Outline of finance

Overview of finance and finance-related topics

Part of a series on

Finance

Markets

|  Assets

* Asset (economics)
* Bond
* Asset growth
* Capital asset
* Commodity
* Derivatives
* Domains
* Equity
* Foreign exchange
* [

[Money market
Participants

* Angel investor
* Bull (stock market speculator)
* Financial planner
* Investor
* institutional
* Retail
* Speculator

Locations

* Financial centres
* Offshore financial centres
* Conduit and sink OFCs

Instruments

* Bond
* Cash
* Collateralised debt obligation
* Credit default swap
* Time deposit (certificate of deposit)
* Credit line
* Deposit
* Derivative
* Futures contract
* Indemnity
* Insurance
* Letter of credit
* Loan
* Mortgage

* Option (call
* exotic
* put)

* Performance bonds
* Repurchase agreement
* Stock
* Security
* Syndicated loan
* Synthetic CDO

Corporate

|  General

* Accounting
* Audit
* Capital budgeting
* Capital structure
* Corporate finance
* Credit rating agency
* Enterprise risk management
* Enterprise value
* Risk management
* Financial statements

Transactions

* Leveraged buyout
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Structured finance
* Venture capital

Taxation

* Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)
* Corporate tax haven
* Tax inversion
* Tax haven
* Transfer pricing

Personal

* Credit / Debt
* Employment contract
* Financial planning
*     * Retirement
* Student loan

Public

|  Government spending

* Final consumption expenditure
*     * Operations
* Redistribution

* Transfer payment

Government revenue

*     * Taxation
* Deficit spending

*     * Budget (balance)
* Debt

* Non-tax revenue
* Warrant of payment

Banking

* Central bank
* Deposit account
* Fractional-reserve
* Full-reserve
* Investment banking
* Loan
* Money supply

* Lists of banks

|  Bank regulation

* Banking license
* Basel Accords
* Bank for International Settlements
* Financial Stability Board
* Deposit insurance
* Separation of investment and retail banking

Regulation · Financial law

* International Financial Reporting Standards
* ISO 31000
* Professional certification
* Fund governance

Economic history

* Private equity and venture capital
* Recession
* Stock market bubble
* Stock market crash
* Accounting scandals

* Outline
* Business and Economics portal
* Money portal

* v
* t
* e

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:

Finance - addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects.

## Overview

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The term finance may incorporate any of the following:

* The study of money and other assets
* The management and control of those assets
* Profiling and managing related risks

## Fundamental financial concepts

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* Finance
* Arbitrage
* Capital (economics)
* Capital asset pricing model
* Cash flow
* Cash flow matching
* Debt
* Default
* Consumer debt
* Debt consolidation
* Debt settlement
* Credit counseling
* Bankruptcy
* Debt diet
* Debt-snowball method
* Debt of developing countries
* Asset types
* Real estate
* Securities
* Commodities
* Futures
* Cash
* Discounted cash flow
* Financial capital
* Funding
* Entrepreneur
* Entrepreneurship
* Fixed income analysis
* Gap financing
* Global financial system
* Hedge
* Basis risk
* Interest rate
* Risk-free interest rate
* Term structure of interest rates
* Short-rate model
* Vasicek model
* Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
* Hull–White model
* Chen model
* Black–Derman–Toy model
* Interest
* Effective interest rate
* Nominal interest rate
* Interest rate basis
* Fisher equation
* Crowding out
* Annual percentage rate
* Interest coverage ratio
* Investment
* Foreign direct investment
* Gold as an investment
* Over-investing
* Leverage
* Long (finance)
* Liquidity
* Margin (finance)
* Mark to market
* Market impact
* Medium of exchange
* Microcredit
* Money
* Money creation
* Currency
* Coin
* Banknote
* Counterfeit
* History of money
* Monetary reform
* Portfolio
* Modern portfolio theory
* Mutual fund separation theorem
* Post-modern portfolio theory
* Reference rate
* Reset
* Return
* Absolute return
* Investment performance
* Relative return
* Risk
* Financial risk
* Risk management
* Financial risk management
* Uncompensated risk
* Risk measure
* Coherent risk measure
* Deviation risk measure
* Distortion risk measure
* Spectral risk measure
* Value at risk
* Expected shortfall
* Entropic value at risk
* Scenario analysis
* Short (finance)
* Speculation
* Day trading
* Position trader
* Spread trade
* Standard of deferred payment
* Store of value
* Time horizon
* Time value of money
* Discounting
* Present value
* Future value
* Net present value
* Internal rate of return
* Modified internal rate of return
* Annuity
* Perpetuity
* Trade
* Free trade
* Free market
* Fair trade
* Unit of account
* Volatility
* Yield
* Yield curve
* Equated monthly installment
* Down payment

## History

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* History of finance
* History of banking
* History of insurance
* Tulip mania (Dutch Republic), 1620s/1630s
* South Sea Bubble (UK) & Mississippi Company (France), 1710s; see also Stock market bubble
* Vix pervenit 1745, on usury and other dishonest profit
* Panic of 1837 (US)
* Railway Mania (UK), 1840s
* Erie War (US), 1860s
* Long Depression, 1873–1896 (mainly US and Europe, though other parts of the world were affected)
* Post-World War I hyperinflation; see Hyperinflation and Inflation in the Weimar Republic
* Wall Street Crash of 1929
* Great Depression 1930s
* Bretton Woods Accord 1944
* 1973 oil crisis
* 1979 energy crisis
* Savings and Loan Crisis 1980s
* Black Monday 1987
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
* Dot-com bubble 1995-2001
* Stock market downturn of 2002
* United States housing bubble
* 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession

## Finance terms by field

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### Accounting (financial record keeping)

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Main articles: Accounting and List of accounting topics

* Auditing
* Accounting software
* Book keeping
* FASB
* Financial accountancy
* Financial statements
* Balance sheet
* Cash flow statement
* Income statement
* Management accounting
* Philosophy of Accounting
* Hedge accounting
* IFRS 9
* Fair value accounting

### Banking

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* See articles listed under: Bank § See also

### Corporate finance

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Main article: Corporate finance

See also: Financial management

Further information: Outline of corporate finance

* Below § Corporate finance theory
* Balance sheet analysis
* Financial ratio
* Business plan
* Investment policy
* Business valuation
* Stock valuation
* Fundamental analysis
* Real options
* Valuation topics
* Fisher separation theorem
* Sources of financing
* Securities
* Debt
* Initial public offering
* Capital structure
* Cost of capital
* Weighted average cost of capital
* Modigliani–Miller theorem
* Hamada's equation
* Dividend policy
* Dividend
* Dividend tax
* Dividend yield
* Modigliani–Miller theorem
* Corporate action
* (Strategic) Financial management
* Capital management
* Capital budgeting
* Working capital
* Current assets
* Current liabilities
* Managerial finance
* Management accounting
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Leveraged buyout
* Takeover
* Corporate raid
* Contingent value rights
* Real options
* Return on investment
* Return on capital
* Return on assets
* Return on equity
* Loan covenant
* Cash conversion cycle
* Cash management
* Strategic financial management § Cash management
* Inventory optimization
* Supply chain management
* Just In Time (JIT)
* Economic order quantity (EOQ)
* Economic production quantity (EPQ)
* Economic batch quantity
* Credit (finance)
* Credit scoring
* Default risk
* Discounts and allowances
* Factoring (trade) & Supply chain finance
* Corporate budget

### Investment management

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Main article: Investment management

See also: § Portfolio theory

* Active management
* Efficient market hypothesis
* Portfolio
* Modern portfolio theory
* Capital asset pricing model
* Arbitrage pricing theory
* Passive management
* Index fund
* Activist shareholder
* Mutual fund
* Open-end fund
* Closed-end fund
* Financial engineering
* Long-Term Capital Management
* Hedge fund
* Hedge
* #Quantitative investing, below

### Personal finance

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Main article: Personal finance

* 529 plan (US college savings)
* ABLE account (US plan for benefit of individuals with disabilities)
* Asset allocation
* Asset location
* Budget
* Coverdell Education Savings Account (Coverdell ESAs, formerly known as Education IRAs)
* Credit and debt
* Credit card
* Debt consolidation
* Mortgage loan
* Continuous-repayment mortgage
* Debit card
* Direct deposit
* Employment contract
* Commission
* Employee stock option
* Employee or fringe benefit
* Health insurance
* Paycheck
* Salary
* Wage
* Financial literacy
* Insurance
* Predatory lending
* Retirement plan
* Australia – Superannuation in Australia
* Canada
* Registered retirement savings plan
* Tax-free savings account
* Japan – Nippon individual savings account
* New Zealand – KiwiSaver
* United Kingdom
* Individual savings account
* Self-invested personal pension
* United States
* 401(a)
* 401(k)
* 403(b)
* 457 plan
* Keogh plan
* Individual retirement account
* Roth IRA
* Traditional IRA
* SEP IRA
* SIMPLE IRA
* Pension
* Simple living
* Social security
* Tax advantage
* Wealth
* Comparison of accounting software
* Personal financial management
* Investment club
* Collective investment scheme

### Public finance

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Main article: Public finance

* Central bank
* Federal Reserve
* Fractional-reserve banking
* Deposit creation multiplier
* Tax
* Capital gains tax
* Estate tax (and inheritance tax)
* Gift tax
* Income tax
* Inheritance tax
* Payroll tax
* Property tax (including land value tax)
* Sales tax (including value added tax, excise tax, and use tax)
* Transfer tax (including stamp duty)
* Tax advantage
* Tax, tariff and trade
* Tax amortization benefit
* Crowding out
* Industrial policy
* Agricultural policy
* Currency union
* Monetary reform

### Risk management

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Main article: Financial risk management

See also: Finance § Risk management, and Risk management § Finance

* Asset and liability management
* Asset–liability mismatch
* Capital Requirements Regulation 2013 & Credit Institutions Directive 2013 (Capital Requirements Directives)
* Cash flow hedge
* Cash management
* Corporate governance
* Climate-related asset stranding
* Credit risk
* Default (finance)
* Discounted maximum loss
* Downside risk & Upside risk
* Duration gap
* Enterprise risk management
* Financial engineering
* Financial risk
* Financial risk management
* Foreign exchange hedge
* Fuel price risk management
* Gordon–Loeb model for cyber security investments
* Interest rate risk
* Interest rate risk in the banking book
* Insurance
* Investment risk
* Irrational exuberance
* Kelly criterion
* Liquidity risk
* Market risk
* Operational risk
* Risk accounting
* Risk adjusted return on capital
* Risk aversion
* Risk-based internal audit
* Risk measure
* Coherent risk measure
* Deviation risk measure
* Distortion risk measure
* Spectral risk measure
* Risk modeling
* Risk of ruin
* Risk pool
* Risk register
* Risk return ratio
* Risk–return spectrum
* Security management
* Settlement risk
* Shadow banking system
* Specific risk
* St. Petersburg paradox
* Systematic risk
* Three lines of defence
* Treasury management
* Uncompensated risk
* Valuation risk
* Value at risk
* Computation
* Historical
* Monte Carlo
* variance-covariance
* delta-gamma
* Alternate measures
* Entropic value at risk
* Conditional value-at-risk / Expected shortfall
* Tail value at risk
* Extensions
* Profit at risk
* Margin at risk
* Liquidity at risk
* Earnings at risk
* Cash flow at risk
* Liquidity-adjusted VaR
* Volatility risk
* Volume risk
* Wrong way risk

### Constraint finance

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* Environmental finance
* Feminist economics
* Green economics
* Islamic economics
* Uneconomic growth
* Value of Earth
* Value of life

## Insurance

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Main article: Insurance

* Actuarial science
* Annuities
* Catastrophe modeling
* Earthquake loss
* Extended coverage
* Financial risk management § Insurance
* Insurable interest
* Insurable risk
* Insurance
* Health insurance
* Disability insurance
* Accident insurance
* Flexible spending account
* Health savings account
* Long term care insurance
* Medical savings account
* Life insurance
* Life insurance tax shelter
* Permanent life insurance
* Term life insurance
* Universal life insurance
* Variable universal life insurance
* Whole life insurance
* Property insurance
* Auto insurance
* Boiler insurance
* Business interruption insurance
* Condo insurance
* Earthquake insurance
* Home insurance
* Title insurance
* Pet insurance
* Renters' insurance
* Casualty insurance
* Fidelity bond
* Liability insurance
* Political risk insurance
* Surety bond
* Terrorism insurance
* Credit insurance
* Trade credit insurance
* Payment protection insurance
* Credit derivative
* Mid-term adjustment
* Reinsurance
* Self insurance
* Travel insurance
* Niche insurance
* Insurance contract
* Loss payee clause
* Risk Retention Group

## Economics and finance

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Main articles: Financial economics and Asset pricing

See also: Finance § Financial theory

### Finance-related areas of economics

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* Financial economics
* Financial econometrics
* Monetary economics
* Mathematical economics
* Managerial economics
* Economic growth theory
* Decision theory
* Game theory
* Experimental economics / Experimental finance
* Behavioral economics / Behavioral finance

### Corporate finance theory

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Further information: Financial economics § Corporate finance theory, and Financial economics § Certainty

See also: Outline of corporate finance § Theory

* Fisher separation theorem
* Modigliani–Miller theorem
* Theory of the firm
* The Theory of Investment Value
* Agency theory
* Managerial finance
* Capital structure
* Corporate finance § Capitalization structure
* Capital structure substitution theory
* Pecking order theory
* Market timing hypothesis
* Trade-off theory of capital structure
* Merton model
* Tax shield
* Dividend policy
* Corporate finance § Dividend policy
* Walter model
* Gordon model
* Lintner model
* Residuals theory
* Signaling hypothesis
* Clientele effect
* Dividend puzzle
* Treasury stock § Buying back shares
* Dividend tax
* Capital budgeting (valuation)
* Corporate finance § Investment and project valuation
* Clean surplus accounting
* Residual income valuation
* Economic value added / Market value added
* T-model
* Adjusted present value
* Uncertainty
* Penalized present value
* Expected commercial value
* Risk-adjusted net present value
* Contingent claim valuation
* Real options
* Monte Carlo methods
* Risk management
* Corporate finance § Financial risk management
* Financial risk management § Corporate finance
* Hedging irrelevance proposition
* Risk modeling
* Risk-adjusted return on capital

### Asset pricing theory

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Main article: Asset pricing

Further information: Financial economics § Underlying economics

* Value (economics)
* Fair value
* Intrinsic value
* Market price
* Expected value
* Opportunity cost
* Risk premium
* #Underlying theory below
* Financial markets
* Stylized fact
* Regulatory economics
* Macroprudential regulation § Theoretical rationale
* Market microstructure
* Walrasian auction
* Fisher market
* Arrow-Debreu market
* Matching market
* Market design
* Agent-based model
* Representative agent
* Aggregation problem
* Heterogeneity in economics
* Heterogeneous agent model
* Agent-based model § In economics and social sciences
* Artificial financial market
* General equilibrium theory
* Supply and demand
* Competitive equilibrium
* Economic equilibrium
* Partial equilibrium
* Equilibrium price
* Market efficiency
* Economic equilibrium
* Rational expectations
* Risk factor (finance)
* Arbitrage-free price
* Rational pricing
* § Arbitrage free pricing
* § Risk neutral valuation
* Contingent claim analysis
* Brownian model of financial markets
* Complete market & Incomplete markets
* Utility
* Risk aversion
* Expected utility hypothesis
* Utility maximization problem
* Marginal utility
* Quasilinear utility
* Generalized expected utility
* Economic efficiency
* Efficient-market hypothesis
* efficient frontier
* Production–possibility frontier
* Allocative efficiency
* Pareto efficiency
* Productive efficiency
* Dumb agent theory
* State prices
* Arrow–Debreu model
* Stochastic discount factor
* Pricing kernel
* Application:
* Arrow–Debreu model § Economics of uncertainty: insurance and finance
* State prices § Application to financial assets
* Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
* Rational pricing
* Arbitrage-free
* No free lunch with vanishing risk
* Self-financing portfolio
* Stochastic dominance
* Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
* Martingale pricing
* Brownian model of financial markets
* Random walk hypothesis
* Risk-neutral measure
* Martingale (probability theory)
* Sigma-martingale
* Semimartingale
* Quantum finance

#### Asset pricing models

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* Equilibrium pricing
* Equities; foreign exchange and commodities
* Capital asset pricing model
* Consumption-based CAPM
* Intertemporal CAPM
* Single-index model
* Multiple factor models
* Fama–French three-factor model
* Carhart four-factor model
* Arbitrage pricing theory
* Bonds; other interest rate instruments
* Vasicek
* Rendleman–Bartter
* Cox–Ingersoll–Ross
* Risk neutral pricing
* Equities; foreign exchange and commodities; interest rates
* Black–Scholes
* Black
* Garman–Kohlhagen
* Heston
* CEV
* SABR
* Bonds; other interest rate instruments
* Ho–Lee
* Hull–White
* Black–Derman–Toy
* Black–Karasinski
* Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi
* Longstaff–Schwartz
* Chen
* Rendleman–Bartter
* Heath–Jarrow–Morton
* Cheyette
* Brace–Gatarek–Musiela
* LIBOR market model

## Mathematics and finance

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### Time value of money

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Main article: Time value of money

* Present value
* Future value
* Discounting
* Net present value
* Internal rate of return
* Annuity
* Perpetuity

### Financial mathematics

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Main article: Financial mathematics

#### Mathematical tools

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* Probability
* Probability distribution
* Binomial distribution
* Log-normal distribution
* Poisson distribution
* Stochastic calculus
* Brownian motion
* Geometric Brownian motion
* Cameron–Martin theorem
* Feynman-Kac formula
* Girsanov's theorem
* Itô's lemma
* Martingale representation theorem
* Radon–Nikodym derivative
* Stochastic differential equations
* Stochastic process
* Jump process
* Lévy process
* Markov process
* Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
* Wiener process
* Monte Carlo methods
* Low-discrepancy sequence
* Monte Carlo integration
* Quasi-Monte Carlo method
* Random number generation
* Partial differential equations
* Finite difference method
* Heat equation
* Numerical partial differential equations
* Crank–Nicolson method
* Volatility
* ARCH model
* GARCH model
* Stochastic volatility
* Stochastic volatility jump

#### Derivatives pricing

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Main article: Financial mathematics § Derivatives pricing

See also: Financial economics § Derivative pricing

* Underlying logic (see also #Economics and finance above)
* Rational pricing
* Risk-neutral measure
* Arbitrage-free pricing
* Brownian model of financial markets
* Martingale pricing
* Forward contract
* Forward contract pricing
* Futures
* Futures contract pricing
* Options (incl. Real options and ESOs)
* Valuation of options
* Black–Scholes formula
* Approximations for American options
* Barone-Adesi and Whaley
* Bjerksund and Stensland
* Black's approximation
* Optimal stopping
* Roll–Geske–Whaley
* Black model
* Binomial options model
* Finite difference methods for option pricing
* Garman–Kohlhagen model
* The Greeks
* Lattice model (finance)
* Margrabe's formula
* Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
* Monte Carlo methods in finance
* Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance
* Least Square Monte Carlo for American options
* Trinomial tree
* Volatility
* Implied volatility
* Historical volatility
* Volatility smile (& Volatility surface)
* Stochastic volatility
* Constant elasticity of variance model
* Heston model
* SABR volatility model
* Local volatility
* Implied binomial tree
* Implied trinomial tree
* Edgeworth binomial tree
* Johnson binomial tree
* Swaps
* Swap valuation
* Asset swap § Computing the asset swap spread
* Credit default swap § Pricing and valuation
* Currency swap § Valuation and pricing
* Interest rate swap § Valuation and pricing
* Multi-curve framework
* Variance swap § Pricing and valuation
* Interest rate derivatives (bond options, swaptions, caps and floors, and others)
* Black model
* caps and floors
* swaptions
* Bond options
* Short-rate models (generally applied via lattice based- and specialized simulation-models, although "Black like" formulae exist in some cases.)
* Rendleman–Bartter model
* Vasicek model
* Ho–Lee model
* Hull–White model
* Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
* Black–Karasinski model
* Black–Derman–Toy model
* Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model
* Longstaff–Schwartz model
* Chen model
* Forward rate / Forward curve -based models (Application as per short-rate models)
* LIBOR market model (also called: Brace–Gatarek–Musiela Model, BGM)
* Heath–Jarrow–Morton Model (HJM)
* Cheyette model
* Valuation adjustments
* Credit valuation adjustment
* XVA
* Yield curve modelling
* Multi-curve framework
* Bootstrapping (finance)
* Yield curve § Construction of the full yield curve from market data
* Fixed-income attribution § Modeling the yield curve
* Nelson-Siegel
* Principal component analysis § Quantitative finance

#### Portfolio mathematics

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* #Mathematical techniques below
* #Quantitative investing below
* Modern portfolio theory § Mathematical model
* Portfolio optimization
* § Optimization methods
* § Mathematical tools
* Merton's portfolio problem
* Kelly criterion
* Roy's safety-first criterion
* Specific applications:
* Black–Litterman model
* Universal portfolio algorithm
* Markowitz model
* Treynor–Black model

## Financial markets

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Main article: Financial markets

### Market and instruments

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* Capital markets
* Securities
* Financial markets
* Primary market
* Initial public offering
* Aftermarket
* Free market
* Bull market
* Bear market
* Bear market rally
* Market maker
* Dow Jones Industrial Average
* Nasdaq
* List of stock exchanges
* List of stock market indices
* List of corporations by market capitalization
* Value Line Composite Index

### Equity market

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Main article: Equity market

* Stock market
* Stock
* Common stock
* Preferred stock
* Treasury stock
* Equity investment
* Index investing
* Private Equity
* Financial reports and statements
* Fundamental analysis
* Dividend
* Dividend yield
* Stock split

#### Equity valuation

[edit]

Main article: Equity valuation

See also: § Context

* Dow theory
* Elliott wave principle
* Economic value added
* Fibonacci retracement
* Gordon model
* Growth stock
* PEG ratio
* PVGO
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Leveraged buyout
* Takeover
* Corporate raid
* PE ratio
* Market capitalization
* Income per share
* Stock valuation
* Technical analysis
* Chart patterns
* V-trend
* Paper valuation

#### Investment theory

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Main article: Investment theory

* Behavioral finance
* Dead cat bounce
* Efficient market hypothesis
* Market microstructure
* Stock market crash
* Stock market bubble
* January effect
* Mark Twain effect
* Quantitative behavioral finance
* Quantitative analysis (finance)
* Statistical arbitrage

### Bond market

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Main article: Bond market

* Bond (finance)
* Zero-coupon bond
* Junk bonds
* Convertible bond
* Accrual bond
* Municipal bond
* Sovereign bond
* Bond valuation
* Yield to maturity
* Bond duration
* Bond convexity
* Fixed income

### Money market

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Main article: Money market

* Repurchase agreement
* International Money Market
* Currency
* Exchange rate
* International currency codes
* Table of historical exchange rates

### Commodity market

[edit]

Main article: Commodity market

* Commodity
* Asset
* Commodity Futures Trading Commission
* Commodity trade
* Drawdowns
* Forfaiting
* Fundamental analysis
* Futures contract
* Fungibility
* Gold as an investment
* Hedging
* Jesse Lauriston Livermore
* List of traded commodities
* Ownership equity
* Position trader
* Risk (Futures)
* Seasonal traders
* Seasonal spread trading
* Slippage
* Speculation
* Spread trade
* Technical analysis
* Breakout
* Bear market
* Bottom (technical analysis)
* Bull market
* MACD
* Moving average
* Open Interest
* Parabolic SAR
* Point and figure charts
* Resistance
* RSI
* Stochastic oscillator
* Stop loss
* Support
* Top (technical analysis)
* Trade
* Trend

### Derivatives market

[edit]

Main article: Derivatives market

* Derivative (finance)
* (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing)
* Underlying instrument

#### Forward markets and contracts

[edit]

Main article: Forward market

* Forward contract

#### Futures markets and contracts

[edit]

Main article: Futures market

* Backwardation
* Contango
* Futures contract
* Financial future
* Currency future
* Interest rate future
* Single-stock futures
* Stock market index future
* Futures exchange

#### Option markets and contracts

[edit]

* Options
* Stock option
* Box spread
* Call option
* Put option
* Strike price
* Put–call parity
* The Greeks
* Black–Scholes formula
* Black model
* Binomial options model
* Implied volatility
* Option time value
* Moneyness
* At-the-money
* In-the-money
* Out-of-the-money
* Straddle
* Option style
* Vanilla option
* Exotic option
* Binary option
* European option
* Interest rate floor
* Interest rate cap
* Bermudan option
* American option
* Quanto option
* Asian option
* Employee stock option
* Warrants
* Foreign exchange option
* Interest rate options
* Bond options
* Real options
* Options on futures

#### Swap markets and contracts

[edit]

Main article: Swap market

* Swap (finance)
* Interest rate swap
* Basis swap
* Asset swap
* Forex swap
* Stock swap
* Equity swap
* Currency swap
* Variance swap

#### Derivative markets by underlyings

[edit]

##### Equity derivatives

[edit]

Main article: Equity derivative

* Contract for difference (CFD)
* Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
* Closed-end fund
* Inverse exchange-traded fund
* Equity options
* Equity swap
* Real estate investment trust (REIT)
* Warrants
* Covered warrant

##### Interest rate derivatives

[edit]

Main article: Interest rate derivative

* LIBOR
* Forward rate agreement
* Interest rate swap
* Interest rate cap
* Exotic interest rate option
* Bond option
* Interest rate future
* Money market instruments
* Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds
* In-arrears Swap
* Constant maturity swap (CMS) or Constant Treasury Swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors)
* Interest rate Swaption
* Bermudan swaptions
* Cross currency swaptions
* Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo)
* Target redemption note (TARN)
* CMS steepener
* Snowball
* Inverse floater
* Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation
* Interest only (IO)
* Principal only (PO)
* Ratchet caps and floors

##### Credit derivatives

[edit]

Main article: Credit derivative

* Credit default swap
* Collateralized debt obligation
* Credit default option
* Total return swap
* Securitization
* Strip financing

##### Foreign exchange derivative

[edit]

Main article: Foreign exchange derivative

* Basis swap
* Currency future
* Currency swap
* Foreign exchange binary option
* Foreign exchange forward
* Foreign exchange option
* Forward exchange rate
* Foreign exchange swap
* Foreign exchange hedge
* Non-deliverable forward
* Power reverse dual-currency note

## Financial regulation

[edit]

* Corporate governance
* Financial regulation
* Bank regulation
* Banking license
* License

### Designations and accreditation

[edit]

Further information: Professional certification in financial services; Professional certification § Accountancy, auditing and finance; and § Education

* Certified Financial Planner
* Chartered Financial Analyst
* CFA Institute
* Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst
* Professional risk manager
* Chartered Financial Consultant
* Canadian Securities Institute
* Independent financial adviser
* Chartered Insurance Institute
* Financial Risk Manager
* Chartered Market Technician
* Certified Financial Technician

### Litigation

[edit]

* Liabilities Subject to Compromise

### Fraud

[edit]

* Forex scam
* Insider trading
* Legal origins theory
* Petition mill
* Ponzi scheme

### Industry bodies

[edit]

* International Swaps and Derivatives Association
* National Association of Securities Dealers

### Regulatory bodies

[edit]

Main article: List of financial regulatory authorities by country

#### International

[edit]

* Bank for International Settlements
* International Organization of Securities Commissions
* Security Commission
* Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
* Basel Accords – Basel I, Basel II, Basel III
* International Association of Insurance Supervisors
* International Accounting Standards Board

#### European Union

[edit]

* European Securities Committee (EU)
* Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU)

#### Regulatory bodies by country

[edit]

##### United Kingdom

[edit]

* Financial Conduct Authority
* Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)

##### United States

[edit]

* Commodity Futures Trading Commission
* Federal Reserve
* Federal Trade Commission
* Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board
* Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
* Securities and Exchange Commission

### United States legislation

[edit]

* Glass–Steagall Act (US)
* Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (US)
* Sarbanes–Oxley Act (US)
* Securities Act of 1933 (US)
* Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US)
* Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US)
* USA PATRIOT Act

## Actuarial topics

[edit]

* Actuarial topics

## Valuation

[edit]

This section is corporate-finance-focused: for the valuation of derivatives and interest rate instruments see § Derivatives pricing; for the economic theory see § Asset pricing theory.

### Underlying theory

[edit]

* Value (economics)
* Valuation (finance) and specifically § Valuation overview
* "The Theory of Investment Value"
* Financial economics § Corporate finance theory
* Valuation risk
* Real versus nominal value (economics)
* Real prices and ideal prices
* Fair value
* Fair value accounting
* Intrinsic value
* Market price
* Value in use
* Fairness opinion
* Asset pricing (see also #Asset pricing theory above)
* Equilibrium price
* market efficiency
* economic equilibrium
* rational expectations
* Arbitrage-free price
* Rational pricing § Arbitrage free pricing
* Rational pricing § Risk neutral valuation

### Context

[edit]

* (Corporate) Bonds
* Bond valuation
* Bond (finance) § Bond valuation
* Corporate bond § Valuation
* Equity valuation
* #Equity valuation above
* Fundamental analysis
* Stock valuation
* Capital Markets
* Business valuation
* Equity (finance) § Valuation
* Intrinsic value (finance) § Equity
* Capital budgeting and Corporate finance § Investment and project valuation
* The Theory of Investment Value
* Real estate valuation
* Real estate appraisal
* Real estate economics

### Considerations

[edit]

* Bonds
* covenants and indentures
* secured / unsecured debt
* senior / subordinated debt
* embedded options
* Equity
* Minimum acceptable rate of return
* Margin of safety (financial)
* Enterprise value
* Sum-of-the-parts analysis
* Conglomerate discount
* Minority discount
* Control premium
* Accretion/dilution analysis
* Certainty equivalent
* Haircut (finance)
* Paper valuation

### Discounted cash flow valuation

[edit]

Main article: Valuation using discounted cash flows

Further information: Discounted cash flow and Time value of money

* Bond valuation
* Modeling
* Present value § PV of a bond
* Bond valuation § Present value approach
* Bond valuation § Arbitrage-free pricing approach
* embedded options:
* Pull to par
* Lattice model (finance) § Hybrid securities
* Results
* Clean price
* Dirty price
* Yield to maturity
* Coupon yield
* Current yield
* Duration
* Convexity
* embedded options:
* Option-adjusted spread
* effective duration
* effective convexity
* Cash flows
* Principal (finance)
* Coupon (bond)
* Fixed rate bond
* Floating rate note
* Zero-coupon bond
* Accrual bond
* sinking fund provisions
* Real estate valuation
* Intrinsic value (finance) § Real estate
* Income approach
* Net Operating Income
* Real estate appraisal § The income approach
* German income approach
* Equity valuation
* Results
* Net present value
* Adjusted present value
* Equivalent Annual Cost
* Payback period
* Discounted payback period
* Internal rate of return
* Modified Internal Rate of Return
* Return on investment
* Profitability index
* Specific models and approaches
* Dividend discount model
* Gordon growth model
* Market value added / Economic value added
* Residual income valuation
* First Chicago Method
* rNPV
* Fed model
* Sum of perpetuities method
* Benjamin Graham formula
* LBO valuation model
* Goldman Sachs asset management factor model
* Cash flows
* Cash flow forecasting
* EBIDTA
* NOPAT
* Free cash flow
* Free cash flow to firm
* Free cash flow to equity
* Dividends
* Valuation using discounted cash flows § Determine cash flow for each forecast period

### Relative valuation

[edit]

Main article: Relative valuation

* Bonds
* Bond valuation § Relative price approach
* Yield spread
* I-spread
* Option-adjusted spread
* Z-spread
* Asset swap spread
* Credit spread (bond)
* Bond credit rating
* Altman Z-score
* Ohlson O-score
* Book value
* Debt-to-equity ratio
* Debt-to-capital ratio
* Current ratio
* Quick ratio
* Debt ratio
* Real estate
* Capitalization rate
* Gross rent multiplier
* Sales comparison approach
* Real estate appraisal § The sales comparison approach
* Cash on cash return
* Equity
* Financial ratio
* Market-based valuation
* Valuation using multiples
* Comparable company analysis
* Dividend yield
* Yield gap
* Return on equity
* DuPont analysis
* PE ratio
* PEG ratio
* Cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio
* PVGO
* P/B ratio
* Price to cash based earnings
* Price to Sales
* EV/EBITDA
* EV/Sales
* Stock image
* Valuation using the Market Penetration Model
* Graham number
* Tobin's q

### Contingent claim valuation

[edit]

Main article: Contingent claim valuation

* Valuation techniques
* general
* Valuation of options
* Option (finance) § Valuation
* #Derivatives pricing above
* as typically employed
* Real options valuation
* Rational pricing § The replicating portfolio
* Financial economics § Corporate finance theory
* Lattice model (finance) § Hybrid securities
* Monte Carlo methods in finance
* Applications
* Corporate investments and projects
* Real options
* Corporate finance § Valuing flexibility
* Contingent value rights
* Business valuation § Option pricing approaches
* structured finance investments (funding dependent)
* special purpose entities (funding dependent)
* Balance sheet assets and liabilities
* warrants and other convertible securities
* securities with embedded options such as callable bonds
* employee stock options

### Other approaches

[edit]

* "Fundamentals"-based (relying on accounting information)
* T-model
* Residual income valuation
* Clean surplus accounting
* Net asset value method
* Excess earnings method
* Historical earnings valuation
* Future maintainable earnings valuation
* Graham number

### Financial modeling

[edit]

Further information: Financial modeling § Accounting

Not to be confused with Financial modeling § Quantitative finance.

* Cash flow
* Cash flow forecasting
* Cash flow statement
* Operating cash flow
* EBIDTA
* Depreciation § Effect on cash
* NOPAT
* Free cash flow
* Free cash flow to firm
* Free cash flow to equity
* Dividends
* Cash is king
* Mid-year adjustment
* Owner earnings
* Required return (i.e. discount rate)
* Valuation using discounted cash flows § Determine discount factor / rate
* Cost of capital
* Weighted average cost of capital
* Cost of equity
* Cost of debt
* Capital asset pricing model
* Beta (finance) § Empirical estimation
* Hamada's equation
* Pure play method
* Arbitrage pricing theory
* Business valuation § Build-up method
* Total Beta
* T-model
* cash-flow T-model
* Terminal value
* Valuation using discounted cash flows § Determine the continuing value
* Forecast period (finance)
* long term growth rate
* Sustainable growth rate § From a financial perspective
* Stock valuation § Growth rate
* Forecasted financial statements
* Financial forecast
* Financial modeling § Accounting
* Pro forma § Financial statements
* Revenue
* Revenue model
* Revenue § Financial statement analysis
* Revenue management § Forecasting
* Net sales
* Costs
* Profit margin
* Gross margin
* Net margin
* Cost of goods sold
* Operating expenses
* Operating ratio
* Cost driver
* Fixed cost
* Variable cost
* Overhead cost
* Value chain
* activity based costing
* common-size analysis
* Profit model
* Capital
* Capital structure
* common-size analysis
* Equity (finance)
* Shareholders' equity
* Book value
* Retained earnings
* Financial capital
* Long term asset / Fixed asset
* Fixed-asset turnover
* Long-term liabilities
* Debt-to-equity ratio
* Debt-to-capital ratio
* Working capital
* Current asset
* Current liability
* Inventory turnover / Days in inventory
* Cost of goods sold
* Debtor & Creditor days
* Days sales outstanding
* Days payable outstanding

## Portfolio theory

[edit]

### General concepts

[edit]

* Portfolio (finance)
* Portfolio manager
* Investment management
* Active management
* Passive management (Buy and hold)
* Index fund
* Core & Satellite
* Smart beta
* Expense ratio
* Investment style
* Value investing
* Contrarian investing
* Growth investing
* CAN SLIM
* Index investing
* Magic formula investing
* Momentum investing
* Quality investing
* Style investing
* Factor investing
* Investment strategy
* Benchmark-driven investment strategy
* Liability-driven investment strategy
* Financial risk management § Investment management
* Investor profile
* Rate of return on a portfolio / Investment performance
* Risk return ratio
* Risk–return spectrum
* Risk factor (finance)
* Portfolio optimization
* Diversification (finance)
* Asset classes
* Exter's Pyramid
* Asset allocation
* Tactical asset allocation
* Global tactical asset allocation
* Cyclical tactical asset allocation
* Strategic asset allocation
* Dynamic asset allocation
* Sector rotation
* Correlation & covariance
* Covariance matrix
* Correlation matrix
* Risk-free interest rate
* Leverage (finance)
* Utility function
* Intertemporal portfolio choice
* Portfolio insurance
* Constant proportion portfolio insurance
* Mathematical finance § Risk and portfolio management: the P world
* Quantitative investment / Quantitative fund (see below)
* Uncompensated risk

### Modern portfolio theory

[edit]

Main article: Modern portfolio theory

Further information: Financial economics § Uncertainty

* Portfolio optimization
* Risk return ratio
* Risk–return spectrum
* Economic efficiency
* Efficient-market hypothesis
* Random walk hypothesis
* Utility maximization problem
* Markowitz model
* Merton's portfolio problem
* Kelly criterion
* Roy's safety-first criterion
* Theory and results (derivation of the CAPM)
* Equilibrium price
* Market price
* Systematic risk
* Risk factor (finance)
* Idiosyncratic risk / Specific risk
* Mean-variance analysis (Two-moment decision model)
* Efficient frontier (Mean variance efficiency)
* Feasible set
* Mutual fund separation theorem
* Separation property (finance)
* Tangent portfolio
* Market portfolio
* Beta (finance)
* Fama–MacBeth regression
* Hamada's equation
* Capital structure substitution theory § Beta
* Capital allocation line
* Capital market line
* Security characteristic line
* Capital asset pricing model
* Single-index model
* Security market line
* Roll's critique
* Related measures
* Alpha (finance)
* Sharpe ratio
* Treynor ratio
* Jensen's alpha
* Optimization models
* Markowitz model
* Treynor–Black model

* Equilibrium pricing models (CAPM and extensions)
* Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
* Consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM)
* Intertemporal CAPM (ICAPM)
* Single-index model
* Multiple factor models (see Risk factor (finance))
* Fama–French three-factor model
* Carhart four-factor model
* Arbitrage pricing theory (APT)

### Post-modern portfolio theory

[edit]

Main article: Post-modern portfolio theory

Further information: Financial economics § Portfolio theory

* Approaches
* Behavioral portfolio theory
* Stochastic portfolio theory
* Chance-constrained portfolio selection
* Maslowian portfolio theory
* Dedicated portfolio theory (fixed income specific)
* Risk parity
* Tail risk parity
* Optimization considerations
* Pareto efficiency
* Bayesian efficiency
* Multiple-criteria decision analysis
* Multi-objective optimization
* Stochastic dominance
* Second-order Stochastic dominance
* Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
* Downside risk
* Volatility skewness
* Semivariance
* Expected shortfall (ES; also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), average value at risk (AVaR), expected tail loss (ETL))
* Tail value at risk
* Statistical dispersion
* Discounted maximum loss
* Indifference price
* Measures
* Dual-beta
* Downside beta
* Upside beta
* Upside potential ratio
* Upside risk
* Downside risk
* Sortino ratio
* Omega ratio
* Bias ratio
* Information ratio
* Active return
* Active risk
* Deviation risk measure
* Distortion risk measure
* Spectral risk measure
* Optimization models
* Black–Litterman model
* Universal portfolio algorithm
* Resampled efficient frontier

### Performance measurement

[edit]

See also: List of financial performance measures

* Alpha (finance)
* Beta (finance)
* Performance attribution
* Market timing
* Stock selection
* Fixed-income attribution
* Benchmark (finance)
* Lipper average
* Returns-based style analysis
* Rate of return on a portfolio
* Holding period return
* Tracking error
* Attribution analysis
* Style drift
* Returns-based style analysis
* Simple Dietz method
* Modified Dietz method
* Modigliani risk-adjusted performance
* Upside potential ratio
* Maximum Downside Exposure
* Maximum drawdown
* Sterling ratio
* Sharpe ratio
* Treynor ratio
* Jensen's alpha
* Bias ratio
* V2 ratio
* Calmar ratio (hedge fund specific)

### Mathematical techniques

[edit]

* Modern portfolio theory § Mathematical model
* Quadratic programming
* Critical line method
* Nonlinear programming
* Mixed integer programming
* Stochastic programming (§ Multistage portfolio optimization)
* Copula (probability theory) (§ Quantitative finance)
* Principal component analysis (§ Quantitative finance)
* Deterministic global optimization
* Extended Mathematical Programming (§ EMP for stochastic programming)
* Genetic algorithm (List of genetic algorithm applications § Finance and Economics)
* Artificial intelligence:
* Applications of artificial intelligence § Trading and investment
* Machine learning (§ Applications)
* Artificial neural network (§ Finance)

## Quantitative investing

[edit]

Main article: Quantitative investing

* Quantitative investing
* Quantitative fund
* Quantitative analysis (finance) § Quantitative investment management
* Quantitative analysis (finance) § Algorithmic trading quantitative analyst
* Applications of artificial intelligence § Trading and investment
* Trading:
* Automated trading
* High-frequency trading
* Algorithmic trading
* Program trading
* Systematic trading
* Technical analysis § Systematic trading
* Trading strategy
* Mirror trading
* Copy trading
* Social trading
* VWAP
* TWAP
* Electronic trading platform
* Statistical arbitrage
* Portfolio optimization:
* Portfolio optimization § Optimization methods
* Portfolio optimization § Mathematical tools
* Black–Litterman model
* Universal portfolio algorithm
* Markowitz model
* Treynor–Black model
* other models
* Factor investing
* low-volatility investing
* value investing
* momentum investing
* Alpha generation platform
* Kelly criterion
* Roy's safety-first criterion
* Risks:
* Best execution
* Implementation shortfall
* Trading curb
* Market impact
* Market depth
* Slippage (finance)
* Transaction costs
* Discussion:
* Automated trading system § Market disruption and manipulation
* High-frequency trading § Risks and controversy
* Algorithmic trading § Issues and developments
* Positive feedback § Systemic risk
* 2010 flash crash
* Black Monday (1987) § Causes
* Statistical arbitrage § StatArb and systemic risk: events of summer 2007
* Leading companies (see Quantitative fund § List of notable quantitative funds):
* Prediction Company
* Renaissance Technologies
* D. E. Shaw & Co
* AQR Capital
* Barclays Investment Bank
* Cantab Capital Partners
* Robeco
* Jane Street Capital

## Financial software tools

[edit]

Further information: Business software

See also: List of free and open-source software packages § Finance

* Financial software
* Financial management systems
* Financial data vendor
* Accounting software
* Straight-through processing
* Banking software
* Treasury management system
* Strategic planning software
* Technical Analysis Software
* Algorithmic trading
* Electronic trading platform
* Numerical-analysis software (comparison)

## Financial modeling applications

[edit]

Main article: Financial modeling

### Corporate Finance

[edit]

* Business valuation / stock valuation – especially via discounted cash flow, but including other valuation approaches
* Scenario planning and management decision making ("what is"; "what if"; "what has to be done"[1])
* Capital budgeting, including cost of capital (i.e. WACC) calculations
* Financial statement analysis / ratio analysis (including of operating- and finance leases, and R&D)
* Revenue related: forecasting, analysis
* Project finance modeling
* Cash flow forecasting
* Credit decisioning: Credit analysis, Consumer credit risk; impairment- and provision-modeling
* Working capital- and treasury management; asset and liability management
* Management accounting: Activity-based costing, Profitability analysis, Cost analysis, Whole-life cost

### Quantitative finance

[edit]

* Option pricing and calculation of their "Greeks"
* Other derivatives, especially interest rate derivatives, credit derivatives and exotic derivatives
* Modeling the term structure of interest rates (bootstrapping / multi-curves, short-rate models, HJM framework) and credit spreads
* Credit valuation adjustment, CVA, as well as the various XVA
* Credit risk, counterparty credit risk, and regulatory capital: EAD, PD, LGD, PFE
* Structured product design and manufacture
* Portfolio optimization[2] and Quantitative investing more generally; see further re optimization methods employed.
* Financial risk modeling: value at risk (parametric- and / or historical, CVaR, EVT), stress testing, "sensitivities" analysis

## Financial institutions

[edit]

Financial institutions

* Bank
* List of banks
* List of banks in the Arab World
* List of banks in Africa
* List of banks in the Americas
* List of banks in Asia
* List of banks in Europe
* List of banks in Oceania
* List of international banking institutions
* Advising bank
* Central bank
* List of central banks
* Commercial bank
* Community development bank
* Cooperative bank
* Custodian bank
* Depository bank
* Ethical bank
* Investment bank
* Islamic banking
* Merchant bank
* Microcredit
* Mutual savings bank
* Offshore bank
* Private bank
* Savings bank
* Swiss bank
* Bank holding company
* Building society
* Broker
* Broker-dealer
* Brokerage firm
* Commodity broker
* Insurance broker
* Prime brokerage
* Retail broker
* Stockbroker
* Clearing house
* Commercial lender
* Community development financial institution
* Credit rating agency
* Credit union
* Diversified financial
* Edge Act Corporation
* Export Credit Agencies
* Financial adviser
* Financial intermediary
* Financial planner
* Futures exchange
* List of futures exchanges
* Government sponsored enterprise
* Hard money lender
* Independent financial adviser
* Industrial loan company
* Insurance company
* Investment adviser
* Investment company
* Investment trust
* Large and Complex Financial Institutions
* Mutual fund
* Non-banking financial company
* Savings and loan association
* Stock exchange
* List of stock exchanges
* Trust company

## Education

[edit]

* For the typical finance career path and corresponding education requirements see:
* Financial analyst generally, and esp. § Qualification, discussing various investment, banking, and corporate roles (i.e. financial management, corporate finance, investment banking, securities analysis & valuation, portfolio & investment management, credit analysis, working capital & treasury management; see Financial modeling § Accounting)
* Quantitative analyst, Quantitative analysis (finance) § Education and Financial engineering § Education, specifically re roles in quantitative finance (i.e. derivative pricing & hedging, interest rate modeling, financial risk management, financial engineering, computational finance; also, the mathematically intensive variant on the banking roles; see Financial modeling § Quantitative finance)
* Business education lists undergraduate degrees in business, commerce, accounting and economics; "finance" may be taken as a major in most of these, whereas "quantitative finance" is almost invariably postgraduate, following a math-focused Bachelors; the most common degrees for (entry level) investment, banking, and corporate roles are:
* Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
* Bachelor of Commerce (BCom)
* Bachelor of Accountancy (B.Acc)
* Bachelor of Economics (B.Econ)
* Bachelor of Finance – the undergraduate version of the MSF below
* The tagged BS / BA "in Finance", or less common, "in Investment Management" or "in Personal Finance"
* At the postgraduate level, the MBA, MCom and MSM (and recently the Master of Applied Economics) similarly offer training in finance generally; at this level there are also the following specifically focused master's degrees, with MSF the broadest – see Master of Finance § Comparison with other qualifications for their focus and inter-relation:
* Master of Applied Finance (M.App.Fin)
* Master of Commerce in Finance (MCom)
* Master of Computational Finance
* Master's in Corporate Finance
* Master of Finance (M.Fin, MIF)
* Master's in Financial Analysis
* Master of Financial Economics
* Master of Financial Engineering (MFE)
* Master of Financial Planning
* Master's in Financial Management
* Master of Financial Mathematics
* Master's in Financial Risk Management
* Master's in Investment Management
* Master of Mathematical Finance
* Master of Quantitative Finance (MQF)
* Master of Science in Finance (MSF, MSc Finance)
* MS in Fintech
* Doctoral-training in finance is usually a requirement for academia, but not relevant to industry
* quants often enter the profession with PhDs in disciplines such as physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science, and learn finance "on the job”
* as an academic field, finance theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management, (financial) economics, accountancy, and applied / financial mathematics.
* For specialized roles, there are various Professional Certifications in financial services (see #Designations and accreditation above); the best recognized are arguably:
* Association of Corporate Treasurers (MCT / FCT)
* Certificate in Quantitative Finance (CQF)
* Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
* Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA)
* Certified Treasury Professional (CTP)
* Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA)
* Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
* Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM)
* CISI Diploma in Capital Markets (MCSI)
* Financial Risk Manager (FRM)
* Professional Risk Manager (PRM)
* Various organizations offer executive education, CPD, or other focused training programs, including:
* Amsterdam Institute of Finance
* Canadian Securities Institute
* Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment
* GARP
* Global Risk Institute
* ICMA Centre
* The London Institute of Banking & Finance
* New York Institute of Finance
* PRMIA
* South African Institute of Financial Markets
* Swiss Finance Institute
* See also qualifications in related fields:
* Accounting § Education, training and qualifications
* Actuarial credentialing and exams
* Business education
* Credit analyst § Education
* Economics education
* Management § Training and education
* Chief financial officer § Qualifications

## See also

[edit]

* Capitalism
* Financial law

## Related lists

[edit]

* Index of accounting articles
* Outline of business management
* Outline of marketing
* Outline of economics
* Outline of production
* Index of international trade articles
* Outline of commercial law
* List of business theorists
* Outline of actuarial science

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Joel G. Siegel; Jae K. Shim; Stephen Hartman (1 November 1997). Schaum's quick guide to business formulas: 201 decision-making tools for business, finance, and accounting students. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-058031-2. Retrieved 12 November 2011. §39 "Corporate Planning Models". See also, §294 "Simulation Model".
2. ^ See for example: Low, R.K.Y.; Faff, R.; Aas, K. (2016). "Enhancing mean–variance portfolio selection by modeling distributional asymmetries" (PDF). Journal of Economics and Business. 85: 49–72\. doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2016.01.003.; Low, R.K.Y.; Alcock, J.; Faff, R.; Brailsford, T. (2013). "Canonical vine copulas in the context of modern portfolio management: Are they worth it?" (PDF). Journal of Banking & Finance. 37 (8): 3085–3099\. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.02.036. S2CID 154138333.

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[edit]

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