Fair, she explained "I didn't want babies. I wouldn't have been a good mom for babies. I don't have the patience. I have the patience for puppies but that's a quick stage!"[168]

## Influence

[edit]

### Rankings

[edit]

Winfrey at the White House for the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors

Winfrey was called "arguably the world's most powerful woman" by CNN and TIME,[169] "arguably the most influential woman in the world" by The American Spectator,[170] "one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th Century" and "one of the most influential people" from 2004 to 2011 by TIME. Winfrey is the only person to have appeared in the latter list on ten occasions.[171]

At the end of the 20th century, Life listed Winfrey as both the most influential woman and the most influential black person of her generation, and in a cover story profile the magazine called her "America's most powerful woman".[172] In 2007, USA Today ranked Winfrey as the most influential woman and most influential black person of the previous quarter-century.[173] Ladies' Home Journal also ranked Winfrey number one in their list of the most powerful women in America and then Senator Barack Obama in 2007 said she "may be the most influential woman in the country".[174] In 1998, Winfrey became the first woman and first African American to top Entertainment Weekly's list of the 101 most powerful people in the entertainment industry.[175] Forbes named her the world's most powerful celebrity in 2005,[176] 2007,[177] 2008,[159] 2010,[178] and 2013.[179]

As chairman of Harpo Inc., she was named the most powerful woman in entertainment by The Hollywood Reporter in 2008.[180] She has been listed as one of the world's 100 most powerful women by Forbes, ranking 14th in 2014 and 31st in 2023.[181][182] In 2010, Life magazine named Winfrey one of the 100 people who changed the world, alongside Jesus Christ, Elvis Presley, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Winfrey was the only living woman to make the list.[183]

Columnist Maureen Dowd seems to agree with such assessments. Interviewed by The Guardian in 2006, Dowd said: "She is the top alpha female in this country. She has more credibility than the president. Other successful women, such as Hillary Clinton and Martha Stewart, had to be publicly slapped down before they could move forward. Even Condi has had to play the protégé with Bush. None of this happened to Oprah – she is a straight ahead success story."[184] Vanity Fair wrote: "Oprah Winfrey arguably has more influence on the culture than any university president, politician, or religious leader, except perhaps the Pope.[185] Bill O'Reilly said: "this is a woman that came from nothing to rise up to be the most powerful woman, I think, in the world. I think Oprah Winfrey is the most powerful woman in the world, not just in America. That's – anybody who goes on her program immediately benefits through the roof. I mean, she has a loyal following; she has credibility; she has talent; and she's done it on her own to become fabulously wealthy and fabulously powerful."[186]

In 2005, Winfrey was named the greatest woman in American history as part of a public poll as part of The Greatest American. She was ranked No. 9 overall on the list of greatest Americans. However, polls estimating Winfrey's personal popularity have been inconsistent. A November 2003 Gallup poll estimated that 73% of American adults had a favorable view of Winfrey. Another Gallup poll in January 2007 estimated the figure at 74%, although it dropped to 66% when Gallup conducted the same poll in October 2007. A December 2007 Fox News poll put the figure at 55%.[187] According to Gallup's annual most admired poll, Americans consistently rank Winfrey as one of the most admired women in the world. Her highest rating came in 2007[188] when she was statistically tied with Hillary Clinton for first place.[189] In a list compiled by the British magazine New Statesman in September 2010, she was voted 38th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[190]

In 1989, she was accepted into the NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame.[191]

### "Oprahfication"

[edit]

The Wall Street Journal coined the term "Oprahfication", meaning public confession as a form of therapy.[192] By confessing intimate details about her weight problems, tumultuous love life, and sexual abuse, and crying alongside her guests, Winfrey has been credited by Time magazine with creating a new form of media communication known as "rapport talk" as distinguished from the "report talk" of Phil Donahue: "Winfrey saw television's power to blend public and private; while it links strangers and conveys information over public airwaves, TV is most often viewed in the privacy of our homes. Like a family member, it sits down to meals with us and talks to us in the lonely afternoons. Grasping this paradox, ... She makes people care because she cares. That is Winfrey's genius, and will be her legacy, as the changes she has wrought in the talk show continue to permeate our culture and shape our lives."[193]

Observers have also noted the "Oprahfication" of politics such as "Oprah-style debates" and Bill Clinton being described as "the man who brought Oprah-style psychobabble and misty confessions to politics".[194] Newsweek stated: "Every time a politician lets his lip quiver or a cable anchor 'emotes' on TV, they nod to the cult of confession that Oprah helped create."[195]

The November 1988 Ms. observed that "in a society where fat is taboo, she made it in a medium that worships thin and celebrates a bland, white-bread prettiness of body and personality [...] But Winfrey made fat sexy, elegant – damned near gorgeous – with her drop-dead wardrobe, easy body language, and cheerful sensuality."[196]

#### Daytime talk show's impact on LGBT people

[edit]

While Phil Donahue has been credited with pioneering the tabloid talk show genre, Winfrey's warmth, intimacy, and personal confession popularized and changed it.[13][14] Her success at popularizing the tabloid talk show genre opened up a thriving industry that has included Ricki Lake, The Jenny Jones Show, and The Jerry Springer Show. In the book Freaks Talk Back,[197] Yale sociology professor Joshua Gamson credits the tabloid talk show genre with providing much needed high-impact media visibility for gay, bisexual, transsexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and doing more to make them mainstream and socially acceptable than any other development of the 20th century. In the book's editorial review, Michael Bronski wrote, "In the recent past, lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgendered people had almost no presence on television. With the invention and propagation of tabloid talk shows such as Jerry Springer, Jenny Jones, Oprah, and Geraldo, people outside the sexual mainstream now appear in living rooms across America almost every day of the week."[198] Gamson credits the tabloid talk show with making alternative sexual orientations and identities more acceptable in mainstream society. Examples include a Time magazine article[page needed] on early 21st-century gays coming out of the closet at an increasingly younger age and on plummeting gay suicide rates. Gamson also believes that tabloid talk shows caused gays to be accepted on more traditional forms of media.

In April 1997, Winfrey played the therapist in "The Puppy Episode" on the sitcom Ellen to whom the character (and the real-life Ellen DeGeneres) came out as a lesbian.

### "The Oprah Effect"

[edit]

The power of Winfrey's opinions and endorsement to influence public opinion, especially consumer purchasing choices, has been dubbed "the Oprah Effect".[199] The effect has been documented or alleged in domains as diverse as book sales, beef markets, and election voting. Late in 1996,[200] Winfrey introduced the Oprah's Book Club segment to her television show. The segment focused on new books and classics and often brought obscure novels to popular attention. The book club became such a powerful force that whenever Winfrey introduced a new book as her book-club selection, it instantly became a best-seller; for example, when she selected the classic John Steinbeck novel East of Eden, it soared to the top of the book charts. Being recognized by Winfrey often means a million additional book sales for an author.[201] In Reading with Oprah: The Book Club that Changed America (2005), Kathleen Rooney describes Winfrey as "a serious American intellectual who pioneered the use of electronic media, specifically television and the Internet, to take reading – a decidedly non-technological and highly individual act – and highlight its social elements and uses in such a way to motivate millions of erstwhile non-readers to pick up books."

When author Jonathan Franzen's book was selected for the Book Club, he reportedly "cringed" and said selected books tend to be "schmaltzy".[202] After James Frey's A Million Little Pieces was found to contain fabrications in 2006, Winfrey confronted him on her show over the breach of trust. In 2009, Winfrey apologized to Frey for the public confrontation.[203] During a show about mad cow disease with Howard Lyman (aired on April 16, 1996), Winfrey said she was stopped cold from eating another burger. Texas cattlemen sued her and Lyman in early 1998 for "false defamation of perishable food" and "business disparagement," claiming that Winfrey's remarks sent cattle prices tumbling, costing beef producers $11 million. Winfrey was represented by attorney Chip Babcock and, on February 26, after a two-month trial in an Amarillo, Texas, court, a jury found Winfrey and Lyman were not liable for damages.[204][205] Winfrey's ability to launch other successful talk shows such as Dr. Phil, The Dr. Oz Show, and Rachael Ray has also been cited as examples of "The Oprah Effect".[206]

### Politics

[edit]

Matthew Baum and Angela Jamison performed an experiment testing their hypothesis, "Politically unaware individuals who consume soft news will be more likely to vote consistently than their counterparts who do not consume soft news".[207] In their studies, they found that low-awareness individuals who watch soft news shows, such as The Oprah Winfrey Show are 14% more likely to vote consistently than low-awareness individuals who only watch hard news.[207]

Winfrey joins Barack and Michelle Obama on the campaign trail (December 10, 2007).

Winfrey states she is a political independent who has "earned the right to think for myself and to vote for myself".[208] She endorsed presidential candidate Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election.[209][210][211] On September 25, 2006, Winfrey made her first endorsement of Obama for president on Larry King Live, the first time she endorsed a political candidate running for office.[212] Two economists estimate that Winfrey's endorsement was worth over a million votes in the Democratic primary race[213] and that without it, Obama would have lost the nomination.[214] Winfrey held a fundraiser for Obama on September 8, 2007, at her Santa Barbara estate. In December 2007, Winfrey joined Obama for a series of rallies in the early primary states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina. The Columbia, South Carolina, event on December 9, 2007, drew a crowd of nearly 30,000, the largest for any political event of 2007.[215] An analysis by two economists at the University of Maryland, College Park estimated that Winfrey's endorsement was responsible for between 420,000 and 1,600,000 votes for Obama in the Democratic primary alone, based on a sample of states that did not include Texas, Michigan, North Dakota, Kansas, or Alaska. The results suggest that in the sampled states, Winfrey's endorsement was responsible for the difference in the popular vote between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.[216] The governor of Illinois, Rod Blagojevich, reported being so impressed by Winfrey's endorsement that he considered offering Winfrey Obama's vacant senate seat, describing Winfrey as "the most instrumental person in electing Barack Obama president," with "a voice larger than all 100 senators combined".[217] Winfrey responded by stating that although she was absolutely not interested, she did feel she could be a senator.[218] The Topps trading card company memorialized Oprah's involvement in the campaign by featuring her on a card in a set commemorating Obama's road to the White House.[219]

In April 2014, Winfrey spoke for more than 20 minutes at a fundraiser in Arlington, Virginia, for Lavern Chatman, a candidate in a primary to nominate a Democratic Party candidate for election to the U.S. House of Representatives. Winfrey participated in the event even after reports had revealed that Chatman had been found liable in 2001 for her role in a scheme to defraud hundreds of District of Columbia nursing-home employees of at least $1.4 million in owed wages.[220]

Winfrey endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election, and referred to Republican candidate Donald Trump as a "demagogue".[221] In 2018, Winfrey canvassed door-to-door for Georgia gubernatorial Democratic nominee Stacey Abrams[222][223] and donated $500,000 to the March for Our Lives student demonstration in favor of gun control in the United States.[224]

Winfrey has at times been the subject of media speculation that she may run for president herself, most notably in the lead-up to the 2020 election in which some reports claimed that she was actively considering launching a campaign for the Democratic nomination.[225] Winfrey ultimately denied any plans to run for president, saying in 2018 that while it was "a humbling thing to have people think you can run the country", she "would not be able to do it. It's not a clean business. It would kill me."[226] Winfrey suggested that she would publicly endorse a candidate in the 2020 Democratic primaries, however she ultimately did not do so.[227] She later campaigned for Joe Biden during the general election.[228]

In early 2018, Winfrey met with Mohammad bin Salman, the crown prince and de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, when he visited the United States.[229]

Winfrey speaking at Maryland Governor Moore's inauguration, 2023

In the 2022 Pennsylvania Senate election, Winfrey endorsed Democrat John Fetterman over Republican Mehmet Oz, whose show she promoted.[230] In the 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election, she endorsed Baltimore author Wes Moore in the Democratic primary, co-hosting a virtual fundraiser for him in June.[231][232] Winfrey later attended and spoke at Moore's gubernatorial inauguration on January 18, 2023.[233][234]

In 2022, Winfrey set up OWN Your Vote, a nonpartisan group dedicated to voter registration and a get-out-the-vote campaign focused on providing Black women with tools and resources to vote in the November election.[235] Their partners include Advancement Project, African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), Color Of Change, Delta Sigma Theta sorority, The King Center, The Lawyers' Committee, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, National Action Network, National Bar Association, National Council of Negro Women, Sigma Gamma Rho, Southern Poverty Law Center, VoteRunLead, and Vote.org.[236][237][238][239][240][241][242]

On August 21, 2024, Winfrey endorsed Kamala Harris in the 2024 United States presidential election at the 2024 Democratic National Convention.[243]

### Spiritual leadership

[edit]

In 2000, she was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.[244] In 2002, Christianity Today published an article called "The Church of O" in which they concluded that Winfrey had emerged as an influential spiritual leader. "Since 1994, when she abandoned traditional talk-show fare for more edifying content, and 1998, when she began 'Change Your Life TV', Oprah's most significant role has become that of a spiritual leader. To her audience of more than 22 million mostly female viewers, she has become a postmodern priestess—an icon of church-free spirituality."[192] The sentiment was echoed by Marcia Z. Nelson in her book The Gospel According to Oprah.[245] Since the mid-1990s, Winfrey's show has emphasized uplifting and inspirational topics and themes and some viewers say the show has motivated them to perform acts of altruism such as helping Congolese women and building an orphanage.[246] A scientific study by psychological scientists at the University of Cambridge, University of Plymouth, and University of California used an uplifting clip from The Oprah Winfrey Show in an experiment that discovered that watching the 'uplifting' clip caused subjects to become twice as helpful as subjects assigned to watch a British comedy or nature documentary.[247][248]

In 1998, Winfrey began an ongoing conversation with Gary Zukav, an American spiritual teacher, who appeared on her television show 35 times.[249] Winfrey has said she keeps a copy of Zukav's The Seat of the Soul at her bedside, a book that she says is one of her all-time favorites.[250]

On the season premiere of Winfrey's 13th season, Roseanne Barr told Winfrey "you're the African Mother Goddess of us all" inspiring much enthusiasm from the studio audience. The animated series Futurama alluded to her spiritual influence by suggesting that "Oprahism" is a mainstream religion in 3000 AD.[251] Twelve days after the September 11 attacks, New York mayor Rudy Giuliani asked Winfrey to serve as host of a Prayer for America service at New York City's Yankee Stadium, which was attended by former president Bill Clinton and New York senator Hillary Clinton.[252] Leading up to the U.S.-led 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, less than a month after the September 11 attacks, Winfrey aired a controversial show called "Islam 101" in which she portrayed Islam as a religion of peace, calling it "the most misunderstood of the three major religions".[253] In 2002, George W. Bush invited Winfrey to join a US delegation that included adviser Karen Hughes and Condoleezza Rice, planning to go to Afghanistan to celebrate the return of Afghan girls to school. The "Oprah strategy" was designed to portray the War on Terror in a positive light; however, when Winfrey refused to participate, the trip was postponed.[254]

Leading up to the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Winfrey's show received criticism for allegedly having an anti-war bias. Ben Shapiro of Townhall.com wrote: "Oprah Winfrey is the most powerful woman in America. She decides what makes The New York Times Best Seller lists. Her touchy-feely style sucks in audiences at the rate of 14 million viewers per day. But Oprah is far more than a cultural force, she's a dangerous political force as well, a woman with unpredictable and mercurial attitudes toward the major issues of the day."[255] In 2006, Winfrey recalled such controversies: "I once did a show titled Is War the Only Answer? In the history of my career, I've never received more hate mail – like 'Go back to Africa' hate mail. I was accused of being un-American for even raising the question."[256] Filmmaker Michael Moore came to Winfrey's defense, praising her for showing antiwar footage no other media would show[257] and begging her to run for president.[258]

A February 2003 series, in which Winfrey showed clips from people all over the world asking America not to go to war, was interrupted in several East Coast markets by network broadcasts of a press conference in which President George W. Bush and Colin Powell summarized the case for war.[259][260]

In 2007, Winfrey began to endorse the self-help program The Secret. The Secret claims that people can change their lives through positive thoughts or 'vibrations', which will then cause them to attract more positive vibrations that result in good things happening to them. Peter Birkenhead of Salon magazine argued that this idea is pseudoscience and psychologically damaging, as it trivializes important decisions and promotes a quick-fix material culture, and suggests Winfrey's promotion of it is irresponsible given her influence.[261] In 2007, skeptic and magician James Randi accused Winfrey of being deliberately deceptive and uncritical in how she handles paranormal claims on her show.[262] In 2008, Winfrey endorsed author and spiritual teacher Eckhart Tolle and his book, A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life's Purpose, which sold several million extra copies after being selected for her book club. During a Webinar class, in which she promoted the book, Winfrey stated "God is a feeling experience and not a believing experience. If your religion is a believing experience [...] then that's not truly God."[263] Frank Pastore, a Christian radio talk show host on KKLA, was among the many Christian leaders who criticized Winfrey's views, saying "if she's a Christian, she's an ignorant one because Christianity is incompatible with New Age thought".[263]

Winfrey was named as the 2008 Person of the Year by animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) for using her fame and listening audience to help the less fortunate, including animals. PETA praised Winfrey for using her talk show to uncover horrific cases of cruelty to animals in puppy mills and on factory farms, and Winfrey even used the show to highlight the cruelty-free vegan diet that she tried.[264]

Winfrey filming in Denmark in 2009

In 2009, Winfrey filmed a series of interviews in Denmark highlighting its citizens as the happiest people in the world. In 2010, Bill O'Reilly of Fox News criticized these shows for promoting a left-wing society.[265] Following the launch of the Super Soul Sunday and SuperSoul Sessions programs on Harpo Productions' SuperSoul TV, in 2016 Winfrey selected 100 people for the SuperSoul 100 list of "innovators and visionaries who are aligned on a mission to move humanity forward".[266][267]

On using the N-word, Winfrey said, "You cannot be my friend and use that word around me. ... I always think of the...people who heard that as their last word as they were hanging from a tree."[268]

### Fan base

[edit]

The viewership for The Oprah Winfrey Show was highest during the 1991–92 season, when about 13.1 million U.S. viewers were watching each day. By 2003, ratings declined to 7.4 million daily viewers.[269] Ratings briefly rebounded to approximately 9 million in 2005 and then declined again to around 7.3 million viewers in 2008, though it remained the highest-rated talk show.[270]

In 2008, Winfrey's show was airing in 140 countries internationally and seen by an estimated 46 million people in the US weekly.[271][272] According to the Harris poll, Winfrey was America's favorite television personality in 1998, 2000, 2002–06, and 2009. Winfrey was especially popular among women, Democrats, political moderates, Baby Boomers, Generation X, Southern Americans, and East Coast Americans.[273]

Outside the U.S., Winfrey has become increasingly popular in the Arab world. The Wall Street Journal reported in 2007 that MBC 4, an Arab satellite channel, centered its entire programming around reruns of her show because it was drawing record numbers of female viewers in Saudi Arabia.[274] In 2008, The New York Times reported that The Oprah Winfrey Show, with Arabic subtitles, was broadcast twice each weekday on MBC 4. Winfrey's modest dress, combined with her attitude of triumph over adversity and abuse has caused some women in Saudi Arabia to idealize her.[275]

### Philanthropy

[edit]

Winfrey visits evacuees from New Orleans temporarily sheltered at the Reliant center in Houston following Hurricane Katrina.

In 2004, Winfrey became the first Black person to rank among the 50 most generous Americans[276] and she remained among the top 50 until 2010.[277] By 2012, she had given away about $400 million to educational causes.[278]

As of 2012, Winfrey had also given over 400 scholarships to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.[160] Winfrey was the recipient of the first Bob Hope Humanitarian Award at the 2002 Emmy Awards for services to television and film. To celebrate two decades on national TV, and to thank her employees for their hard work, Winfrey took her staff and their families (1,065 people in total) on vacation to Hawaii in the summer of 2006.[279]

In 2013, Winfrey donated $12 million to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture.[280] President Barack Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom later that same year.[281]

#### Oprah's Angel Network

[edit]

Main article: Oprah's Angel Network

In 1998, Winfrey created Oprah's Angel Network, a charity that supported charitable projects and provided grants to nonprofit organizations around the world. Oprah's Angel Network raised more than $80 million ($1 million of which was donated by Jon Bon Jovi). Winfrey personally covered all administrative costs associated with the charity, so 100% of all funds raised went to charity programs. In May 2010, with Oprah's show ending, the charity stopped accepting donations and was shut down.[282][283]

#### South Africa

[edit]

Main article: Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls

In 2004, Winfrey and her team filmed an episode of her show, "Oprah's Christmas Kindness", in which Winfrey travelled to South Africa to bring attention to the plight of young children affected by poverty and AIDS. During the 21-day trip, Winfrey and her crew visited schools and orphanages in poverty-stricken areas, and distributed Christmas presents to 50,000 children,[284] with dolls for the girls and soccer balls for the boys, and school supplies. Throughout the show, Winfrey appealed to viewers to donate money to Oprah's Angel Network for poor and AIDS-affected children in Africa. From that show alone, viewers around the world donated over $7 million. Winfrey invested $40 million and some of her time establishing the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls in Henley on Klip south of Johannesburg, South Africa. The school, set over 22 acres, opened in January 2007 with an enrollment of 150 pupils (increasing to 450) and features state-of-the-art classrooms, computer and science laboratories, a library, a theatre, and a beauty salon. Nelson Mandela praised Winfrey for overcoming her own disadvantaged youth to become a benefactor for others. Critics considered the school elitist and unnecessarily luxurious.[285] Winfrey rejected the claims, saying: "If you are surrounded by beautiful things and wonderful teachers who inspire you, that beauty brings out the beauty in you."[285] Winfrey, who has no surviving biological children, described maternal feelings towards the girls at Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls.[286][287] Winfrey teaches a class at the school via satellite.[286]

## Filmography

[edit]

Main article: Media works of Oprah Winfrey

## Bibliography

[edit]

By Oprah Winfrey

* Winfrey, Oprah (1996). The Uncommon Wisdom of Oprah Winfrey: A Portrait in Her Own Words
* Winfrey, Oprah (1998). Journey to Beloved (Photography by Ken Regan)
* Winfrey, Oprah (1998). Make the Connection: Ten Steps to a Better Body and a Better Life (co-authored with Bob Greene)
* Winfrey, Oprah (2000). Oprah Winfrey: The Soul and Spirit of a Superstar
* Winfrey, Oprah (2014). What I Know for Sure
* Winfrey, Oprah (2016). Mr. or Ms. Just Right (co-authored with B. Grace)
* Winfrey, Oprah (2017). Food, Health and Happiness
* Winfrey, Oprah (2017). The Wisdom of Sundays: Life-Changing Insights from Super Soul Conversations
* Winfrey, Oprah (2017). The Wisdom Journal: The Companion to The Wisdom of Sundays
* Winfrey, Oprah (2019). The Path Made Clear: Discovering Your Life's Direction and Purpose
* Winfrey, Oprah (2021). What Happened to You?: Conversations on Trauma, Resilience, and Healing (co-authored with B. Perry)

## Awards, honors, and recognition

[edit]

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Oprah Winfrey

* American Library Association Honorary Membership (1997)
* Honorary degrees[288] from: Princeton University, Howard University, Duke University, Harvard University,[22] University of Massachusetts Lowell,[289] University of the Free State,[290] Tennessee State University,[291] Spelman College,[292] Colorado College,[293] Smith College,[294] Skidmore College[295]
* Mural including her image by Shawn Michael Warren in Chicago (painted in 2020)[296]
* Portrait of her by Shawn Michael Warren for the National Portrait Gallery (unveiled in 2023)[296]

## See also

[edit]

* African Americans in Mississippi

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Winfrey has said in interviews that 'my name had been chosen from the Bible. My Aunt Ida had chosen the name, but nobody really knew how to spell it, so it went down as "Orpah" on my birth certificate, but people didn't know how to pronounce it, so they put the "P" before the "R" in every place else other than the birth certificate. On the birth certificate it is Orpah, but then it got translated to Oprah, so here we are.'[2]
2. ^ Mississippi farmer and World War II Veteran Noah Robinson Sr. (born c. 1925) has claimed to be Winfrey's biological father.[29]
3. ^ A genetic claim to be Native American is much less reliable than a finding about other ancestries. In general, Native American tribes have rejected this type of genetic information in considering membership. No genetic tests can definitively prove Native American ancestry.[31]
4. ^ Forbes magazine says there are only 10 self-made women billionaires in the world and Winfrey is the richest of the 4 listed as U.S. billionaires.[161]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Oprah Winfrey in Melbourne for Australian tour 2015 spreads a message of love, reveals lost child". News.com.au. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
2. ^ a b "Oprah Winfrey Interview". Oprah Winfrey. Academy of Achievement. February 21, 1991. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
3. ^ "Oprah Winfrey signs with King World Productions for new three-year contract to continue as host and producer of "The Oprah Winfrey Show" through 2010–2011" (Press release). King World Productions. August 4, 2004. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
4. ^ a b "Oprah Winfrey". Biography. February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
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## Sources

[edit]

* Mair, George (1994). Oprah Winfrey: The Real Story. Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 1559722509. (Mair (1995). updated.) (updated 2001)
* Moore, Michael (2003). Dude, Where's My Country?. Warner Books. ISBN 0446532231.
* Cooper, Irene (2007). Oprah Winfrey. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-06162-4.

## External links

[edit]

Oprah Winfrey at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website
* Oprah Winfrey at IMDb
* NPR "Oprah: The Billionaire Everywoman". Audio file, video and biography. Retrieved September 17, 2010
* Works by Oprah Winfrey at Open Library
* Oprah Winfrey (Archived February 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine)—Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Watching Oprah (Archived April 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine)—Smithsonian exhibition on the Oprah Show and Winfrey

* v
* t
* e

Oprah Winfrey

Media works|

| Broadcasting
and publishing|

* The Oprah Winfrey Show
* Oprah's Book Club
* Oprah's Favorite Things
* No Phone Zone
* Oprah After the Show
* Michael Jackson Talks ... to Oprah
* O, The Oprah Magazine
* Oprah Radio
* Oprah Winfrey Network
* Canada
* Oprah's Lifeclass
* Oprah's Master Class
* Oprah Prime
* Oprah's Book Club 2.0
* The Life You Want
* Oprah's Book Club
* The Oprah Conversation
* Oprah with Meghan and Harry
* The Me You Can't See

|

Films produced|

* Beloved (1998)
* The Great Debaters (2007)
* The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
* Selma (2014)
* Sidney (2022)
* The Color Purple (2023)

Other|

* Endorsement of Barack Obama
* Harpo Productions
* Awards and nominations
* Oprahization
* Oprah Winfrey Foundation
* Oprah's Angel Network
* Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls
* Oprah Winfrey (painting)

Related|

* Stedman Graham

Category

Awards for Oprah Winfrey

* v
* t
* e

AARP Movies for Grownups Award for Best Supporting Actress

* Ruby Dee (2007)
* Christine Baranski / Julie Walters (2008)
* Kim Basinger (2009)
* Phylicia Rashad (2010)
* Vanessa Redgrave (2011)
* Jacki Weaver (2012)
* Oprah Winfrey (2013)
* Rene Russo (2014)
* Diane Ladd (2015)
* Viola Davis (2016)
* Laurie Metcalf (2017)
* Judi Dench (2018)
* Laura Dern (2019)
* Jodie Foster (2020)
* Aunjanue Ellis (2021)
* Judith Ivey (2022)
* Jodie Foster (2023)
* Joan Chen (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Bob Hope Humanitarian Award

* Oprah Winfrey (2002)
* Bill Cosby (2003)
* Danny Thomas (2004)
* George Clooney (2010)
* Sean Penn (2022)
* Ted Danson and Mary Steenburgen (2025)

* v
* t
* e

Cecil B. DeMille Award

* Cecil B. DeMille (1951)
* Walt Disney (1952)
* Darryl F. Zanuck (1953)
* Jean Hersholt (1954)
* Jack L. Warner (1955)
* Mervyn LeRoy (1956)
* Buddy Adler (1957)
* Maurice Chevalier (1958)
* Bing Crosby (1959)
* Fred Astaire (1960)
* Judy Garland (1961)
* Bob Hope (1962)
* Joseph E. Levine (1963)
* James Stewart (1964)
* John Wayne (1965)
* Charlton Heston (1966)
* Kirk Douglas (1967)
* Gregory Peck (1968)
* Joan Crawford (1969)
* Frank Sinatra (1970)
* Alfred Hitchcock (1971)
* Samuel Goldwyn (1972)
* Bette Davis (1973)
* Hal B. Wallis (1974)
* No Award (1975)
* Walter Mirisch (1976)
* Red Skelton (1977)
* Lucille Ball (1978)
* Henry Fonda (1979)
* Gene Kelly (1980)
* Sidney Poitier (1981)
* Laurence Olivier (1982)
* Paul Newman (1983)
* Elizabeth Taylor (1984)
* Barbara Stanwyck (1985)
* Anthony Quinn (1986)
* Clint Eastwood (1987)
* Doris Day (1988)
* Audrey Hepburn (1989)
* Jack Lemmon (1990)
* Robert Mitchum (1991)
* Lauren Bacall (1992)
* Robert Redford (1993)
* Sophia Loren (1994)
* Sean Connery (1995)
* Dustin Hoffman (1996)
* Shirley MacLaine (1997)
* Jack Nicholson (1998)
* Barbra Streisand (1999)
* Al Pacino (2000)
* Harrison Ford (2001)
* Gene Hackman (2002)
* Michael Douglas (2003)
* Robin Williams (2004)
* Anthony Hopkins (2005)
* Warren Beatty (2006)
* No Award (2007)
* Steven Spielberg (2008)
* Martin Scorsese (2009)
* Robert De Niro (2010)
* Morgan Freeman (2011)
* Jodie Foster (2012)
* Woody Allen (2013)
* George Clooney (2014)
* Denzel Washington (2015)
* Meryl Streep (2016)
* Oprah Winfrey (2017)
* Jeff Bridges (2018)
* Tom Hanks (2019)
* Jane Fonda (2020)
* No Award (2021)
* Eddie Murphy (2022)
* No Award (2023)
* Viola Davis (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Disney Legends Awards (2010s)

2011|

* Jodi Benson
* Barton "Bo" Boyd*
* Jim Henson*
* Linda Larkin
* Paige O'Hara
* Regis Philbin
* Anika Noni Rose
* Lea Salonga
* Raymond Watson
* Guy Williams*
* Bonita Granville Wrather*
* Jack Wrather*

2013|

* Tony Baxter
* Collin Campbell
* Dick Clark*
* Billy Crystal
* John Goodman
* Steve Jobs*
* Glen Keane
* Ed Wynn*

2015|

* George Bodenheimer
* Julie Reihm Casaletto
* Andreas Deja
* Johnny Depp
* Eyvind Earle*
* Danny Elfman
* Susan Lucci
* George Lucas
* Carson Van Osten

2017|

* Clyde Geronimi*
* Whoopi Goldberg
* Manuel Gonzales*
* Carrie Fisher*
* Mark Hamill
* Jack Kirby*
* Wayne Jackson
* Stan Lee
* Garry Marshall*
* Julie Taymor
* Oprah Winfrey

2019|

* Christina Aguilera
* Wing T. Chao
* Robert Downey Jr.
* Jon Favreau
* James Earl Jones
* Bette Midler
* Kenny Ortega
* Barnette Ricci
* Robin Roberts
* Diane Sawyer
* Ming-Na Wen
* Hans Zimmer

* Awarded posthumously

* Complete list
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

* v
* t
* e

Daytime Emmy Lifetime Achievement Award

* Charita Bauer / Larry Haines / Mary Stuart (1985)
* Pamela Ilott (1986)
* Mark Goodson (1990)
* William J. Bell (1992)
* Douglas Marland (1993)
* Dick Clark (1994)
* Betty Corday / Ted Corday (1995)
* Phil Donahue (1996)
* Fred Rogers (1997)
* Oprah Winfrey (1998)
* Bob Barker (1999)
* Barbara Walters (2000)
* Ralph Edwards (2001)
* John Cannon (2002)
* Art Linkletter (2003)
* Rachel Ames / John Clarke / Jeanne Cooper / Eileen Fulton / Don Hastings / Anna Lee / Ray MacDonnell / Frances Reid / Helen Wagner / Ruth Warrick (2004)
* Merv Griffin (2005)
* Caroll Spinney (2006)
* Lee Phillip Bell / James Lipton (2007)
* Regis Philbin (2008)
* Sesame Street (2009)
* Agnes Nixon (2010)
* Pat Sajak / Alex Trebek (2011)
* Bill Geddie (2012)
* Monty Hall / Bob Stewart (2013)
* Russell Morash (2014)
* Betty White (2015)
* Sonia Manzano (2016)
* Mary Hart (2017)
* Susan Seaforth Hayes / Bill Hayes / Sid and Marty Krofft (2018)
* Jacques Pépin / Judy Sheindlin (2019)
* John Aniston (2022)
* Susan Lucci / Maury Povich (2023)
* Lidia Bastianich / Edward J. Scott / Melody Thomas Scott (2024)

No lifetime achievement award was presented in 2020 and 2021.[1]

* v
* t
* e

Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Daytime Talk Series Host

1970s|

* Dinah Shore (1974)
* Barbara Walters (1975)
* Dinah Shore (1976)
* Phil Donahue (1977)
* Phil Donahue (1978)
* Phil Donahue (1979)

1980s|

* Phil Donahue (1980)
* Hugh Downs (1981)
* Phil Donahue (1982)
* Phil Donahue (1983)
* Gary Collins (1984)
* Phil Donahue (1985)
* Phil Donahue (1986)
* Oprah Winfrey (1987)
* Phil Donahue (1988)
* Sally Jessy Raphael (1989)

1990s|

* Joan Rivers (1990)
* Oprah Winfrey (1991)
* Oprah Winfrey (1992)
* Oprah Winfrey (1993)
* Oprah Winfrey (1994)
* Oprah Winfrey (1995)
* Montel Williams (1996)
* Rosie O'Donnell (1997)
* Rosie O'Donnell / Oprah Winfrey (1998)
* Rosie O'Donnell (1999)

2000s|

* Rosie O'Donnell (2000)
* Rosie O'Donnell / Regis Philbin (2001)
* Rosie O'Donnell (2002)
* Wayne Brady (2003)
* Wayne Brady (2004)
* Ellen DeGeneres (2005)
* Ellen DeGeneres (2006)
* Ellen DeGeneres (2007)
* Ellen DeGeneres (2008)
* Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Sherri Shepherd, Elisabeth Hasselbeck & Barbara Walters (2009)

2010s|

* Mehmet Oz (2010)
* Regis Philbin and Kelly Ripa / Mehmet Oz (2011)
* Regis Philbin and Kelly Ripa (2012)
* Ricki Lake (2013)
* Katie Couric / Mehmet Oz (2014)

2020s|

* Kelly Clarkson (2023)
* Mark Consuelos and Kelly Ripa (2024)

From 2015–2022, the category was split into Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host and Outstanding Informative Talk Show Host.

* v
* t
* e

International Emmy Founders Award

1980s|

* Jim Henson (1980)
* Roone Arledge / Shaun Sutton (1981)
* Michael Landon (1982)
* Herbert Brodkin (1983)
* David L. Wolper (1984)
* David Attenborough (1985)
* Donald L. Taffner (1986)
* Jacques Cousteau (1987)
* Goar Mestre (1988)
* Paul Fox (1989)

1990s|

* Joan Ganz Cooney (1990)
* Adrian Cowell (1991)
* Bill Cosby (1992)
* Richard Dunn (1993)
* Film on Four (1994)
* Don Hewitt (1995)
* Reg Grundy (1996)
* Jac Venza (1997)
* Robert Halmi Sr. (1998)
* Hisashi Hieda (1999)

2000s|

* John Hendricks (2000)
* Pierre Lescure (2001)
* Howard Stringer (2002)
* HBO (2003)
* MTV International (2004)
* Oprah Winfrey (2005)
* Steven Spielberg (2006)
* Al Gore (2007)
* Dick Wolf (2008)
* David Frost (2009)

2010s|

* Simon Cowell (2010)
* Nigel Lythgoe (2011)
* Alan Alda / Norman Lear / Ryan Murphy (2012)
* J. J. Abrams (2013)
* Matthew Weiner (2014)
* Julian Fellowes (2015)
* Shonda Rhimes (2016)
* No Award (2017)
* Greg Berlanti (2018)
* David Benioff / D. B. Weiss (2019)

2020s|

* ~~Andrew Cuomo~~ (2020)
* Ava DuVernay (2022)
* Jesse Armstrong (2023)
* David E. Kelley (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award

1956–2009|

* Y. Frank Freeman (1956)
* Samuel Goldwyn (1957)
* Bob Hope (1959)
* Sol Lesser (1960)
* George Seaton (1961)
* Steve Broidy (1962)
* Edmond L. DePatie (1965)
* George Bagnall (1966)
* Gregory Peck (1967)
* Martha Raye (1968)
* George Jessel (1969)
* Frank Sinatra (1970)
* Rosalind Russell (1972)
* Lew Wasserman (1973)
* Arthur B. Krim (1974)
* Jules C. Stein (1975)
* Charlton Heston (1977)
* Leo Jaffe (1978)
* Robert Benjamin (1979)
* Danny Kaye (1981)
* Walter Mirisch (1982)
* M. J. Frankovich (1983)
* David L. Wolper (1984)
* Charles "Buddy" Rogers (1985)
* Howard W. Koch (1989)
* Audrey Hepburn / Elizabeth Taylor (1992)
* Paul Newman (1993)
* Quincy Jones (1994)
* Arthur Hiller (2001)
* Roger Mayer (2005)
* Sherry Lansing (2007)
* Jerry Lewis (2009)

2011–present|

* Oprah Winfrey (2011)
* Jeffrey Katzenberg (2012)
* Angelina Jolie (2013)
* Harry Belafonte (2014)
* Debbie Reynolds (2015)
* Geena Davis (2019)
* Tyler Perry / Motion Picture & Television Fund (2020)
* Danny Glover (2021)
* Michael J. Fox (2022)
* Michelle Satter (2023)
* Richard Curtis (2024)
* Dolly Parton (2025)

* v
* t
* e

Jefferson Awards for Public Service

U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Outstanding Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official

* Henry Kissinger
* Elliot Richardson
* Peter W. Rodino
* Arthur F. Burns, Alan Greenspan, William E. Simon
* Michael Mansfield
* Hubert Humphrey
* Kenneth A. Gibson, William Donald Schaefer, Coleman Young
* Cyrus Vance
* Warren Christopher
* Howard Baker
* Paul Volcker
* William H. Webster
* James Baker
* George Shultz
* William J. Brennan
* C. Everett Koop
* Paul Nitze
* Colin Powell
* Dick Cheney
* Thurgood Marshall
* Carla Hills
* George J. Mitchell, Bob Michel
* Harry Blackmun
* Sam Nunn
* Bob Dole
* Robert Rubin
* Daniel Patrick Moynihan
* John Glenn
* Madeleine Albright
* Rudy Giuliani
* Condoleezza Rice
* Sandra Day O'Connor
* Lee Hamilton, Thomas Kean
* John Lewis
* Richard M. Daley
* Joe Lieberman
* Ted Kennedy
* Michael Bloomberg, Cory Booker
* Ruth Bader Ginsburg
* David Petraeus
* Tom Coburn, Patrick Leahy
* Gabby Giffords
* Sonia Sotomayor
* Arne Duncan
* Deval Patrick

S. Roger Horchow Award for Outstanding Public Service by a Private Citizen

* John W. Gardner
* Ralph Nader
* Katharine Graham
* John D. Rockefeller III
* Art Buchwald
* Paul Mellon
* Howard Jarvis
* Norman Borlaug
* Walter Cronkite
* Bob Hope
* Kirk Douglas
* J. Peter Grace
* Lee Iacocca
* Ross Perot
* Irving Brown
* James W. Rouse
* Leo Cherne
* Jimmy Carter
* Robert Macauley
* Faye Wattleton
* James E. Burke
* James Brady, Sarah Brady
* Walter H. Annenberg
* Brian Lamb
* Nancy Brinker
* Oprah Winfrey
* Elizabeth Dole
* Elayne Bennett
* Ted Benna
* Lilly Tartikoff
* Anne Douglas
* Ken Burns
* Vartan Gregorian
* Jeffrey Sachs
* Edward Jagen
* Greg Mortenson, Pamela Hawley
* Paul Farmer
* Bill Shore
* Harry Connick Jr., Branford Marsalis
* Elie Wiesel
* Andrew Shue, Charles Best
* Jeff Skoll, Ivan Hageman
* Sean Parker
* Peter Diamandis, Sheila Johnson

Outstanding Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged

* Cesar Chavez
* Thomas Szasz
* Leon Sullivan
* Theodore Hesburgh
* Howard Rusk
* Jerry Lewis
* Jesse Jackson
* Allard Lowenstein
* Marva Collins
* Claude Pepper
* Helen Hayes
* Maude E. Callen
* Betty Ford
* Eugene Lang
* Ginetta Sagan
* Bruce Ritter
* Kimi Gray
* Jaime Escalante
* Marian Wright Edelman
* Eunice Shriver
* Arthur Ashe
* Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward
* Barbara Bush
* Rosalynn Carter
* Oseola McCarty
* Thaddeus S. Lott Sr.
* Millard Fuller
* Benjamin Carson
* Dorothy Height
* Bill Gates, Melinda Gates
* Mathilde Krim
* Fred L. Shuttlesworth
* Dave Pelzer
* I. King Jordan
* Geoffrey Canada
* Darell Hammond
* William E. Milliken
* Jim Gibbons
* Jerry Reinsdorf
* Richard Proudfit
* Dolores Huerta
* Pedro José Greer
* Kyle Zimmer

Samuel S. Beard Award for Outstanding Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under

* Joseph Yablonski
* Maynard Jackson
* Emmett Tyrrell
* Vilma S. Martinez
* Max Cleland
* Bernard Powell
* Denis Hayes
* 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team
* David Stockman
* Henry Cisneros
* Jan Scruggs
* Sally Ride
* Trevor Ferrell
* Robert Hayes
* Steve Jobs
* Marlee Matlin
* Marc Buoniconti
* Anne Donahue
* Wendy Kopp
* Michael Brown, Alan Khazei
* Mary Taylor
* Wayne Meisel
* Stacey Bess
* Andrea Jaeger
* Michael Danziger
* Bobby Jindal
* Anthony Shriver
* Faith Hill
* Lance Armstrong
* Chad Pregracke
* Matthew Meyer
* Kirsten Lodal, Brian Kreiter
* Benjamin Shuldiner
* Peyton Manning
* Lindsay Hyde
* Ocean Robbins
* Jennifer Staple
* Tad Skylar Agoglia
* Brittany Bergquist, Robbie Bergquist
* Amber Lynn Coffman
* Neilesh Patel
* Jack Andraka
* Lauren Bush
* The Young American Soldier
* Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, Ayọ Tometi

Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports

* Nnamdi Asomugha, Tyrus Thomas, Curtis Granderson, Stuart Holden, Dwight Howard, Dirk Nowitzki, Justin Tuck, Lauryn Williams, Venus Williams, Ryan Zimmerman
* Drew Brees, Tamika Catchings, Stephen Curry, Warrick Dunn, Brad Davis, Ernie Els, Ryan Hall, Paul Pierce, CC Sabathia, Brian Westbrook
* Jeremy Affeldt, Dereck Faulkner, Julie Foudy, Jeff Karstens, Jim Kelly, Charlie Kimball, Pat LaFontaine, Hannibal Navies, Jeff Saturday, Troy Vincent, Marty Lyons
* Mark Ein
* Mariano Rivera, James Thrash
* Fred Jackson
* Eric Decker
* Joe Torre

Lifetime Achievement in Public Service

* Ray Chambers
* Marlo Thomas
* Craig Hatkoff, Jane Rosenthal, Robert De Niro
* The Robin Hood Foundation
* Tom Brokaw
* Billie Jean King
* Harry Belafonte

Outstanding National or Global Service by a Young American 25 Years or Under

* Ellie Duke, Katherine Foronda, Ted Gonder, Dallas Jessup, Emma Lindle, Tristan Love, Jessie Mintz, Zoe Ridolfi-Starr, Joe Togani, Kelly Voigt
* Sicomac Elementary School Student Council, Sashin Choksh, Morgan Harley, Greg Nance, Nick Hebert, Patrick Ip, Talia Lemon, Sarah Nuss, Mordecai Scott, Jessica Singer, Tyrone Stevenson, Vanessa Strickland
* Lillian Pravda, Maria Keller
* Corinne Hindes, Katrine Krisebom, Kid President
* Sophia Sánchez-Maes
* Laurie Hernandez

Outstanding Public Service by a Corporation

* Prudential, Starkey Laboratories
* Pfizer
* General Electric
* Weyerhaeuser
* Target Corporation
* Salesforce
* Warby Parker

* v
* t
* e

Kennedy Center Honorees (2010s)

2010|

* Merle Haggard
* Jerry Herman
* Bill T. Jones
* Paul McCartney
* Oprah Winfrey

2011|

* Barbara Cook
* Neil Diamond
* Yo-Yo Ma
* Sonny Rollins
* Meryl Streep

2012|

* Buddy Guy
* Dustin Hoffman
* David Letterman
* Led Zeppelin
* Natalia Makarova

2013|

* Martina Arroyo
* Herbie Hancock
* Billy Joel
* Shirley MacLaine
* Carlos Santana

2014|

* Al Green
* Tom Hanks
* Patricia McBride
* Sting
* Lily Tomlin

2015|

* Carole King
* George Lucas
* Rita Moreno
* Seiji Ozawa
* Cicely Tyson

2016|

* Martha Argerich
* Eagles
* Al Pacino
* Mavis Staples
* James Taylor

2017|

* Carmen de Lavallade
* Gloria Estefan
* LL Cool J
* Norman Lear
* Lionel Richie

2018|

* Cher
* Philip Glass
* Reba McEntire
* Wayne Shorter
* Hamilton (Lin-Manuel Miranda, Thomas Kail, Alex Lacamoire, and Andy Blankenbuehler)

2019|

* Earth, Wind & Fire
* Sally Field
* Linda Ronstadt
* Sesame Street
* Michael Tilson Thomas

* Complete list
* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

* v
* t
* e

Montecito Award

Award|

* Annette Bening (2005)
* Naomi Watts (2006)
* Bill Condon (2007)
* Javier Bardem (2008)
* Kate Winslet (2009)
* Julianne Moore (2010)
* Geoffrey Rush (2011)
* Daniel Day-Lewis (2013)
* Oprah Winfrey (2014)
* Jennifer Aniston (2015)
* Sylvester Stallone (2016)
* Isabelle Huppert (2017)
* Saoirse Ronan (2018)
* Melissa McCarthy (2019)
* Lupita Nyong'o (2020)
* Amanda Seyfried (2021)
* Penelope Cruz (2022)
* Angela Bassett (2023)
* Jeffrey Wright (2024)
* Colman Domingo (2025)

Festival editions|

* 2024
* 2025

* v
* t
* e

NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year

* Dionne Warwick (1985)
* Patti LaBelle (1986)
* Dionne Warwick (1987)
* Lionel Richie (1988)
* Eddie Murphy (1989)
* Oprah Winfrey (1990)
* Patti LaBelle (1991)
* Michael Jackson (1992)
* Whitney Houston (1993)
* Quincy Jones (1995)
* Denzel Washington (1996)
* Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds (1997)
* Will Smith (1998)
* Halle Berry (1999)
* Steve Harvey (2000)
* Beyoncé (2003)
* Jamie Foxx (2012)
* Kevin Hart (2013)
* Taraji P. Henson (2014)
* Michael B. Jordan (2015)
* Dwayne Johnson (2016)
* Ava DuVernay (2017)
* Beyoncé (2018)
* Lizzo (2019)
* D-Nice (2020)
* Jennifer Hudson (2021)
* Angela Bassett (2022)
* Usher (2023)
* Keke Palmer (2024)

* v
* t
* e

NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award

* Lena Horne / Ray Charles (1983)
* Ella Fitzgerald / Marian Anderson / Gordon Parks / Alberta Hunter / Paul Robeson (1984)
* Esther Rolle / Linda Hopkins (1987)
* Marvin Gaye (1988)
* Sammy Davis Jr. / Oprah Winfrey / Ossie Davis / Ruby Dee (1989)
* Etta James (1990)
* Four Tops / The O'Jays / The Temptations / The Dells (1992)
* Carmen McRae and Jerry Butler (1993)
* Earth, Wind & Fire (1994)
* Richard Pryor (1996)
* Aretha Franklin / George Clinton (1997)
* Nancy Wilson / The Isley Brothers (1998)
* Kathleen Battle (1999)
* Sidney Poitier (2001)
* Little Richard (2002)
* Spike Lee (2003)
* Ray Charles (2004)
* Oprah Winfrey (2005)
* Carlos Santana (2006)
* Bill Cosby (2007)
* Stevie Wonder (2008)
* Clarence Avant (2009)
* Eddie Murphy (2021)
* Wayans family (2024)

* v
* t
* e

NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture

* Beah Richards (1970)
* No Awards (1971–1984)
* Oprah Winfrey (1985)
* No Award (1986)
* Traci Wolfe (1987)
* Juanita Waterman (1988)
* Suzzanne Douglas (1989)
* Whoopi Goldberg (1990)
* No Awards (1991)
* Angela Bassett (1992)
* No Awards (1993–1994)
* Loretta Devine (1995)
* Loretta Devine (1996)
* Irma P. Hall (1997)
* Whoopi Goldberg (1998)
* Angela Bassett (1999)
* Alfre Woodard (2000)
* Angela Bassett (2001)
* Halle Berry (2002)
* Alfre Woodard (2003)
* Regina King (2004)
* Cicely Tyson (2005)
* Jennifer Hudson (2006)
* Janet Jackson (2007)
* Taraji P. Henson (2008)
* Mo'Nique (2009)
* Kimberly Elise (2010)
* Octavia Spencer (2011)
* Kerry Washington (2012)
* Lupita Nyong'o (2013)
* Carmen Ejogo (2014)
* Phylicia Rashad (2015)
* Viola Davis (2016)
* Tiffany Haddish (2017)
* Danai Gurira (2018)
* Marsai Martin (2019)
* Phylicia Rashad (2020)
* Regina King (2021)
* Angela Bassett (2022)
* Taraji P. Henson (2023)
* Ebony Obsidian (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Inductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame

1970–1979

| 1973|

* Jane Addams
* Marian Anderson
* Susan B. Anthony
* Clara Barton
* Mary McLeod Bethune
* Elizabeth Blackwell
* Pearl S. Buck
* Rachel Carson
* Mary Cassatt
* Emily Dickinson
* Amelia Earhart
* Alice Hamilton
* Helen Hayes
* Helen Keller
* Eleanor Roosevelt
* Florence Sabin
* Margaret Chase Smith
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* Helen Brooke Taussig
* Harriet Tubman

|

1976|

* Abigail Adams
* Margaret Mead
* Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias

1979|

* Dorothea Dix
* Juliette Gordon Low
* Alice Paul
* Elizabeth Bayley Seton

1980–1989

| 1981|

* Margaret Sanger
* Sojourner Truth

|

1982|

* Carrie Chapman Catt
* Frances Perkins

1983|

* Belva Lockwood
* Lucretia Mott

1984|

* Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
* Bessie Smith

1986|

* Barbara McClintock
* Lucy Stone
* Harriet Beecher Stowe

1988|

* Gwendolyn Brooks
* Willa Cather
* Sally Ride
* Mary Risteau
* Ida B. Wells-Barnett

1990–1999

| 1990|

* Margaret Bourke-White
* Barbara Jordan
* Billie Jean King
* Florence B. Seibert

|

1991|

* Gertrude Belle Elion

1993|

* Ethel Percy Andrus
* Antoinette Blackwell
* Emily Blackwell
* Shirley Chisholm
* Jacqueline Cochran
* Ruth Colvin
* Marian Wright Edelman
* Alice Evans
* Betty Friedan
* Ella Grasso
* Martha Wright Griffiths
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Dorothy Height
* Dolores Huerta
* Mary Putnam Jacobi
* Mae Jemison
* Mary Lyon
* Mary Mahoney
* Wilma Mankiller
* Constance Baker Motley
* Georgia O'Keeffe
* Annie Oakley
* Rosa Parks
* Esther Peterson
* Jeannette Rankin
* Ellen Swallow Richards
* Elaine Roulet
* Katherine Siva Saubel
* Gloria Steinem
* Helen Stephens
* Lillian Wald
* Madam C. J. Walker
* Faye Wattleton
* Rosalyn S. Yalow
* Gloria Yerkovich

1994|

* Bella Abzug
* Ella Baker
* Myra Bradwell
* Annie Jump Cannon
* Jane Cunningham Croly
* Catherine East
* Geraldine Ferraro
* Charlotte Perkins Gilman
* Grace Hopper
* Helen LaKelly Hunt
* Zora Neale Hurston
* Anne Hutchinson
* Frances Wisebart Jacobs
* Susette La Flesche
* Louise McManus
* Maria Mitchell
* Antonia Novello
* Linda Richards
* Wilma Rudolph
* Betty Bone Schiess
* Muriel Siebert
* Nettie Stevens
* Oprah Winfrey
* Sarah Winnemucca
* Fanny Wright

1995|

* Virginia Apgar
* Ann Bancroft
* Amelia Bloomer
* Mary Breckinridge
* Eileen Collins
* Elizabeth Hanford Dole
* Anne Dallas Dudley
* Mary Baker Eddy
* Ella Fitzgerald
* Margaret Fuller
* Matilda Joslyn Gage
* Lillian Moller Gilbreth
* Nannerl O. Keohane
* Maggie Kuhn
* Sandra Day O'Connor
* Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
* Pat Schroeder
* Hannah Greenebaum Solomon

1996|

* Louisa May Alcott
* Charlotte Anne Bunch
* Frances Xavier Cabrini
* Mary A. Hallaren
* Oveta Culp Hobby
* Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
* Anne Morrow Lindbergh
* Maria Goeppert Mayer
* Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
* Maria Tallchief
* Edith Wharton

1998|

* Madeleine Albright
* Maya Angelou
* Nellie Bly
* Lydia Moss Bradley
* Mary Steichen Calderone
* Mary Ann Shadd Cary
* Joan Ganz Cooney
* Gerty Cori
* Sarah Grimké
* Julia Ward Howe
* Shirley Ann Jackson
* Shannon Lucid
* Katharine Dexter McCormick
* Rozanne L. Ridgway
* Edith Nourse Rogers
* Felice Schwartz
* Eunice Kennedy Shriver
* Beverly Sills
* Florence Wald
* Angelina Grimké Weld
* Chien-Shiung Wu

2000–2009

| 2000|

* Faye Glenn Abdellah
* Emma Smith DeVoe
* Marjory Stoneman Douglas
* Mary Dyer
* Sylvia A. Earle
* Crystal Eastman
* Jeanne Holm
* Leontine T. Kelly
* Frances Oldham Kelsey
* Kate Mullany
* Janet Reno
* Anna Howard Shaw
* Sophia Smith
* Ida Tarbell
* Wilma L. Vaught
* Mary Edwards Walker
* Annie Dodge Wauneka
* Eudora Welty
* Frances E. Willard

|

2001|

* Dorothy H. Andersen
* Lucille Ball
* Rosalynn Carter
* Lydia Maria Child
* Bessie Coleman
* Dorothy Day
* Marian de Forest
* Althea Gibson
* Beatrice A. Hicks
* Barbara Holdridge
* Harriet Williams Russell Strong
* Emily Howell Warner
* Victoria Woodhull

2002|

* Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
* Ruth Bader Ginsburg
* Katharine Graham
* Bertha Holt
* Mary Engle Pennington
* Mercy Otis Warren

2003|

* Linda G. Alvarado
* Donna de Varona
* Gertrude Ederle
* Martha Matilda Harper
* Patricia Roberts Harris
* Stephanie L. Kwolek
* Dorothea Lange
* Mildred Robbins Leet
* Patsy Takemoto Mink
* Sacagawea
* Anne Sullivan
* Sheila E. Widnall

2005|

* Florence E. Allen
* Ruth Fulton Benedict
* Betty Bumpers
* Hillary Clinton
* Rita Rossi Colwell
* Mother Marianne Cope
* Maya Y. Lin
* Patricia A. Locke
* Blanche Stuart Scott
* Mary Burnett Talbert

2007|

* Eleanor K. Baum
* Julia Child
* Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
* Swanee Hunt
* Winona LaDuke
* Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
* Judith L. Pipher
* Catherine Filene Shouse
* Henrietta Szold

2009|

* Louise Bourgeois
* Mildred Cohn
* Karen DeCrow
* Susan Kelly-Dreiss
* Allie B. Latimer
* Emma Lazarus
* Ruth Patrick
* Rebecca Talbot Perkins
* Susan Solomon
* Kate Stoneman

2010–2019

| 2011|

* St. Katharine Drexel
* Dorothy Harrison Eustis
* Loretta C. Ford
* Abby Kelley Foster
* Helen Murray Free
* Billie Holiday
* Coretta Scott King
* Lilly Ledbetter
* Barbara A. Mikulski
* Donna E. Shalala
* Kathrine Switzer

|

2013|

* Betty Ford
* Ina May Gaskin
* Julie Krone
* Kate Millett
* Nancy Pelosi
* Mary Joseph Rogers
* Bernice Sandler
* Anna Schwartz
* Emma Willard

2015|

* Tenley Albright
* Nancy Brinker
* Martha Graham
* Marcia Greenberger
* Barbara Iglewski
* Jean Kilbourne
* Carlotta Walls LaNier
* Philippa Marrack
* Mary Harriman Rumsey
* Eleanor Smeal

2017|

* Matilda Cuomo
* Temple Grandin
* Lorraine Hansberry
* Victoria Jackson
* Sherry Lansing
* Clare Boothe Luce
* Aimee Mullins
* Carol Mutter
* Janet Rowley
* Alice Waters

2019|

* Gloria Allred
* Angela Davis
* Sarah Deer
* Jane Fonda
* Nicole Malachowski
* Rose O'Neill
* Louise Slaughter
* Sonia Sotomayor
* Laurie Spiegel
* Flossie Wong-Staal

2020–2029

| 2020|

* Aretha Franklin
* Barbara Hillary
* Barbara Rose Johns
* Henrietta Lacks
* Toni Morrison
* Mary Church Terrell

|

2022|

* Octavia E. Butler
* Judy Chicago
* Rebecca S. Halstead
* Mia Hamm
* Joy Harjo
* Emily Howland
* Katherine Johnson
* Indra Nooyi
* Michelle Obama

2024|

* Patricia Bath
* Ruby Bridges
* Elouise P. Cobell
* Kimberlé Crenshaw
* Peggy McIntosh
* Judith Plaskow
* Loretta Ross
* Sandy Stone
* Anna Wessels Williams
* Serena Williams

* v
* t
* e

Spingarn Medal winners

* 1915: Ernest Everett Just
* 1916: Charles Young
* 1917: Harry Burleigh
* 1918: William Stanley Braithwaite
* 1919: Archibald Grimké
* 1920: W. E. B. Du Bois
* 1921: Charles Sidney Gilpin
* 1922: Mary Burnett Talbert
* 1923: George Washington Carver
* 1924: Roland Hayes
* 1925: James Weldon Johnson
* 1926: Carter G. Woodson
* 1927: Anthony Overton
* 1928: Charles W. Chesnutt
* 1929: Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
* 1930: Henry A. Hunt
* 1931: Richard Berry Harrison
* 1932: Robert Russa Moton
* 1933: Max Yergan
* 1934: William T. B. Williams
* 1935: Mary McLeod Bethune
* 1936: John Hope
* 1937: Walter Francis White
* 1938: no award
* 1939: Marian Anderson
* 1940: Louis T. Wright
* 1941: Richard Wright
* 1942: A. Philip Randolph
* 1943: William H. Hastie
* 1944: Charles R. Drew
* 1945: Paul Robeson
* 1946: Thurgood Marshall
* 1947: Percy Lavon Julian
* 1948: Channing Heggie Tobias
* 1949: Ralph Bunche
* 1950: Charles Hamilton Houston
* 1951: Mabel Keaton Staupers
* 1952: Harry T. Moore
* 1953: Paul R. Williams
* 1954: Theodore K. Lawless
* 1955: Carl J. Murphy
* 1956: Jackie Robinson
* 1957: Martin Luther King Jr.
* 1958: Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine
* 1959: Duke Ellington
* 1960: Langston Hughes
* 1961: Kenneth B. Clark
* 1962: Robert C. Weaver
* 1963: Medgar Evers
* 1964: Roy Wilkins
* 1965: Leontyne Price
* 1966: John H. Johnson
* 1967: Edward Brooke
* 1968: Sammy Davis Jr.
* 1969: Clarence Mitchell Jr.
* 1970: Jacob Lawrence
* 1971: Leon Sullivan
* 1972: Gordon Parks
* 1973: Wilson Riles
* 1974: Damon Keith
* 1975: no award
* 1976: Hank Aaron
* 1977: Alvin Ailey and Alex Haley
* 1978: no award
* 1979: Andrew Young and Rosa Parks
* 1980: Rayford Logan
* 1981: Coleman Young
* 1982: Benjamin Elijah Mays
* 1983: Lena Horne
* 1984: no award
* 1985: Tom Bradley and Bill Cosby
* 1986: Benjamin Hooks
* 1987: Percy Sutton
* 1988: Frederick D. Patterson
* 1989: Jesse Jackson
* 1990: Douglas Wilder
* 1991: Colin Powell
* 1992: Barbara Jordan
* 1993: Dorothy Height
* 1994: Maya Angelou
* 1995: John Hope Franklin
* 1996: A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
* 1997: Carl Rowan
* 1998: Myrlie Evers-Williams
* 1999: Earl G. Graves Sr.
* 2000: Oprah Winfrey
* 2001: Vernon Jordan
* 2002: John Lewis
* 2003: Constance Baker Motley
* 2004: Robert L. Carter
* 2005: Oliver Hill
* 2006: Ben Carson
* 2007: John Conyers
* 2008: Ruby Dee
* 2009: Julian Bond
* 2010: Cicely Tyson
* 2011: Frankie Muse Freeman
* 2012: Harry Belafonte
* 2013: Jessye Norman
* 2014: Quincy Jones
* 2015: Sidney Poitier
* 2016: Nathaniel R. Jones
* 2017: no award
* 2018: Willie Brown
* 2019: Patrick Gaspard
* 2020: no award
* 2021: Cato T. Laurencin
* 2022: Jim Clyburn

* v
* t
* e

TCA Career Achievement Award

* Grant Tinker (1985)
* Walter Cronkite (1986)
* Hill Street Blues (1987)
* David Brinkley (1988)
* Lucille Ball (1989)
* Jim Henson (1990)
* Brandon Tartikoff (1991)
* Johnny Carson (1992)
* Bob Hope (1993)
* Charles Kuralt (1994)
* Ted Turner (1995)
* Angela Lansbury (1996)
* Fred Rogers (1997)
* Roone Arledge (1998)
* Norman Lear (1999)
* Dick Van Dyke (2000)
* Sid Caesar (2001)
* ~~Bill Cosby~~ (2002)
* Carl Reiner (2003)
* Don Hewitt (2004)
* Bob Newhart (2005)
* Carol Burnett (2006)
* Mary Tyler Moore (2007)
* Lorne Michaels (2008)
* Betty White (2009)
* James Garner (2010)
* Oprah Winfrey (2011)
* David Letterman (2012)
* Barbara Walters (2013)
* James Burrows (2014)
* James L. Brooks (2015)
* Lily Tomlin (2016)
* Ken Burns (2017)
* Rita Moreno (2018)
* David Milch (2019)
* Alex Trebek (2020)
* Jean Smart (2021)
* Ted Danson / Steve Martin (2022)
* Mel Brooks (2023)
* Andre Braugher (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Television Hall of Fame – Class of 1994

* Alan Alda
* Howard Cosell
* Barry Diller
* Fred W. Friendly
* William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
* Oprah Winfrey

* v
* t
* e

African Americans

History|

* Timeline
* Abolitionism
* African American founding fathers
* Afrocentrism
* American Civil War
* Atlantic slave trade
* Black Codes
* Black cowboys
* Black genocide
* Black Lives Matter
* Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
* Children of the plantation
* Civil Rights Acts
* 1964
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* 1968
* Civil rights movement 1865–1896
* Civil right movement 1896–1954
* Civil rights movement 1954–1968
* Montgomery bus boycott
* Browder v. Gayle (1956)
* Sit-in movement
* Freedom Riders
* Birmingham movement
* March on Washington
* Freedom Summer
* Selma to Montgomery marches
* Chicago Freedom Movement
* Post–civil rights era
* Cornerstone Speech
* COVID-19 impact
* Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
* Free Negro
* Free people of color
* George Floyd protests
* Great Migration
* Second
* New
* Exodusters
* Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
* Jim Crow laws
* Lynching
* Military history
* Million Man March
* Nadir of American race relations
* The Negro Motorist Green Book
* Partus sequitur ventrem
* Plantations
* Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
* Reconstruction Amendments
* Reconstruction era
* Redlining
* Separate but equal
* Silent Parade
* Slavery
* Treatment of slaves
* Tulsa race massacre
* Underground Railroad
* Women's suffrage movement

Culture|

* Afrofuturism
* Art
* Black mecca
* Businesses
* Dance
* Family structure
* Film
* Folktales
* Hair
* Harlem Renaissance
* New Negro
* Hoodoo
* Juneteenth
* Kwanzaa
* LGBTQ community
* Literature
* Music
* Musical theater
* Names
* Negro National Anthem
* Neighborhoods
* Newspapers
* Soul food
* Stereotypes
* Middle class
* Upper class

Notable people|

* Ralph Abernathy
* Maya Angelou
* Crispus Attucks
* James Baldwin
* James Bevel
* Julian Bond
* Amelia Boynton
* James Bradley
* Carol Moseley Braun
* Edward Brooke
* Blanche Bruce
* Ralph Bunche
* George Washington Carver
* Shirley Chisholm
* Claudette Colvin
* Frederick Douglass
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Medgar Evers
* James Farmer
* Henry Highland Garnet
* Marcus Garvey
* Fred Gray
* Prathia Hall
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Kamala Harris
* Jimi Hendrix
* Jesse Jackson
* Ketanji Brown Jackson
* Michael Jackson
* Harriet Jacobs
* Barbara Jordan
* Coretta Scott King
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Bernard Lafayette
* James Lawson
* Huddie Ledbetter
* John Lewis
* Joseph Lowery
* Malcolm X
* Thurgood Marshall
* Toni Morrison
* Bob Moses
* Diane Nash
* Barack Obama
* Michelle Obama
* Rosa Parks
* Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
* Colin Powell
* Gabriel Prosser
* Joseph Rainey
* A. Philip Randolph
* Hiram Revels
* Paul Robeson
* Al Sharpton
* Fred Shuttlesworth
* Clarence Thomas
* Emmett Till
* Sojourner Truth
* Harriet Tubman
* Nat Turner
* Denmark Vesey
* C. T. Vivian
* David Walker
* Booker T. Washington
* Ida B. Wells
* Roy Wilkins
* Oprah Winfrey
* Andrew Young
* Whitney Young

Education, science
and technology|

* Black studies
* Black schools
* Historically black colleges and universities
* Inventors and scientists
* Museums
* Women
* in computer science
* in medicine
* in STEM fields

Religion|

* African-American Jews
* Islam
* American Society of Muslims
* Nation of Islam
* Black church
* Azusa Street Revival
* Black Hebrew Israelites
* Black theology
* Doctrine of Father Divine

Political movements|

* Anarchism
* Back-to-Africa movement
* Black power
* Movement
* Capitalism
* Conservatism
* Leftism
* Pan-Africanism
* Populism
* Raised fist
* Self-determination
* Nationalism
* Socialism

Civic and economic
groups

* Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
* Black Panther Party
* Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to African People (CEMOTAP)
* Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
* Nashville Student Movement
* National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
* National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
* National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
* National Urban League (NUL)
* Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
* Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
* Thurgood Marshall College Fund
* United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
* Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

Sports|

* Negro league baseball
* Baseball color line
* Black players in professional American football
* Black NFL quarterbacks
* Black players in ice hockey
* Muhammad Ali
* Arthur Ashe
* Jack Johnson
* Joe Louis
* Jesse Owens
* Jackie Robinson
* Serena Williams

Athletic associations
and conferences

* Central (CIAA)
* Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
* Southern (SIAC)
* Southwestern (SWAC)

Ethnic subdivisions|

* By African descent
* Fula
* Gullah
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Alabama Creole
* Black Indians
* Black Seminoles
* Cherokee Freedmen
* Choctaw Freedmen
* Creek Freedmen
* Black Southerners
* Blaxicans
* Great Dismal Swamp maroons
* Louisiana Creole
* of color
* Melungeon

Demographics|

* Neighborhoods
* list
* U.S. cities with large populations
* 2000 majorities
* 2010 majorities
* Metropolitan areas
* States and territories

Languages|

* Afro-Seminole Creole
* American Sign
* Black American Sign
* English
* American English
* African-American English
* African-American Vernacular English
* social context
* Gullah
* Louisiana Creole

By state/city|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* California
* Los Angeles
* San Francisco
* Florida
* Jacksonville
* Tallahassee
* Georgia
* Atlanta
* Hawaii
* Illinois
* Chicago
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Davenport
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Lexington
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Baltimore
* Massachusetts
* Boston
* Michigan
* Detroit
* Mississippi
* Nebraska
* Omaha
* New Jersey
* New York
* New York City
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Cleveland
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Austin
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston
* San Antonio
* Utah
* Virginia
* West Virginia

Diaspora|

* Africa
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Liberia
* Sierra Leone
* America
* Canada
* Dominican Republic
* Haiti
* Mexico
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Israel
* Europe
* France

Lists|

* African Americans
* Activists
* Actors
* Astronauts
* Billionaires
* Journalists
* Jurists
* Mathematicians
* Republicans
* Singers
* Sportspeople
* Spingarn Medal winners
* US cabinet members
* US representatives
* US senators
* Visual artists
* Writers
* African-American firsts
* Mayors
* Sports firsts
* US state firsts
* Historic places
* Index of related articles
* Landmark African-American legislation
* Lynching victims
* Monuments
* Neighborhoods
* Topics related to the African diaspora

* Category
* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

60 Minutes

In the media|

* The Insider
* Mike Wallace Is Here
* My Kid Could Paint That
* Truth

Related|

* Brown & Williamson
* CBS News controversies and criticism
* George W. Bush military service controversy
* Killian documents controversy
* Killian documents authenticity issues

Spin-offs|

* 30 Minutes
* 60 Minutes II
* 60 Minutes Sports

International versions|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Portals:

* Television
* United States

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia

Artists|

* Emmy Awards
* FID

People|

* Trove
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

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