Ouki

Ancient lake in modern Bolivia

Ouki was an ancient lake in the Bolivian Altiplano. Its existence was postulated in 2006 by a group of scientists who had subdivided the Lake Minchin lake cycle into several lake phases. The Lake Minchin cycle had been previously identified in 1904 as a now disappeared lake in the central Altiplano.[1] Sediments attributed to Lake Minchin may rather be part of Ouki. The dating is uncertain, with radiocarbon and uranium-thorium dating yielding different dates spanning the time between 28,200 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago.

Whether Ouki existed is a subject of controversy. In 2011, scientists claimed that the lake did not exist outside of the Lake Poopo basin. The formation of Ouki is associated with a major glaciation and was probably caused by increased precipitation, which has also been observed elsewhere.

## General characteristics

[edit]

Ouki may have reached a water level of approximately 3,735 metres (12,254 ft)[2] with preserved shorelines at Lake Poopó,[3] and it may have covered the Salar de Uyuni, the Salar de Coipasa and the Lake Poopó area,[4] although the Uyuni and Coipasa basins may rather have been filled by a separate postulated lake, Lake Salinas.[5] Estimates of the surface area depend on the assumed lake levels and whether the lake covered only the Lake Poopó basin or also the Uyuni/Coipasa basins. Estimates range from 10,400–46,500 square kilometres (4,000–18,000 sq mi).[6]

The Ouki lake is one of the so-called deep lake cycles, along with Lake Tauca, from which it may have separated during a period when water levels dropped below 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) altitude. At a locality called Vinto, it has left characteristic tufa deposits which have shapes of inverted cones.[7] The depth of the lake did not exceed c. 80 metres (260 ft). The subsequent Salinas lake cycle may simply be a shrinking stage of the Ouki lake.[8] Likewise, the existence of Lake Minchin may be in part based on misattributing deposits left by Ouki.[2] The Ouki lake cycle may be subdivided into individual phases in the future.[9]

The Ouki lake may have been populated by species such as Pisidium bivalves, ostracodes and the Biomphalaria andecola snail.[10] Waters had a high concentration of strontium.[11] While one model inferred from strontium isotope data assumes that most of the Ouki water was contributed by the Poopó basin, another called "Ouki B" assumes a 69% contribution by waters from Lake Titicaca and no contribution from the Coipasa and Uyuni basins, which is less likely.[12] Waters from the Poopó basin would have spilled into the Uyuni/Coipasa basin.[13] The drying of the lake left deposits containing amphibole, illite, plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, kaolinite, pyroxene, quartz and smectite.[14]

### Dating

[edit]

Various radiometric dates have been obtained for the postulated Ouki paleolake from tufa, wood and fossils of Bulimulidae and Littoridina,[7] mostly within the basin of Lake Poopo.[9] There is noticeable disagreement between radiometric dates obtained by uranium-thorium dating and dates obtained by radiocarbon dating, probably because Ouki is so old that radiocarbon dating becomes unreliable. The former yield ages ranging between 120,000 and 98,000 years ago. The latter produce ages between 45,200 and 28,200 years ago. Radiocarbon dates of such old samples can easily suffer from contamination by modern carbon, creating spuriously young ages.[15] The uranium-thorium dates range between 96,740 ±5,560 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago. The exact lake level history is poorly known,[10] but between 115,000 and 100,000 years ago, the water was higher than 3,720 metres (12,200 ft) elevation.[8] The Ouki stage took place during marine isotope stage 5.[16] Episodes of increased lake size lake level changes coincide with cold periods in the North Atlantic.[17] Alternatively, if radiocarbon dates of 44,609 ± 927 to 33,422 ± 1937 are attributed to Ouki, sediments in the Uyuni basin attributed to Lake Minchin would instead belong to Ouki.[18]

## Context

[edit]

Lake Ouki's formation may have been caused by an increase in precipitation,[19] and may be further associated with changes in the position of the ITCZ and La Nina-like conditions.[20] The increase of precipitation may have amounted to 50–100%.[21]

The Ouki lake cycle occurred during a major glaciation[22][20] that may also be recorded from moraine deposits in the southern Puna,[23] as well as at a time of low summer insolation in the southern hemisphere[17] but with a southward expansion of the South American monsoon.[24] Lake levels in Lake Huinaymarca, the southern basin of Lake Tauca, were low during the proposed Ouki period.[25] Sediments in the Majes River valley indicate humid conditions during the proposed Ouki period,[26] as do lake level records in the Atacama.[27] The humid period in Peru during the Ouki phase may be associated with several large landslides such as the c. 40 cubic kilometres (9.6 cu mi) Chuquibamba landslide complex[28] and the Caqilluco landslides,[29] although other researchers did not find an increase in landslide activity there.[30] Accumulation of sediments in the Pativilca valley[31] and fluvial activity at Lima[32] and in the Lomas de Lachay in Peru also coincide with the Ouki humid period.[33]

## Controversy

[edit]

The existence of this lake was questioned in 2011, based on the lack of evidence for such a lake in drill cores of Salar de Uyuni.[34] It is unknown whether the Poopó basin lake extended to the Uyuni/Coipasa basins as well.[5] The sill separating the Poopó and Uyuni/Coipasa basins may not have been breached until 80,000–60,000 years ago.[35] In 2013, it was suggested that the "L4" lacustrine stage, which has been identified in drill cores taken from Salar de Uyuni, may be the Ouki/Salinas lake phase.[36]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Baker & Fritz 2015, p. 40.
2. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 528.
3. ^ Luna, Lisa V.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Niedermann, Samuel; Rugel, Georg; Scharf, Andreas; Merchel, Silke (October 2018). "Glacial chronology and production rate cross-calibration of five cosmogenic nuclide and mineral systems from the southern Central Andean Plateau". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 500: 249. Bibcode:2018E&PSL.500..242L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.034. ISSN 0012-821X. S2CID 134780354.
4. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 240.
5. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 242.
6. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 103.
7. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 520.
8. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 523.
9. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 233.
10. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 521.
11. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 236.
12. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 239.
13. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 241.
14. ^ Placzek et al. 2006, p. 11.
15. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 518.
16. ^ Zech et al. 2017, p. 712.
17. ^ a b Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 106.
18. ^ Gosling et al. 2008, pp. 45–46.
19. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 530.
20. ^ a b Zech, Jana; Zech, Roland; Kubik, Peter W.; Veit, Heinz (December 2009). "Glacier and climate reconstruction at Tres Lagunas, NW Argentina, based on 10Be surface exposure dating and lake sediment analyses". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 284 (3–4): 187. Bibcode:2009PPP...284..180Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.023.3–4&rft.pages=187&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.023&rft_id=info:bibcode/2009PPP...284..180Z&rft.aulast=Zech&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft.au=Zech,+Roland&rft.au=Kubik,+Peter+W.&rft.au=Veit,+Heinz&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
21. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 104.
22. ^ Zech et al. 2017, p. 714.
23. ^ Luna, Lisa V.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Niedermann, Samuel; Rugel, Georg; Scharf, Andreas; Merchel, Silke (15 October 2018). "Glacial chronology and production rate cross-calibration of five cosmogenic nuclide and mineral systems from the southern Central Andean Plateau". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 500: 249. Bibcode:2018E&PSL.500..242L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.034. ISSN 0012-821X. S2CID 134780354.
24. ^ Terrizzano, C.M.; García Morabito, E.; Christl, M.; Likerman, J.; Tobal, J.; Yamin, M.; Zech, R. (September 2017). "Climatic and Tectonic forcing on alluvial fans in the Southern Central Andes". Quaternary Science Reviews. 172: 139. Bibcode:2017QSRv..172..131T. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.002. hdl:11336/60252. ISSN 0277-3791.
25. ^ Gosling et al. 2008, p. 45.
26. ^ Steffen, Damian; Schlunegger, Fritz; Preusser, Frank (15 November 2009). "Late Pleistocene fans and terraces in the Majes valley, southern Peru, and their relation to climatic variations" (PDF). International Journal of Earth Sciences. 99 (8): 1975–1989\. doi:10.1007/s00531-009-0489-2. S2CID 59381972.1975-1989&rft.date=2009-11-15&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00531-009-0489-2&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59381972#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft.au=Schlunegger,+Fritz&rft.au=Preusser,+Frank&rft_id=https://boris.unibe.ch/6521/1/531_2009_Article_489.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
27. ^ Sáez, Alberto; Cabrera, Lluís; Garcés, Miguel; Bogaard, Paul van den; Jensen, Arturo; Gimeno, Domingo (November 2012). "The stratigraphic record of changing hyperaridity in the Atacama desert over the last 10Ma". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 355–356: 36. Bibcode:2012E&PSL.355...32S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.029. hdl:2445/98248.
28. ^ Pánek, Tomáš (1 September 2019). "Landslides and Quaternary climate changes—The state of the art". Earth-Science Reviews. 196: 12. Bibcode:2019ESRv..19602871P. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.015. ISSN 0012-8252. S2CID 189986799.
29. ^ Delgado, Fabrizio; Zerathe, Swann; Schwartz, Stéphane; Mathieux, Bastien; Benavente, Carlos (June 2022). "Inventory of large landslides along the Central Western Andes (ca. 15°–20° S): Landslide distribution patterns and insights on controlling factors". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 116: 17. Bibcode:2022JSAES.11603824D. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103824.
30. ^ Schildgen, Taylor F.; Robinson, Ruth A. J.; Savi, Sara; Phillips, William M.; Spencer, Joel Q. G.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Scherler, Dirk; Tofelde, Stefanie; Alonso, Ricardo N.; Kubik, Peter W.; Binnie, Steven A.; Strecker, Manfred R. (February 2016). "Landscape response to late Pleistocene climate change in NW Argentina: Sediment flux modulated by basin geometry and connectivity". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 121 (2): 393. Bibcode:2016JGRF..121..392S. doi:10.1002/2015JF003607. hdl:2097/34092.
31. ^ Litty, Camille; Schlunegger, Fritz; Akçar, Naki; Delunel, Romain; Christl, Marcus; Vockenhuber, Christof (August 2018). "Chronology of alluvial terrace sediment accumulation and incision in the Pativilca Valley, western Peruvian Andes" (PDF). Geomorphology. 315: 55. Bibcode:2018Geomo.315...45L. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.05.005. ISSN 0169-555X. S2CID 134540130.
32. ^ Viveen, Willem; Sanjurjo‐Sanchez, Jorge; Bravo‐Lembcke, Gustavo; Uribe‐Ventura, Rodrigo (4 April 2024). [10.1002/esp.5831 "A 121‐ka record of Western Andean fluvial response to suborbital climate cycles recorded by rhythmic grain size variations of the Lima fluvial fan"]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. doi:10.1002/esp.5831. ISSN 0197-9337. `{{cite journal}}`: Check `|url=` value (help)
33. ^ Kalicki, Tomasz; Kalicki, Piotr (15 May 2020). "Fluvial activity in the Lomas de Lachay during the upper Pleistocene and Holocene". Geomorphology. 357: 11. Bibcode:2020Geomo.35707087K. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107087. ISSN 0169-555X. S2CID 214164504.
34. ^ Hanselman, Jennifer A.; Bush, Mark B.; Gosling, William D.; Collins, Aaron; Knox, Christopher; Baker, Paul A.; Fritz, Sheri C. (May 2011). "A 370,000-year record of vegetation and fire history around Lake Titicaca (Bolivia/Peru)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 305 (1–4): 202. Bibcode:2011PPP...305..201H. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.002.1–4&rft.pages=202&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.002&rft_id=info:bibcode/2011PPP...305..201H&rft.aulast=Hanselman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Bush,+Mark+B.&rft.au=Gosling,+William+D.&rft.au=Collins,+Aaron&rft.au=Knox,+Christopher&rft.au=Baker,+Paul+A.&rft.au=Fritz,+Sheri+C.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
35. ^ Baker & Fritz 2015, p. 41.
36. ^ Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 101.

### Sources

[edit]

* Baker, Paul A.; Fritz, Sherilyn C. (September 2015). "Nature and causes of Quaternary climate variation of tropical South America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 124: 31–47\. Bibcode:2015QSRv..124...31B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.011.31-47&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.011&rft_id=info:bibcode/2015QSRv..124...31B&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft.au=Fritz,+Sherilyn+C.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
* Gosling, William D.; Bush, Mark B.; Hanselman, Jennifer A.; Chepstow-Lusty, Alex (March 2008). "Glacial-interglacial changes in moisture balance and the impact on vegetation in the southern hemisphere tropical Andes (Bolivia/Peru)" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 259 (1): 35–50\. Bibcode:2008PPP...259...35G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.050.35-50&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.050&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008PPP...259...35G&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Bush,+Mark+B.&rft.au=Hanselman,+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Chepstow-Lusty,+Alex&rft_id=http://oro.open.ac.uk/10215/1/Gosling_Huin_151k_Palaeo3_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
* Placzek, Christa; Patchett, P. Jonathan; Quade, Jay; Wagner, Jennifer D. M. (May 2006). "Strategies for successful U-Th dating of paleolake carbonates: An example from the Bolivian Altiplano". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 7 (5): n/a. Bibcode:2006GGG.....7.5024P. doi:10.1029/2005GC001157.
* Placzek, C.; Quade, J.; Patchett, P. J. (8 May 2006). "Geochronology and stratigraphy of late Pleistocene lake cycles on the southern Bolivian Altiplano: Implications for causes of tropical climate change". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 118 (5–6): 515–532\. Bibcode:2006GSAB..118..515P. doi:10.1130/B25770.1.5–6&rft.pages=515-532&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft_id=info:doi/10.1130/B25770.1&rft_id=info:bibcode/2006GSAB..118..515P&rft.aulast=Placzek&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Quade,+J.&rft.au=Patchett,+P.+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
* Placzek, Christa J.; Quade, Jay; Patchett, P. Jonathan (January 2011). "Isotopic tracers of paleohydrologic change in large lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano" (PDF). Quaternary Research. 75 (1): 231–244\. Bibcode:2011QuRes..75..231P. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.08.004. S2CID 54069269.231-244&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54069269#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.08.004&rft_id=info:bibcode/2011QuRes..75..231P&rft.aulast=Placzek&rft.aufirst=Christa+J.&rft.au=Quade,+Jay&rft.au=Patchett,+P.+Jonathan&rft_id=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/20610/1/QuaternaryResearch2011.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
* Placzek, C.J.; Quade, J.; Patchett, P.J. (February 2013). "A 130ka reconstruction of rainfall on the Bolivian Altiplano". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 363: 97–108\. Bibcode:2013E&PSL.363...97P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.017.97-108&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.017&rft_id=info:bibcode/2013E&PSL.363...97P;&rft.aulast=Placzek&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft.au=Quade,+J.&rft.au=Patchett,+P.J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">
* Zech, J.; Terrizzano, C.; García-Morabito, E.; Veit, H.; Zech, R. (15 September 2017). "Timing and extent of late pleistocene glaciation in the arid Central Andes of Argentina and Chile (22°-41°S)". Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica (in Spanish). 43 (2): 697–718\. doi:10.18172/cig.3235. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002D-4647-8. ISSN 1697-9540.697-718&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=info:hdl/11858/00-001M-0000-002D-4647-8&rft.issn=1697-9540&rft_id=info:doi/10.18172/cig.3235&rft.aulast=Zech&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Terrizzano,+C.&rft.au=García-Morabito,+E.&rft.au=Veit,+H.&rft.au=Zech,+R.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.18172%2Fcig.3235&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ouki" class="Z3988">

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