Organ system

Group of organs assembled in a structural unit to serve a common function

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Development of organ systems

* Nervous system
* Digestive system
* Reproductive system
* Urinary system
* Endocrine system
* Human development
* Circulatory system

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Structure of the immune system

Details

System| Lymphatic system
Identifiers
FMA| 7149
Anatomical terminology

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An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more bodily functions.[1] Each organ has a specialized role in an organism body, and is made up of distinct tissues.

## Humans

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Main article: List of systems of the human body

Nervous system in a human body

There are 11 distinct organ systems in human beings,[2] which form the basis of human anatomy and physiology. The 11 organ systems: the respiratory system, digestive and excretory system, circulatory system, urinary system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, nervous system, and reproductive system. There are other systems in the body that are not organ systems—for example, the immune system protects the organism from infection, but it is not an organ system since it is not composed of organs. Some organs are in more than one system—for example, the nose is in the respiratory system and also serves as a sensory organ in the nervous system; the testes and ovaries are both part of the reproductive and endocrine systems.

Organ system | Description | Component organs

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Respiratory system | breathing: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide | nose, mouth, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and thoracic diaphragm
Digestive and excretory system | digestion: breakdown and absorption of nutrients, excretion of solid wastes | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
Circulatory system | circulate blood in order to transport nutrients, waste, hormones, O2, CO2, and aid in maintaining pH and temperature | blood, heart, arteries, veins and capillaries
Urinary system | maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, purify blood and excrete liquid waste (urine) | kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Integumentary system | exterior protection of body and thermal regulation | skin, hair, fat and nails
Skeletal system | structural support and protection, production of blood cells | bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons
Muscular system | movement of body, production of heat | skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle
Endocrine system | communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands | hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, ovaries and testicles
Exocrine system | various functions including lubrication and protection | ceruminous glands, lacrimal glands, sebaceous glands and mucus
Lymphatic system | return lymph to the bloodstream, aid immune responses, form white blood cells | lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsils, spleen and thymus
Nervous system | sensing and processing information, controlling body activities | brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs and the following sensory systems (nervous subsystems): visual system, olfactory system, taste (gustatory system) and hearing (auditory system)
Reproductive system | sex organs involved in reproduction | ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, penis, testicles, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles and prostate

## Other animals

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Other animals have similar organ systems to humans although simpler animals may have a lot of organs in an organ system or even fewer organ systems.

## Plants

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Root and shoot systems in a eudicot

Plants have two major organs systems. Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system, and a root system. The shoot system consists stems, leaves, and the reproductive parts of the plant (flowers and fruits). The shoot system generally grows above ground, where it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis. The root system, which supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground.[3]

Organ system | Description | Component organs

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Root system | anchors plants into place, absorbs water and minerals, and stores carbohydrates | roots
Shoot system | stem for holding and orienting leaves to the sun as well as transporting materials between roots and leaves, leaves for photosynthesis, and flowers for reproduction | stem, leaves, and flowers

## References

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1. ^ Betts, J Gordon; et al. (2013). 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body - Anatomy and Physiology. Openstax. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3. Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
2. ^ Wakim, Suzanne; Grewal, Mandeep (August 8, 2020). "Human Organs and Organ Systems". Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
3. ^ Hillis, David M.; Sadava, David; Hill, Richard W.; Price, Mary V. (2014). "The plant body". Principles of Life (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 521–536\. ISBN 978-1464175121.

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Human systems and organs

Musculoskeletal system|

| Skeletal system|

* Bone
* Carpus
* Collar bone (clavicle)
* Thigh bone (femur)
* Fibula
* Humerus
* Mandible
* Metacarpus
* Metatarsus
* Ossicles
* Patella
* Phalanges
* Radius
* Skull
* Tarsus
* Tibia
* Ulna
* Rib
* Vertebra
* Pelvis
* Sternum
* Cartilage

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Joints|

* Fibrous joint
* Cartilaginous joint
* Synovial joint

Muscular system|

* Muscle
* Tendon
* Diaphragm

Circulatory system|

| Cardiovascular system|

* peripheral
* Artery
* Vein
* Lymphatic vessel
* Heart

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Lymphatic system|

* primary
* Bone marrow
* Thymus
* secondary
* Spleen
* Lymph node
* CNS equivalent
* Glymphatic system

Nervous system|

*     * Brain
* Spinal cord
* Nerve
* Sensory system
* Ear
* Eye
* Somatic system
* Tissue

Integumentary system|

* Skin
* Subcutaneous tissue
* Breast
* Mammary gland

Haematopoietic and immune systems|

* Myeloid
* Myeloid immune system
* Lymphoid
* Lymphoid immune system

Respiratory system|

* Upper
* Nose
* Nasopharynx
* Larynx
* Lower
* Trachea
* Bronchus
* Lung

Digestive system|

* Mouth
* Salivary gland
* Tongue
* Lip
* Tooth
* upper GI
* Oropharynx
* Laryngopharynx
* Esophagus
* Stomach
* lower GI
* Small intestine
* Appendix
* Colon
* Rectum
* Anus
* accessory
* Liver
* Biliary tract
* Pancreas

Urinary system|

* Genitourinary system
* Kidney
* Ureter
* Bladder
* Urethra

Reproductive system|

* Male
* Scrotum
* Penis
* Prostate
* Testicle
* Seminal vesicle
* Female
* Uterus
* Vagina
* Vulva
* Ovary
* Placenta

Endocrine system|

* Pituitary
* Pineal
* Thyroid
* Parathyroid
* Adrenal
* Islets of Langerhans

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