Oregon

U.S. state

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Oregon (disambiguation).

State in the United States

Oregon

State

Flag

Seal

Nickname:

The Beaver State

Motto(s):

Alis volat propriis
(English: She flies with her own wings)

Anthem: Oregon, My Oregon

Map of the United States with Oregon highlighted

Country| United States
Before statehood| Oregon Territory
Admitted to the Union| February 14, 1859; 164 years ago (1859-02-14) (33rd)
Capital| Salem
Largest city| Portland
Largest county or equivalent| Multnomah
Largest metro and urban areas| Portland
Government

• Governor| Tina Kotek (D)
• Secretary of State| LaVonne Griffin-Valade (D)[a]
Legislature| Legislative Assembly
• Upper house| State Senate
• Lower house| House of Representatives
Judiciary| Oregon Supreme Court
U.S. senators| Ron Wyden (D)
Jeff Merkley (D)
U.S. House delegation| 4 Democrats
2 Republicans (list)
Area

• Total| 98,381 sq mi (254,806 km2)
• Land| 95,997 sq mi (248,849 km2)
• Water| 2,384 sq mi (6,177 km2)  2.4%
• Rank| 9th
Dimensions

• Length| 360 mi (580 km)
• Width| 400 mi (640 km)
Elevation

| 3,300 ft (1,000 m)
Highest elevation

(Mount Hood[1][2][b])

| 11,249 ft (3,428.8 m)
Lowest elevation

(Pacific Ocean[2])

| 0 ft (0 m)
Population

(2023)

• Total| 4,233,358[3]
• Rank| 27th
• Density| 39.9/sq mi (15.0/km2)
• Rank| 39th
• Median household income

| $71,562[4]
• Income rank

| 18th
Demonym| Oregonian
Language

• Official language| De jure: none[5]
De facto: English
Time zones
most of state| UTC−08:00 (Pacific)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−07:00 (PDT)
majority of Malheur County| UTC−07:00 (Mountain)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation|

ISO 3166 code| US-OR
Traditional abbreviation| Ore.
Latitude| 42° N to 46°18′ N
Longitude| 116°28′ W to 124°38′ W
Website| www.oregon.gov
ASN|

* 1798

State symbols of OregonList of state symbols

Flag of Oregon

Seal of Oregon

Motto| She Flies With Her Own Wings [6]
Living insignia
Bird| Western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
Butterfly| Oregon swallowtail (Papilio machaon oregonia)
Crustacean| Dungeness crab
(Metacarcinus magister)
Fish| Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Flower| Oregon grape
(Mahonia aquifolium)
Grass| Bluebunch wheatgrass
(Pseudoroegneria spicata)
Insect| Oregon swallowtail
(Papilio oregonius)
Mammal| American beaver
(Castor canadensis)
Mushroom| Pacific golden chanterelle
(Cantharellus formosus)
Tree| Douglas-fir
Inanimate insignia
Beverage| Milk
Dance| Square dance
Food| Pear
(Pyrus)
Fossil| Metasequoia
Gemstone| Oregon sunstone
Rock| Thunderegg
Shell| Oregon hairy triton
(Fusitriton oregonensis)
Soil| Jory soil
Other| Nut: Hazelnut
State route marker
State quarter

Released in 2005

Lists of United States state symbols

Oregon (/ˈɒrɪɡən/ ⓘ)[7] is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is a part of the Western United States, with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. The 42° north parallel delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada. The western boundary is formed by the Pacific Ocean.

Oregon has been home to many indigenous nations for thousands of years. The first European traders, explorers, and settlers began exploring what is now Oregon's Pacific coast in the early to mid-16th century. As early as 1564, the Spanish began sending vessels northeast from the Philippines, riding the Kuroshio Current in a sweeping circular route across the northern part of the Pacific. In 1592, Juan de Fuca undertook detailed mapping and studies of ocean currents in the Pacific Northwest, including the Oregon coast as well as the strait now bearing his name. The Lewis and Clark Expedition traversed Oregon in the early 1800s, and the first permanent European settlements in Oregon were established by fur trappers and traders. In 1843, an autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country, and the Oregon Territory was created in 1848. Oregon became the 33rd state of the U.S. on February 14, 1859.

Today, with 4.2 million people over 98,000 square miles (250,000 km2), Oregon is the ninth largest and 27th most populous U.S. state. The capital, Salem, is the third-most populous city in Oregon, with 175,535 residents.[8] Portland, with 652,503, ranks as the 26th among U.S. cities. The Portland metropolitan area, which includes neighboring counties in Washington, is the 25th largest metro area in the nation, with a population of 2,512,859. Oregon is also one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S.,[9] marked by volcanoes, abundant bodies of water, dense evergreen and mixed forests, as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands. At 11,249 feet (3,429 m), Mount Hood is the state's highest point. Oregon's only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is also home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae, a fungus that runs beneath 2,200 acres (8.9 km2) of the Malheur National Forest.[10]

Oregon's economy has historically been powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing, logging, and hydroelectric power. Oregon is the top lumber producer of the contiguous United States, with the lumber industry dominating the state's economy during the 20th century.[11] Technology is another one of Oregon's major economic forces, beginning in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc., headquartered in Beaverton, is the state's largest public corporation with an annual revenue of $46.7 billion.[12]

## Etymology[edit]

Main article: Etymology of Oregon

Oregon border welcome sign at Denio, Nevada

The origin of the state's name is uncertain. The earliest geographical designation "orejón" (meaning "big ear") comes from the Spanish historical chronicle Relación de la Alta y Baja California (1598),[13] written by Rodrigo Montezuma of New Spain; here it refers to the region of the Columbia River as it was encountered by the first Spanish scouts. The "j" in the Spanish phrase "El Orejón" was eventually corrupted into a "g".[14]

Another possible source is the Spanish word oregano, which refers to a plant that grows in the southern part of the region.

It is also possible that the area around the Columbia River was named after a stream in Spain called "Arroyo del Oregón", located in the province of Ciudad Real.

Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was by Major Robert Rogers in a 1765 petition to the Kingdom of Great Britain. The term referred to the then-mythical River of the West (the Columbia River). By 1778, the spelling had shifted to Oregon.[15] Rogers wrote:

> ... from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon ...[16]

One suggestion is that this name comes from the French word ouragan ("windstorm" or "hurricane"), which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerful Chinook winds on the lower Columbia River, or perhaps from first-hand French experience with the Chinook winds of the Great Plains. At the time, the River of the West was thought to rise in western Minnesota and flow west through the Great Plains.[17]

Another suggestion comes from Joaquin Miller, who wrote in Sunset magazine in 1904:

> The name, Oregon, is rounded down phonetically, from Ouve água—Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon—given probably by the same Portuguese navigator that named the Farallones after his first officer, and it literally, in a large way, means cascades: "Hear the waters." You should steam up the Columbia and hear and feel the waters falling out of the clouds of Mount Hood to understand entirely the full meaning of the name Ouve a água, Oregon.[18]

Yet another account, endorsed as the "most plausible explanation" in the book Oregon Geographic Names, was advanced by George R. Stewart in a 1944 article in American Speech. According to Stewart, the name came from an engraver's error in a French map published in the early 18th century, on which the Ouisiconsink (Wisconsin) River was spelled "Ouaricon-sint", broken on two lines with the -sint below, so there appeared to be a river flowing to the west named "Ouaricon".

According to the Oregon Tourism Commission, present-day Oregonians /ˌɒrɪˈɡoʊniənz/[19] pronounce the state's name as "or-uh-gun, never or-ee-gone".[20] After being drafted by the Detroit Lions in 2002, former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed "Orygun" stickers to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of his home state.[21][22] The stickers are sold by the University of Oregon Bookstore.[23]

## History[edit]

Main article: History of Oregon

### Earliest inhabitants[edit]

See also: Native American peoples of Oregon and Kennewick Man

Paul Shoaway of the Umatilla tribe, 1899

While there is considerable evidence that Paleo-Indians inhabited the region, the oldest evidence of habitation in Oregon was found at Fort Rock Cave and the Paisley Caves in Lake County. Archaeologist Luther Cressman dated material from Fort Rock to 13,200 years ago,[24] and there is evidence supporting inhabitants in the region at least 15,000 years ago.[25] By 8000 BC, there were settlements throughout the state, with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries.

During the prehistoric period, the Willamette Valley region was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from then Lake Missoula, located in what would later become Montana. These massive floods occurred during the last glacial period and filled the valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water.[26]

By the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including the Chinook, Coquille (Ko-Kwell), Bannock, Kalapuya, Klamath, Klickitat, Molala, Nez Perce, Shasta, Takelma, Umatilla, and Umpqua.[27][28][29][30]

### European and pioneer settlement[edit]

Main articles: Oregon Country, Oregon pioneer history, Columbia District, Provisional Government of Oregon, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest

Monument near Coos Bay, Oregon, of Francis Drake's first North American Encounter. Plaque by Oregon State Parks and Oregon Historical Society.

The first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific coast in 1543.[31] Sailing from Central America on the Golden Hind in 1579 in search of the Strait of Anian during his circumnavigation of the Earth, the English explorer and privateer Sir Francis Drake briefly anchored at South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of Coos Bay, before sailing for what is now California.[32][33] Martín de Aguilar, continuing separately from Sebastián Vizcaíno's scouting of California, reached as far north as Cape Blanco and possibly to Coos Bay in 1603.[34][35] Exploration continued routinely in 1774, starting with the expedition of the frigate Santiago by Juan José Pérez Hernández, and the coast of Oregon became a valuable trade route to Asia. In 1778, British captain James Cook also explored the coast.[36]

French Canadians, Scots, Métis, and other continental natives (e.g. Iroquois) trappers arrived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, soon to be followed by Catholic clergy. Some traveled as members of the Lewis and Clark and Astor Expeditions. Few stayed permanently such as Étienne Lussier, often referred to as the first "European" farmer in the state of Oregon. Evidence of the French Canadian presence can be found in numerous names of French origin such as Malheur Lake, the Malheur, Grande Ronde, and Deschutes Rivers, and the city of La Grande. Furthermore, many of the early pioneers first came out West with the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company before heading South of the Columbia for better farmland as the fur trade declined. French Prairie by the Willamette River and French Settlement by the Umpqua River are known as early mixed ancestry settlements.

Fort Astoria, as established by John Jacob Astor in 1813

The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through northern Oregon also in search of the Northwest Passage. They built their winter fort in 1805–1806 at Fort Clatsop, near the mouth of the Columbia River, staying at the encampment from December until March.[37]

British explorer David Thompson also conducted overland exploration. In 1811, while working for the North West Company, Thompson became the first European to navigate the entire Columbia River.[38] Stopping on the way, at the junction of the Snake River, he posted a claim to the region for Great Britain and the North West Company. Upon returning to Montreal, he publicized the abundance of fur-bearing animals in the area.[39]

Also in 1811, New Yorker John Jacob Astor financed the establishment of Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to his Pacific Fur Company;[40] this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.

In the War of 1812, the British gained control of all Pacific Fur Company posts. The Treaty of 1818 established joint British and American occupancy of the region west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. By the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver (built-in 1825 by the district's chief factor, John McLoughlin, across the Columbia from present-day Portland).

In 1841, the expert trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir, and no system to probate his estate. A meeting followed Young's funeral, at which a probate government was proposed.[41] Doctor Ira Babcock of Jason Lee's Methodist Mission was elected supreme judge.[42] Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg, (halfway between Lee's mission and Oregon City), to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern. These meetings were precursors to an all-citizen meeting in 1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by an executive committee made up of David Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale.[43] This government was the first acting public government of the Oregon Country before annexation by the government of the United States. It was succeeded by a Second Executive Committee, made up of Peter G. Stewart, Osborne Russell, and William J. Bailey, and this committee was itself succeeded by George Abernethy, who was the first and only Governor of Oregon under the provisional government.

Also in 1841, Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, reversed the Hudson's Bay Company's long-standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade.[44] He directed that some 200 Red River Colony settlers be relocated to HBC farms near Fort Vancouver, (the James Sinclair expedition), in an attempt to hold Columbia District.

Starting in 1842–1843, the Oregon Trail brought many new American settlers to the Oregon Country. Oregon's boundaries were disputed for a time, contributing to tensions between the U.K. and the U.S., but the border was defined peacefully in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. The border between the United States and British North America was set at the 49th parallel.[45] The Oregon Territory was officially organized on August 13, 1848.[46]

Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon.

### Black exclusion laws[edit]

In December 1844, Oregon passed its first black exclusion law, which prohibited African Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibiting slavery. Slave owners who brought their slaves with them were given three years before they were forced to free them. Any African Americans in the region after the law was passed were forced to leave, and those who did not comply were arrested and beaten. They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty-nine stripes across the back if they still did not leave. This process could be repeated every six months.[47]

### Statehood[edit]

Slavery played a major part in Oregon's history and even influenced its path to statehood. The territory's request for statehood was delayed several times, as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be admitted as a "free" or "slave" state. Eventually politicians from the South agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a "free" state, in exchange for opening slavery to the southwest United States.[48]

Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859, though no one in Oregon knew it until March 15.[49] Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a "whites only" clause in its original state Constitution.[50][51] At the outbreak of the American Civil War, regular U.S. troops were withdrawn and sent east to aid the Union. Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. The First Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.

### Post-Reconstruction[edit]

Beginning in the 1880s, the growth of railroads expanded the state's lumber, wheat, and other agricultural markets, and the rapid growth of its cities.[52] Due to the abundance of timber and waterway access via the Willamette River, Portland became a major force in the lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest, and quickly became the state's largest city. It would earn the nickname "Stumptown",[53] and would later become recognized as one of the most dangerous port cities in the United States due to racketeering and illegal activities at the turn of the 20th century.[54] In 1902, Oregon introduced direct legislation by the state's citizens through initiatives and referendums, known as the Oregon System.[55]

On May 5, 1945, six civilians were killed by a Japanese balloon bomb that exploded on Gearhart Mountain near Bly.[56][57] They remained the only people on American soil whose deaths were attributed to an enemy balloon bomb explosion during World War II. The bombing site is now located in the Mitchell Recreation Area.

Industrial expansion began in earnest following the 1933–1937 construction of the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Hydroelectric power, food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the U.S. building industry have hurt the state's economy on multiple occasions. Portland, in particular, experienced a population boom between 1900 and 1930, tripling in size; the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom, where Liberty ships and aircraft carriers were constructed.[58]

During the 1970s, the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the 1973 oil crisis, with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage.[59]

In 1972, the Oregon Beverage Container Act of 1971,[60] popularly called the Bottle Bill, became the first law of its kind in the United States. The Bottle Bill system in Oregon was created to control litter. In practice, the system promotes recycling, not reusing, and the collected containers are generally destroyed and made into new containers. Ten states[61] currently have similar laws.

In 1994, Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide through the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon only the second state at the time to have legalized gay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.[62]

### Gasoline pump law[edit]

Oregon banned self serve gas stations in 1951 and remained this way until August 2023.[63][64] Although self-serve is allowed, gas stations are not required to offer it.[65]

New Jersey is the only state remaining in the nation where self serve gas stations are not allowed. Oregon and New Jersey have been the only two states in the nation to not allow self-serve gas stations for many decades.[66]

## Geography[edit]

See also: List of regions of Oregon

Crater Lake

Oregon is 295 miles (475 km) north to south at longest distance, and 395 miles (636 km) east to west. With an area of 98,381 square miles (254,810 km2), Oregon is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is the ninth largest state in the United States.[67] Oregon's highest point is the summit of Mount Hood, at 11,249 feet (3,429 m), and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast.[68] Oregon's mean elevation is 3,300 feet (1,006 m). Crater Lake National Park, the state's only national park, is the site of the deepest lake in the United States at 1,943 feet (592 m).[69] Oregon claims the D River as the shortest river in the world,[70] though the state of Montana makes the same claim of its Roe River.[71] Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park (in Portland),[72] the smallest park in the world at 452 square inches (0.29 m2).

Oregon is split into eight geographical regions. In Western Oregon: Oregon Coast (west of the Coast Range), the Willamette Valley, Rogue Valley, Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains; and in Central and Eastern Oregon: the Columbia Plateau, the High Desert, and the Blue Mountains.

Oregon lies in two time zones. Most of Malheur County is in the Mountain Time Zone, while the rest of the state lies in the Pacific Time Zone.

### Geology and terrain[edit]

See also: Geology of Oregon, List of rivers in Oregon, List of Oregon mountain ranges, and List of Oregon state parks

Mount Hood is the highest peak in Oregon.

Western Oregon's mountainous regions, home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks of the United States including Mount Hood, were formed by the volcanic activity of the Juan de Fuca Plate, a tectonic plate that poses a continued threat of volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region. The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.[73] Washington's Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, an event visible from northern Oregon and affecting some areas there.[74]

The Columbia River, which forms much of Oregon's northern border, also played a major role in the region's geological evolution, as well as its economic and cultural development. The Columbia is one of North America's largest rivers, and one of two rivers to cut through the Cascades (the Klamath River in southern Oregon is the other). About 15,000 years ago, the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during the Missoula Floods; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely the result. Plentiful salmon made parts of the river, such as Celilo Falls, hubs of economic activity for thousands of years.

Today, Oregon's landscape varies from rain forest in the Coast Range to barren desert in the southeast, which still meets the technical definition of a frontier. Oregon's geographical center is further west than any of the other 48 contiguous states (although the westernmost point of the lower 48 states is in Washington). Central Oregon's geographical features range from high desert and volcanic rock formations resulting from lava beds. The Oregon Badlands Wilderness is in this region of the state.[75]

### Flora and fauna[edit]

Main article: Fauna of Oregon

Typical of a western state, Oregon is home to a unique and diverse array of wildlife. Roughly 60 percent of the state is covered in forest,[76] while the areas west of the Cascades are more densely populated by forest, making up around 80 percent of the landscape. Some 60 percent of Oregon's forests are within federal land.[76] Oregon is the top timber producer of the lower 48 states.[11][77]

* Typical tree species include the Douglas fir (the state tree), as well as redwood, ponderosa pine, western red cedar, and hemlock.[78] Ponderosa pine are more common in the Blue Mountains in the eastern part of the state and firs are more common in the west.

Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn antelope)

* Many species of mammals live in the state, which include opossums, shrews, moles, little pocket mice, great basin pocket mice, dark kangaroo mouse, California kangaroo rat, chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, ord's kangaroo rat,[79] bats, rabbits, pikas, mountain beavers, chipmunks, squirrels, yellow-bellied marmots, beavers (the state mammal), porcupines, coyotes, wolves, foxes[80] black bears, raccoons, badgers, skunks, antelopes, cougars, bobcats, lynxes, deer, elk, and moose.
* Marine mammals include seals, sea lions, humpback whales, killer whales, gray whales, blue whales, sperm whales, pacific white-sided dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins.[81]
* Notable birds include American widgeons, mallard ducks, great blue herons, bald eagles, golden eagles, western meadowlarks (the state bird), barn owls, great horned owls, rufous hummingbirds, pileated woodpeckers, wrens, towhees, sparrows, and buntings.[82]

Moose have not always inhabited the state but came to Oregon in the 1960s; the Wallowa Valley herd numbered about 60 as of 2013[update].[83] Gray wolves were extirpated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back; most reside in northeast Oregon, with two packs living in the south-central part.[84] Although their existence in Oregon is unconfirmed, reports of grizzly bears still turn up, and it is probable some still move into eastern Oregon from Idaho.[85]

Oregon is home to what is considered the largest single organism in the world, an Armillaria solidipes fungus beneath the Malheur National Forest of eastern Oregon.[10]

Oregon has several National Park System sites, including Crater Lake National Park in the southern part of the Cascades, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument east of the Cascades, Lewis and Clark National Historical Park on the north coast, and Oregon Caves National Monument near the south coast.

### Climate[edit]

Main article: Climate of Oregon

Köppen climate types in Oregon

Most of Oregon has a generally mild climate, though there is significant variation given the variety of landscapes across the state.[86] The state's western region (west of the Cascade Range) has an oceanic climate, populated by dense evergreen mixed forests. Western Oregon's climate is heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean; the western third of Oregon is very wet in the winter, moderately to very wet during the spring and fall, and dry during the summer. The relative humidity of Western Oregon is high except during summer days, which are semi-dry to semi-humid; Eastern Oregon typically sees low humidity year-round.[87]

The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.[88]

Oregon's northeastern portion has a steppe climate, and its high terrain regions have a subarctic climate. Like Western Europe, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest in general, is considered warm for its latitude, and the state has far milder winters at a given elevation than comparable latitudes elsewhere in North America, such as the Upper Midwest, Ontario, Quebec and New England.[87] However, the state ranks fifth for coolest summer temperatures of any state in the country, after Maine, Idaho, Wyoming, and Alaska.[89]

The eastern two thirds of Oregon, which largely comprise high desert, have cold, snowy winters and very dry summers. Much of the east is semiarid to arid like the rest of the Great Basin, though the Blue Mountains are wet enough to support extensive forests. Most of Oregon receives significant snowfall, but the Willamette Valley, where 60 percent of the population lives,[90] has considerably milder winters for its latitude and typically sees only light snowfall.[87]

Oregon's highest recorded temperature is 119 °F (48 °C), which was set at Prineville on July 29, 1898, and tied at Pendleton on August 10, 1898, and Pelton Dam on June 29, 2021.[91] The lowest recorded temperature is −54 °F (−48 °C) at Seneca on February 10, 1933.[92]

### Cities and towns[edit]

Further information: List of cities and unincorporated communities in Oregon

Oregon's population is largely concentrated in the Willamette Valley, which stretches from Eugene in the south (home of the University of Oregon) through Corvallis (home of Oregon State University) and Salem (the capital) to Portland (Oregon's largest city).[93]

Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, was the first permanent English-speaking settlement west of the Rockies in what is now the United States. Oregon City, at the end of the Oregon Trail, was the Oregon Territory's first incorporated city, and was its first capital from 1848 until 1852, when the capital was moved to Salem. Bend, near the geographic center of the state, is one of the ten fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States.[94][better source needed] In southern Oregon, Medford is a rapidly growing metro area and is home to the Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport, the state's third-busiest airport. To the south, near the California border, is the city of Ashland. Eastern Oregon is sparsely populated, but is home to Hermiston, which with a population of 18,000 is the largest and fastest-growing city in the region.[95]

Largest cities or towns in Oregon

Source:[96]

| Rank | Name | County |  Pop. |

Portland

Eugene | 1 | Portland | Multnomah | 635,067  |
Salem

Gresham
2 | Eugene | Lane | 177,923
3 | Salem | Marion | 177,487
4 | Gresham | Multnomah | 111,621
5 | Hillsboro | Washington | 107,299
6 | Bend | Deschutes | 103,254
7 | Beaverton | Washington | 97,053
8 | Medford | Jackson | 85,556
9 | Springfield | Lane | 61,400
10 | Corvallis | Benton | 60,956

## Demographics[edit]

See also: List of people from Oregon; List of people from Portland, Oregon; and Oregon locations by per capita income

### Population[edit]

Graph of Oregon's population growth from 1850 to 2010[97] Historical population Census| Pop.| Note| %±

|
|
|

1850| 12,093| | —
1860| 52,465| | 333.8%
1870| 90,923| | 73.3%
1880| 174,768| | 92.2%
1890| 317,704| | 81.8%
1900| 413,536| | 30.2%
1910| 672,765| | 62.7%
1920| 783,389| | 16.4%
1930| 953,786| | 21.8%
1940| 1,089,684| | 14.2%
1950| 1,521,341| | 39.6%
1960| 1,768,687| | 16.3%
1970| 2,091,385| | 18.2%
1980| 2,633,105| | 25.9%
1990| 2,842,321| | 7.9%
2000| 3,421,399| | 20.4%
2010| 3,831,074| | 12.0%
2020| 4,237,256| | 10.6%
2023 (est.)| 4,233,358| | −0.1%
Sources: 1910–2020[98]
Ethnic origins in Oregon Oregon population by county using 2012 estimates[99]

The 2020 U.S. census determined that the population of Oregon was 4,237,256 in 2020, a 10.71% increase over the 2010 census.[3]

Oregon was the nation's "Top Moving Destination" in 2014, with two families moving into the state for every one moving out (66.4% to 33.6%).[100] Oregon was also the top moving destination in 2013,[101] and the second-most popular destination in 2010 through 2012.[102][103]

As of the 2010 census, the population of Oregon was 3,831,074. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 22.6% of the population were under the age of 18; 63.5% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older.[104]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 17,959 homeless people in Oregon.[105][106]

Oregon racial composition  Racial composition | 1970[107] | 1990[107] | 2000[108] | 2010[104] | 2020[109]

|
|
|
|
|

White including White Hispanics | 97.2% | 92.8% | 86.6% | 83.6% | 74.8%
Black or African American | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 2%
American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.6% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Asian | 0.7% | 2.4% | 3.0% | 3.7% | 4.6%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | – | – | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Other race | 0.2% | 1.8% | 4.2% | 5.3% | 6.3%
Two or more races | – | – | 3.1% | 3.8% | 10.5%
Non-Hispanic White | 95.8% | - | - | - | 71.7%

According to the 2020 census, 13.9% of Oregon's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race) and 71.7% non-Hispanic White, 2.0% African American, 1.5% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 1.5% Pacific Islander, and 10.5% two or more races.[110] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 12.4% of Oregon's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (10.4%), Puerto Rican (0.3%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.5%).[111] The five largest ancestry groups for White Oregonians were: German (19.1%), Irish (11.7%), English (11.3%), American (5.3%), and Norwegian (3.8%).[112]

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic Whites, decreased from 95.8% of the total population in 1970 to 71.7% in 2020, though it increased in absolute numbers.[113][114]

As of 2011[update], 38.7% of Oregon's children under one year of age belonged to minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non-Hispanic White.[115] Of the state's total population, 22.6% was under the age 18, and 77.4% were 18 or older.

The center of population of Oregon is located in Linn County, in the city of Lyons.[116] Around 60% of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area.[117]

As of 2009[update], Oregon's population comprised 361,393 foreign-born residents.[118] Of the foreign-born residents, the three largest groups are originally from countries in: Latin America (47.8%), Asia (27.4%), and Europe (16.5%).[118] Mexico, Vietnam, China, India and the Philippines were the top countries of origin for Oregon's immigrants in 2018.[119]

The Roma first reached Oregon in the 1890s. There is a substantial Roma population in Willamette Valley and around Portland.[120] The majority of Oregon's population predominantly of white (European) ancestry and are American-born. Around one-tenth of Oregon's population is made up of Hispanics. There are also small population of Asians, Native Americans, and African Americans in state.[121]

### Languages[edit]

Speakers with limited English proficiency by language, 2022[122][123] Rank  | Language  | Number of Speakers

|
|

1  | Spanish | 128,303
2  | Vietnamese | 16,292
3  | Chinese | 15,816
4  | Russian | 8,559
5  | Korean | 4,903
6  | Ukrainian | 2,534
7  | Arabic | 1,480
8  | Tagalog | 447
9  | Marshallese | 336
10  | Japanese | 333
11  | Thai | 169
12  | French | 142
13  | German | 139

### Religious and secular communities[edit]

See also: Religion in Oregon and Religion in the United States

Religious self-identification in Oregon, per PRRI American Values Atlas (2022)[c][124]

Unaffiliated (42%)

Protestantism (35%)

Catholicism (14%)

Mormonism (2%)

Judaism (2%)

New Age (2%)

Jehovah's Witness (1%)

Buddhist (1%)

Oregon has frequently been cited by statistical agencies for having a smaller percentage of religious communities than other U.S. states.[125][126] According to a 2009 Gallup poll, Oregon was paired with Vermont as the two "least religious" states in the United States.[127]

In the same 2009 Gallup poll, 69% of Oregonians identified themselves as being Christian.[128] The largest Christian denominations in Oregon by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 398,738; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 147,965; and the Assemblies of God with 45,492.[129] Oregon also contains the largest community of Russian Old Believers to be found in the United States.[130] Judaism is the largest non-Christian religion in Oregon with more than 50,000 adherents, 47,000 of whom live in the Portland area.[131][132] Recently, new kosher food and Jewish educational offerings have led to a rapid increase in Portland's Orthodox Jewish population.[133] The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association is headquartered in Portland. There are an estimated 6,000 to 10,000 Muslims in Oregon, most of whom live in and around Portland.[134]

Most of the remainder of the population had no religious affiliation; the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) placed Oregon as tied with Nevada in fifth place of U.S. states having the highest percentage of residents identifying themselves as "non-religious", at 24 percent.[135][136] Secular organizations include the Center for Inquiry (CFI), the Humanists of Greater Portland (HGP), and the United States Atheists (USA).

During much of the 1990s, a group of conservative Christians formed the Oregon Citizens Alliance, and unsuccessfully tried to pass legislation to prevent "gay sensitivity training" in public schools and legal benefits for homosexual couples.[137]

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother  Race | 2013[138] | 2014[139] | 2015[140] | 2016[141] | 2017[142] | 2018[143] | 2019[144] | 2020[145] | 2021[146]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

White | 40,219 (89.1%)  | 40,634 (89.2%)  | 40,484 (88.7%)  | ...  | ...  | ...  | ...  | ...  | ...
> Non-Hispanic White | 31,998 (70.8%)  | 32,338 (71.0%)  | 32,147 (70.4%)  | 31,057 (68.2%)  | 29,232 (67.0%)  | 28,265 (67.0%)  | 27,639 (66.0%)  | 26,256 (65.9%)  | 26,662 (65.2%)
Asian | 2,696 (6.0%)  | 2,811 (6.2%)  | 2,895 (6.3%)  | 2,354 (5.2%)  | 2,376 (5.4%)  | 2,260 (5.4%)  | 2,376 (5.7%)  | 2,112 (5.3%)  | 2,106 (5.1%)
Black | 1,331 (2.9%)  | 1,333 (2.9%)  | 1,463 (3.2%)  | 944 (2.1%)  | 994 (2.3%)  | 959 (2.3%)  | 1,007 (2.4%)  | 973 (2.4%)  | 1,065 (2.6%)
American Indian | 909 (2.0%)  | 778 (1.7%)  | 813 (1.8%)  | 427 (0.9%)  | 429 (1.0%)  | 388 (0.9%)  | 402 (1.0%)  | 378 (0.9%)  | 378 (0.9%)
Pacific Islander | ...  | ...  | ...  | 315 (0.7%)  | 300 (0.7%)  | 309 (0.7%)  | 341 (0.8%)  | 278 (0.7%)  | 337 (0.8%)
Hispanic (of any race)  | 8,448 (18.7%)  | 8,524 (18.7%)  | 8,518 (18.6%)  | 8,467 (18.6%)  | 8,275 (19.0%)  | 7,993 (18.9%)  | 8,180 (19.5%)  | 7,923 (19.9%)  | 8,334 (20.4%)
Total | 45,155 (100%)  | 45,556 (100%)  | 45,655 (100%)  | 45,535 (100%)  | 43,631 (100%)  | 42,188 (100%)  | 41,858 (100%)  | 39,820 (100%)  | 40,914 (100%)

* Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
* Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.

Religious affiliation in Oregon (2014)[147] Affiliation  | % of Oregon population

|

Christianity | 59  | 59

Protestant | 43  | 43

Evangelical Protestant | 29  | 29

Mainline Protestant | 13  | 13

Black Protestant | 1  | 1

Catholic | 12  | 12

Mormon | 4  | 4

Orthodox | 1  | 1

Jehovah's Witnesses | 0.5  | 0.5

Other Christianity  | 1  | 1

Judaism | 2  | 2

Islam | 1  | 1

Buddhism | 0.5  | 0.5

Hinduism | 0.5  | 0.5

Other faiths  | 3  | 3

No religion | 31  | 31

Agnostic  | 1  | 1

Total | 100  | 100

### Future projections[edit]

Projections from the U.S. Census Bureau show Oregon's population increasing to 4,833,918 by 2030, an increase of 41.3% compared to the state's population of 3,421,399 in 2000.[148] The state's own projections forecast a total population of 5,425,408 in 2040.[149]

## Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Oregon

See also: Oregon locations by per capita income

As of 2015[update], Oregon ranks as the 17th highest in median household income at $60,834.[4] The gross domestic product (GDP) of Oregon in 2013 was $219.6 billion, a 2.7% increase from 2012; Oregon is the 25th wealthiest state by GDP. In 2003, Oregon was 28th in the U.S. by GDP. The state's per capita personal income (PCPI) in 2013 was $39,848, a 1.5% increase from 2012. Oregon ranks 33rd in the U.S. by PCPI, compared to 31st in 2003. The national PCPI in 2013 was $44,765.[150]

Oregon's unemployment rate was 5.5% in September 2016,[151] while the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.0% that month.[152] Oregon has the third largest amount of food stamp users in the nation (21% of the population).[153]

### Agriculture[edit]

Teenagers harvesting berries in Boring, 1946

Oregon's diverse landscapes provide ideal environments for various types of farming. Land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to the Missoula Floods, which deposited lake sediment from Glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana onto the valley floor.[154] In 2016, the Willamette Valley region produced over 100 million pounds (45 kt) of blueberries.[155] The industry is governed and represented by the Oregon Department of Agriculture.[156]

Oregon is also one of four major world hazelnut (Corylus avellana) growing regions, and produces 95% of the domestic hazelnuts in the United States. While the history of the wine production in Oregon can be traced to before Prohibition, it became a significant industry beginning in the 1970s. In 2005, Oregon ranked third among U.S. states with 303 wineries.[157] Due to regional similarities in climate and soil, the grapes planted in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions of Alsace and Burgundy. In 2014, 71 wineries opened in the state. The total is currently 676, which represents growth of 12% over 2013.[158]

In the southern Oregon coast, commercially cultivated cranberries account for about 7 percent of U.S. production, and the cranberry ranks 23rd among Oregon's top 50 agricultural commodities. Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27,000 acres (110 square kilometers) in southern Coos and northern Curry counties, centered around the coastal city of Bandon. In the northeastern region of the state, particularly around Pendleton, both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown.[159] Oregon farmers and ranchers also produce cattle, sheep, dairy products, eggs and poultry.

Caneberries (Rubus) are farmed here.[160]: 25 Stamen blight (Hapalosphaeria deformans) is significant here and throughout the PNW.[160]: 25 Here it especially hinders commercial dewberries.[160]: 25

Phytophthora ramorum was first discovered in the 1990s on the California Central Coast[161] and was quickly found here as well.[162] P. ramorum is of economic concern due to its infestation of Rubus and Vaccinium spp. (including cranberry and blueberry).[162]

Peaches grown in the Willamette Valley are mostly sold directly and do not enter the more distant markets.[163] OSU Extension recommended several peach and nectarine cultivars for Willamette.[163]

An Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) infestation has been sighted in Forest Grove, the first for Western North America.[164][165] On June 30, 2022, an off-duty invasion biologist noticed an infested tree and the Emerald Ash Borer Readiness and Response Plan for Oregon[166] – finalized in March of the previous year – was quickly enacted by state departments.[164] The public is asked to report[167] sightings to the state Department of Agriculture.[164]

### Forestry and fisheries[edit]

See also: List of freshwater fishes of Oregon

Fish ladder at Bonneville Dam, Multnomah County Historic Lumber Sled at Camp 18 in Elsie

Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation's major timber-producing and logging states, but forest fires (such as the Tillamook Burn), over-harvesting, and lawsuits over the proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced. Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90%, although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant.[168]

Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state. The effects of this decline have included Weyerhaeuser's acquisition of Portland-based Willamette Industries in January 2002, the relocation of Louisiana-Pacific's corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville, and the decline of former lumber company towns such as Gilchrist. Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the United States in softwood lumber production; in 2011, 4,134 million board feet (9,760,000 m3) was produced in Oregon, compared with 3,685 million board feet (8,700,000 m3) in Washington, 1,914 million board feet (4,520,000 m3) in Georgia, and 1,708 million board feet (4,030,000 m3) in Mississippi.[169] The slowing of the timber and lumber industry has caused high unemployment rates in rural areas.[170]

Oregon has one of the largest salmon-fishing industries in the world, although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years.[171] Because of the abundance of waterways in the state, it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy.[172]

### Tourism and entertainment[edit]

See also: Tourism near Portland and Tourism in Portland

Elizabethan stage at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland Hells Canyon is one of the largest canyons in the United States.

Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. Tourism is centered on the state's natural features – mountains, forests, waterfalls, rivers, beaches and lakes, including Crater Lake National Park, Multnomah Falls, the Painted Hills, the Deschutes River, and the Oregon Caves. Mount Hood and Mount Bachelor also draw visitors year-round for skiing and other snow activities.[173]

Oceanarium at the Oregon Coast Aquarium

Portland is home to the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, the Portland Art Museum, and the Oregon Zoo, which is the oldest zoo west of the Mississippi River.[174] The International Rose Test Garden is another prominent attraction in the city. Portland has also been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications, including the U.S. News & World Report and CNN.[175][176] Oregon is home to many breweries, and Portland has the largest number of breweries of any city in the world.[177]

The state's coastal region produces significant tourism as well.[178] The Oregon Coast Aquarium comprises 23 acres (9.3 ha) along Yaquina Bay in Newport, and was also home to Keiko the orca whale.[179] It has been noted as one of the top ten aquariums in North America.[180] Fort Clatsop in Warrenton features a replica of Lewis and Clark's encampment at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805. The Sea Lion Caves in Florence are the largest system of sea caverns in the United States, and also attract many visitors.[181]

In Southern Oregon, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, held in Ashland, is also a tourist draw, as is the Oregon Vortex and the Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site, a historic inn where Jack London wrote his 1913 novel Valley of the Moon.[182]

Oregon has also historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes, as well as its proximity to Hollywood.[183] Movies filmed in Oregon include: Animal House, Free Willy, The General, The Goonies, Kindergarten Cop, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Stand By Me. Oregon native Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, has incorporated many references from his hometown of Portland into the TV series.[184] Additionally, several television shows have been filmed throughout the state including Portlandia, Grimm, Bates Motel, and Leverage.[185] The Oregon Film Museum is located in the old Clatsop County Jail in Astoria. Additionally, the last remaining Blockbuster store is located in Bend.[186]

### Technology[edit]

High technology industries located in Silicon Forest have been a major employer since the 1970s. Tektronix was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late 1980s. Intel's creation and expansion of several facilities in eastern Washington County continued the growth that Tektronix had started. Intel, the state's largest for-profit private employer,[187][188] operates four large facilities, with Ronler Acres, Jones Farm and Hawthorn Farm all located in Hillsboro.[189]

The spinoffs and startups that were produced by these two companies led to establishment of the so-called Silicon Forest. The recession and dot-com bust of 2001 hit the region hard; many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business. Open Source Development Labs made news in 2004 when they hired Linus Torvalds, developer of the Linux kernel. In 2010, biotechnology giant Genentech opened a $400 million facility in Hillsboro to expand its production capabilities.[190] Oregon is home to several large datacenters that take advantage of cheap power and a climate conducive to reducing cooling costs. Google operates a large datacenter in The Dalles, and Facebook built a large datacenter near Prineville in 2010. Amazon opened a datacenter near Boardman in 2011, and a fulfillment center in Troutdale in 2018.[191][192]

### Corporate headquarters[edit]

Nike headquarters near Beaverton

Oregon is also the home of large corporations in other industries. The world headquarters of Nike is located near Beaverton. Medford is home to Harry and David, which sells gift items under several brands. Medford is also home to the national headquarters of Lithia Motors. Portland is home to one of the West's largest trade book publishing houses, Graphic Arts Center Publishing. Oregon is also home to Mentor Graphics Corporation, a world leader in electronic design automation located in Wilsonville and employs roughly 4,500 people worldwide.

Adidas Corporations American Headquarters is located in Portland and employs roughly 900 full-time workers at its Portland campus.[193] Nike, located in Beaverton, employs roughly 5,000 full-time employees at its 200-acre (81 ha) campus. Nike's Beaverton campus is continuously ranked as a top employer in the Portland area-along with competitor Adidas.[194] Intel Corporation employs 22,000 in Oregon[188] with the majority of these employees located at the company's Hillsboro campus located about 30 minutes west of Portland. Intel has been a top employer in Oregon since 1974.[195]

Largest Public Corporations Headquartered in Oregon (December 2016)[196] # | Corporation | Headquarters | Market cap (billions US$)

|
|
|

1. | Nike | Beaverton | 91.35
2. | FLIR Systems | Wilsonville | 4.77
3. | Portland General Electric | Portland | 4.05
4. | Columbia Sportswear | Beaverton | 4.03
5. | Umpqua Holdings Corporation | Portland | 3.68
6. | Lithia Motors | Medford | 2.06
7. | Northwest Natural Gas | Portland | 1.7
8. | The Greenbrier Companies | Lake Oswego | 1.25

The U.S. Federal Government and Providence Health systems are respective contenders for top employers in Oregon with roughly 12,000 federal workers and 14,000 Providence Health workers.

In 2015, a total of seven companies headquartered in Oregon landed in the Fortune 1000: Nike, at 106; Precision Castparts Corp. at 302; Lithia Motors at 482; StanCorp Financial Group at 804; Schnitzer Steel Industries at 853; The Greenbrier Companies at 948; and Columbia Sportswear at 982.[197]

### Taxes and budgets[edit]

Oregon's biennial state budget, $2.6 billion in 2017, comprises General Funds, Federal Funds, Lottery Funds, and Other Funds.[198]

Oregon is one of only five states that have no sales tax.[199] Oregon voters have been resolute in their opposition to a sales tax, voting proposals down each of the nine times they have been presented.[200] The last vote, for 1993's Measure 1, was defeated by a 75–25% margin.[201]

The state also has a minimum corporate tax of only $150 a year,[202] amounting to 5.6% of the General Fund in the 2005–07 biennium; data about which businesses pay the minimum is not available to the public.[203][better source needed] As a result, the state relies on property and income taxes for its revenue. Oregon has the fifth highest personal income tax in the nation. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon ranked 41st out of the 50 states in taxes per capita in 2005 with an average amount paid of 1,791.45.[204]

A few local governments levy sales taxes on services: the city of Ashland, for example, collects a 5% sales tax on prepared food.[205]

The City of Portland imposes an Arts Education and Access Income Tax on residents over 18—a flat tax of $35 collected from individuals earning $1,000 or more per year and residing in a household with an annual income exceeding the federal poverty level. The tax funds Portland school teachers, and art focused non-profit organizations in Portland.[206]

The State of Oregon also allows transit district to levy an income tax on employers and the self-employed. The State currently collects the tax for TriMet and the Lane Transit District.[207][208]

Oregon is one of six states with a revenue limit.[209] The "kicker law" stipulates that when income tax collections exceed state economists' estimates by two percent or more, any excess must be returned to taxpayers.[210] Since the enactment of the law in 1979, refunds have been issued for seven of the eleven biennia.[211] In 2000, Ballot Measure 86 converted the "kicker" law from statute to the Oregon Constitution, and changed some of its provisions.

Federal payments to county governments that were granted to replace timber revenue when logging in National Forests was restricted in the 1990s, have been under threat of suspension for several years. This issue dominates the future revenue of rural counties, which have come to rely on the payments in providing essential services.[212]

55% of state revenues are spent on public education, 23% on human services (child protective services, Medicaid, and senior services), 17% on public safety, and 5% on other services.[213]

Oregon has had a $15 bicycle tax for each new bicycles over $200 since 2018. Oregon is the only state in the nation with a bicycle excise tax.[214][215]

### Healthcare[edit]

Main article: List of hospitals in Oregon

For health insurance, as of 2018 Cambia Health Solutions has the highest market share at 21%, followed by Providence Health.[216] In the Portland region, Kaiser Permanente leads.[216] Providence and Kaiser are vertically integrated delivery systems which operate hospitals and offer insurance plans.[217] Aside from Providence and Kaiser, hospital systems which are primarily Oregon-based include Legacy Health mostly covering Portland, Samaritan Health Services with five hospitals in various areas across the state, and Tuality Healthcare in the western Portland metropolitan area. In Southern Oregon, Asante runs several hospitals, including Rogue Regional Medical Center. Some hospitals are operated by multi-state organizations such as PeaceHealth and CommonSpirit Health. Some hospitals such Salem Hospital operate independently of larger systems.

Oregon Health & Science University is a Portland-based medical school that operates two hospitals and clinics.

The Oregon Health Plan is the state's Medicaid managed care plan, and it is known for innovations.[218] The Portland area is a mature managed care and two-thirds of Medicare enrollees are in Medicare Advantage plans.[218]

## Education[edit]

### Elementary, middle, and high school[edit]

In the 2013–2014 school year, the state had 567,000 students in public schools.[219] There were 197 public school districts, served by 19 education service districts.[219]

In 2016, the largest school districts in the state were:[220] Portland Public Schools, comprising 47,323 students; Salem-Keizer School District, comprising 40,565 students; Beaverton School District, comprising 39,625 students; Hillsboro School District, comprising 21,118 students; and North Clackamas School District, comprising 17,053 students.

Approximately 90.5% of Oregon high school students graduate, improving on the national average of 88.3% as measured from the 2010 U.S. census.[221]

On May 8, 2019, educators across the state protested to demand smaller class sizes, hiring more support staff, such as school counselors, librarians, and nurses, and the restoration of art, music, and physical education classes. The protests caused two dozen school districts to close, which equals to about 600 schools across the state.[222]

### Colleges and universities[edit]

See also: List of colleges and universities in Oregon and Oregon Office of University Coordination

The Memorial Union at Oregon State University

Especially since the 1990 passage of Measure 5, which set limits on property tax levels, Oregon has struggled to fund higher education. Since then, Oregon has cut its higher education budget and now ranks 46th in the country in state spending per student. However, 2007 legislation funded the university system far beyond the governor's requested budget though still capping tuition increases at 3% per year.[223] Oregon supports a total of seven public universities and one affiliate. It is home to three public research universities: The University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene and Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, both classified as research universities with very high research activity, and Portland State University which is classified as a research university with high research activity.[224]

Johnson Hall at the University of Oregon

UO is the state's highest nationally ranked and most selective[225] public university by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes.[226] OSU is the state's only land-grant university, has the state's largest enrollment for fall 2014,[227] and is the state's highest ranking university according to Academic Ranking of World Universities, Washington Monthly, and QS World University Rankings.[228] OSU receives more annual funding for research than all other public higher education institutions in Oregon combined.[229] The state's urban Portland State University has Oregon's second largest enrollment.

The state has three regional universities: Western Oregon University in Monmouth, Southern Oregon University in Ashland, and Eastern Oregon University in La Grande. The Oregon Institute of Technology has its campus in Klamath Falls. The quasi-public Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) includes medical, dental, and nursing schools, and graduate programs in biomedical sciences in Portland and a science and engineering school in Hillsboro. The state also supports 17 community colleges.

Eliot Hall at Reed College

Oregon is home to a wide variety of private colleges, the majority of which are located in the Portland area. The University of Portland, a Catholic university, is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross. Reed College, a rigorous liberal arts college in Portland, was ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country in 2015.[230]

Other private institutions in Portland include Lewis & Clark College; Multnomah University; Portland Bible College; Warner Pacific College; Cascade College; the National University of Natural Medicine; and Western Seminary, a theological graduate school. Pacific University is in the Portland suburb of Forest Grove. There are also private colleges further south in the Willamette Valley. McMinnville is home to Linfield College, while nearby Newberg is home to George Fox University. Salem is home to two private schools: Willamette University (the state's oldest, established during the provisional period) and Corban University. Also located near Salem is Mount Angel Seminary, one of America's largest Roman Catholic seminaries. The state's second medical school, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest, is located in Lebanon. Eugene is home to three private colleges: Bushnell University, New Hope Christian College, and Gutenberg College.

## Law and government[edit]

See also: Government of Oregon

Golden Pioneer atop the Oregon State Capitol

A writer in the Oregon Country book A Pacific Republic, written in 1839, predicted the territory was to become an independent republic. Four years later, in 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republican form of government.[231] The Oregon Country functioned in this way until August 13, 1848, when Oregon was annexed by the United States and a territorial government was established. Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14, 1859, when it was granted statehood.[232]

Oregon state government has a separation of powers similar to the federal government. It has three branches:

* a legislative branch (the bicameral Oregon Legislative Assembly),
* an executive branch which includes an "administrative department" and Oregon's governor serving as chief executive, and
* a judicial branch, headed by the Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.

Governors in Oregon serve four-year terms and are limited to two consecutive terms, but an unlimited number of total terms. Oregon has no lieutenant governor; in case the office of governor is vacated, Article V, Section 8a of the Oregon Constitution specifies that the Secretary of State is first in line for succession.[233] The other statewide officers are Treasurer, Attorney General, and Labor Commissioner. The biennial Oregon Legislative Assembly consists of a thirty-member Senate and a sixty-member House. The state supreme court has seven elected justices, currently including the only two openly gay state supreme court justices in the nation. They choose one of their own to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice.

The debate over whether to move to annual sessions is a long-standing battle in Oregon politics, but the voters have resisted the move from citizen legislators to professional lawmakers. Because Oregon's state budget is written in two-year increments and, there being no sales tax, state revenue is based largely on income taxes, it is often significantly over or under budget. Recent legislatures have had to be called into special sessions repeatedly to address revenue shortfalls resulting from economic downturns, bringing to a head the need for more frequent legislative sessions. Oregon Initiative 71, passed in 2010, mandates the legislature to begin meeting every year, for 160 days in odd-numbered years, and 35 days in even-numbered years.

Federally recognized tribes in Oregon

*     * Burns Paiute Tribe
* Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians
* Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde
* Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
* Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
* Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
* Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians
* Klamath Tribes
* Coquille Indian Tribe

Oregonians have voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since 1988. In 2004 and 2006, Democrats won control of the State Senate, and then the House. Since 2023, Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and two Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives. Since 2009, the state has had two Democratic U.S. senators, Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley. Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986, most recently electing Tina Kotek over Republican Christine Drazan and Independent Betsy Johnson in the 2022 gubernatorial election.

The base of Democratic support is largely concentrated in the urban centers of the Willamette Valley. The eastern two-thirds of the state beyond the Cascade Mountains typically votes Republican; in 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush carried every county east of the Cascades. However, the region's sparse population means the more populous counties in the Willamette Valley usually outweigh the eastern counties in statewide elections.

In the 2002 general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to increase the state minimum wage automatically each year according to inflationary changes, which are measured by the consumer price index (CPI).[234] In the 2004 general election, Oregon voters passed ballot measures banning same-sex marriage[235] and restricting land use regulation.[236] In the 2006 general election, voters restricted the use of eminent domain and extended the state's discount prescription drug coverage.[237]

In the 2020 general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to decriminalize the possession of small quantities of street drugs such as cocaine and heroin, becoming the first state in the country to do so after the drugs were originally made illegal.[238] There has been mixed success of the ballot measure after three years of implementation and calls for change.[239][240] Drug overdose deaths have continued to rise, inline with other states. Funds allocated to treatment and other services have not increased the success of these alternate outcomes. [241][242]In January 2024 the Oregon State legislature began to consider moves that would reverse some of the provisions in the ballot measure. The state also approved a ballot measure to create a legal means of administering psilocybin for medicinal use.[243]

### Federal representation[edit]

Like all U.S. states, Oregon is represented by two senators. Following the 1980 census, Oregon had five congressional districts. After Oregon was admitted to the Union, it began with a single member in the House of Representatives (La Fayette Grover, who served in the 35th United States Congress for less than a month). Congressional apportionment increased the size of the delegation following the censuses of 1890, 1910, 1940, and 1980. Following the 2020 census, Oregon gained a sixth congressional seat. It was filled in the 2022 Congressional Elections.[244] A detailed list of the past and present Congressional delegations from Oregon is available.

The United States District Court for the District of Oregon hears federal cases in the state. The court has courthouses in Portland, Eugene, Medford, and Pendleton. Also in Portland is the federal bankruptcy court, with a second branch in Eugene.[245] Oregon (among other western states and territories) is in the 9th Court of Appeals. One of the court's meeting places is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland, a National Historic Landmark built-in 1869.

### Politics[edit]

Main article: Politics of Oregon

See also: Political party strength in Oregon

Treemap of the popular vote by county (2016 presidential election) Party registration in Oregon, 1950–2006

* Total

* Democratic Party

* Republican Party

* Non-affiliated or other

Party registration by Oregon county (February 2023)

* Democrat ≥ 30%

* Democrat ≥ 40%

* Democrat ≥ 50%

* Republican ≥ 30%

* Republican ≥ 40%

* Republican ≥ 50%

* Unaffiliated ≥ 30%

* Unaffiliated ≥ 40%

Political opinions in Oregon are geographically split by the Cascade Range, with Western Oregon being more liberal and Eastern Oregon being conservative.[246] In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election, a political analyst found that according to the application of a Likert scale, Oregon boasted both the most liberal Kerry voters and the most conservative Bush voters, making it the most politically polarized state in the country.[247]

While Republicans typically win more counties by running up huge margins in the east, the Democratic tilt of the more populated west is usually enough to swing the entire state Democratic. In 2008, for instance, Republican Senate incumbent Gordon H. Smith lost his bid for a third term, even though he carried all but eight counties. His Democratic challenger, Jeff Merkley, won Multnomah County by 142,000 votes, more than double the overall margin of victory.

During Oregon's history, it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era, through the efforts of William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League. Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Today, roughly half of U.S. states do so.[248]

In following years, the primary election to select party candidates was adopted in 1904, and in 1908 the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials. More recent amendments include the nation's first doctor-assisted suicide law,[249] called the Death with Dignity Act (which was challenged, unsuccessfully, in 2005 by the Bush administration in a case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court), legalization of medical cannabis, and among the nation's strongest anti-urban sprawl and pro-environment laws.[citation needed] More recently, 2004's Measure 37 reflects a backlash against such land-use laws. However, a further ballot measure in 2007, Measure 49, curtailed many of the provisions of 37.

Of the measures placed on the ballot since 1902, the people have passed 99 of the 288 initiatives and 25 of the 61 referendums on the ballot, though not all of them survived challenges in courts (see Pierce v. Society of Sisters, for an example). During the same period, the legislature has referred 363 measures to the people, of which 206 have passed.

Oregon pioneered the American use of postal voting, beginning with experimentation approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating with a 1998 ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail. It remains one of just two states, the other being Washington, where voting by mail is the only method of voting.

In 1994, Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan, which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance.[250]

Oregon is the only state that does not have a mechanism to impeach executive officeholders, including the governor.[251] Removing an executive office holder would require a recall election. It is one of four states that requires two-thirds of members of the House and Senate be present to establish a quorum.[252] It is one of a minority of states that does not have a lieutenant governor.[253] The Secretary of State is the first in line of succession to replace the governor in event of a vacancy. This last occurred in 2015, when Gov. John Kitzhaber resigned amid allegation of influence peddling and Secretary of State Kate Brown became governor. Brown won a special election in 2016 to retain the position, and won a full four-year term in 2018.

In the U.S. Electoral College, Oregon cast seven votes through the 2020 presidential election. Under apportionment of Congress under the 2020 U.S. census, Oregon added a sixth congressional seat. Under the Electoral College formula of votes equaling the number of U.S. House seats plus the two U.S. Senators, Oregon will cast eight votes in the 2024 election. Oregon has supported Democratic candidates in the last nine elections. Democratic incumbent Barack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points, with over 54% of the popular vote in 2012. In the 2016 election, Hillary Clinton won Oregon by 11 percentage points.[254] In the 2020 election, Joe Biden won Oregon by 16 percentage points over his opponent, Donald Trump.[255]

In a 2020 study, Oregon was ranked as the easiest state for citizens to vote in.[256]

Oregon retains the death penalty. There is currently a gubernatorial hold on executions.[257]

## Sports[edit]

See also: Sports in Portland, Oregon

The Moda Center (formerly the Rose Garden) during a Portland Trail Blazers game

Oregon is home to three major professional sports teams: the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA, the Portland Thorns FC of the NWSL and the Portland Timbers of MLS.[258]

Until 2011, the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of both win–loss record and attendance.[259] In the early 21st century, the team's popularity declined due to personnel and financial issues, but revived after the departure of controversial players and the acquisition of new players such as Brandon Roy and LaMarcus Aldridge, and still later Damian Lillard.[260][261] The Blazers play in the Moda Center in Portland's Lloyd District, which also is home to the Portland Winterhawks of the junior Western Hockey League.[262]

The Portland Timbers play at Providence Park, just west of downtown Portland. The Timbers have a strong following, with the team regularly selling out its games.[263] The Timbers repurposed the formerly multi-use stadium into a soccer-specific stadium in fall 2010, increasing the seating in the process.[264] The Timbers operate Portland Thorns FC, a women's soccer team that has played in the National Women's Soccer League since the league's first season in 2013. The Thorns, who also play at Providence Park, have won two league championships, in the inaugural 2013 season and also in 2017, and have been by far the NWSL's attendance leader in each of the league's seasons.

Providence Park during a Portland Thorns FC match

Eugene and Hillsboro have minor-league baseball teams: the Eugene Emeralds and the Hillsboro Hops both play in the High-A High-A West.[265] Portland has had minor-league baseball teams in the past, including the Portland Beavers and Portland Rockies, who played most recently at Providence Park when it was known as PGE Park. Salem also previously had a Class A Short Season Northwest League team, the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes that was not included in the 2021 Minor League Baseball reorganization. The Volcanoes ownership later formed the amateur Mavericks Independent Baseball League, which is fully based in Salem.[266]

The Oregon State Beavers and the University of Oregon Ducks football teams of the Pac-12 Conference meet annually in the Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry. Both schools have had recent success in other sports as well: Oregon State won back-to-back college baseball championships in 2006 and 2007,[267] winning a third in 2018;[268] and the University of Oregon won back-to-back NCAA men's cross country championships in 2007 and 2008.[269]

## Sister regions[edit]

* Fujian Province,  People's Republic of China[270]
* Taiwan Province,  Republic of China (Taiwan)[270]
* Toyama Prefecture,  Japan[270][271]
* Jeollanam-do Province,  Republic of Korea (South Korea)[270][271]
* Iraqi Kurdistan,  Iraq[272]

## See also[edit]

* Oregon portal
* United States portal

* Outline of Oregon (organized list of topics about Oregon)
* Index of Oregon-related articles
* Bibliography of Oregon history
* Pacific Northwest portal

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ As Griffin-Valade has not been elected, Oregon State Treasurer Tobias Read is first in the line of succession until after the 2024 general election.
2. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
3. ^ Racial subdemographics for religious traditions are added together. Note: there is a glitch surrounding the display of Oregon's religious tradition data on Public Religion Research Institute. Click the "list" option if results show "N/A". Do not remove pie chart.

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## References[edit]

* Allen, John Elliott; Burns, Marjorie; Sargent, Sam C. (2009). Cataclysms on the Columbia. Ooligan Press. ISBN 978-1-932010-31-2.
* Ambrose, Stephen E. (1997). Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-82697-4.
* Boone, Mary (2004). Uniquely Oregon. Chicago, Illinois: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4034-4659-6.
* Carey, Charles Henry (1922). History of Oregon: Volume 1. Pioneer Historical Publishing Co.
* Clucas, Richard A., Mark Henkels, and Brent Steel, eds. Oregon politics and government: progressives versus conservative populists (U of Nebraska Press, 2005). online
* Evans, Tony Howard (1966). Oregon Progressive Reform, 1902–1914. University of California Press. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
* Hemming, John (2008). Atlas of Exploration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534318-2.
* Jewell, Judy; McRae, W.C. (2014). Moon Oregon. Moon Travel. ISBN 978-1-61238-756-7.
* Johnson, Sidona V. (1904). A Short History of Oregon. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. p. 332. "A Short History of Oregon: Early Discoveries--The Lewis and Clark."
* Loy, Willam G.; Allan, Stuart; Buckley, Aileen R.; Meacham, James E. (2001). Atlas of Oregon. University of Oregon Press. ISBN 978-0-87114-101-9.
* Mclagan, Elizabeth (2022). A Peculiar Paradise: A History of Blacks in Oregon, 1788-1940 (2nd ed.). Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press in Cooperation with Oregon Black Pioneers. ISBN 9780870712210. OCLC 1341845615. OL 4110324M. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
* Miller, Christopher (1985). Prophetic Worlds: Indians and Whites on the Columbia Plateau. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98302-7.
* Robbins, William G. (2005). Oregon: This Storied Land. Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87595-286-4.
* Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (1988). Historia de las comunicaciones y los transportes en México (in Spanish). Vol. 5\. Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

## External links[edit]

Oregon at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Travel information from Wikivoyage

* Oregon at Curlie
* Oregon Encyclopedia
* Oregon State Databases at the American Library Association

### Government[edit]

* State of Oregon
* Oregon State Legislature
* Oregon Constitution

### Tourism and recreation[edit]

* TravelOregon.com an official website of the Oregon Tourism Commission
* Oregon State Parks
* Oregon State Facts from the United States Department of Agriculture

### History and culture[edit]

* Oregon Historical Society
* Oregon Blue Book, the online version of the state's official directory and fact book

### Maps and geology[edit]

* Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Oregon Archived December 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine from the United States Geological Survey
* Geographic data related to Oregon at OpenStreetMap

Preceded by

Minnesota

|  List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on February 14, 1859 (33rd)  | Succeeded by

Kansas

|
|

Places adjacent to Oregon

|  |  Washington |

|
|

|  |
Pacific Ocean |

Oregon: Outline • Index

|  Idaho
|  |
Pacific Ocean
Hawaii |  California and  Nevada |

Topics related to Oregon
Beaver State

* v
* t
* e

State of Oregon

Salem (capital)

Topics|

* Index
* Outline
* Climate
* Geography
* fauna
* beaches
* lakes
* rivers
* Government
* constitution
* delegations
* ballot measures
* elections
* Governor
* list
* History
* bibliography
* Oregon Trail
* timeline
* Parks
* People
* Pioneers
* State Fair
* Symbols

Society|

* Abortion
* Culture
* Crime
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education
* Gun laws
* LGBT rights
* Gambling
* Politics

Regions|

| Western|

* Northwest Oregon
* Oregon Coast
* Portland Metro
* Tualatin Valley
* Willamette Valley

|

Eastern|

* Harney Basin
* High Desert
* Palouse
* Treasure Valley
* Central Oregon

Southern|

* Rogue Valley

Shared|

* The Cascades
* Columbia Gorge
* Columbia River
* Columbia Plateau
* Great Basin
* Mount Hood Corridor
* Trout Creek Mountains

Metro areas|

* Albany–Corvallis
* Bend–Prineville
* Eugene–Springfield
* Medford–Ashland
* Portland
* Salem–Keizer

Largest cities|

* Portland
* Salem
* Eugene
* Gresham
* Hillsboro
* Beaverton
* Bend
* Medford
* Springfield
* Corvallis
* Albany
* Tigard
* Lake Oswego
* Keizer
* Grants Pass
* Oregon City
* McMinnville
* Redmond
* Tualatin
* West Linn
* Woodburn
* Forest Grove
* Newberg
* Wilsonville
* Roseburg
* Klamath Falls
* Ashland
* Milwaukie
* Sherwood
* Happy Valley
* Central Point
* Canby
* Hermiston
* Pendleton

Counties|

* Baker
* Benton
* Clackamas
* Clatsop
* Columbia
* Coos
* Crook
* Curry
* Deschutes
* Douglas
* Gilliam
* Grant
* Harney
* Hood River
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Josephine
* Klamath
* Lake
* Lane
* Lincoln
* Linn
* Malheur
* Marion
* Morrow
* Multnomah
* Polk
* Sherman
* Tillamook
* Umatilla
* Union
* Wallowa
* Wasco
* Washington
* Wheeler
* Yamhill

* Oregon portal
* Pacific Northwest portal

* v
* t
* e

Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Oregon

1. Ted Wheeler (D)
(Portland)
2. Lucy Vinis (D)
(Eugene)
3. Chris Hoy (D)
(Salem)
4. Travis Stovall (D)
(Gresham)
5. Steve Callaway (R)
(Hillsboro)
6. Gena Goodman-Campbell(D)
(Bend)

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of Oregon

Heritage registers
National Register of Historic Places
National Historic Landmarks
National Natural Landmarks
World Network of Biosphere Reserves

Federal|

| NPS|

| National Parks|

* Crater Lake

|

National Historic
Parks and Sites|

* Fort Vancouver NHS
* Lewis and Clark NHP
* Nez Perce NHP

National monuments|

* John Day Fossil Beds
* Newberry National Volcanic Monument (USFS)
* Oregon Caves

USFS|

| National Forests|

* Deschutes
* Fremont–Winema
* Malheur
* Mount Hood
* Ochoco
* Rogue River–Siskiyou
* Siuslaw
* Umatilla
* Umpqua
* Wallowa–Whitman
* Willamette

|

National Grasslands|

* Crooked River

National recreation areas|

* Hells Canyon
* Mount Hood
* Oregon Dunes

Scenic areas|

* Cape Perpetua
* Columbia River Gorge

| National Wildlife
Refuge System|

* Ankeny
* Bandon Marsh
* Baskett Slough
* Bear Valley
* Cape Meares
* Cold Springs
* Deer Flat
* Hart Mountain
* Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer
* Klamath Marsh
* Lewis and Clark
* Lower Klamath
* Malheur
* McKay Creek
* Nestucca Bay
* Oregon Islands
* Siletz Bay
* Three Arch Rocks
* Tualatin River
* Umatilla
* Upper Klamath
* Wapato Lake
* William L. Finley

|

Wilderness areas|

* Badger Creek
* Black Canyon
* Boulder Creek
* Bridge Creek
* Bull of the Woods
* Clackamas
* Copper Salmon
* Cummins Creek
* Devil's Staircase
* Diamond Peak
* Drift Creek
* Eagle Cap
* Gearhart Mountain
* Grassy Knob
* Hells Canyon
* Kalmiopsis
* Lower White River
* Mark O. Hatfield
* Menagerie
* Middle Santiam
* Mill Creek
* Monument Rock
* Mount Hood
* Mount Jefferson
* Mount Thielsen
* Mount Washington
* Mountain Lakes
* North Fork John Day
* North Fork Umatilla
* Opal Creek
* Oregon Badlands
* Red Buttes
* Roaring River
* Rock Creek
* Rogue–Umpqua Divide
* Salmon–Huckleberry
* Sky Lakes
* Soda Mountain
* Spring Basin
* Steens Mountain
* Strawberry Mountain
* Table Rock
* Three Sisters
* Waldo Lake
* Wenaha–Tucannon
* Wild Rogue

National Conservation Lands|

* Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument
* Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area
* Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area

National Wild and Scenic Rivers|

* List of Oregon's National Wild and Scenic Rivers

Other protected areas|

* Cascade Head Preserve
* Christmas Valley Sand Dunes
* Fossil Lake Area of Critical Environmental Concern
* Lost Forest Research Natural Area
* Sandy River Delta
* South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve
* Upper and Lower Table Rock
* Wildwood Recreation Site

State|

| Parks|

| North
Coast|

* Arcadia Beach
* Bob Straub
* Bradley
* Cape Kiwanda
* Cape Lookout
* Cape Meares
* Clay Myers at Whalen Island
* Del Rey Beach
* Ecola
* Elmer Feldenheimer
* Fishing Rock
* Fort Stevens
* Gearhart Ocean
* Haystack Hill
* Hug Point
* John Yeon
* Manhattan Beach
* Munson Creek Falls
* Neahkahnie–Manzanita
* Nehalem Bay
* Oceanside Beach
* Oswald West
* Rockaway Beach
* Sunset Beach
* Sunset Highway Forest
* Sitka Sedge
* Symons
* Tolovana Beach
* Twin Rocks
* Wilson River Highway Forest

|

Central
Coast|

* Agate Beach
* Alsea Bay
* Beachside
* Beaver Creek
* Beverly Beach
* Boiler Bay
* Carl G. Washburne
* Collins Creek
* D River
* Darlingtonia
* Devils Lake
* Devils Punch Bowl
* Driftwood Beach
* Ellmaker
* Fogarty Creek
* Gleneden Beach
* Governor Patterson
* H.B. Van Duzer
* Heceta Head Lighthouse
* Jessie M. Honeyman
* Joaquin Miller Forest
* L. Presley & Vera C. Gill
* Lost Creek
* Muriel O. Ponsler
* Neptune
* Neskowin Beach
* Ona Beach
* Otter Crest
* Pritchard
* Roads End
* Rocky Creek
* San Marine
* Seal Rock
* Smelt Sands
* South Beach
* Stonefield Beach
* Tokatee Klootchman
* W. B. Nelson
* Whale Watching
* Yachats
* Yachats Ocean Road
* Yaquina Bay

South
Coast|

* Albert H. Powers
* Alfred A. Loeb
* Arizona Beach
* Bandon
* Bolon Island Tideways
* Bullards Beach
* Cape Arago
* Cape Blanco
* Cape Sebastian
* Conde B. McCullough
* Coquille Myrtle Grove
* Crissey Field
* Elk Creek Tunnel Forest
* Face Rock
* Floras Lake
* Geisel Monument
* Golden and Silver Falls
* Harris Beach
* Hoffman
* Humbug Mountain
* Hutchinson
* Lone Ranch
* Maria C. Jackson
* McVay Rock
* Ophir
* Otter Point
* Paradise Point
* Pistol River
* Port Orford Cedar Forest
* Port Orford Heads
* Samuel H. Boardman
* Seven Devils
* Shore Acres
* Sisters Rock
* Sunset Bay
* Sweet Myrtle
* Umpqua
* Umpqua Lighthouse
* Umpqua Myrtle
* William M. Tugman
* Winchuck
* Yoakam Point

Portland
Metro|

* Banks–Vernonia
* Bonnie Lure
* Government Island
* L. L. "Stub" Stewart
* Mary S. Young
* Milo McIver
* Tryon Creek
* Willamette Stone

Columbia
River Gorge/
Mount Hood|

* Ainsworth
* Benson
* Bonneville
* Bridal Veil Falls
* Crown Point
* Dabney
* Dalton Point
* George W. Joseph
* Guy W. Talbot
* Historic Columbia River Highway
* John B. Yeon
* Koberg Beach
* Lang Forest
* Lewis and Clark
* Lindsey Creek
* Mayer
* McLoughlin
* Memaloose
* Multnomah Falls
* Portland Women's Forum
* Rocky Butte
* Rooster Rock
* Seneca Fouts
* Shepperd's Dell
* Sheridan
* Starvation Creek
* Viento
* Vinzenz Lausmann
* Wyeth
* Wygant

Willamette
Valley|

* Alderwood
* Bald Peak
* Blachly Mountain Forest
* Bowers Rock
* Cascadia
* Champoeg
* Detroit Lake
* Dexter
* Elijah Bristow
* Erratic Rock
* Fall Creek
* Fort Yamhill
* Holman
* Jasper
* Lowell
* Luckiamute
* Maples
* Maud Williamson
* Molalla River
* North Santiam
* Sarah Helmick
* Silver Falls
* State Capitol
* Thompson's Mills
* Washburne
* Willamette Mission
* Willamette Greenway

Southern
Oregon|

* Ben Hur Lampman
* Canyon Creek Forest
* Casey
* Collier Memorial
* Illinois River Forks
* Jackson F. Kimball
* Joseph H. Stewart
* Klamath Falls – Lakeview Forest
* OC&E Woods Line
* Prospect
* Rough and Ready Forest
* Stage Coach Forest
* TouVelle
* Tub Springs
* Valley of the Rogue
* Wolf Creek Inn

Central
Oregon|

*   * Cline Falls
* Cottonwood Canyon
* Deschutes River
* Dyer
* Elliott Corbett
* La Pine
* Ochoco
* Peter Skene Ogden
* Pilot Butte
* Prineville Reservoir
* Redmond–Bend Juniper
* Sisters
* Smith Rock
* The Cove Palisades
* Tumalo
* White River Falls

Eastern
Oregon|

* Bates
* Battle Mountain Forest
* Blue Mountain Forest
* Booth
* Catherine Creek
* Chandler
* Clyde Holliday
* Crooked Creek
* Deadman's Pass
* Emigrant Springs
* Farewell Bend
* Fort Rock
* Fort Rock Cave
* Frenchglen Hotel
* Goose Lake
* Hat Rock
* Hilgard Junction
* Kam Wah Chung
* Lake Owyhee
* Minam
* Ontario
* Pete French Round Barn
* Red Bridge
* Succor Creek
* Sumpter Valley Dredge
* Ukiah–Dale Forest
* Unity Forest
* Unity Lake
* Wallowa Lake
* Wallowa Lake Highway Forest
* Wallowa River

Forests|

* Clatsop
* Elliott
* Gilchrist
* Santiam
* Sun Pass
* Tillamook

Wildlife
areas|

* Bridge Creek
* Dean Creek
* Denman
* E. E. Wilson
* Elkhorn
* Fern Ridge
* Irrigon
* Jewell Meadows
* Klamath
* Ladd Marsh
* Lower Deschutes
* Phillip W. Schneider
* Prineville
* Riverside
* Sauvie Island
* Snake River Islands
* Summer Lake
* Wenaha
* White River
* Willow Creek

Local|

| Metro|

* Blue Lake
* Cooper Mountain
* Glendoveer
* Graham Oaks
* Howell
* Oregon Zoo
* Oxbow
* Smith and Bybee
* Mount Talbert

|

Tualatin Hills Park and
Recreation District|

* Tualatin Hills Nature Park

* Category
* Oregon Parks and Recreation Department
* Portland
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Western United States

Regions|

* Rocky Mountains
* Great Basin
* West Coast
* Pacific Northwest
* Mountain States

States|

* Alaska
* Arizona
* California
* Colorado
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Montana
* Nevada
* New Mexico
* Oregon
* Utah
* Washington
* Wyoming

Territories|

* American Samoa
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands

Major metropolitan areas|

* Los Angeles
* Phoenix
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Jose–Oakland
* San Bernardino-Riverside
* Seattle
* San Diego
* Denver
* Portland
* Las Vegas
* Sacramento
* Salt Lake City
* Honolulu
* Oʻahu
* Albuquerque
* Santa Fe
* Anchorage

Major cities (over 300k)|

* Albuquerque
* Anaheim
* Aurora
* Bakersfield
* Colorado Springs
* Denver
* Fresno
* Henderson
* Honolulu
* Las Vegas
* Long Beach
* Los Angeles
* Mesa
* Oakland
* Phoenix
* Portland
* Riverside
* Sacramento
* San Diego
* San Francisco
* San Jose
* Santa Ana
* Seattle
* Stockton
* Tucson

State capitals|

* Boise
* Carson City
* Cheyenne
* Denver
* Helena
* Honolulu
* Juneau
* Olympia
* Phoenix
* Sacramento
* Salem
* Salt Lake City
* Santa Fe

Territorial capitals|

* Hagåtña
* Pago Pago
* Saipan

* v
* t
* e

Political divisions of the United States

List of states and territories

States|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Federal district|

Washington, D.C.

Insular areas|

* American Samoa
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Outlying islands|

* Baker Island
* Howland Island
* Jarvis Island
* Johnston Atoll
* Kingman Reef
* Midway Atoll
* Navassa Island
* Palmyra Atoll
* Wake Island

Indian reservations|

* List of Indian reservations

International concessions|

* Guantanamo Bay
* Pituffik

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Norway
* Spain
* France
* 2
* BnF data
* 2
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Australia

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* NARA
* IdRef

44°N 121°W﻿ / ﻿44°N 121°W﻿ / 44; -121﻿ (State of Oregon)
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