Outer Space Treaty

Basis of international space law

Outer Space TreatyTreaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies

Parties

Signatories

Non-parties

Signed| 27 January 1967
Location| London, Moscow and Washington, D.C.
Effective| 10 October 1967; 57 years ago (1967-10-10)
Condition| 5 ratifications, including the depositary Governments
Parties| 117[1][2][3][4]
Depositary| Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America
Languages| English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic
Full text
Outer Space Treaty of 1967 at Wikisource
Signing of the Outer Space Treaty

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a multilateral treaty that forms the basis of international space law. Negotiated and drafted under the auspices of the United Nations, it was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, entering into force on 10 October 1967. As of May 2025[update], 117 countries are parties to the treaty—including all major spacefaring nations—and another 22 are signatories.[1][5][6]

The Outer Space Treaty was spurred by the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in the 1950s, which could reach targets through outer space.[7] The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, in October 1957, followed by a subsequent arms race with the United States, hastened proposals to prohibit the use of outer space for military purposes. On 17 October 1963, the U.N. General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution prohibiting the introduction of weapons of mass destruction in outer space. Various proposals for an arms control treaty governing outer space were debated during a General Assembly session in December 1966, culminating in the drafting and adoption of the Outer Space Treaty the following January.[7]

Key provisions of the Outer Space Treaty include prohibiting nuclear weapons in space; limiting the use of the Moon and all other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes; establishing that space shall be freely explored and used by all nations; and precluding any country from claiming sovereignty over outer space or any celestial body. Although it forbids establishing military bases, testing weapons and conducting military maneuvers on celestial bodies, the treaty does not expressly ban all military activities in space, nor the establishment of military space forces or the placement of conventional weapons in space.[8][9] From 1968 to 1984, the OST gave birth to four additional agreements: rules for activities on the Moon; liability for damages caused by spacecraft; the safe return of fallen astronauts; and the registration of space vehicles.[10]

OST provided many practical uses and was the most important link in the chain of international legal arrangements for space from the late 1950s to the mid-1980s. OST was at the heart of a 'network' of inter-state treaties and strategic power negotiations to achieve the best available conditions for nuclear weapons world security. The OST also declares that space is an area for free use and exploration by all and "shall be the province of all mankind". Drawing heavily from the Antarctic Treaty of 1961, the Outer Space Treaty likewise focuses on regulating certain activities and preventing unrestricted competition that could lead to conflict.[7] Consequently, it is largely silent or ambiguous on newly developed space activities such as lunar and asteroid mining.[11][12][13] Nevertheless, the Outer Space Treaty is the first and most foundational legal instrument of space law,[14] and its broader principles of promoting the civil and peaceful use of space continue to underpin multilateral initiatives in space, such as the International Space Station and the Artemis Program.[15][16]

## Provisions

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The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law. According to the U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), the core principles of the treaty are:[17]

* the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind;
* outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all states;
* outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means;
* states shall not place nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies or station them in outer space in any other manner;
* the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes; prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications
* astronauts shall be regarded as the envoys of mankind;
* states shall be responsible for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities;
* states shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects; and
* states shall avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies.

Among its principles, it bars states party to the treaty from placing weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing them in outer space. It specifically limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes, and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications (Article IV). However, the treaty does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit, and thus some highly destructive attack tactics, such as kinetic bombardment, are still potentially allowable.[18] In addition, the treaty explicitly allows the use of military personnel and resources to support peaceful uses of space, mirroring a common practice permitted by the Antarctic Treaty regarding that continent. The treaty also states that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and that space shall be free for exploration and use by all the states.

Article II of the treaty explicitly forbids any government from "appropriating" a celestial body such as the Moon or a planet, whether by declaration, use, occupation, or "any other means".[19] However, the state that launches a space object, such as a satellite or space station, retains jurisdiction and control over that object;[20] by extension, a state is also liable for damages caused by its space object.[21]

### Responsibility for activities in space

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Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty deals with international responsibility, stating that "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty" and that States Party shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.

As a result of discussions arising from Project West Ford in 1963, a consultation clause was included in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty: "A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment."[22][23]

### Applicability in the 21st century

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Being primarily an arms control treaty for the peaceful use of outer space, the Outer Space Treaty offers limited and ambiguous regulations to newer space activities such as lunar and asteroid mining.[11][13][24] It is therefore debated whether the extraction of resources falls within the prohibitive language of appropriation, or whether the use of such resources encompasses the commercial use and exploitation.[25]

Seeking clearer guidelines, private U.S. companies lobbied the U.S. government, which in 2015 introduced the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 legalizing space mining.[26] Similar national legislation to legalize the appropriation of extraterrestrial resources are now being introduced by other countries, including Luxembourg, Japan, China, India, and Russia.[11][24][27][28] In addition, the U.S. has led the creation of a series of bilateral agreements known as the Artemis Accords that seek to clarify a number of issue related to the Outer Space Treaty, including the use of space resources.[29] This has created some controversy regarding legal claims over the mining of celestial bodies for profit.[24][25]

### 1976 Bogota Declaration

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The "Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries", also known as the "Bogota Declaration", was one of the few attempts to challenge the Outer Space Treaty. It was promulgated in 1976 by eight equatorial countries to assert sovereignty over those portions of the geostationary orbit that continuously lie over the signatory nations' territory.[30] These claims did not receive wider international support or recognition, and were subsequently abandoned.[31]

## Influence on space law

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As the first international legal instrument concerning space, the Outer Space Treaty is considered the "cornerstone" of space law.[32][33] It was also the first major achievement of the United Nations in this area of law, following the adoption of the first U.N. General Assembly resolution on space in 1958,[34] and the first meeting of the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) the subsequent year.[35]

Within roughly a decade of the treaty's entry into force, several other treaties were brokered by the U.N. to further develop the legal framework for activities in space:[33]

* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* Registration Convention (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)

With the exception of the Moon Treaty, to which only 18 nations are party, all other treaties on space law have been ratified by most major space-faring nations (namely those capable of orbital spaceflight).[36] COPUOS coordinates these treaties and other questions of space jurisdiction, aided by the U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs.

## List of parties

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The Outer Space Treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of May 2025, 117 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 22 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.[1]

Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, which varied by location: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington, D.C. Also indicated is whether the state became a party by way of signature and subsequent ratification, by accession to the treaty after it had closed for signature, or by succession of states after separation from some other party to the treaty.

State[1][2][3][4] | Signed  | Deposited  | Method

|
|
|

Afghanistan |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 30 Jan 1967 (M)

* 17 Mar 1988 (L, M)
* 21 Mar 1988 (W)

| Ratification
Algeria |  | 27 Jan 1992 (W)  | Accession
Antigua and Barbuda |  |

* 16 Nov 1988 (W)
* 26 Dec 1988 (M)
* 26 Jan 1989 (L)

| Succession from  United Kingdom
Argentina |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 18 Apr 1967 (M)

| 26 Mar 1969 (M, W)  | Ratification
Armenia |  | 28 Mar 2018 (M)  | Accession
Australia | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 10 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Austria | 20 Feb 1967 (L, M, W)  | 26 Feb 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Azerbaijan |  | 9 Sep 2015 (L)  | Accession
Bahamas |  |

* 11 Aug 1976 (L)
* 13 Aug 1976 (W)
* 30 Aug 1976 (M)

| Succession from  United Kingdom
Bahrain |  | 7 Aug 2019 (M)  | Accession
Bangladesh |  |

* 14 Jan 1986 (L)
* 17 Jan 1986 (W)
* 24 Jan 1986 (M)

| Accession
Barbados |  | 12 Sep 1968 (W)  | Accession
Belarus | 10 Feb 1967 (M)  | 31 Oct 1967 (M)  | Ratification
Belgium |

* 27 Jan 1967 (L, M)
* 2 Feb 1967 (W)

* 30 Mar 1973 (W)
* 31 Mar 1973 (L, M)

| Ratification
Benin |  |

* 19 Jun 1986 (M)
* 2 Jul 1986 (L)
* 7 Jul 1986 (W)

| Accession
Bosnia and Herzegovina |  | 29 Sep 2020 (L)  | Accession
Brazil |

* 30 Jan 1967 (M)
* 2 Feb 1967 (L, W)

| 5 Mar 1969 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Bulgaria | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  |

* 28 Mar 1967 (M)
* 11 Apr 1967 (W)
* 19 Apr 1967 (L)

| Ratification
Burkina Faso | 3 Mar 1967 (W)  | 18 Jun 1968 (W)  | Ratification
Canada | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Chile |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 3 Feb 1967 (L)
* 20 Feb 1967 (M)

| 8 Oct 1981 (W)  | Ratification
China |  |

* 30 Dec 1983 (W)
* 6 Jan 1984 (M)
* 12 Jan 1984 (L)

| Accession
Colombia | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  |

* 21 Mar 2024 (W)
* 16 Apr 2024 (M)

| Ratification
Croatia |  | 10 Mar 2023 (W)  | Accession
Cuba |  | 3 Jun 1977 (M)  | Accession
Cyprus |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 15 Feb 1967 (M)
* 16 Feb 1967 (L)

* 5 Jul 1972 (L, W)
* 20 Sep 1972 (M)

| Ratification
Czech Republic |  |

* 1 Jan 1993 (M, W)
* 29 Sep 1993 (L)

| Succession from  Czechoslovakia
Denmark | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Dominican Republic | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 21 Nov 1968 (W)  | Ratification
Ecuador |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 16 May 1967 (L)
* 7 Jun 1967 (M)

| 7 Mar 1969 (W)  | Ratification
Egypt | 27 Jan 1967 (M, W)  |

* 10 Oct 1967 (W)
* 23 Jan 1968 (M)

| Ratification
El Salvador | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 15 Jan 1969 (W)  | Ratification
Equatorial Guinea |  | 16 Jan 1989 (M)  | Accession
Estonia |  | 19 Apr 2010 (M)  | Accession
Fiji |  |

* 18 Jul 1972 (W)
* 14 Aug 1972 (L)
* 29 Aug 1972 (M)

| Succession from  United Kingdom
Finland | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 12 Jul 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
France | 25 Sep 1967 (L, M, W)  | 5 Aug 1970 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Germany | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Feb 1971 (L, W)  | Ratification
Greece | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 19 Jan 1971 (L)  | Ratification
Guinea-Bissau |  | 20 Aug 1976 (M)  | Accession
Hungary | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 26 Jun 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Iceland | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 5 Feb 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
India | 3 Mar 1967 (L, M, W)  | 18 Jan 1982 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Indonesia |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 30 Jan 1967 (M)
* 14 Feb 1967 (L)

| 25 Jun 2002 (L)  | Ratification
Iraq |

* 27 Feb 1967 (L, W)
* 9 Mar 1967 (M)

* 4 Dec 1968 (M)
* 23 Sep 1969 (L)

| Ratification
Ireland | 27 Jan 1967 (L, W)  |

* 17 Jul 1968 (W)
* 19 Jul 1968 (L)

| Ratification
Israel | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  |

* 18 Feb 1977 (W)
* 1 Mar 1977 (L)
* 4 Apr 1977 (M)

| Ratification
Italy | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 4 May 1972 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Jamaica | 29 Jun 1967 (L, M, W)  |

* 6 Aug 1970 (W)
* 10 Aug 1970 (L)
* 21 Aug 1970 (M)

| Ratification
Japan | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Kazakhstan |  | 11 Jun 1998 (M)  | Accession
Kenya |  | 19 Jan 1984 (L)  | Accession
North Korea |  | 5 Mar 2009 (M)  | Accession
South Korea | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 13 Oct 1967 (W)  | Ratification
Kuwait |  |

* 7 Jun 1972 (W)
* 20 Jun 1972 (L)
* 4 Jul 1972 (M)

| Accession
Laos |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 30 Jan 1967 (L)
* 2 Feb 1967 (M)

* 27 Nov 1972 (M)
* 29 Nov 1972 (W)
* 15 Jan 1973 (L)

| Ratification
Latvia |  | 23 May 2025 (W)  | Accession
Lebanon | 23 Feb 1967 (L, M, W)  |

* 31 Mar 1969 (L, M)
* 30 Jun 1969 (W)

| Ratification
Libya |  | 3 Jul 1968 (W)  | Accession
Lithuania |  | 25 Mar 2013 (W)  | Accession
Luxembourg |

* 27 Jan 1967 (M, W)
* 31 Jan 1967 (L)

| 17 Jan 2006 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Madagascar |  | 22 Aug 1968 (W)  | Accession
Mali |  | 11 Jun 1968 (M)  | Accession
Malta |  | 22 May 2017 (L)  | Accession
Mauritius |  |

* 7 Apr 1969 (W)
* 21 Apr 1969 (L)
* 13 May 1969 (M)

| Succession from  United Kingdom
Mexico | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 31 Jan 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Mongolia | 27 Jan 1967 (M)  | 10 Oct 1967 (M)  | Ratification
Morocco |  |

* 21 Dec 1967 (L, M)
* 22 Dec 1967 (W)

| Accession
Myanmar | 22 May 1967 (L, M, W)  | 18 Mar 1970 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Nepal |

* 3 Feb 1967 (M, W)
* 6 Feb 1967 (L)

* 10 Oct 1967 (L)
* 16 Oct 1967 (M)
* 22 Nov 1967 (W)

| Ratification
Netherlands | 10 Feb 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Oct 1969 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
New Zealand | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 31 May 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Nicaragua |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 13 Feb 1967 (L)

* 30 Jun 2017 (W)
* 10 Aug 2017 (M)
* 14 Aug 2017 (L)

| Ratification
Niger | 1 Feb 1967 (W)  |

* 17 Apr 1967 (L)
* 3 May 1967 (W)

| Ratification
Nigeria |  | 14 Nov 1967 (L)  | Accession
Norway | 3 Feb 1967 (L, M, W)  | 1 Jul 1969 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Oman |  | 4 Feb 2022 (L)  | Accession
Pakistan | 12 Sep 1967 (L, M, W)  | 8 Apr 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Panama | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 9 Aug 2023 (W)  | Ratification
Papua New Guinea |  |

* 27 Oct 1980 (L)
* 13 Nov 1980 (M)
* 16 Mar 1981 (W)

| Succession from  Australia
Paraguay |  | 22 Dec 2016 (L)  | Accession
Peru | 30 Jun 1967 (W)  |

* 28 Feb 1979 (M)
* 1 Mar 1979 (L)
* 21 Mar 1979 (W)

| Ratification
Poland | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 30 Jan 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Portugal |  | 29 May 1996 (L)  | Accession
Qatar |  | 13 Mar 2012 (W)  | Accession
Romania | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 9 Apr 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Russia | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification as the  Soviet Union
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |  | 13 May 1999 (L)  | Succession from  United Kingdom
San Marino |

* 21 Apr 1967 (W)
* 24 Apr 1967 (L)
* 6 Jun 1967 (M)

* 29 Oct 1968 (W)
* 21 Nov 1968 (M)
* 3 Feb 1969 (L)

| Ratification
Saudi Arabia |  | 17 Dec 1976 (W)  | Accession
Seychelles |  | 5 Jan 1978 (L)  | Accession
Sierra Leone |

* 27 Jan 1967 (L, M)
* 16 May 1967 (W)

* 13 Jul 1967 (M)
* 14 Jul 1967 (W)
* 25 Oct 1967 (L)

| Ratification
Singapore |  | 10 Sep 1976 (L, M, W)  | Accession
Slovakia |  |

* 1 Jan 1993 (M, W)
* 17 May 1993 (L)

| Succession from  Czechoslovakia
Slovenia |  | 8 Feb 2019 (L)  | Accession
South Africa | 1 Mar 1967 (W)  |

* 30 Sep 1968 (W)
* 8 Oct 1968 (L)
* 14 Nov 1968 (M)

| Ratification
Spain |  |

* 27 Nov 1968 (L)
* 7 Dec 1968 (W)

| Accession
Sri Lanka | 10 Mar 1967 (L)  | 18 Nov 1986 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Sweden | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 11 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Switzerland |

* 27 Jan 1967 (L, W)
* 30 Jan 1967 (M)

| 18 Dec 1969 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Syria |  | 19 Nov 1968 (M)  | Accession
Thailand | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  |

* 5 Sep 1968 (L)
* 9 Sep 1968 (M)
* 10 Sep 1968 (W)

| Ratification
Togo | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 26 Jun 1989 (W)  | Ratification
Tonga |  |

* 22 Jun 1971 (M)
* 7 Jul 1971 (L, W)

| Succession from  United Kingdom
Tunisia |

* 27 Jan 1967 (L, W)
* 15 Feb 1967 (M)

* 28 Mar 1968 (L)
* 4 Apr 1968 (M)
* 17 Apr 1968 (W)

| Ratification
Turkey | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 27 Mar 1968 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Uganda |  | 24 Apr 1968 (W)  | Accession
Ukraine | 10 Feb 1967 (M)  | 31 Oct 1967 (M)  | Ratification
United Arab Emirates |  | 4 Oct 2000 (W)  | Accession
United Kingdom | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
United States | 27 Jan 1967 (L, M, W)  | 10 Oct 1967 (L, M, W)  | Ratification
Uruguay |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 30 Jan 1967 (M)

| 31 Aug 1970 (W)  | Ratification
Uzbekistan |  | 17 Oct 2024 (M)  | Accession
Venezuela | 27 Jan 1967 (W)  | 3 Mar 1970 (W)  | Ratification
Vietnam |  | 20 Jun 1980 (M)  | Accession
Yemen |  | 1 Jun 1979 (M)  | Accession
Zambia |  |

* 20 Aug 1973 (W)
* 21 Aug 1973 (M)
* 28 Aug 1973 (L)

| Accession

### Partially recognized state abiding by treaty

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The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently recognized by 11 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the Republic of China's (ROC) ratification as "illegal". The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty, and the United States has declared that it still considers the ROC to be "bound by its obligations".[5]

State  | Signed  | Deposited  | Method

|
|
|

Republic of China | 27 Jan 1967 | 24 Jul 1970 | Ratification

### States that have signed but not ratified

[edit]

21 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

State  | Signed

|

Bolivia | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Botswana | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Burundi | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Cameroon | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Central African Republic | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Democratic Republic of the Congo |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 29 Apr 1967 (M)
* 4 May 1967 (L)

Ethiopia |

* 27 Jan 1967 (L, W)
* 10 Feb 1967 (M)

Gambia | 2 Jun 1967 (L)
Ghana |

* 27 Jan 1967 (W)
* 15 Feb 1967 (M)
* 3 Mar 1967 (L)

Guyana | 3 Feb 1967 (W)
Haiti | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Holy See | 5 Apr 1967 (L)
Honduras | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Iran | 27 Jan 1967 (L)
Jordan | 2 Feb 1967 (W)
Lesotho | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Malaysia |

* 20 Feb 1967 (W)
* 21 Feb 1967 (L)
* 3 May 1967 (M)

Philippines |

* 27 Jan 1967 (L, W)
* 29 Apr 1967 (M)

Rwanda | 27 Jan 1967 (W)
Somalia | 2 Feb 1967 (W)
Trinidad and Tobago |

* 24 Jul 1967 (L)
* 17 Aug 1967 (M)
* 28 Sep 1967 (W)

## List of non-parties

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

The remaining UN member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states which have neither ratified nor signed the Outer Space Treaty are:[37]

* Albania
* Andorra
* Angola
* Belize
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Cape Verde
* Chad
* Comoros
* Republic of the Congo
* Costa Rica
* Djibouti
* Dominica
* East Timor
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Gabon
* Georgia
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Ivory Coast
* Kiribati
* Kyrgyzstan
* Liberia
* Liechtenstein
* Malawi
* Maldives
* Marshall Islands
* Mauritania
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nauru
* North Macedonia
* Palau
* Palestine
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Samoa
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Solomon Islands
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Suriname
* Tajikistan
* Tanzania
* Turkmenistan
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Zimbabwe

## See also

[edit]

* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterritorial jurisdiction
* Extraterritorial operation
* Extraterritoriality
* High-altitude nuclear explosion (HANE)
* Human presence in space
* International waters
* International zone
* Kármán line
* Lunar Flag Assembly
* Militarization of space
* Moon Treaty
* SPACE Act of 2015
* Treaty on Open Skies
* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
2. ^ a b "TREATY ON PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE, INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
"Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies [London version]". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
3. ^ a b "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies". United States Department of State. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
4. ^ a b "Договор о принципах деятельности государств по исследованию и использованию космического пространства, включая Луну и другие небесные тела" [Convention on the Principles of Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies] (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
5. ^ a b "China: Accession to Outer Space Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
6. ^ In addition, the Republic of China in Taiwan, which is currently recognized by 11 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971.
7. ^ a b c "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
8. ^ Shakouri Hassanabadi, Babak (30 July 2018). "Space Force and international space law". The Space Review. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
9. ^ Irish, Adam (13 September 2018). "The Legality of a U.S. Space Force". OpinioJuris. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
10. ^ Buono, Stephen (2 April 2020). "Merely a 'Scrap of Paper'? The Outer Space Treaty in Historical Perspective". Diplomacy and Statecraft. 31 (2): 350-372. doi:10.1080/09592296.2020.1760038. S2CID 221060714.
11. ^ a b c If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources? Senjuti Mallick and Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan. The Observer Research Foundation. 24 January 2019. Quote 1: "The Outer Space Treaty (OST) of 1967, considered the global foundation of the outer space legal regime, […] has been insufficient and ambiguous in providing clear regulations to newer space activities such as asteroid mining." *Quote2: "Although the OST does not explicitly mention "mining" activities, under Article II, outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies are "not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty" through use, occupation or any other means."
12. ^ Szoka, Berin; Dunstan, James (1 May 2012). "Law: Is Asteroid Mining Illegal?". Wired. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.
13. ^ a b Who Owns Space? US Asteroid-Mining Act Is Dangerous And Potentially Illegal. IFL. Accessed on 9 November 2019. Quote 1: "The act represents a full-frontal attack on settled principles of space law which are based on two basic principles: the right of states to scientific exploration of outer space and its celestial bodies and the prevention of unilateral and unbriddled commercial exploitation of outer-space resources. These principles are found in agreements including the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Moon Agreement of 1979." *Quote 2: "Understanding the legality of asteroid mining starts with the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Some might argue the treaty bans all space property rights, citing Article II."
14. ^ "Space Law". www.unoosa.org. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
15. ^ "International Space Station legal framework". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
16. ^ "NASA: Artemis Accords". NASA. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
17. ^ "The Outer Space Treaty". www.unoosa.org. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
18. ^ Bourbonniere, M.; Lee, R. J. (2007). "Legality of the Deployment of Conventional Weapons in Earth Orbit: Balancing Space Law and the Law of Armed Conflict". European Journal of International Law. 18 (5): 873. doi:10.1093/ejil/chm051.
19. ^ Frakes, Jennifer (2003). "The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise?". Wisconsin International Law Journal (21 ed.): 409.
20. ^ Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VIII - via Wikisource.
21. ^ Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VII
22. ^ Terrill Jr., Delbert R. (May 1999), Project West Ford, "The Air Force Role in Developing International Outer Space Law" (PDF), Air Force History and Museums: 63–67.
23. ^ Outer Space Treaty of 1967 . Article IX - via Wikisource.
24. ^ a b c Davies, Rob (6 February 2016). "Asteroid mining could be space's new frontier: the problem is doing it legally". The Guardian.
25. ^ a b Koch, Jonathan Sydney (2008). "Institutional Framework for the Province of all Mankind: Lessons from the International Seabed Authority for the Governance of Commercial Space Mining". Astropolitics. 16 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/14777622.2017.1381824. S2CID 149116769.
26. ^ U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (H.R.2262). 114th Congress (2015–2016) Sponsor: Rep. McCarthy, Kevin. 5 December 2015.
27. ^ Ridderhof, R. (18 December 2015). "Space Mining and (U.S.) Space Law". Peace Palace Library. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
28. ^ "Law Provides New Regulatory Framework for Space Commerce | RegBlog". www.regblog.org. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
29. ^ Foust, Jeff (13 October 2020). "Eight countries sign Artemis Accords". SpaceNews. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
30. ^ "Text of Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
31. ^ Gangale, Thomas (2006), "Who Owns the Geostationary Orbit?", Annals of Air and Space Law, 31, archived from the original on 27 September 2011, retrieved 14 October 2011.
32. ^ "History: Treaties". unoosa.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
33. ^ a b "Space Law Treaties and Principles". unoosa.org. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
34. ^ "A History of Space". unoosa.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
35. ^ Beyond UNISPACE: It's time for the Moon Treaty. Dennis C. O'Brien. Pace Review. 21 January 2019.
36. ^ Status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2008 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2008
37. ^ United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space- Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 20 (A/47/20) - https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/ST_SPACE_061Rev01E.pdf

## Further reading

[edit]

* Annette Froehlich, et al. (2018). A Fresh View on the Outer Space Treaty. Vienna: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-70433-3.
* Squadron Leader KK Nair's Space: The Frontiers of Modern Defence. Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi, Chap. 5 "Examining Space Law...", pp. 84–104, available at Google Books.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Outer Space Treaty.

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Outer Space Treaty of 1967

* Downloadable PDF of the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies"

* International Institute of Space Law[usurped]
* Full text of the "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, or Spanish
* Status of International Agreements relating to Activities in Outer Space (list of state parties to treaty), UN Office for Outer Space Affairs
* "The Case for Withdrawing from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty"
* Still Relevant (and Important) After All These Years: The case for supporting the Outer Space Treaty
* Introductory note by Vladimír Kopal, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* The Progressive Development of International Space Law by the United Nations—Lecture by Vladimír Kopal] in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* The Law of Outer Space in the General Legal Field (Commonalities and Particularities)—Lecture by Vladlen Stepanovich Vereshchetin in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* Humans on Mars and beyond full-text

* v
* t
* e

Lyndon B. Johnson

* 36th President of the United States (1963–1969)
* 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963)
* U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961)
* U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949)

Presidency|

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* Foreign policy
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Life|

* Early years and career
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Legacy and
memorials|

* Bibliography
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Elections|

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Public image|

* Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
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Family|

* Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife)
* Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter)
* Luci Baines Johnson (daughter)
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* Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather)
* George Washington Baines (great-grandfather)
* Chuck Robb (son-in-law)

* ← John F. Kennedy
* Richard Nixon →

* ← Richard Nixon
* Hubert Humphrey →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
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* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
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* Records
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Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

* v
* t
* e

Soviet Union–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

| Embassy|

* Washington D.C.
* Soviet Ambassadors
* Mrs. George Pullman House

* Moscow
* US Ambassadors
* Spaso House
* Kuybyshev

|

Consulates|

* New York
* John Hammond House
* San Francisco

* Saint Petersburg
* Vladivostok

United Nations|

* Headquarters
* Representatives
* Russian Mission Residency

Other|

* Elmcroft Estate
* Killenworth
* Lothrop Mansion
* Pioneer Point

Diplomacy|

| World War II
Summits|

* Declaration of the Four Nations
* Lend-Lease
* Lend-Lease Sherman tanks
* Moscow Conference (1941)
* Moscow Conference (1942)
* Moscow Conference (1943)
* Moscow Conference (1944)
* Moscow Conference (1945)
* Potsdam Conference
* Council of Foreign Ministers
* Tehran Conference
* Yalta Conference

|

Cold War
Summits|

* 1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal
* Berlin Conference (1954)
* Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
* Council for American–Soviet Trade
* Dartmouth Conference
* Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament
* European Advisory Commission
* Geneva Accords (1988)
* Geneva Conference (1973)
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Geneva Summit (1985)
* Glassboro Summit Conference
* Governors Island Summit
* Helsinki Summit (1990)
* Lacy-Zarubin Agreement
* Madrid Conference
* Letter
* Malta Summit
* Moscow Summit (1972)
* Moscow Summit (1974)
* Moscow Summit (1988)
* Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions
* NATO Double-Track Decision
* Reykjavík Summit
* Stalin Note
* State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 135
* United States restitution to the Soviet Union
* US/USSR Acceptance of Law Governing Innocent Passage
* Vienna Summit
* Washington Summit (1987)
* Washington Summit (1973)
* Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control

Policies|

* Containment
* Détente
* Linkage
* Rollback
* Stimson Doctrine
* Welles Declaration
* Triangular diplomacy
* Zero Option

Speeches|

* 1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States
* American University speech
* And you are lynching Negroes
* Chicken Kiev speech
* Evil Empire speech
* Ich bin ein Berliner
* Kitchen Debate
* Kuzma's mother
* Shoe-banging incident
* Tear down this wall!
* We will bury you

Other|

* Pushinka
* Soviet Military Power publication

Historical
Relations|

* Russia–United States
* Russian Empire–United States

Treaties and
Agreements|

| Arms Control|

* 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord
* Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War
* Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
* INF
* McCloy–Zorin Accords
* Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
* SALT I
* NTM
* SALT II
* START I
* Threshold Test Ban Treaty
* Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe

|

Space|

* Outer Space Treaty
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
* Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes

Territory|

* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
* USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement
* Wanfried agreement

World War II|

* Moscow Declarations
* Potsdam Agreement

Other|

* Baruch Plan
* Bush legs
* Moscow–Washington hotline
* U.S.–Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement

Legislation|

* Executive Order 8484
* Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992
* FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993
* Jackson–Vanik amendment
* Russian Famine Relief Act
* Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991

Science|

| Space|

* APAS
* Apollo–Soyuz
* Bion satellites
* Kosmos 782
* Kosmos 936
* Kosmos 1129
* Kosmos 1514
* Kosmos 1667
* Kosmos 1887
* Kosmos 2044
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Mir
* SAGE
* Space Race
* TOPAZ-I
* U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge
* Yardymly

|

Other|

* International Conference of Laser Applications
* Shvetsov M-25
* Uzel

Culture|

| Chess|

* US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945
* World Chess Championship 1972
* Bobby Fischer

|

Education|

* Anglo-American School of Moscow
* St. Petersburg
* Russian Cultural Center
* Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.
* Russian Mission School in New York

Literature|

* Amerika (magazine)
* Deep Black
* Eagles East
* International Publishers
* Russian Life
* Sovfoto
* The Admiral's Daughter
* Who's Who in the CIA
* X Article

Radio / Music|

* Ordinary People
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
* Red Wave

Sports|

* 1972 Olympic men's basketball final
* 1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game
* Glasnost Bowl
* Goodwill Games
* Miracle on Ice
* Super Series
* USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series

TV / Film|

* Free to Be... a Family
* Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film
* Stalingrad
* The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks

Other|

* American National Exhibition
* Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette)
* In Soviet Georgia
* Soviet Interview Project
* White Coke

Cold War|

| Overview|

* Origins
* Timeline
* 1947–1948
* 1948–1953
* 1953–1962
* 1962–1979
* 1979–1985
* 1985–1991

* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race
* Timeline
* Espionage
* Americans
* Soviets
* Atomic spies
* Cold War in Asia

|

Operations|

* Operation Anadyr
* Operation Breakthrough
* Operation Cedar
* Operation Chrome Dome
* Operation Cyclone
* Operation Denver
* Operation Dropshot
* Operation Giant Lance
* Operation Gold
* Operation Ivy Bells
* Operation Keelhaul
* Operation Lincoln
* Operation Monopoly
* Operation RYAN
* Operation Safe Haven (1957)
* Operation Shocker
* Operation Sunrise

Projects|

* Project Azorian
* Project Coldfeet
* Project Dark Gene
* Project Genetrix
* Project Grab Bag
* Project HOMERUN
* Project Hula
* Project Moby Dick
* Project Mogul
* Venona project

Other|

* 7th Air Escadrille
* Active Measures Working Group
* Bomber gap
* CIA activities in the Soviet Union
* Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine
* GIUK gap
* Missile gap
* Nitrophenyl pentadienal
* NSC 68
* Plan Totality
* Red Scare
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Sheldon names
* Smolensk Archive
* SDI
* The Moscow rules
* United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union
* United States war plans (1945–1950)
* U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B

Incidents|

| World War II|

* Gorin v. United States
* Niš incident

|

Cold War|

* 1958 C-130 shootdown incident
* 1960 RB-47 shootdown incident
* 1960 U-2 incident
* 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident
* 1964 T-39 shootdown incident
* 1980 Summer Olympics boycott
* 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
* 1984 Summer Olympics boycott
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* Able Archer 83
* Autumn Forge 83
* Aeroflot Flight 244
* Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States
* Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett
* Arthur D. Nicholson
* Berlin Blockade
* Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Capture of the Tuapse
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Crateology
* Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
* Feodor Fedorenko
* Gambell incident
* Hollow Nickel Case
* Iran crisis of 1946
* John Anthony Walker
* Karl Linnas
* Kasenkina Case
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* Martin and Mitchell defection
* Moscow Signal
* Pan Am Flight 708
* Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A
* Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.
* Siberian Seven
* Soviet submarine K-129
* Soviet submarine K-219
* Sputnik crisis
* SS Metallurg Anosov
* Transfermium Wars
* Turkish Straits crisis
* United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline
* We begin bombing in five minutes
* Yellow rain
* Yeniseysk-15

Military relations|

| Russian
Revolution|

* American Expeditionary Force, North Russia
* American Expeditionary Force, Siberia
* North Russia intervention
* Siberian intervention
* United States and the Russian Revolution
* White movement

|

World War II|

* Allied Control Council
* Allied Kommandatura
* Allied technological cooperation during World War II
* ALSIB
* Arctic convoys of World War II
* Belorussia-class cargo ship
* Berlin Victory Parade of 1945
* Elbe Day
* Four Policemen
* Line of Contact
* Northwest Staging Route
* Pacific Route
* Persian Corridor
* Persian Gulf Command
* SS Dakotan
* SS Iowan
* Tripartite Naval Commission
* USS West Bridge
* Warsaw airlift

Cold War|

* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Four Power Naval Commission
* Four-Power Authorities
* Military liaison missions
* Reagan Doctrine
* Truman Doctrine

Armaments|

* AG submarines
* Bell P-63 Kingcobra
* Comparison of the AK-47 and M16
* SS Indigirka
* Tupolev Tu-4
* Tupolev Tu-70
* Tupolev Tu-80
* USCGC Southwind

Organizations|

| Soviet Union|

* Amtorg Trading Corporation
* Ansonia Clock Company
* Foundation for Social Inventions
* Gennady Alferenko
* Institute for US and Canadian Studies
* Russian Soviet Government Bureau
* Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S.

|

United States|

* American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
* Ark Project
* American Peace Mobilization
* American Relief Administration
* American Russian Institute
* American–Soviet friendship movement
* American-Soviet Peace Walks
* Center for Citizen Initiatives
* Communist Party USA
* Dewey Commission
* Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews
* Friends of Soviet Russia
* Friendship Flight '89
* Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines)
* Fund for Armenian Relief
* Kennan Institute
* Kersten Committee
* National Committee for a Free Europe
* National Council of American–Soviet Friendship
* Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
* Russian-American Industrial Corporation
* Russian War Relief
* Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia
* Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
* U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine
* U.S. Peace Council

Related|

* Baltic Freedom Day
* Captive Nations
* Captive Nations Week
* GAZ
* Georgi Bolshakov
* Little Joe
* New world order (politics)
* Refusenik
* Roswell Garst
* Samantha Smith
* Self-propelled barge T-36
* Sisson Documents
* Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War
* Suzanne Massie

Category:Soviet Union–United States relations

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Japan
* Israel

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