Orson Scott Card

American science fiction novelist (born 1951)

Orson Scott Card

Card at Life, the Universe, & Everything in 2008

Born|  (1951-08-24) August 24, 1951 (age 73)
Richland, Washington, U.S.
Pen name|

* Frederick Bliss
* Brian Green
* P.Q. Gump
* Dinah Kirkham
* Scott Richards
* Byron Walley

Education| Brigham Young University (BA)
University of Utah (MA)
Genre|

* Science fiction
* Fantasy
* Thriller
* Horror
* Historical fiction and biblical fiction
* LDS fiction

Notable works| Ender's Game series,
The Tales of Alvin Maker
Notable awards|

* Hugo Award (Ender's Game, 1986)
* Hugo Award (Speaker for the Dead, 1987)
* Hugo Award (How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy, 1991)
* Nebula Award (Ender's Game, 1986)
* Nebula Award (Speaker for the Dead, 1987)
* Nebula Award ("Eye for Eye", 1988)

Spouse| Kristine Allen
Children| 5
Signature
Website
www.hatrack.com

Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is an American writer known best for his science fiction works. As of 2024[update], he is the only person to have won a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award in consecutive years, winning both awards for his novel Ender's Game (1985) and its sequel Speaker for the Dead (1986). A feature film adaptation of Ender's Game, which Card coproduced, was released in 2013. Card also wrote the Locus Fantasy Award-winning series The Tales of Alvin Maker (1987–2003). Card's fiction often features characters with exceptional gifts who make difficult choices with high stakes. Card has also written political, religious, and social commentary in his columns and other writing; his opposition to homosexuality has provoked public criticism.

Card, who is a great-great-grandson of Brigham Young, was born in Richland, Washington, and grew up in Utah and California. While he was a student at Brigham Young University (BYU), his plays were performed on stage. He served in Brazil as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and headed a community theater for two summers. Card had 27 short stories published between 1978 and 1979, and he won the John W. Campbell Award for best new writer in 1978. He earned a master's degree in English from the University of Utah in 1981 and wrote novels in science fiction, fantasy, nonfiction, and historical fiction genres starting in 1979. Card continued to write prolifically, and he has published over 50 novels and 45 short stories.[1]

Card teaches English at Southern Virginia University; he has written two books on creative writing and serves as a judge in the Writers of the Future contest. He has taught many successful writers at his "literary boot camps". He remains a practicing member of the LDS Church and Mormon fiction writers Stephenie Meyer, Brandon Sanderson, and Dave Wolverton have cited his works as a major influence.

## Life

[edit]

### Childhood and education

[edit]

Card (right) signing autographs at New York Comic Con in 2008

Orson Scott Card was born on August 24, 1951, in Richland, Washington.[2] He is the son of Peggy Jane (née Park) and Willard Richards Card, and is the third of six children and the older brother of composer and arranger Arlen Card.[3] Card's family has Mormon pioneer heritage. His ancestors include Brigham Young, Charles Ora Card, Zina P. Young Card, Zina Young Card Brown, and Hugh B. Brown.[4]

When Card was one month old, his family moved to San Mateo, California, so Willard Card could begin a sign-painting business. When he was three years old, the family moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, so his father could finish his bachelor's degree. The family moved to Santa Clara, California, when Card was six; they stayed there for seven years while his father completed his master's degree and worked as a professor at San Jose State College. In school, Card took classes for gifted students, but he was more interested in studying music—he played clarinet and French horn. He read widely, including historical fiction, nonfiction, and literary classics.[5] At age ten, he wrote his first story, which was about an intelligent child who is assaulted by bullies and sustains brain damage. Ender's confrontation with Stilson in Ender's Game is based on this story.[6]

In 1964, Card and his family moved to Mesa, Arizona, where he participated in mock debates in junior high school. In 1967, the family moved to Orem, Utah, where his father worked at Brigham Young University (BYU). Card attended BYU's laboratory school, where he took both high school and early college-level classes before graduating in one year. When beginning his college studies he intended to major in archeology, but after becoming increasingly more interested in theater, he began script-writing, writing ten original plays and rewriting other students' plays. Most of his plays were based on Mormon history and scriptures; one was science fiction. By watching the body language of an audience, he could tell when an audience was interested in his scripts.[6][7] During his studies as a theater major, he began doctoring scripts, adapting fiction for reader's theater production, and writing one-act and full-length plays, several of which were produced by faculty directors at BYU.[8] Charles W. Whitman, Card's play-writing professor, encouraged his students to write plays with LDS themes.[9] Card studied poetry with Clinton F. Larson at BYU.[10] He also wrote short stories, which were later published together in The Worthing Saga.[11]

Before graduating, Card served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Brazil starting in 1971. During his mission, he wrote a play called Stone Tables.[12][13] He returned from his mission in 1973 and graduated from BYU in 1975, receiving a bachelor's degree with distinction in theater.[14][12] After graduation, he started the Utah Valley Repertory Theatre Company, which for two summers produced plays at "the Castle", a Depression-era outdoor amphitheater.[15] After going into debt with the community theatre's expenses,[16] Card took part-time employment as a proofreader at BYU Press, moving on to full-time employment as a copy editor.[17] In 1981, Card completed his master's degree in English at the University of Utah where he studied with François Camoin and Norman Council. He began a doctoral program at the University of Notre Dame but dropped out to pursue his more lucrative writing projects.[18][9]

### Personal life

[edit]

In 1977, Card married Kristine Allen,[19] who is the daughter of Mormon historian James B. Allen.[9] The two met when Kristine was in the chorus of a roadshow Card directed before his mission. They courted after Card's mission, and Card was impressed with her intellectual rigor.[20]: 1:30

After their marriage, they had five children; their son Charles had cerebral palsy and died aged 17; their daughter Erin died the day she was born.[21][22] Card's short story Lost Boys is highly autobiographical, but contains the death of a fictional child. One of Card's workshop readers, Karen Fowler, said that Card had pretended to experience the grief of a parent who has lost a child. In response, Card realized that the story expressed his grief and difficulty in accepting Charles's disability.[1]: 119 Card stated that he rarely discusses Charles and Erin because his grief has not faded over time.[20]: 1:35:15

Card and his wife live in Greensboro, North Carolina; their daughter Emily, along with two other writers, adapted Card's short stories Clap Hands and Sing, Lifeloop, and A Sepulchre of Songs for the stage in Posing as People.[23] Card suffered a mild stroke on January 1, 2011, and made a full recovery.[21][24]

## Works

[edit]

Main article: Orson Scott Card bibliography

### Early work

[edit]

In 1976, Card became an assistant editor for the Ensign magazine produced by the LDS Church and moved to Salt Lake City.[25] While working at Ensign, Card published his first piece of fiction,[26] a short story called Gert Fram, which appeared in the July 1977 issue of Ensign under the pseudonym Byron Walley.[27]: 157 Between 1978 and 1988, Card wrote over 300 half-hour audioplays on LDS Church history, the New Testament, and other subjects for Living Scriptures in Ogden, Utah.[28]

Card started writing science fiction short stories because he felt he could sell short stories in that genre more easily than others.[29] His first short story, The Tinker, was initially rejected by Analog Science Fiction and Fact. Ben Bova, the editor of Analog, rejected a rewrite of the story but asked Card to submit a science fiction piece.[30] In response, Card wrote the short story "Ender's Game", which Ben Bova published in the August 1977 issue of Analog.[31] Card left Ensign in 1977 and began his career as a freelance writer in 1978.[32][1]: 122 Ben Bova continued to work with Card to publish his stories, and Bova's wife, Barbara Bova, became Card's literary agent, a development that drew criticism for a possible conflict of interest.[33] Nine of Card's science fiction stories, including Malpractice, Kingsmeat, and Happy Head, were published in 1978.[34]

Card modeled Mikal's Songbird on Ender's Game, both of which include a child with special talents who goes through emotional turmoil when adults seek to exploit his ability.[35] Mikal's Songbird was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978 and a Hugo finalist in 1979—both in the "novelette" category.[36][37] Card won the John W. Campbell Award for best new writer in 1978 for his stories published that year; the award helped Card's stories sell internationally.[38] Unaccompanied Sonata was published in 1979 issue of Omni and was nominated for both the Hugo and Nebula awards for a short story.[39][40] Eighteen Card stories were published in 1979.[41]

Card's first published book, "Listen, Mom and Dad...": Young Adults Look Back on Their Upbringing (1977) is about child-rearing. He received advances for the manuscripts of Hot Sleep and A Planet Called Treason, which were published in 1979.[42][43] Card later called his first two novels "amateurish" and rewrote both of them later.[44] A publisher offered to buy a novelization of Mikal's Songbird, which Card accepted; the finished novel is titled Songmaster (1980).[45] Card edited fantasy anthologies Dragons of Light (1980) and Dragons of Darkness (1981) and collected his own short stories in Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1981). In the early 1980s, Card focused on writing longer works, only publishing ten short stories between 1980 and 1985. He published a few non-fiction works that were aimed at an LDS audience; these include a satirical dictionary called Saintspeak, which resulted in him being temporarily banned from publishing in church magazines.[46] Card wrote the fantasy-epic Hart's Hope (1983) and a historical novel, A Woman of Destiny (1984), which was later republished as Saints and won the 1985 award from the Association for Mormon Letters for best novel.[41] He rewrote the narrative of Hot Sleep and published it as The Worthing Chronicle (1983), which replaced Hot Sleep and the short-story collection set in the same universe, Capitol (1979).[18] The recession of the early 1980s made it difficult to get contracts for new books, so Card returned to full-time employment as the book editor of Compute! magazine that was based in Greensboro, North Carolina, for nine months in 1983.[47] In October of that year, Tom Doherty offered a contract for Card's proposed Alvin Maker series, which allowed him to return to creative writing full-time.[48]

### Late 1980s: Ender's Game and short stories

[edit]

See also: Ender's Game (novel series)

Card's 1977 novella Ender's Game is about a young boy who undergoes military training for space war. Card expanded the story into a novel with the same title and told the backstory of the adult Ender in Speaker for the Dead. In contrast to the fast-paced Ender's Game, Speaker for the Dead is about honesty and maturity.[49] Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award, making Card the first author to win both of science fiction's top prizes in consecutive years.[50][51] According to Card, some members of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) resented his receiving of the Nebula award while editing the Nebula Awards Report. Subsequently, Card left the SFWA.[52] Card attended many science fiction conventions in the late 1980s. He held several "Secular Humanist Revival Meetings" at the conventions, satirizing Evangelical revival meetings.[53][54][46]

Card continued to write short stories and columns and published two short story collections: Cardography (1987) and The Folk of the Fringe (1989). The novella Eye for Eye was republished with another novella by Tor and won the Hugo Award for best novella in 1988.[55][56] Between 1987 and 1989, Card edited and published a short science fiction review magazine called Short Form.[46][57] He also wrote Characters & Viewpoint (1988) and How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy (1990).[58] Card also offered advice about writing in an interview in Leading Edge #23 in 1991.[59] He wrote the script for an updated Hill Cumorah Pageant in 1988.[60]

Inspired by Spenser's Faerie Queene, Card composed the long poem Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow, which uses colloquial language and diction common to Joseph Smith's time. The poem, along with the novelette "Hatrack River",[61] became the basis for Seventh Son (1987), the first book in The Tales of Alvin Maker series, a fantasy retelling of the Joseph Smith story. In the alternate history novel, Alvin Maker, the seventh son of a seventh son, is born with unusual magical abilities that make him a "Maker". Alvin has many similarities to Joseph Smith. Following Seventh Son, he wrote Red Prophet and Prentice Alvin, which focus on settlers' interactions with indigenous peoples and slaves, respectively.[58][62][63] The series has sustainable environmental ethics as a main theme, addressing ways humans affect the environment in the Americas.[61] Alvin Maker's life has many parallels with Joseph Smith's. Seventh Son won the 1988 Mythopoeic Fantasy award, and the two following books were nominees.[64] The awards are given to books that exemplify "the spirit of The Inklings".[65] Critics praised Seventh Son for creating an American mythology from American experience and belief.[66] According to literary critic Eugene England, the series brings up questions about what, exactly, the mission of a religious prophet is. The series also questions the difference between a prophet and magician, religion and magic.[67]

In the 1980s, Card also wrote Wyrms (1987), a novel about colonizing a planet, and revised A Planet Called Treason, which was published as Treason.[58] He also novelized James Cameron's film The Abyss.[68][69]

### Works from the 1990s

[edit]

Card wrote prolifically in the 1990s, including many books and the short story omnibus Maps in a Mirror (1990). Card continued the Ender's Game series with Xenocide (1991) and Children of the Mind (1996), which focus on Jane, an artificial intelligence that develops self-awareness. These books were considered inferior to their predecessors and were, according to science fiction critic Gary Westfahl, "overly prolonged".[70][51]

While Children of the Mind concluded the initial Ender's Game series, Card started another series of books and continued writing in The Tales of Alvin Maker series. The Homecoming Saga is a science-fiction adaptation of The Book of Mormon.[71] The series' volumes; The Memory of Earth, The Call of Earth, The Ships of Earth, Earthfall, and Earthborn were published between 1992 and 1995.[72] Alvin Journeyman (1995), the fourth book in The Tales of Alvin Maker series, won a Locus Award, and Heartfire (1998) was a nominee for the same award.[73][74]

Card wrote several stand-alone novels in the 1990s. Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996) examines time travel and Christopher Columbus.[75] Card collaborated with Star Wars artist Doug Chiang on Robota[76] and with Kathryn H. Kidd on Lovelock.[77] Lost Boys (1992) is a horror story with a semi-autobiographical background.[78] Treasure Box (1996) and Homebody (1998) represent Card's foray in horror. Enchantment (1999) is a fantasy novel based on the Russian version of Sleeping Beauty.[79][80] It deals with a couple who learn to love each other after they marry. Card stated: "I put all my love for my wife into [Enchantment]."[20]: 1:06

### Shadow series and later writings

[edit]

Card in 2007

In 1999, Card started a spin-off "shadow" series in the Ender's Game universe that is told from the point of view of other characters. These novels are Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, Shadow of the Giant and Shadows in Flight, the latter serving as a bridge to the final book The Last Shadow, which is also a sequel to Children of the Mind.[81][82] Westfahl praised the Shadow series, stating they were "executed with panache and skill".[51] Card wrote other spin-offs: a series of shorter stories, First Meetings in the Enderverse, and novels A War of Gifts,[83] and Ender in Exile.[84][85] Aaron Johnston and Card conceptualized the stories that make up the prequel to Ender's Game, realizing many of them would work best in novel format but first publishing the comics through Marvel. The Burning Earth and Silent Strike comic series were published in 2011 and 2012.[86][87][88] Card and Johnston co-wrote the novels in the series between 2012 and 2019; these are Earth Unaware, Earth Afire, Earth Awakens, The Swarm, and The Hive. Children of the Fleet is the first novel in a new sequel series, called Fleet School.[89][90][88]

While Card was writing books in the Shadow series, he also wrote novellas, novels, and a series of books focused on women in the Bible. Card's The Women of Genesis series includes Sarah (2000), Rebekah (2002), and Rachel and Leah (2004).[91] Card wrote three novellas in the 2000s; Space Boy (2007) is a children's story, Hamlet's Father (2008) is a retelling of Shakespeare's Hamlet, and Stonefather (2008) is the first story set in the Mithermages universe.[92][93][94] The Crystal City (2003) is the sixth book in The Alvin Maker series.[61]

Card wrote two young-adult fantasy trilogies in the 2010s. Mithermages is about a teenager growing up on a magical estate in rural Virginia; it includes The Lost Gate (2011), The Gate Thief (2013), and Gatefather (2015).[89][95] The Pathfinder trilogy consists of Pathfinder (2010), Ruins (2012), and Visitors (2014), and follows a young man who can change the past.[96][89] Card has also written several urban fantasies, including Magic Street (2005) and Lost and Found (2019), both of which are about teenagers with special powers.[97][98]

Card wrote the Christmas novel Zanna's Gift (2004), which was originally published under a pseudonym.[99] A Town Divided by Christmas and a "Hallmark Christmas movie in prose" were published in 2018.[100] Invasive Procedures (2007), a medical thriller co-written with Aaron Johnston, is based on a screenplay Johnston wrote, which is based on Card's novel Malpractice.[101]

### Video games, comic books and television

[edit]

In the 1990s, Card contributed dialogue to the point-and-click adventure video games The Secret of Monkey Island, The Dig, and NeoHunter, an early first-person shooter.[102][103] His collaboration on videogame scripts continued in the 2000s, when he worked with Cameron Dayton on Advent Rising[104][105] and outlined the story for Shadow Complex, a prequel to the events in his novels Empire and Hidden Empire. The novels and game are about a near-future civil war in the United States that occurs after civilians resist a left-wing coup in the White House.[51][106][107]

Card has written scripts for the two-volume comic-book series Ultimate Iron Man.[108] He collaborated with his daughters Emily and Zina on the graphic novel Laddertop,[109][110] and with Aaron Johnston to write a series of six Dragon Age comics.[111] In 2017, Card wrote, produced, and co-created a television series called Extinct for BYU TV that ran for one season before it was canceled.[112][113]

### Adaptations

[edit]

See also: Ender's Game (comics)

Many of Card's works have been adapted into comic books. Dabel Brothers Productions published comic-book adaptations of Red Prophet and Wyrms in 2006.[114] Aaron Johnston wrote comic-book versions of Ender in Exile and Speaker for the Dead.[115] Marvel published two Ender's Game miniseries, which were collected in the graphic novel version of Ender's Game; Christ Yost wrote the script and Pasqual Ferry was the artist.[116][117] Two sets of comic miniseries were adapted by Mike Carey for Ender's Shadow and the comics collected in Ender's Shadow Ultimate Collection.[118] A series of one-shots, some of which are based on Card's Enderverse short stories, were collected in Ender's Game: War of Gifts.[119][120][121]

Since Ender's Game was published in 1985, Card was reluctant to license film rights and artistic control for the novel. He had two opportunities to sell the rights of Ender's Game to Hollywood studios, but refused when creative differences became an issue.[122][123] Card announced in February 2009 that he had completed a script for Odd Lot Entertainment, and that they had begun assembling a production team.[124] On April 28, 2011, it was announced that Summit Entertainment had picked up the film's distribution, and Digital Domain joined Odd Lot Entertainment in a co-production role.[125] Card wrote many versions of the script for the movie,[126] but ultimately director Gavin Hood wrote the screenplay. Card was a co-producer of the film.[127][128][129] On Rotten Tomatoes, the critical consensus states: "If it isn't quite as thought-provoking as the book, Ender's Game still manages to offer a commendable number of well-acted, solidly written sci-fi thrills."[130]

### Newspaper columns

[edit]

Since 2001, Card's commentary includes the political columns "War Watch",[131] "World Watch",[132] and "Uncle Orson Reviews Everything", which were published in the Greensboro Rhinoceros Times until 2019.[133][134] "Uncle Orson Reviews Everything" features personal reviews of films and commentary on other topics. The column also appears on Card's website, which is titled "Hatrack River".[135] From 2008 to 2015, Card wrote a column of Latter-day Saint devotional and cultural commentary for the Nauvoo Times, which was published through Hatrack River.[136]

## Influences and style

[edit]

### Influences

[edit]

During his childhood, Card read widely. He read children's classics and popular novels.[137] His favorite book was Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper, and he read his family's World Book Encyclopedia in its entirety. He read science fiction stories in anthologies and science fiction novels.[5][138][33] He especially credits Tunesmith by Lloyd Biggle Jr. as having a large effect on his life.[5] Card often refers to works by Robert A. Heinlein and J. R. R. Tolkien as sources of inspiration.[139] Card credits C. S. Lewis's apologetic fiction in the Chronicles of Narnia and The Screwtape Letters[140]: 1:17:50 as influences that shaped his life and career.[141] In 2014, Card stated that Isaac Asimov and Ray Bradbury were conscious influences on his writing, along with Early Modern English from the King James Version of the Bible and the works of William Shakespeare.[142] As a college student, Card read classic literature, science fiction, and fantasy.[139] Spenser's poetry inspired the original Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow.[62][143] Influences from Portuguese and Brazilian Catholicism, which Card learned about during his LDS mission to Brazil, are evident in his Shadow and Speaker novels.[12] Card stated his writing improved after teaching writing workshops with Jay Wentworth and from Algis Budrys's workshops at Writers of the Future.[9]

Card's membership of the LDS Church has been an important influence on his writing, though he initially tried to keep his religious beliefs separate from his fiction.[144][145] Susanne Reid, a science fiction scholar,[146] stated Card's religious background is evident in his frequent messiah protagonists and the "moral seriousness" in his works.[147][148] Card's science-fiction books do not reference the LDS religion directly but "offer careful readers insights that are compelling and moving in their religious intensity".[149] Non-LDS readers of A Planet Called Treason did not remark on religious themes; however, LDS reviewer Sandy Straubhaar disliked the novel's explicit violence and sex and stated LDS connections were "gratuitous".[149] Dick Butler criticized A Planet Called Treason for its lack of Gospel themes and ideas, and two other LDS reviewers defended Card.[150] According to Michael Collings, a critic who acknowledges his "unabashed appreciation" of Card,[151] knowledge of Mormon theology is vital to completely understanding Card's works, stating the life stages of the "piggies" in Speaker for the Dead correspond to phases of life in the LDS's plan of salvation.[152]In an article in Sunstone, Christopher C. Smith also noticed this parallel, noting that the "piggies" procreate "more or less eternally" in the last stage of their development.[153] Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead deal with religious themes common in LDS theology but without many surface references to the religion.[154] The Alvin Maker series does not try to explain Mormon history but uses it to examine his characters' relationships with God.[155] Card stated that his church membership influences his communitarian values, specifically, making personal sacrifices for the good of a community. Individuals making sacrifices for their community is a theme in his work.[156]

Card's Homecoming Saga is a dramatization of Book of Mormon. Eugene England called the first five novels "good literature". Card received criticism from members of the LDS church for "plagiarizing" the Book of Mormon and using it irreverently. He defended his choices and said speculative fiction is the genre best suited to exploring theological and moral issues.[157] Also in the Homecoming Saga, Card imagines backstories and explanations for "anomalies" in the Book of Mormon, making the fictional work function as a work of Mormon apologetics.[158] While women are not prominent in the Book of Mormon, Card makes them prominent in his retelling.[159] One non-LDS critic described the saga as "readable" but lacking in new ideas.[160] Unaware of its relation to the Book of Mormon, another critic said it is similar to the Bible.[161]

### Style

[edit]

Because Card began his writing career in screenplays, his early work is considered accessible and fast-paced with good characters but stylistically unremarkable. According to biographer Richard Bleiler, a number of critics described his tone as emotionless or conversely, as nonjudgmental, leaving readers to come to their own conclusions about how to feel about a story.[162] Though Card was initially classified as a hard science fiction writer for publishing in Analog,[163] his science fiction focuses more on his characters than on the details of future technology.[162] One critic said Card is poor at characterization, stating the characters Peter and Valentine in Ender's Game are "totally unbelievable".[164] While noticing that some of Card's early stories were formulaic, Westfahl praised many of Card's early stories as showing "conspicuous originality".[165] The graphic violence in his early fiction was controversial; frequent appearances of naked men and boys raised "questions about homoerotic imagery", according to Westfahl.[166] Collings stated that the early stories are "essential steps in the development of Card's fiction".[167] Card uses a technique common in pulp fiction when he refers to characters by a quirk of their appearance or personality.[51] Card's fantasy stories also use tropes that are common to fantasy.[168]

Card cites the Book of Mormon as an important influence on his writing; his habit of beginning sentences with conjunctions comes from the book.[169] Literary devices in Hot Sleep parallel those of the Book of Mormon.[170] Collings said Hot Sleep's mimicry of Book of Mormon language makes it an "inherently" Mormon novel. Card combined several Worthing stories and revised Hot Sleep to create The Worthing Chronicle, which does not mirror the language of the Book of Mormon as much as Hot Sleep does.[171]

## Themes in his works

[edit]

### Child-genius savior

[edit]

One theme in Card's works is that of a precocious child who is isolated from others but is uniquely positioned to help or save their community. These characters with exceptional abilities achieve their destiny "through discipline and suffering".[172] Often, his gifted protagonists are introspective children.[173] Card's work features children and adults working together, which is unusual.[166] His characters feel "real" and must grow and take on responsibilities and often sacrifice themselves to improve their own societies.[162] This sacrifice is a difficult choice in which none of the options are obviously good.[174] These protagonists have unusual abilities that are both a blessing and a curse. The protagonists, who are isolated from family and friends, relate better to adults than to other young people; when they grow up, they often mentor other precocious youths.[175][176] Alvin Maker follows this pattern; his magical abilities are very unusual and he uses them to redeem his people.[143]

According to Collings, Card's protagonists are "lonely and manipulative Messiah-figures" who make sacrifices that can be interpreted as a declaration of principles. Family and community problems arise when individuals are not fully accepted or when communities do not work with others in larger units.[177][51] Often one group tries to kill or enslave another group, but their conflict is alleviated when they try to understand each other.[178] Protagonists make choices that save a person or a group of people.[174] In The Porcelain Salamander, a girl is saved by a magical salamander; this action restores her ability to move but she takes on some attributes of the salamander.[179] In Kingsmeat the Shepherd painlessly excises meat from humans to save them from being completely eaten by their alien overlords. The violence of removing parts of people is like the violence of repentance.[180] Collings states part of this story "could serve as an epigram of all Card's fictions; trapped within a circle of opposing forces, one focal character must decide whether or not to become, like Ender Wiggin, 'something of a savior, or a prophet, or at least a martyr' ."[181]

The original short story Ender's Game is reminiscent of Heinlein's young adult novels because it is about a young person with impressive gifts who is guided by a stern mentor whose choices affect all of humanity.[165] The situations and choices in the Ender series invoke a number of philosophical topics, including the rules of war, embodiment psychology, the ethics of anthropology and xenology, and the morality of manipulating children.[182] Though Card described Happy Head (1978) as an embarrassment, it anticipated cyberpunk fiction with an investigator judge who can experience memories with witnesses. Both A Thousand Deaths (1978) and Unaccompanied Sonata feature protagonists who rebel against the dystopias they inhabit.[183]

### American politics

[edit]

In a May 2013 essay called "Unlikely Events", which Card presented as an experiment in fiction writing,[184] Card described an alternative future in which President Barack Obama ruled as a "Hitler\- or Stalin-style dictator" with his own national police force of young unemployed men; Obama and his wife Michelle would have amended the U.S. Constitution to allow presidents to remain in power for life, as in Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and Nazi Germany.[185][186] In the essay, first published in The Rhinoceros Times, Card attributed Obama's success to being a "black man who talks like a white man (that's what they mean by calling him "articulate" and a "great speaker")."[187]: 66 The essay drew criticism from journalists for its allusions to Obama's race and its reference to "urban gangs".[188][189][190] Vice author Dave Schilling featured the article in his "This Week in Racism" roundup several months after its publication.[191]

Empire (2006) is a novel about civil war between progressive and conservative extremists in America. It was a finalist for the Prometheus Award, an award given by the Libertarian Futurist Society.[192] Publishers Weekly stated that "right-wing rhetoric trumps the logic of story and character" in the novel.[193] Another review from Publishers Weekly noted that "Card's conservative bias seeps into" the novel.[194] At SFReviews, Thomas Wagner took further issue with Card's tendency to "smugly pretend ... to be above it all", or claiming to be moderate while espousing conservative views of news media.[195] In an interview with Mythaxis Review in April 2021, Card stated that he writes fiction "without conscious agenda".[196]

### Opposition to homosexuality

[edit]

In Card's fiction writing, homosexual characters appear in contexts that some critics have interpreted as homophobic. Writing for Salon, Aja Romano lists the "homophobic subtext"of characters in four of Card's books.[197] In Songmaster, a man falls in love with a 15-year-old castrato in a pederastic society. Their sexual union has "creepy overtones" that makes the teenager "unable to have sex again".[197] On the topic of Songmaster, Card wrote that he was not trying to show homosexual sex as beautiful. Romano wrote that the book's "main plot point revolve[d] around punishing homosexual sex".[197] In the Homecoming series, a gay male character, Zdorab, marries and procreates for the good of society. Romano notes that Zdorab does not stop being gay after his marriage, but that procreation is paramount in the book's society. Eugene England defends Zdorab, arguing that he is a sympathetic character who discovered that his homosexuality was determined by his mother's hormone levels during pregnancy. Therefore, Card does not depict homosexuality as a character trait that could be erased or reversed. However, he does positively depict a character who actively repress it: while Zdorab marries and has children, he sees his choice to become a father as very deliberate and not "out of some inborn instinct".[198]

Card's 2008 novella Hamlet's Father re-imagines the backstory of Shakespeare's play Hamlet. In the novella, Hamlet's friends were sexually abused as children by his pedophilic father and subsequently identify as homosexual adults. The novella prompted public outcry, and its publishers were inundated with complaints.[199][200] Trade journal Publishers Weekly criticized Card's work, stating its main purpose was to attempt to link homosexuality with pedophilia.[201] Card responded that he did not link homosexuality with pedophilia, stating that in his book, Hamlet's father was a pedophile that shows no sexual attraction to adults of either sex.[202]

## Personal views

[edit]

### Politics

[edit]

Card became a member of the U.S. Democratic Party in 1976 and has on multiple occasions referred to himself as a Moynihan or Blue Dog Democrat, as recently as 2020.[156][203][204]: 0:58:09 Card supported Republican presidential candidate John McCain in 2008,[205] and then Newt Gingrich in 2012.[206] In 2016, he followed the "hold your nose, vote Trump" hashtag and voted accordingly.[204]: 1:01:10 According to Salon, Card's views are close to neoconservative,[197] and Card has described himself as a moral conservative.[207][156] Card was a vocal supporter of the U.S.'s War on Terror.[208][209] In a 2020 interview with Ben Shapiro, Card stated that he was not a conservative because he has beliefs that do not align with typical conservative platforms, including desiring liberal immigration laws, gun control, and abolishing the death penalty.[204]: 0:58:49 In 2000, Card said he "believe[d] [that] government has a strong role to protect us from capitalism".[210]

### Homosexuality

[edit]

Card has publicly declared his support of laws against homosexual activity and same-sex marriage.[197][211] Card's 1990 essay "A Changed Man: The Hypocrites of Homosexuality" was first published in Sunstone[212] and republished in his collection of non-fiction essays, A Storyteller in Zion.[213] In the essay, he argued that laws against homosexual behavior should not be "indiscriminately enforced against anyone who happens to be caught violating them, but [used only] when necessary to send a clear message [to] those who flagrantly violate society's regulation". Card also questioned in a 2004 column the notion that homosexuality was a purely innate or genetic trait and asserted that a range of environmental factors also contributed to its development, including abuse.[214] However, in an introduction to a reprint of his essay, Card wrote that since 2003, when the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled those laws unconstitutional, he has "no interest in criminalizing homosexual acts".[215]

Card had stated there is no need to legalize same-sex marriage and that he opposed efforts to do so.[214] In 2008, he wrote in an opinion piece in the Deseret News (a newspaper of the LDS Church) that relationships between same-sex couples would always be different from those between opposite-sex couples, and that if a government were to say otherwise, heterosexually "married people" would "act to destroy that government" as their "mortal enemy", and "it is that insane Constitution, not marriage, that will die."[216][217] In 2012, Card supported North Carolina Amendment 1, a ballot measure to outlaw same-sex marriage in North Carolina, saying the legalization of gay marriage was a slippery slope upon which the political left would make it "illegal to teach traditional values in the schools".[218] In 2009, Card joined the board of directors of the National Organization for Marriage, a group that campaigns against same-sex marriage.[219] Card resigned from the board in mid-2013.[220] In July 2013, one week after the U.S. Supreme Court issued rulings in two cases that were widely interpreted as favoring recognition of same-sex marriages, Card published in Entertainment Weekly a statement saying the same-sex marriage issue is moot because of the Supreme Court's decision on the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).[221]

Card's views have had professional repercussions. In 2013, he was selected as a guest author for DC Comics' new Adventures of Superman comic book series,[222] but controversy over his views on homosexuality led illustrator Chris Sprouse to leave the project. An online petition to drop the story received over 16,000 signatures, and DC Comics put Card's story on hold indefinitely.[223][224] A few months later, an LGBT non-profit organization[225] Geeks OUT proposed a boycott of the movie adaptation of Ender's Game, calling Card's views "anti-gay",[226][227] and causing the movie studio Lionsgate to publicly distance itself from Card's opinions.[228]

## Awards and legacy

[edit]

In 1992, Card won the Edward E. Smith Memorial Award. Card won the ALA Margaret Edwards Award, which recognizes one writer and a particular body of work for "significant and lasting contributions to young adult literature",[229] in 2008 for his contribution in writing for teenagers; his work was selected by a panel of YA librarians.[230] Card said he was unsure his work was suitable for the award because it was never marketed as "young adult".[231] In the same year, Card won the Lifetime Achievement Award for Mormon writers at the Whitney Awards.[232]

The Harold B. Lee Library has acquired the Orson Scott Card papers, which include Card's works, writing notes, and letters. The collection was formally opened in 2007.[233][234][235] Stephenie Meyer, Brandon Sanderson, and Dave Wolverton have cited Card's works as a major influence.[236][237][238] In addition, Card inspired Lindsay Ellis's novel Axiom's End.[239]

Card has also won numerous awards for single works:

* 1978 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer from the World Science Fiction Convention, citing the Ender's Game novelette[51]
* 1984 Saints: Book of the Year by the Association for Mormon Letters[240]
* 1985 Ender's Game: Nebula Award, 1985;[241] Hugo Award, 1986;[242]
* 1986 Speaker for the Dead; Nebula Award, 1986,[242] Hugo Award, 1987;[243] Locus Award, 1987;[242] SF Chronicle Readers Poll Award 87[244]
* 1987 "Eye for Eye": Hugo Award, 1988;[245] Seiun Award, 1989[246]
* 1987 "Hatrack River": Nebula nominee, 1986,[247] Hugo nominee, 1987,[248] World Fantasy Award (WFA) winner - novella, 1987[249]
* 1988 Seventh Son: Hugo and WFA nominee, 1988;[250] Mythopoeic Society Award 1988;[251] Locus Award winner, 1988[250]
* 1989 Red Prophet: Hugo nominee, 1988;[250] Nebula Nominee, 1989;[252] Locus winner, 1989[252]
* 1991 How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy (Writer's Digest Books, 90): Hugo Award[253]
* 1995 Alvin Journeyman: Locus Award winner, 1996[254]
* 2002 Shadow of the Hegemon: ALA Best Books for Young Adults[255]

## Other activities

[edit]

Since 1994, Card has served as a judge for Writers of the Future, a science fiction and fantasy story contest for amateur writers.[256] In late 2005, Card launched Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show, an online fantasy and science fiction magazine.[257] In 2005, Card accepted a permanent appointment as "distinguished professor" at Southern Virginia University in Buena Vista, Virginia, a small liberal arts college.[258] Card has served on the boards of a number of organizations, including public television station UNC-TV (2013-present)[259] and the National Organization for Marriage (2009–2013).[260]

Card taught a course on novel writing at Pepperdine University, which was sponsored by Michael Collings. Afterwards, Card designed his own writing courses called "Uncle Orson's Writing Course" and "literary boot camp".[9] Eric James Stone, Jamie Ford, Brian McClellan, Mette Ivie Harrison and John Brown have attended Card's literary boot camp.[261] Luc Reid, founder of the Codex Writers Group is also a literary book camp alumnus.[262] Card has been a Special Guest and/or Literary Guest of Honor and Keynote Speaker at the Life, the Universe, & Everything professional science fiction and fantasy arts symposium, on at least six separate occasions: 1983, 1986, 1987, 1997, 2008, 2014.[263]

## See also

[edit]

* Children's literature portal
* Speculative fiction portal
* Biography portal

* Orson Scott Card bibliography
* LDS fiction
* Descendants of Brigham Young

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Card, Orson Scott (1990). Maps in a Mirror: The Short Fiction of Orson Scott Card. New York: ORB. ISBN 9780765308405. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
2. ^ Tyson 2003, p. 165.
3. ^ Willett 2006, p. 77.
4. ^ Willett 2006, p. 13.
5. ^ a b c Tyson 2003, p. xv.
6. ^ a b Tyson 2003, p. xvi.
7. ^ Card, Orson Scott. "About Orson Scott Card".
8. ^ Willett 2006, pp. 36–37.
9. ^ a b c d e Card, Orson Scott. "Why I am Teaching at SVU... and Why SVU is Important". Meridian Magazine. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013.
10. ^ "Orson Scott Card and Rod McKuen and poetry". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
11. ^ Tyson 2003, p. xxi; 166.
12. ^ a b c Tyson 2003, p. xvii.
13. ^ "Orson Scott Card". The Washington Post. November 3, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
14. ^ Groeger, Gina (November 13, 2000). "Orson Scott Card visits BYU". The Daily Universe. Brigham Young University. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
15. ^ Willett 2006, pp. 38–42.
16. ^ Van Name 1988, p. 3.
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18. ^ a b Tyson 2003, p. xx.
19. ^ Tyson 2003, p. 166.
20. ^ a b c "Orson Scott Card (Louie Free - Brain Food from the Heartland)". Vindy Archives. January 18, 2019.
21. ^ a b Manier, Terry (October 31, 2013). "Orson Scott Card Talks Ender's Game in Rare Interview". Wired. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
22. ^ Tyson 2003, pp. xx–xxi.
23. ^ "Posing as People". Hatrack River Enterprises Inc.
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26. ^ Hall, Andrew (April 8, 2017). "Lifetime Achievement Awards: Orson Scott Card and Susan Elizabeth Howe". Dawning of a Brighter Day: Twenty-First Century Mormon Literature. Association for Mormon Letters. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
27. ^ Collings, Michael R. (1990). In the Image of God: Theme, Characterization, and Landscape in the Fiction of Orson Scott Card. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 031326404X.
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204. ^ a b c Shapiro, Ben (May 24, 2020). "The Ben Shapiro Show Sunday Special Ep. 96". The Daily Wire. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021.
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206. ^ Card (December 1, 2011). "Hugo, Scorsese, Romney, and Gingrich". Uncle Orson Reviews Everything. Hatrack.com.
207. ^ Card (December 20, 2009). "WorldWatch - Sarah Palin's Book - The Ornery American". Ornery.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
208. ^ Card, Orson Scott (November 6, 2006). "The Only Issue This Election Day". RealClearPolitics from Rhinoceros Times.
209. ^ Card, Orson Scott (January 15, 2006). "Iraq -- Quit or Stay?". Rhinoceros Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
210. ^ Minkowitz, Donna (February 3, 2000). "My favorite author, my worst interview: I worshipped militaristic Mormon science-fiction writer Orson Scott Card -- until we met". Salon. "Real communism has never been tried! I would like to see government controls expanded, laws that allow capitalism to not reward the most rapacious, exploitative behavior. I believe government has a strong role to protect us from capitalism. I'm ashamed of our society for how it treats the poor. One of the deep problems in Mormon society is that really for the last 75 years Mormons have embraced capitalism to a shocking degree."
211. ^ "NYC-based group calls for boycott of sci-fi movie over author's gay rights views". CBS New York. July 9, 2013.
212. ^ Card, Orson Scott (February 1990). "A Changed Man: The Hypocrites of Homosexuality" (PDF). Sunstone Magazine: 44–45. Retrieved June 16, 2017.44-45&rft.date=1990-02&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=Orson+Scott&rft_id=https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/075-43-45.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orson+Scott+Card" class="Z3988">
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214. ^ a b Card, Orson Scott. "Homosexual "Marriage" and Civilization". The Ornery American. Archived from the original on February 24, 2004. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
215. ^ Card, Orson Scott. "The Hypocrites of Homosexuality - Orson Scott Card". www.nauvoo.com.
216. ^ Quinn, Annalisa (July 10, 2013). "Book News: 'Ender's Game' Author Responds To Boycott Threats". NPR.
217. ^ Card, Orson Scott (July 24, 2008). "Orson Scott Card: State job is not to redefine marriage". Deseret News. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
218. ^ Staff Reports (May 7, 2012). "Author: Marriage amendment is about forcing 'anti-religious values' on children". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
219. ^ Romano, Aja (May 7, 2013). "Orson Scott Card's long history of homophobia: In honor of the "Ender's Game" trailer release, a look at some of the sci-fi master's most controversial remarks". Salon.
220. ^ Cieply, Michael (July 12, 2013). "Author's Views on Gay Marriage Fuel Call for Boycott". The New York Times.
221. ^ Lee, Stephan (July 8, 2013). "'Ender's Game' author answers critics: Gay marriage issue is 'moot'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
222. ^ Peeples, Jase (February 12, 2013). "DC Comics Responds to Backlash Over Hiring Antigay Writer". The Advocate. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
223. ^ Truitt, Brian (March 5, 2013). "Artist leaves Orson Scott Card's Superman comic". USA Today. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
224. ^ McMillan, Graeme (March 5, 2013). "Orson Scott Card's Controversial Superman Story Put on Hold". Wired.com. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
225. ^ "Geeks OUT". Geeks OUT. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
226. ^ Child, Ben (July 9, 2013). "Activists call for Ender's Game boycott over author's anti-gay views". The Guardian. London.
227. ^ Kellogg, Carolyn (July 11, 2013). "Orson Scott Card's antigay views prompt 'Ender's Game' boycott". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
228. ^ Cheney, Alexandra (July 12, 2013). "Studio comes out against 'Ender's Game' author on gay rights". Wall Street Journal.
229. ^ "Margaret A. Edwards Award". American Library Association. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
230. ^ "Orson Scott Card honored for lifetime contribution to young adult readers with Edwards Award". American Library Association. March 17, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
231. ^ "Looking Back". YALSA. ALA. Retrieved 2013-10-13. Card won the 20th anniversary Edwards Award in 2008, when YALSA asked previous winners to reflect on the experience. Some live remarks by Card are published online with the compiled reflections but transcripts of acceptance speeches are available to members only.
232. ^ "Orson Scott Card's Whitney Award Speech". Mormontimes.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
233. ^ "Orson Scott Card Papers 1966-(ongoing)". Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
234. ^ Peterson, Janice (September 13, 2007). "Author makes living with 'lies'". Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
235. ^ "Orson Scott Card 1951-present". Literary Worlds: Illumination of the Mind. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
236. ^ Nevarez, Lisa A., ed. (2013). The Vampire Goes to College : Essays on Teaching With the Undead. McFarland. p. 145\. ISBN 978-0786475544.
237. ^ "About Brandon". Brandon Sanderson. November 23, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
238. ^ Dodge. (December 10, 2003). "An Interview with the author David Wolverton". wotmania. Archived from the original on May 26, 2006.
239. ^ Rouner, Jef (July 21, 2020). "In YouTube star's debut novel, Bush administration bungles alien contact". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
240. ^ "1984 AML Awards". Association for Mormon Letters. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
241. ^ "1985 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
242. ^ a b c "1986 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
243. ^ "1987 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
244. ^ "Science Fiction Chronicle Readers Poll 1987". Science Fiction Awards Database. Locus Science Fiction Foundation. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
245. ^ "1988 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. July 26, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
246. ^ "星雲賞受賞作・参考候補作一覧" [List of The Seiun Awards Winners & Candidates] (in Japanese). Retrieved March 25, 2016.
247. ^ "Hatrack River". Nebula Awards. Science Fiction & Fantasy Writers of America. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
248. ^ Walton, Jo (June 12, 2011). "Hugo Nominees: 1987". TOR. Macmillan. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
249. ^ "Winners". World Fantasy Convention. World Fantasy Conventions. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
250. ^ a b c "1988 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
251. ^ "Winners". Mythopoeic Society. The Mythopoeic Society. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
252. ^ a b "1989 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
253. ^ "1991 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. July 26, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
254. ^ "1996 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
255. ^ "Shadow of the Hegemon". American Library Association. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
256. ^ "Writer Judge — Biography". Retrieved January 28, 2020.
257. ^ "Orson Scott Card's Intergalactic Medicine Show". Retrieved October 18, 2006.
258. ^ Kidd, Kathryn H. (May 16, 2005). "Noted Author Joins SVU Faculty". Meridian Magazines. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
259. ^ Fain, Travis (September 9, 2013). "Orson Scott Card named to UNC-TV board - News-Record.com: North State Politics". News-Record.com. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
260. ^ Lapidos, Juliet (July 20, 2013). "The 'Ender's Game' Boycott". The New York Times.
261. ^ Woodbury, Kathleen Dalton. "Hatrack River Writers Workshop". hatrack.com.
262. ^ Card, Orson Scott. "Former Boot Campers Published". hatrack.com.
263. ^ "Life, the Universe, & Everything 32: The Marion K. "Doc" Smith Symposium on Science Fiction and Fantasy" (PDF). LTUE Press. February 1, 2014.

## Works cited

[edit]

* Beswick, Norman (1989). "Amblick and After: Aspects of Orson Scott Card". Foundation. 45 (Spring 1989).
* Bleiler, Richard (1989). "Card, Orson Scott". In Fletcher, Marilyn P.; Thorson, James L. (eds.). Reader's Guide to Twentieth-Century Science Fiction. Chicago and London: American Library Association. ISBN 9780838905043.
* Collings, Michael (2001). Storyteller: Orson Scott Card. Overlook Connection Press. ISBN 1892950499.
* Collings, Michael R. (2014). Orson Scott Card: Penetrating to the Gentle Heart. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4991-2412-5.
* England, Eugene (1994). "Orson Scott Card: The Book of Mormon as History and Science Fiction". Mormon Studies Review. 6 (2). Brigham Young University.
* England, Eugene (1990). "Orson Scott Card: How a Great Science Fictionist Uses the Book of Mormon Reviewed Work(s): The Folk of the Fringe. The Tales of Alvin Maker, including these volumes: Seventh Son. The Red Prophet. Prentice Alvin by Orson Scott Card". Review of Books on the Book of Mormon. 2.
* Lupoff, Richard A. (1991). "Card, Orson Scott". In Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul E. (eds.). Twentieth-Century Science-Fiction Writers (3rd ed.). Chicago and London: St. James Press.
* Nicol, Charles (March 1992). "Mormon and Mammon". Science Fiction Studies. 19 (1): 128–130\. JSTOR 4240132.128-130&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240132#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Orson+Scott+Card" class="Z3988">
* Oziewicz, Marek (2008). One Earth, One People: The Mythopoeic Fantasy Series of Ursula K. Le Guin, Lloyd Alexander, Madeline L'Engle and Orson Scott Card. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 9780786431359.
* Reid, Suzanne Elizabeth (1998). "A New Master: Orson Scott Card". Presenting Young Adult Science Fiction. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 080571653X.
* Smith, Christopher C. (March 2011). "Sacred Sci-Fi: Orson Scott Card as Mormon Mythmaker" (PDF). Sunstone.
* Samuelson, Scott (1996). "The Tales of Alvin Maker". In Shippey, T.A.; Sobczak, A.J. (eds.). McGill's Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. Vol. 4\. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press Inc.
* Tyson, Edith S. (2003). Orson Scott Card: Writer of the Terrible Choice. Lantham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0810847906.
* Van Name, Mark L. (1988). "Writer of the Year: Orson Scott Card". In Collins, Robert A.; Latham, Robert (eds.). Science Fiction & Fantasy Book Review Annual 1988. Westport: Meckler. ISBN 0887362494. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
* Westfahl, Gary (1998). "Orson Scott Card". In Bleiler, Richard (ed.). Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day (Second ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0684805936.
* Westfahl, Gary (2005). "Hard Science Fiction". In Seed, David (ed.). A Companion to Science Fiction. Wiley. ISBN 1405112182.
* Willett, Edward (2006). Orson Scott Card: Architect of Alternate Worlds. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0766023540.
* Wittkower, D. E.; Rush, Lucinda, eds. (2013). Ender's game and philosophy: genocide is child's play. Open Court. ISBN 9780812698343.

## Further reading

[edit]

Library resources

* * *

By Orson Scott Card

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Card Catalogue: The Science Fiction and Fantasy of Orson Scott Card, Michael R. Collings, Hypatia Press, 1987, ISBN 0-940841-01-0
* The Work of Orson Scott Card: An Annotated Bibliography and Guide, Michael R. Collings and Boden Clarke, 1997
* Storyteller: The Official Guide to the Works of Orson Scott Card, Michael R. Collings, Overlook Connection Press, 2001, ISBN 1-892950-26-X
* Hillstrom, Kevin, ed. (2004). Biography Today: Authors Vol. 14 (PDF). Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. ISBN 0780806522. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
* Stout, W. Bryan (July 1, 1989). "Seventh Son; Red Prophet; Prentice Alvin Orson Scott Card". BYU Studies Quarterly. 29 (3): 114. Retrieved September 26, 2019.

## External links

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Orson Scott Card.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orson Scott Card.

* Official website
* Orson Scott Card at the Internet Book List
* Orson Scott Card at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* Orson Scott Card at the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
* Orson Scott Card at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy
* Orson Scott Card at IMDb
* Orson Scott Card at the MLCA Database
* Orson Scott Card papers, MSS 1756 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
* Orson Scott Card exhibit, includes several scans of manuscript items from the Orson Scott Card papers at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

* v
* t
* e

Works by Orson Scott Card

Ender's Game series

Books|

| Ender Series|

* Ender's Game (1985)
* Speaker for the Dead (1986)
* Xenocide (1991)
* Children of the Mind (1996)
* Ender in Exile (2008)

|

Shadow Saga|

* Ender's Shadow (1999)
* Shadow of the Hegemon (2001)
* Shadow Puppets (2002)
* Shadow of the Giant (2005)
* Shadows in Flight (2012)
* The Last Shadow (2021)

Formic Wars|

* Earth Unaware (2012)
* Earth Afire (2013)
* Earth Awakens (2014)
* The Swarm (2016)
* The Hive (2019)
* The Queens (TBA)

* First Meetings (2002)
* A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (2007)
* Children of the Fleet (2017)

Short stories|

* "Ender's Game" (1977)
* "Gloriously Bright" (1991)
* "Investment Counselor"
* "The Polish Boy"
* "Teacher's Pest"
* "Mazer in Prison"
* "Pretty Boy"
* "Cheater"
* "A Young Man with Prospects"
* "The Gold Bug"
* "Ender's Stocking"
* "Ender's Homecoming"
* "Ender in Flight"
* "Renegat"
* "Governor Wiggin"
* "Messenger"

Other media|

* Comics
* Film

Characters|

* Ender Wiggin
* Formics
* Jane

The Tales of Alvin Maker

Books|

* Seventh Son (1987)
* Red Prophet (1988)
* Prentice Alvin (1989)
* Alvin Journeyman (1995)
* Heartfire (1998)
* The Crystal City (2003)

Other media|

* "Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow" (poem, 1989)
* Red Prophet: The Tales of Alvin Maker (comic book, 2006)

The Worthing series

Books|

* Capitol (1979)
* Hot Sleep (1979)
* The Worthing Chronicle (1983)
* The Worthing Saga (1990)

Other works

Homecoming Saga|

* The Memory of Earth (1992)
* The Call of Earth (1992)
* The Ships of Earth (1994)
* Earthfall (1995)
* Earthborn (1995)

Women of Genesis|

* Sarah (2000)
* Rebekah (2001)
* Rachel and Leah (2004)
* The Wives of Israel (TBA)

Mithermages series|

* Sandmagic (1979)
* Stonefather (2008)
* The Lost Gate (2011)
* The Gate Thief (2013)
* Gatefather (2015)

Mayflower series|

* Lovelock (1994)
* Rasputin (TBA)

The Empire duet|

* Empire (2006)
* Hidden Empire (2009)

The Pathfinder series|

* Pathfinder (2010)
* Ruins (2012)
* Visitors (2014)

Standalone novels|

* A Planet Called Treason (1979)
* Songmaster (1980)
* Hart's Hope (1983)
* Saints (1984)
* Wyrms (1987)
* Treason (1988)
* The Abyss (1989)
* Lost Boys (1992)
* Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996)
* Treasure Box (1996)
* Stone Tables (1997)
* Homebody (1998)
* Enchantment (1999)
* Magic Street (2005)
* Invasive Procedures (2007)
* Bully and the Beast (TBA)

Story collections|

* Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1980)
* Cardography (1987)
* The Folk of the Fringe (1989)
* Maps in a Mirror (1990)
* Keeper of Dreams (2008)

Other works|

* Listen, Mom and Dad (1977)
* Ainge (1981)
* Saintspeak (1981)
* Eye for Eye (1987)
* Loom (1990)
* The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
* The Dig (1995)
* NeoHunter (1996)
* Magic Mirror (1999)
* Robota (2003)
* An Open Book (2004)
* Ultimate Iron Man (2005)
* Advent Rising (2005)
* InterGalactic Medicine Show (2005)
* Hamlet's Father (2011)
* Firefall (2014)

* v
* t
* e

Hugo Award for Best Novel

Retro|

* The Sword in the Stone by T. H. White (1939)
* Slan by A. E. van Vogt (1941)
* Beyond This Horizon by Anson MacDonald (1943)
* Conjure Wife by Fritz Leiber (1944)
* Shadow Over Mars by Leigh Brackett (1945)
* The Mule by Isaac Asimov (1946)
* Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein (1951)
* Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury (1954)

1950s|

* The Demolished Man by Alfred Bester (1953)
* They'd Rather Be Right (aka: The Forever Machine) by Mark Clifton and Frank Riley (1955)
* Double Star by Robert A. Heinlein (1956)
* The Big Time by Fritz Leiber (1958)
* A Case of Conscience by James Blish (1959)

1960s|

* Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein (1960)
* A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller, Jr. (1961)
* Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein (1962)
* The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick (1963)
* Here Gather the Stars (aka: Way Station) by Clifford D. Simak (1964)
* The Wanderer by Fritz Leiber (1965)
* Dune by Frank Herbert / ...And Call Me Conrad (aka: This Immortal) by Roger Zelazny (1966)
* The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein (1967)
* Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny (1968)
* Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner (1969)

1970s|

* The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin (1970)
* Ringworld by Larry Niven (1971)
* To Your Scattered Bodies Go by Philip José Farmer (1972)
* The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov (1973)
* Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke (1974)
* The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin (1975)
* The Forever War by Joe Haldeman (1976)
* Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm (1977)
* Gateway by Frederik Pohl (1978)
* Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre (1979)

1980s|

* The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke (1980)
* The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge (1981)
* Downbelow Station by C. J. Cherryh (1982)
* Foundation's Edge by Isaac Asimov (1983)
* Startide Rising by David Brin (1984)
* Neuromancer by William Gibson (1985)
* Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card (1986)
* Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card (1987)
* The Uplift War by David Brin (1988)
* Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh (1989)

1990s|

* Hyperion by Dan Simmons (1990)
* The Vor Game by Lois McMaster Bujold (1991)
* Barrayar by Lois McMaster Bujold (1992)
* A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge / Doomsday Book by Connie Willis (1993)
* Green Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1994)
* Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold (1995)
* The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson (1996)
* Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1997)
* Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman (1998)
* To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis (1999)

2000s|

* A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge (2000)
* Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J. K. Rowling (2001)
* American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2002)
* Hominids by Robert J. Sawyer (2003)
* Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2004)
* Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke (2005)
* Spin by Robert Charles Wilson (2006)
* Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge (2007)
* The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon (2008)
* The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman (2009)

2010s|

* The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi / The City & the City by China Miéville (2010)
* Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis (2011)
* Among Others by Jo Walton (2012)
* Redshirts by John Scalzi (2013)
* Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie (2014)
* The Three-Body Problem by Cixin Liu, translated by Ken Liu (2015)
* The Fifth Season by N. K. Jemisin (2016)
* The Obelisk Gate by N. K. Jemisin (2017)
* The Stone Sky by N. K. Jemisin (2018)
* The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal (2019)

2020s|

* A Memory Called Empire by Arkady Martine (2020)
* Network Effect by Martha Wells (2021)
* A Desolation Called Peace by Arkady Martine (2022)
* Nettle & Bone by T. Kingfisher (2023)
* Some Desperate Glory by Emily Tesh (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Hugo Award for Best Novella

Retro Hugos|

* Who Goes There? by Don A. Stuart (1939)
* "If This Goes On—" by Robert A. Heinlein (1941)
* Waldo by Robert A. Heinlein (1943)
* The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1944)
* Killdozer! by Theodore Sturgeon (1945)
* Animal Farm by George Orwell (1946)
* The Man Who Sold the Moon by Robert A. Heinlein (1951)
* A Case of Conscience by James Blish (1954)

1968–1980|

* Riders of the Purple Wage by Philip José Farmer / Weyr Search by Anne McCaffrey (1968)
* Nightwings by Robert Silverberg (1969)
* Ship of Shadows by Fritz Leiber (1970)
* Ill Met in Lankhmar by Fritz Leiber (1971)
* The Queen of Air and Darkness by Poul Anderson (1972)
* The Word for World Is Forest by Ursula K. Le Guin (1973)
* The Girl Who Was Plugged In by James Tiptree Jr. (1974)
* A Song for Lya by George R. R. Martin (1975)
* Home Is the Hangman by Roger Zelazny (1976)
* By Any Other Name by Spider Robinson / Houston, Houston, Do You Read? by James Tiptree Jr. (1977)
* Stardance by Spider Robinson and Jeanne Robinson (1978)
* The Persistence of Vision by John Varley (1979)
* Enemy Mine by Barry B. Longyear (1980)

1981–1990|

* Lost Dorsai by Gordon R. Dickson (1981)
* The Saturn Game by Poul Anderson (1982)
* Souls by Joanna Russ (1983)
* Cascade Point by Timothy Zahn (1984)
* Press Enter by John Varley (1985)
* 24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai by Roger Zelazny (1986)
* Gilgamesh in the Outback by Robert Silverberg (1987)
* Eye for Eye by Orson Scott Card (1988)
* The Last of the Winnebagos by Connie Willis (1989)
* The Mountains of Mourning by Lois McMaster Bujold (1990)

1991–2000|

* The Hemingway Hoax by Joe Haldeman (1991)
* Beggars in Spain by Nancy Kress (1992)
* Barnacle Bill the Spacer by Lucius Shepard (1993)
* Down in the Bottomlands by Harry Turtledove (1994)
* Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge by Mike Resnick (1995)
* The Death of Captain Future by Allen Steele (1996)
* Blood of the Dragon by George R. R. Martin (1997)
* ...Where Angels Fear to Tread by Allen Steele (1998)
* Oceanic by Greg Egan (1999)
* The Winds of Marble Arch by Connie Willis (2000)

2001–2010|

* The Ultimate Earth by Jack Williamson (2001)
* Fast Times at Fairmont High by Vernor Vinge (2002)
* Coraline by Neil Gaiman (2003)
* The Cookie Monster by Vernor Vinge (2004)
* The Concrete Jungle by Charles Stross (2005)
* Inside Job by Connie Willis (2006)
* A Billion Eves by Robert Reed (2007)
* All Seated on the Ground by Connie Willis (2008)
* The Erdmann Nexus by Nancy Kress (2009)
* Palimpsest by Charles Stross (2010)

2011–2020|

* The Lifecycle of Software Objects by Ted Chiang (2011)
* The Man Who Bridged the Mist by Kij Johnson (2012)
* The Emperor's Soul by Brandon Sanderson (2013)
* Equoid by Charles Stross (2014)
* (No award given) (2015)
* Binti by Nnedi Okorafor (2016)
* Every Heart a Doorway by Seanan McGuire (2017)
* All Systems Red by Martha Wells (2018)
* Artificial Condition by Martha Wells (2019)
* This Is How You Lose the Time War by Amal El-Mohtar and Max Gladstone (2020)

2021–present|

* The Empress of Salt and Fortune by Nghi Vo (2021)
* A Psalm for the Wild-Built by Becky Chambers (2022)
* Where the Drowned Girls Go by Seanan McGuire (2023)
* Thornhedge by T. Kingfisher (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Nebula Award for Best Novel

1966–1980|

* Dune by Frank Herbert (1966)
* Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany and Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes (1967)
* The Einstein Intersection by Samuel R. Delany (1968)
* Rite of Passage by Alexei Panshin (1969)
* The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin (1970)
* Ringworld by Larry Niven (1971)
* A Time of Changes by Robert Silverberg (1972)
* The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov (1973)
* Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke (1974)
* The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin (1975)
* The Forever War by Joe Haldeman (1976)
* Man Plus by Frederik Pohl (1977)
* Gateway by Frederik Pohl (1978)
* Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre (1979)
* The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke (1980)

1981–2000|

* Timescape by Gregory Benford (1981)
* The Claw of the Conciliator by Gene Wolfe (1982)
* No Enemy But Time by Michael Bishop (1983)
* Startide Rising by David Brin (1984)
* Neuromancer by William Gibson (1985)
* Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card (1986)
* Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card (1987)
* The Falling Woman by Pat Murphy (1988)
* Falling Free by Lois McMaster Bujold (1989)
* The Healer's War by Elizabeth Ann Scarborough (1990)
* Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin (1991)
* Stations of the Tide by Michael Swanwick (1992)
* Doomsday Book by Connie Willis (1993)
* Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1994)
* Moving Mars by Greg Bear (1995)
* The Terminal Experiment by Robert J. Sawyer (1996)
* Slow River by Nicola Griffith (1997)
* The Moon and the Sun by Vonda N. McIntyre (1998)
* Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman (1999)
* Parable of the Talents by Octavia E. Butler (2000)

2001–2020|

* Darwin's Radio by Greg Bear (2001)
* The Quantum Rose by Catherine Asaro (2002)
* American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2003)
* Speed of Dark by Elizabeth Moon (2004)
* Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2005)
* Camouflage by Joe Haldeman (2006)
* Seeker by Jack McDevitt (2007)
* The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon (2008)
* Powers by Ursula K. Le Guin (2009)
* The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi (2010)
* Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis (2011)
* Among Others by Jo Walton (2012)
* 2312 by Kim Stanley Robinson (2013)
* Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie (2014)
* Annihilation by Jeff VanderMeer (2015)
* Uprooted by Naomi Novik (2016)
* All the Birds in the Sky by Charlie Jane Anders (2017)
* The Stone Sky by N. K. Jemisin (2018)
* The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal (2019)
* A Song for a New Day by Sarah Pinsker (2020)

2021–present|

* Network Effect by Martha Wells (2021)
* A Master of Djinn by P. Djèlí Clark (2022)
* Babel, or the Necessity of Violence by R. F. Kuang (2023)
* The Saint of Bright Doors by Vajra Chandrasekera (2024)

* v
* t
* e

World Fantasy Award—Novella

1982–2000|

* The Fire When It Comes by Parke Godwin (1982)
* Confess the Seasons by Charles L. Grant (1983, tie)
* Beyond Any Measure by Karl Edward Wagner (1983, tie)
* Black Air by Kim Stanley Robinson (1984)
* The Unconquered Country by Geoff Ryman (1985)
* Nadelman's God by T. E. D. Klein (1986)
* Hatrack River by Orson Scott Card (1987)
* Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight by Ursula K. Le Guin (1988)
* The Skin Trade by George R. R. Martin (1989)
* "Great Work of Time" by John Crowley (1990)
* Bones by Pat Murphy (1991)
* The Ragthorn by Robert Holdstock and Garry Kilworth (1992)
* The Ghost Village by Peter Straub (1993)
* Under the Crust by Terry Lamsley (1994)
* Last Summer at Mars Hill by Elizabeth Hand (1995)
* Radio Waves by Michael Swanwick (1996)
* A City in Winter by Mark Helprin (1997)
* Streetcar Dreams by Richard Bowes (1998)
* The Summer Isles by Ian R. MacLeod (1999)
* The Transformation of Martin Lake by Jeff VanderMeer (2000, tie)
* Sky Eyes by Laurel Winter (2000, tie)

2001–present|

* The Man on the Ceiling by Steve Rasnic Tem & Melanie Tem (2001)
* The Bird Catcher by S. P. Somtow (2002)
* The Library by Zoran Živković (2003)
* A Crowd of Bone by Greer Gilman (2004)
* The Growlimb by Michael Shea (2005)
* Voluntary Committal by Joe Hill (2006)
* Botch Town by Jeffrey Ford (2007)
* Illyria by Elizabeth Hand (2008)
* If Angels Fight by Richard Bowes (2009)
* Sea-Hearts by Margo Lanagan (2010)
* The Maiden Flight of McCauley's Bellerophon by Elizabeth Hand (2011)
* A Small Price to Pay for Birdsong by Tom Holt (2012)
* Let Maps to Others by Tom Holt (2013)
* Wakulla Springs by Andy Duncan and Ellen Klages (2014)
* We Are All Completely Fine by Daryl Gregory (2015)
* The Unlicensed Magician by Kelly Barnhill (2016)
* The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe by Kij Johnson (2017)
* Passing Strange by Ellen Klages (2018)
* "The Privilege of the Happy Ending" by Kij Johnson (2019)
* Silver in the Wood by Emily Tesh (2020)
* Riot Baby by Tochi Onyebuchi (2021)
* And What Can We Offer You Tonight by Premee Mohamed (2022)

* v
* t
* e

Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel

1980s|

* Titan by John Varley (1980)
* The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge (1981)
* The Many-Colored Land by Julian May (1982)
* Foundation's Edge by Isaac Asimov (1983)
* Startide Rising by David Brin (1984)
* The Integral Trees by Larry Niven (1985)
* The Postman by David Brin (1986)
* Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card (1987)
* The Uplift War  by David Brin (1988)
* Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh (1989)

1990s|

* Hyperion by Dan Simmons (1990)
* The Fall of Hyperion by Dan Simmons (1991)
* Barrayar by Lois McMaster Bujold (1992)
* Doomsday Book by Connie Willis (1993)
* Green Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1994)
* Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold (1995)
* The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson (1996)
* Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1997)
* The Rise of Endymion by Dan Simmons (1998)
* To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis (1999)

2000s|

* Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson (2000)
* The Telling by Ursula K. Le Guin (2001)
* Passage by Connie Willis (2002)
* The Years of Rice and Salt by Kim Stanley Robinson (2003)
* Ilium by Dan Simmons (2004)
* The Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson (2005)
* Accelerando by Charles Stross (2006)
* Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge (2007)
* The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon (2008)
* Anathem by Neal Stephenson (2009)

2010s|

* Boneshaker by Cherie Priest (2010)
* Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis (2011)
* Embassytown by China Miéville (2012)
* Redshirts by John Scalzi (2013)
* Abaddon's Gate by James S. A. Corey (2014)
* Ancillary Sword by Ann Leckie (2015)
* Ancillary Mercy by Ann Leckie (2016)
* Death's End by Liu Cixin (2017)
* The Collapsing Empire by John Scalzi (2018)
* The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal (2019)

2020s|

* The City in the Middle of the Night by Charlie Jane Anders  (2020)
* Network Effect by Martha Wells (2021)
* A Desolation Called Peace by Arkady Martine (2022)
* The Kaiju Preservation Society by John Scalzi (2023)
* System Collapse by Martha Wells (2024)

* Best Novel (1971–1981)
* Best SF Novel (1980–present)
* Best Fantasy Novel (1978–present)
* Best First Novel (1981–present)
* Best Horror Novel (1989–1997, 1999, 2017–present)
* Best Young Adult Book (2003–present)
* Best Novella (1973–present)
* Best Novelette (1975–present)
* Best Short Story (1971–present)

* v
* t
* e

Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel

1970s and 1980s|

* The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien (1978)
* Harpist in the Wind by Patricia A. McKillip (1980)
* Lord Valentine's Castle by Robert Silverberg (1981)
* The Claw of the Conciliator by Gene Wolfe (1982)
* The Sword of the Lictor by Gene Wolfe (1983)
* The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley (1984)
* Job: A Comedy of Justice by Robert A. Heinlein (1985)
* Trumps of Doom by Roger Zelazny (1986)
* Soldier of the Mist by Gene Wolfe (1987)
* Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card (1988)
* Red Prophet by Orson Scott Card (1989)

1990s|

* Prentice Alvin by Orson Scott Card (1990)
* Tehanu by Ursula K. Le Guin (1991)
* Beauty by Sheri S. Tepper (1992)
* Last Call by Tim Powers (1993)
* The Innkeeper's Song by Peter S. Beagle (1994)
* Brittle Innings by Michael Bishop (1995)
* Alvin Journeyman by Orson Scott Card (1996)
* A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin (1997)
* Earthquake Weather by Tim Powers (1998)
* A Clash of Kings by George R. R. Martin (1999)

2000s|

* Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling (2000)
* A Storm of Swords by George R. R. Martin (2001)
* American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2002)
* The Scar by China Miéville (2003)
* Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2004)
* Iron Council by China Miéville (2005)
* Anansi Boys by Neil Gaiman (2006)
* The Privilege of the Sword by Ellen Kushner (2007)
* Making Money by Terry Pratchett (2008)
* Lavinia by Ursula K. Le Guin (2009)

2010s|

* The City & the City by China Miéville (2010)
* Kraken by China Miéville (2011)
* A Dance with Dragons by George R. R. Martin (2012)
* The Apocalypse Codex by Charles Stross (2013)
* The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Neil Gaiman (2014)
* The Goblin Emperor by Katherine Addison (2015)
* Uprooted by Naomi Novik (2016)
* All the Birds in the Sky by Charlie Jane Anders (2017)
* The Stone Sky by N. K. Jemisin (2018)
* Spinning Silver by Naomi Novik (2019)

2020s|

* Middlegame by Seanan McGuire (2020)
* The City We Became by N. K. Jemisin (2021)
* Jade Legacy by Fonda Lee (2022)
* Babel, or the Necessity of Violence by R. F. Kuang (2023)
* Witch King by Martha Wells (2024)

* Best Novel (1971–1981)
* Best SF Novel (1980–present)
* Best Fantasy Novel (1978–present)
* Best First Novel (1981–present)
* Best Horror Novel (1989–1997, 1999, 2017–present)
* Best Young Adult Book (2003–present)
* Best Novella (1973–present)
* Best Novelette (1975–present)
* Best Short Story (1971–present)

* v
* t
* e

Locus Award for Best Short Story

1971–1980|

* "The Region Between" by Harlan Ellison (1971)
* "The Queen of Air and Darkness" by Poul Anderson (1972)
* "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" by Ursula K. Le Guin (1973)
* "The Deathbird" by Harlan Ellison (1974)
* "The Day Before the Revolution" by Ursula K. Le Guin (1975)
* "Croatoan" by Harlan Ellison (1976)
* "Tricentennial" by Joe Haldeman (1977)
* "Jeffty Is Five" by Harlan Ellison (1978)
* "Count the Clock that Tells the Time" by Harlan Ellison (1979)
* "The Way of Cross and Dragon" by George R. R. Martin (1980)

1981–2000|

* "Grotto of the Dancing Deer" by Clifford D. Simak (1981)
* "The Pusher" by John Varley (1982)
* "Sur" by Ursula K. Le Guin (1983)
* "Beyond the Dead Reef" by James Tiptree Jr. (1984)
* "Salvador" by Lucius Shepard (1985)
* "With Virgil Oddum at the East Pole" by Harlan Ellison (1986)
* "Robot Dreams" by Isaac Asimov (1987)
* "Angel" by Pat Cadigan (1988)
* "Eidolons" by Harlan Ellison (1989)
* "Lost Boys" by Orson Scott Card (1990)
* "Bears Discover Fire" by Terry Bisson (1991)
* "Buffalo" by John Kessel (1992)
* "Even the Queen" by Connie Willis (1993)
* "Close Encounter" by Connie Willis (1994)
* "None So Blind" by Joe Haldeman (1995)
* "The Lincoln Train" by Maureen F. McHugh (1996)
* "Gone" by John Crowley (1997)
* "Itsy Bitsy Spider" by James Patrick Kelly (1998)
* "Maneki Neko" by Bruce Sterling (1999)
* "macs" by Terry Bisson (2000)

2001–present|

* "The Missing Mass" by Larry Niven (2001)
* "The Bones of the Earth" by Ursula K. Le Guin (2002)
* "October in the Chair" by Neil Gaiman (2003)
* "Closing Time" by Neil Gaiman (2004)
* "Forbidden Brides of the Faceless Slaves in the Nameless House of the Night of Dread Desire" by Neil Gaiman (2005)
* "Sunbird" by Neil Gaiman (2006)
* "How to Talk to Girls at Parties" by Neil Gaiman (2007)
* "A Small Room in Koboldtown" by Michael Swanwick (2008)
* "Exhalation" by Ted Chiang (2009)
* "An Invocation of Incuriosity" by Neil Gaiman (2010)
* "The Thing About Cassandra" by Neil Gaiman (2011)
* "The Case of Death and Honey" by Neil Gaiman (2012)
* "Immersion" by Aliette de Bodard (2013)
* "The Road of Needles" by Caitlín R. Kiernan (2014)
* "The Truth About Owls" by Amal El-Mohtar (2015)
* "Cat Pictures Please" by Naomi Kritzer (2016)
* "Seasons of Glass and Iron" by Amal El-Mohtar (2017)
* "The Martian Obelisk" by Linda Nagata (2018)
* "The Secret Lives of the Nine Negro Teeth of George Washington" by P. Djèlí Clark (2019)
* "The Bookstore at the End of America" by Charlie Jane Anders (2020)
* "Little Free Library" by Naomi Kritzer (2021)
* "Where Oaken Hearts Do Gather" by Sarah Pinsker (2022)
* "Rabbit Test" by Samantha Mills (2023)
* "How to Raise a Kraken in Your Bathtub" by P. Djèlí Clark (2024)

* Best Novel (1971–1981)
* Best SF Novel (1980–present)
* Best Fantasy Novel (1978–present)
* Best First Novel (1981–present)
* Best Horror Novel (1989–1997, 1999, 2017–present)
* Best Young Adult Book (2003–present)
* Best Novella (1973–present)
* Best Novelette (1975–present)
* Best Short Story (1971–present)

Authority control databases

International|

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Academics|

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Artists|

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People|

* Trove

Other|

* IdRef
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