Order by

An `ORDER BY` clause in SQL specifies that a SQL `SELECT` statement returns a result set with the rows being sorted by the values of one or more columns. The sort criteria does not have to be included in the result set (restrictions apply for `SELECT DISTINCT`, `GROUP BY`, `UNION [DISTINCT]`, `EXCEPT [DISTINCT]` and `INTERSECT [DISTINCT]`.) The sort criteria can be expressions, including column names, user-defined functions, arithmetic operations, or `CASE` expressions. The expressions are evaluated and the results are used for the sorting, i.e., the values stored in the column or the results of the function call.

`ORDER BY` is the only way to sort the rows in the result set. Without this clause, the relational database system may return the rows in any order. If an ordering is required, the `ORDER BY` must be provided in the `SELECT` statement sent by the application. Although some database systems allow the specification of an `ORDER BY` clause in subqueries or view definitions, the presence there has no effect on the final result-set order, but makes sense when combined with a result offset clause or a fetch first clause. A view is a logical relational table, and the relational model mandates that a table is a set of rows, implying no sort order whatsoever. The only exception are constructs like `ORDER BY ORDER OF ...` (not standardized in SQL:2003) which allow the propagation of sort criteria through nested subqueries.

The SQL standard's core functionality does not explicitly define a default sort order for Nulls. With the SQL:2003 extension T611, "Elementary OLAP operations", nulls can be sorted before or after all data values by using the `NULLS FIRST` or `NULLS LAST` clauses of the `ORDER BY` list, respectively. Not all DBMS vendors implement this functionality, however. Vendors who do not implement this functionality may specify different treatments for Null sorting in the DBMS.[1]

Structure `ORDER BY ... DESC` will order in descending order, otherwise ascending order is used. (The latter may be specified explicitly using `ASC`.)

## Examples

[edit]

SELECT * FROM Employees
ORDER BY LastName, FirstName

This sorts by the LastName column, then by the FirstName column if LastName matches.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "NULL Handling in SQLite Versus Other Database Engines". Retrieved January 25, 2009.

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