Order of Saint Stephen

Tuscan dynastic military order

For the Hungarian order, see Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary.

Holy Military Order of St. Stephen Pope and Martyr

Badge of the order.

Awarded by Grand Duke of Tuscany
Type| Military and Religious order[1]
Eligibility| Noblemen over 18, not descended from heretics
Grand Master| disputed

Ribbon of the order

The Order of Saint Stephen (officially Sacro Militare Ordine di Santo Stefano Papa e Martire, 'Holy Military Order of St. Stephen Pope and Martyr') is a Roman Catholic Tuscan dynastic military order founded in 1561. The order was created by Cosimo I de' Medici, first Grand Duke of Tuscany. The last member of the Medici dynasty to be a leader of the order was Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737. The purported dissolution of the order in 1859 by the provisional government of Tuscany to the Kingdom of Sardinia[3] was in breach of canon law and had no effect on the status of the Order. The former Kingdom of Italy did not recognize the order as a legal entity, but today the Italian republic includes it among the non-national Orders for which permission may be given in the name of the president to wear the decorations in Italy.[4]

## History

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Cross of Saint Stephen. Galley of the Order of Saint Stephen (1611 celebrating drawing). Flag of the galleys of the Order of Saint Stephen, 1562-end of XVIII century.

The order was founded by Cosimo I de' Medici,[5] first Grand Duke of Tuscany, with the approbation of Pope Pius IV on 1 October 1561.[2] The rule chosen was that of the Benedictine Order.[6][2] The first grand master was Cosimo himself and he was followed in that role by his successors as grand duke.[7] The dedication to the martyred Pope Stephen I, whose feast day is 2 August, derives from the date of Cosimo's victories at the Battle of Montemurlo on 1 August 1537 and the Battle of Marciano (Scannagallo) on 2 August 1554.[2]

The objective of the order was to fight the Ottoman Turks and the pirates that sailed Mediterranean Sea in the 16th century.[8] The Turks and the pirates were making dangerous inroads on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea where Cosimo had recently inaugurated the new port of Livorno. Cosimo also needed a symbolic fight to unite the nobility of the different cities that combined to form his new grand duchy (including Florence and Siena), and to demonstrate his support of the Roman Catholic Church. Finally, the creation of a Tuscan military order would also strengthen the prestige, both internal and international, of Cosimo's new state.

In its early years, the Order took part successfully in the Spanish wars against the Ottomans, being present at the siege of Malta (1565), the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the 1607 capture of Annaba in Algeria by the then admiral Jacopo Inghirami.[8][9] They burned the city, killed 470 people and took 1,500 captives.[10] After its aggressive capabilities had been recognized, the Order concentrated on the defence of the Mediterranean coasts against Turkish and African pirates. In particular, the Knights made some incursions into the Aegean Islands controlled by the Turks, and took part in the campaigns in Dalmatia, Negroponte and Corfu. The organization peaked in the early 17th century, when it counted 600 knights and 2,000 other soldiers, sailors, and oarsmen. Of the 3,756 knights who served in the organization between 1562 and 1737, 68 percent were Tuscans, 28 percent came from neighboring Italian states (mostly the Papal States), and 4 percent came from elsewhere.[11]

After 1640, military involvement was reduced. The Order concentrated on the coastal defence and on ordnance duties, but did not avoid the chance to send help to the Republic of Venice, then engaged in a desperate war against the Ottoman Empire. The order's last military action dates from 1719. Grand Duke Peter Leopold of Tuscany promoted a reorganization of the order, turning it into an institute for education of the Tuscan nobility.

On 7 March 1791, six months after becoming Emperor, Leopold abdicated the grand duchy to his younger son, Ferdinand III, the founder of the present Grand Ducal House. Although Ferdinand was the first European sovereign to recognize the French Republic, he was forced to submit to the French authorities who occupied the grand duchy in 1799. He abdicated both the grand duchy and the Grand Magistery of Saint Stephen. The order survived during the short-lived Kingdom of Etruria. Following the restoration of Ferdinand III in 1814, the revival of the Order was proposed. By a decree dated 1815 the Ripristinazione dell'Ordine dei Cavalieri di S. Stefano was proclaimed.[12] The Order was again dissolved in 1859, when Tuscany was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia.[1]

## Currently

[edit]

An attempt was made to suppress it during the Napoleonic era, on 9 April 1809, but Ferdinand III of Lorraine restored it on 22 December 1817, with some changes to the statutes. On the eve of the Unification of Italy, the Order consisted of 23 Bailiffs, 34 Priors, 49 Knights with family commenda, 177 Knights of Justice, 187 Knights Collatarii with commenda di Grazia and 12 authorised Collatarii without commenda, for a total of 482 members, in addition to the Grand Master and the Knights of the Grand Cross. Among the last illustrious members of the Grand Ducal period are Prince Colloredo-Mansfeld, the Marquises Malaspina, Emanuele Fenzi, Prince Andrea Corsini, Stanislao Grottanelli De Santi, the Princes Poniatowski, Count Francesco De Larderel, Alessandro Carega, the Counts della Gherardesca, the lawyer Ubaldo Maggi, the Count Demetrio Finocchietti, Cosimo Ridolfi, Giovanni Baldasseroni, Guglielmo De Cambray Digny, the lawyer Primo Ronchivecchi and the Count lawyer Luigi Fabbri.

The attempt to suppress the Order made in 1859, with the unification of Tuscany with the Kingdom of Sardinia, was limited to the confiscation of the Order's properties, since the Order of Saint Stephen, as a religious order founded "in perpetuity" directly by a Pope, could only be suppressed by a Papal Bull. On 20 December 1866, Ferdinand IV and his children returned to the authority of the Emperor as Austrian subjects, but the Tuscan line continued to be treated as a former sovereign branch; Ferdinand retained his right to award the Tuscan Orders and his title of Grand Duke, which continued to be accorded to him in the court almanach and the Almanach de Gotha while permission was given to Austrian subjects to accept and wear the Tuscan Orders.

Following the death of Grand Duke Ferdinand IV in 1908, Emperor Franz Joseph I no longer recognised the title of Grand Duke of Tuscany for his heir and permission was no longer given to wear the dynastic orders conferred by the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.[13][14]

On 20 December 1866, Ferdinand IV and his children returned to the imperial family and the House of Tuscany ceased to exist as a sovereign branch, being absorbed by the Austrian imperial branch; Ferdinand IV was allowed to retain his fons honorum vita natural durante, while his children became only imperial princes (archdukes/archduchesses of Austria) and no longer princes/princesses of Tuscany. In 1870, Ferdinand IV renounced his political rights on the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in favour of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.[15][16][17][18][19][20] The successors of the last ruling Grand Duke haven't retained the title and the privileges of their predecessors. Despite the extinction of the Grand Magistery in 1908 with the death of Ferdinand IV, the last Grand Duke of Tuscany, and despite the renunciation of the dynastic rights of the Tuscan branch before 1961, in the years 1971-1972 one of his descendants, but not the eldest son, Gottfried [21], ignoring the renunciations of his grandfather Ferdinand IV and, at the same time, the authorization to confer the Tuscan dynastic Orders obtained personally by his grandfather, by Emperor Franz Joseph I and only and exclusively until the death of Ferdinand IV of Tuscany, which occurred in 1908, he resumed conferring the Order of Santo Stefano and the other Orders of Chivalry, already conferred by Ferdinando IV and his predecessors in the government of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the direction of Giorgio Cucentrentoli. At the same time Goffredo himself made him Count of Monteloro: on September 22, 1971, Gottfried reconfirmed the continuity of the Orders. In reality it was a new foundation that copied part of the statutes and insignia of the old chivalric order, and could not even boast continuity in the grand magistry as the son of Ferdinand IV, Peter Ferdinand, Gottfried's father, never granted or claimed anything about the Tuscan chivalric orders [22].

## Eligibility

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To join the Order a postulant had to be at least eighteen years of age, able to meet the financial obligations of membership, make the necessary noble proofs and not be descended from heretics. The initial seat of the order was on Elba before moving to Pisa. The Knights' Square in Pisa, on which their palace faces, is named after the Order.[23] The Coat of Arms include a red cross with eight points, flanked by golden lilies.

## Knights of Grace

[edit]

The following have been designated Knights of Grace of the Order of Saint Stephen:

* Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz
* Vincenzo Antinori
* Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria
* Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
* Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
* Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria
* Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria
* Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria
* Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria
* Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria
* Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
* Giovanni Pacini
* Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria

## References

[edit]

* Gregor Gatscher-Riedl, Mario Strigl, Die roten Ritter. Zwischen Medici, Habsburgern und Osmanen. Die Orden und Auszeichnungen des Großherzogtums Toskana. Vienna 2014. ISBN 978-3-9503061-5-6.

1. ^ a b Klimczuk, Stephen; Craigenmaddie, Gerald Warner of (2009). Secret places, hidden sanctuaries: uncovering mysterious sites, symbols, and societies. New York: Sterling Ethos. pp. 88–93. ISBN 978-1-4027-6207-9. Retrieved 7 December 2011. "Order of Saint Stephen Pope."
2. ^ a b c d Davies, Jonathan (2009). Culture and power : Tuscany and its universities 1537–1609 ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 33\. ISBN 978-90-04-17255-5.
3. ^ Carmichael, Montgomery (1901). In Tuscany: Tuscan Towns, Tuscan Types and the Tuscan Tongue. New York: E P Dutton. pp. 173. "The Order was swept away by the French Revolution but was revived again in a modified form in 1817. The Italian Revolution once more swept it away beyond hope of revival on 16 November 1859 and its Church and property became the property of the State. Alas that modern Italy should not be a little more tender of the memories of her past glories."
4. ^ "Sacred Military Order of Saint Stephen Pope and Martyr". Granducato Toscano. Retrieved 7 December 2011. "The Lorraine Dynasty having been declared fallen in 1859, the Interim Government of Tuscany led by Bettino Ricasoli on 16 November that year ordered that the Order of Saint Stephen be suppressed and its substantial property be expropriated, regardless of it having no jurisdiction on a religious institution of knighthood that had been sanctioned as dynastic by the Papal Bulls. However, no resolutions of the Interim Government was acknowledged by the Grand Duke, Ferdinand IV, who raised a formal protest against this decision from Dresden on 24 March 1860. Since the Holy See, the repository and supreme guardian of the Military Religions, has never declared the Order of Saint Stephen extinct, such suppression has no value under canon law. The successors of the last ruling Grand Duke have retained the title and the privileges of their predecessors and continue to appoint occasional Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen."
5. ^ Villari, Pasquale (1911). "Medici" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–41, see pages 35 to 37.
6. ^ Woodhouse, Frederick Charles (1879). The military religious orders of the Middle Ages: the Hospitallers, the Templars, the Teutonic knights, and others. With an appendix of other orders of knighthood: legendary, honorary, and modern. New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 338. "The members followed the rule of St Benedict and the Popes granted them the same privileges as those enjoyed by the Knights Hospitallers"
7. ^ de Montor, Artaud (1910). The Lives and Times of the Popes, Volume 7. New York: The Catholic publication society of America. pp. 72. Retrieved 7 December 2011. "The bull of the pope named Cosmo and his successors grand masters of the order"
8. ^ a b Mason, Roger. "The Medici-Lazara Map of Alanya." Anatolian Studies 39 (1989): 86.
9. ^ "Person Detail – Inghirami, Iacopo". Medici Archive Project. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
10. ^ The Mediterranean in History, Oliver Rackham,Marlene Suano, page 241, 2011
11. ^ Gregory Hanlon. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Routledge: 1997. Page 38.
12. ^ Guarnieri, Giuseppe Gino (1965). L'Ordine di Santo Stefano nei suoi aspetti organizzativi interni e navali sotto il Gran Magistero Lorenese (in Italian). Florence: Giardini. p. 119.
13. ^ Rivista Araldica, anno 1913, volume 11, pagina 381, Roma, Collegio Araldico: "Da informazione ufficiale assunta a Vienna togliamo quanto segue «A Sua Altezza I. R. il defunto Granduca Ferdinando IV di Toscana era stato permesso dall'Impero austro-ungarico e dagli Stati dell'Impero germanico, di conferire i tre Ordini toscani, inerenti alla Sovranità, che anche spodestato, rimase all'Augusto principe fino alla sua morte. Il titolo di Principe di Toscana fu solo autorizzato ai membri della famiglia granducale nati prima del 1866. Dopo la morte del Granduca (1908) tutti gli augusti figli del defunto dovettero solennemente rinunciare ad ogni qualsiasi diritto di cui personalmente ed eccezionalmente godeva il padre. Quindi il Gran Magistero dell'Ordine di S. Stefano per volontà di S. M. l'Imperatore e Re è terminato col defunto granduca, né più sarebbe accettato dagli augusti principi lorenesi"
14. ^ SILVA TAROUCA, Adler, Vienna, 1954, p. 165
15. ^ Bernd Braun: Das Ende der Regionalmonarchien in Italien. Abdankungen im Zuge des Risorgimento. In: Susan Richter, Dirk Dirbach (Hrsg.): Thronverzicht. Die Abdankung in Monarchien vom Mittelalter bis in die Neuzeit. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2010, pagg. 251–266
16. ^ Benedikt, Heinrich, Kaiseradler über dem Apennin. Die Österreicher in Italien 1700 bis 1866. Vienna: Herold Verlag, 1964, page 410 “Ferdinand IV Salvatore never took office, but he continued to refuse to give up the throne. When the political situation between Austria and Italy calmed down and better relations were established, Emperor Franz Joseph sent his advisor for Italian affairs, the chamberlain of Archduke Rainer, the court advisor Baron Giannelia, to Lindau on Lake Constance, Ferdinand's summer residence, to finally obtain the grand duke's renunciation. When Baron Giannelia entered the grand duke's study, he received him at his desk with the words: “I know why you are here. Don't bother, I won't sign”. According to a widely-known anecdote of the time, the court counselor is said to have looked with great interest out of the window at the small port where the ships built by the Grand Duke himself were moored. Ferdinand IV asked him what he was looking at on the water. “His Imperial Highness' fleet.” The Grand Duke signed the renunciation declaration."
17. ^ Karl Vocelka, Lynne Heller: Die private Welt der Habsburger: Leben und Alltag einer Familie, Styria, 1998, pag. 253, colonna I
18. ^ Das Haus Habsburg: Vorspann ; Register ; Quellen ; Das Haus Alt-Habsburg ; Das Haus Habsburg-Lothringen, Alois Jahn, Selbstverl, 2002, pag. 59, 65
19. ^ Georg Frölichsthal: Fürstenrechtliche Überlegungen zur Eigenständigkeit des Hauses Toscana, Heraldisch-Genealogische Gesellschaft ADLER, ZSA 32 (XLVI), 2024, page 227-238
20. ^ Cassels, Lavender: “Clash of generations: A Habsburg family drama in the nineteenth century”, J. Murray, 1 gennaio 1973, ISBN-13 : 978-0719527319, p. 76 “For all practical purposes Ferdinand, now in the terminology of the Almanach de Gotha a ‘ci-devant regnant\ was the head of the family. ‘Nando’, a handsome amiable man, made his headquarters in excessively uncomfortable grace and favour apartments provided by the Emperor in Salzburg, and built himself a small villa at Lindau on Lake Constance. At first he refused to renounce his claim to Tuscany, an attitude which caused the Emperor, forced after Koniggratz to improve his relations with the King of Italy, considerable embarrassment. Finally, in 1870 Ferdinand yielded and signed an act of renunciation, whereby he retained the title of Grand Duke for his lifetime but promised never to return to Italy. Having given his word he kept it, but he remained a Florentine at heart and always spoke Italian to members of his immediate family. He detested Court and appeared there as little as possible, but he got on well with Franz Joseph for he was cheerful and good tempered, never betrayed a confidence or attempted to exert influence, and shared the Emperor’s passion for shooting”
21. ^ Almanach de Gotha, Justus Perthes, 1930
22. ^ Giorgio Cucentrentoli, Gli ultimi Granduchi di Toscana, Bologna, 1975
23. ^ Hutton, Edward (1907). Florence and the cities of northern Tuscany: with Genoa. New York: Macmillan. pp. 125–26. "Grand Duke of Tuscany and Order of Saint Stephen."

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