Pahari-Pothwari

Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in Pakistan

Pahari-Pothwari

پوٹھواری, پہاڑی
Poṭhwārī, Pahāṛī
Native to| Pakistan
Region| Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and western parts of Jammu and Kashmir, other parts of India including Punjab and Haryana (by partition refugees and descendants)

Native speakers

| several million[a]

Language family

Indo-European

* Indo-Iranian
* Indo-Aryan
* Northwestern
* Punjabic
* Lahnda
* Pahari-Pothwari

Writing system

| Shahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3| `phr`
Glottolog| `paha1251` Pahari Potwari

Pahari-Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of Lahnda group,[b] spoken on the Pothohar Plateau in the far north of Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari (English: /pəˈhɑːri/;[1] an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari).

The language is transitional between Hindko and Standard Punjabi and is mutually intelligible with both.[2] There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language,[3] although a local standard has not been established yet.[4] The Shahmukhi script is used to write the language, such as in the works of Punjabi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh.

Grierson in his early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India assigned it to a so-called "Northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question.[5] In a sense both Pothwari, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.[6]

## Geographic distribution and dialects

[edit]

75km
50miles

Baramulla

Srinagar

Bagh

Rajouri

Poonch

Jhelum

Murree

Mirpur

Gujarkhan

Bharakao

Abbottabad

Muzaffarabad

Azad Kashmir and surrounding areas with some of the locations mentioned in this section. Places where Pahari–Pothwari is spoken are in dark red.

There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.[c]

The dialects are mutually intelligible,[7] but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.[8]

### Pothohar Plateau

[edit]

Pothwari (پوٹھواری), also spelt Potwari, Potohari and Pothohari (پوٹھوہاری),[9] is spoken in the Pothohar Plateau of northern Punjab,[10] an area administratively within Rawalpindi division.[11] Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it Pindiwal Punjabi to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.[12]

Pothwar scenery with hill backdrop Geographic distribution of various Pahari languages and dialects across the Lower Himalayas. (Blue - Pahari-Pothwari, Purple - Hindko)

Pothwari extends southwards up to the Salt Range, with the city of Jhelum marking the border with Majha Punjabi. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with Bharakao, near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins.[13] Pothwari has been represented as a dialect of Punjabi by the Punjabi language movement, [4] and in census reports the Pothwari areas of Punjab have been shown as Punjabi-majority.[d]

Among the dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari dialect cluster, the variety spoken on the Pothohar is the only native language in the Rawalpindi division and it is ethno-linguistic group.[citation needed] This Pothwari is also regarded as the most prestigious dialect spoken in the region.[citation needed]

### Mirpur

[edit]

East of the Pothwari areas, across the Jhelum River into Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir.[14] Locally it is known by a variety of names:[e] Pahari, Mirpur Pahari, Mirpuri,[f] and Pothwari,[15] while some of its speakers call it Punjabi.[16] Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis.[17] The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the Mangla Dam in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England.[18] The British Mirpuri diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.[19]

### Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat

[edit]

Pahari (پہاڑی) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around Murree.[20] This area is in the Galyat: the hill country of Murree Tehsil in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern Abbottabad District.[21] One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is Dhundi-Kairali (Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī), a term first used by Grierson[22] who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the Kairal and the Dhund.[10] Its speakers call it Pahari in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either Hindko or Ḍhūṇḍī.[23] Nevertheless, Hindko – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language.[24] It forms a dialect continuum with Pahari, [10] and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between Ayubia and Nathiagali.[25]

Distribution of Pahari-Pothwari dialects with subdivisions overlayed

A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are Pahari (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), Chibhālī,[26] named after the Chibhal region[27] or the Chibh ethnic group,[11] and Pahari (Poonchi) (پونچھی, also spelt Punchhi). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the district of Poonch,[28] or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir.[29] This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree,[22] or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects.[30] The dialect of the district of Bagh, for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).[31]

In Muzaffarabad the dialect shows lexical similarity[g] of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status.[32] The speakers however tend to call their language Hindko[33] and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west,[34] despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of Abbottabad and Mansehra.[35] Further north into the Neelam Valley the dialect, now known locally as Parmi, becomes closer to Hindko.[36]

Pahari is also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million,[37] is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri, to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara,[38] and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.[39] Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.[40] This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the Western Pahari languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include Bhadarwahi and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.[41]

### Diaspora

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari is also very widely spoken in the United Kingdom. Labour shortages after World War II, and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the Mangla Dam, facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District. Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified as British Pakistanis originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it is the second most spoken language of the United Kingdom, ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers.[42] However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers,[43] census results do not reflect this.[44] The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially the West Midlands conurbation and the West Yorkshire Built-up Area.[44]

## Phonology

[edit]

### Vowels

[edit]

Vowels of Pahari  | Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal
Close | iː | ĩː |  | uː | ũː
Near-close | ɪ |  | ʊ
Mid | e eː | ẽː | ə | o oː
Open | æ æː | aː | ãː |
Vowels of Pothwari  | Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal
Close | i iː | ĩ ĩː |  | u uː | ũ ũː
Mid | e | ẽ | ɐ | ɐ̃ | o | õ
Open |  |  | ɑ | ɑ̃

A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as [äː].[45]

### Consonants

[edit]

Consonants of Pahari[46] | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv./
Palatal | Velar | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|
|

Stop/
Affricate | voiceless | p | t̪ | t | t͡ʃ | k |
aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | tʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ |
voiced | b | d̪ | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ |
Fricative | voiceless | f |  | s | ʃ | x |
voiced | v |  | z |  | ɣ | ɦ
Nasal | m |  | n |  | ŋ |
Approximant |  |  | l | j |  |
Tap/Trill |  |  | r | ɽ |  |
Consonants of Pothwari[45] | Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./
Palatal | Velar/
Uvular | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|
|

Stop | voiceless | p | t | ʈ |  | k |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ |  | kʰ |
voiced | b | d | ɖ |  | ɡ |
breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ |  | ɡʱ |
Affricate | voiceless |  | t͡s |  |  |  |
aspirated |  | t͡sʰ |  |  |  |
voiced |  | d͡z |  |  |  |
Fricative | voiceless | (f)  | s |  | ʃ | (χ)  | h
voiced | v | z |  | (ʒ)  | (ʁ)
Nasal | m | n | ɳ |  |  |
Approximant |  | l | ɭ | j |  |
Tap/Trill |  | r | ɽ |  |  |

* Sounds [f, ʒ, χ, ʁ, q] are heard from Persian and Arabic loanwords.
* /h/ is realized as voiced [ɦ] in word-initial position.
* /n/ before a velar consonant can be heard as [ŋ].[45]

## Grammar and notable features

[edit]

### Future Tense

[edit]

The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā.[47]

This tense is also used in other Western Punjabi dialects such as the Jatki dialects, Shahpuri, Jhangochi and Dhani, as well as in and Hindko and Saraiki.[48]

English | Pahari-Pothwari | Eastern Punjabi

|
|

Transliteration | Shahmukhi | Gurmukhi | Transliteration | Shahmukhi | Gurmukhi
I will do  | Mãi karsā̃  | میں کرساں | ਮੈਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ  | Mãi karāngā  | میں کرانگا | ਮੈਂ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ
We will do  | Asā̃ karsā̃  | اساں کرساں | ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ  | Asī̃ karānge  | اسیِں کرانگے | ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਾਂਗੇ
You will do (s)  | Tū̃ karsãi  | تُوں کرسَیں | ਤੂੰ ਕਰਸੈਂ  | Tū̃ karãigā  | تُوں کریں گا | ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਗਾ
You will do (p)  | Tusā̃ karso  | تُساں کرسو | ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਸੋ  | Tusī̃ karoge  | تُسِیں کروگے | ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੋਗੇ
He/She will do  | Ó karsi  | اوه کَرسی | ਓਹ ਕਰਸੀ  | Ó karega  | اوه کرے گا | ਓਹ ਕਰੇਗਾ
They will do  | Ó karsan  | اوہ کرسن | ਓਹ ਕਰਸਨ  | Ó karaṇge  | اوه کرݨ گے | ਓਹ ਕਰਣਗੇ

This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry[49]

Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کَرسین, سو کُجھ پاسیں

Transliteration: Jo kujh karsãi, so kujh paasãi

Translation: Whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain

\- From one of Bulleh Shah's poems[50]

### Continuous Tense

[edit]

Similar to other Punjabi dialects (e.g: Majhi, Jhangochi, Dhani), Pothwari uses peyā (past tense form of pēṇā) to signify the continuous tense.[51]

#### Present Continuous

[edit]

English | Pahari-Pothwari

|

Transliteration | Shahmukhi | Gurmukhi
I am doing (m.)  | Mē̃ karnā peyā ā̃̀ / vā̃̀  | میں کرنا پیا آں / واں | ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ
We are doing (m./mixed)  | Asā̃ karne pa'e ā̃̀  | اساں کرنے پئے آں | ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਂ
You are doing (sing., m.)  | Tū̃ karna peya aĩ̀  | تُوں کرنا پیا اَیں | ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹੈਂ
You are doing (sing., f.)  | Tū̃ karnī paī aĩ̀  | تُوں کرنی پئی اَیں | ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਹੈਂ
You are doing (plural, m./mixed)  | Tusā̃ karne pa'e ò  | تُساں کرنے پئے او | ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਹੋ
He is doing  | Ó karna peya aì  | اوہ کرنا پیا اے | ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹੈ
She is doing  | Ó karnī paī aì  | اوہ کرنی پئی اے | ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਹੈ
They are doing (m.)  | Ó karne pa'e ìn / no  | اوہ کرنے پئے ہِن / نو | ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਹਿਨ
They are doing (f.)  | Ó karniyā̃ paiyā̃ ìn / no  | ہِن / نوکرنِیاں پئِیاںاوہ | ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਹਿਨ

#### The place of "pyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.

[edit]

This is common in Majhi (e.g: Noor Jehan's "Chann Māhi Teri Rāh Pyi Takkni Aā̃) and as well as in Jhangochi, Shahpuri, etc

"Tusā̃ báhū̃ changā kamm karne ò pa'e", meaning "You (plural/sing. formal) are doing a very good thing"

"Mē̃ vī tā̃ éhe gall ākhnā sā̃ peyā", meaning "I was also saying the same thing"

"Mē̃ vī tā̃ ehe gall peyā ākhnā ā̃̀", meaning "I am also saying the same thing"

### Past tense

[edit]

The Pothwari past tense makes use of -s endings also used in Eastern Punjabi, this is in contrast to Western Punjabi dialects such Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhani which make use of -h.

Moreover the Pothwari forms greatly resemble those of Eastern Standard Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations.

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Standard Punjabi

|
|

I was doing (m.)  | میں کرنا پیا ساں

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ

maĩ karna pya sã

| میں کردا پیا ساں

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ

maĩ karda pya sã

We were doing (m./mixed)  | اساں کرنے پئے سیاں/ساں

ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਆਂ/ਸਾਂ

| اسِیں کردے پئے ساں

ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਾਂ

You were doing (sing., m.)  | تُوں کرنا پیا سیں

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ

| تُوں کردا پیا سیں

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ

You were doing (pl., m./mixed or sing. formal)  | تُساں کرنے پئے سیو/سو

ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਓ/ਸੋ

| تُسِیں کردے پئے سو

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸੋ

He was doing  | اوہ کرنا پیا سا/سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾ/ਸੀ

| اوہ کردا پیا سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ

She was doing  | اوہ کرنی پئی سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ

| اوہ کردی پئی سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ

They were doing (m./mixed)  | اوہ کرنے پئے سے/سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸੇ/ਸਨ

| اوہ کردے پئے سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਨ

They were doing (f.)  | سیِاں/سنکرنِیاں پئِیاںاوہ

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸੀਆਂ/ਸਨ

| اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸਨ

### Present tense

[edit]

The present tense functions similarly in all Punjabi dialects.

English  | Pothwari  | Standard Punjabi

|
|

I am here  | میں ایتھے آں

ਮੈਂ ਐਥੇ ਆਂ

| میں ایتھے آں

ਮੈਂ ਐਥੇ ਆਂ

If I am to be here  | جے میں ایتھے ہوواں

ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵਾਂ

| جے میں ایتھے ہوواں

ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵਾਂ

You are (pl.)  | تُساں ایتھے او

ਤੁਸਾਂ ਐਥੇ ਓ

| تُسِیں ایتھے او

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਐਥੇ ਓ

If you are to be here (pl.)  | جے تُساں ایتھے ہووو

ਜੇ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵੋ

| جے تُسِیں ایتھے ہووو

ਜੇ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵੋ

You are (sing.)  | تُوں ایتھے اَیں

ਤੂੰ ਐਥੇ ਐਂ

| تُوں ایتھے اَیں

ਤੂੰ ਐਥੇ ਐਂ

If you are to be here  | جے تُوں ایتھے ہوویں

ਜੇ ਤੂੰ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵੇਂ

| جے تُوں ایتھے ہوویں

ਜੇ ਤੂੰ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵੇਂ

He / She is here  | اوہ ایتھے اے

ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਐ

| اوہ ایتھے اے

ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਐ

If he / she is to be here  | جے اوہ ایتھے ہووے / ہویا

ਜੇ ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵੇ / ਹੋਇਆ

| جے اوہ ایتھے ہووے / ہویا

ਜੇ ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵੇ / ਹੋਇਆ

They are  | اوہ ایتھے ہِن / اوہ ایتھے نو

ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਹਿਨ / ਨੋਂ

| اوہ ایتھے نے

ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਨੇਂ

If they are to be here  | جے اوہ ایتھے ہوونڑ

ਜੇ ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵਣ

| جے اوہ ایتھے ہوونڑ

ਜੇ ਉਹ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਵਣ

We are here  | اساں ایتھے آں

ਅਸਾਂ ਐਥੇ ਆਂ

| اسیِں ایتھے آں

ਅਸੀਂ ਐਥੇ ਆਂ

If we are to be here  | جے اساں ایتھے ہوئِیے

ਜੇ ਅਸਾਂ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਈਏ

| جے اسیِں ایتھے ہوئِیے

ਜੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਐਥੇ ਹੋਈਏ

### Imperatives

[edit]

English  | Pothwari  | Jatki / Shahpuri  | Majhi

|
|
|

Tell him (sing.)  | اُسکی آکھ / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖ  | اوہن' آکھ / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖ  | اوہنُوں آکھ / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖ
Tell him (pl.)  | اُسکی آکھو / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੋ  | اوہن' آکھو / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖੋ  | اوہنُوں / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ
Do tell him (near future, sing.)  | اُسکی آکھِیں / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੀਂ  | اوہن' آکھِیں / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖੀਂ  | اوہنُوں آکھِیں / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੀਂ
Do tell him (near future, pl.)  | اُسکی آکھَئے / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੈ  | اوہن' آکھیائے / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖਿਆਏ  | اوہنُوں آکھیاجے / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖਿਆਜੇ
Tell him already (sing.)  | اُسکی آکھ کھاں / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖ ਖਾਂ  | اوہن آکھ کھاں / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖ ਖਾਂ  | اوہنُوں آکھ کھاں / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖ ਖਾਂ
Tell him already (pl.)  | اُسکی آکھو کھاں / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੋ ਖਾਂ  | اوہن' آکھو کھاں / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖੋ ਖਾਂ  | اوہنُوں آکھو کھاں / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ ਖਾਂ
Tell him (less commanding, sing.)  | اُسکی آکھی چھوڑ / سٹّو

ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੀ ਛੋੜ/ਸੱਟੋ

| اوہن' آکھ چھڈّ

ਓਹਨ' ਆਖ ਛੱਡ

| اوہنُوں آکھ چھڈّ / دے

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖ ਛੱਡ/ਦੇ

Tell him (less commanding, pl.)  | اُسکی آکھی چھوڑو / سٹّو

ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੀ ਛੋੜੋ/ਸੱਟੋ

| اوہن' آکھ چھڈّو

ਓਹਨ' ਆਖ ਛੱਡੋ

| اوہنُوں آکھ چھڈّو / دیو

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖ ਛੱਡੋ/ਦਿਓ

Please tell him (sing.)  | اُسکی آکھیں نا / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੋ-ਨਾ  | اوہن' آکھیں نا / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖੇਂ-ਨਾ  | اوہنُوں آکھیں نا / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੇਂ-ਨਾ
Please tell him (pl.)  | اُسکی آکھو نا / ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੇਂ-ਨਾ  | اوہن' آکھو نا / ਓਹਨ' ਆਖੋ-ਨਾ  | اوہنُوں آکھو نا / ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ-ਨਾ

### Common prepositions, adjectives and adverbs

[edit]

These are typically the same in Pothohari and Standard Punjabi, but some differences can be noted.

#### Prepositions and adverbs:

[edit]

English  | Pothohari  | Standard Punjabi

|
|

Which (relative)  | جیہڑا / ਜਿਹੜਾ  | جیہڑا / ਜਿਹੜਾ
Which (interogative)  | کیہڑا / ਕਿਹੜਾ  | کیہڑا / ਕਿਹੜਾ
If  | جے / ਜੇ  | جے / ਜੇ
And  | تے / ਤੇ  | تے / ਤੇ
Even / Also  | وی / ਵੀ  | وی / ਵੀ
Even if / Regardless  | بھاویں / ਭਾਵੇਂ  | بھاویں / ਭਾਵੇਂ
Near  | نیڑے / ਨੇੜੇ  | نیڑے / ਨੇੜੇ
Distant  | پرھاں / ਪਰ੍ਹਾਂ  | پرھاں / ਪਰ੍ਹਾਂ
Before / Previously  | اگّے / ਅੱਗੇ  | اگّے / ਅੱਗੇ
Hence / Thus  | تاں مارے / ਤਾਂ ਮਾਰੇ  | تاں کرکے / ਤਾਂ ਕਰਕੇ
Exactly why  | تاں ای / ਤਾਂਹੀ  | تاں ای / ਤਾਂਹੀ
First  | پہلوں / ਪਹਿਲੋਂ  | پہلوں / پہلاں

ਪਹਿਲੋਂ / ਪਹਿਲਾਂ

Once  | اِکّ واری / ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰੀ  | اِکّ واری / ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰੀ
Now  | ہُݨ / ਹੁਣ  | ہُݨ / ਹੁਣ
Just now  | ہُݨے / میسں

ਹੁਣੇ / ਮਸੇਂ

| ہُݨے / ਹੁਣੇ
Right at that time  | اوسے ویلے / ਓਸੇ ਵੇਲੇ  | اوسے ویلے / ਓਸੇ ਵੇਲੇ
Everytime  | ہر ویلے / ਹਰ ਵੇਲੇ  | ہر ویلے / ਹਰ ਵੇਲੇ
Sometimes  | کدے / ਕਦੇ  | کدے / کدی

ਕਦੇ / ਕਦੀ

Somewhere  | کِرے / کُرے

ਕਿਰੇ / ਕੁਰੇ

| کتِّے / کدِھرے

ਕਿੱਤੇ / ਕਿਧਰੇ

Here  | ایتھے / ਐਥੇ  | ایتھے / ਐਥੇ
When  | کدوں / ਕਦੋਂ  | کدوں / ਕਦੋਂ
Like this (adv.)  | ایوں / اِنج / اِسراں | ایوں / اِنج / اِس طرحاں
Like this (adj.)  | ایہے جیہا / ਇਹੇ-ਜਿਹਾ  | ایہو جیہا / ਇਹੋ-ਜਿਹਾ
Exactly this / Only this  | ایہے / ਇਹੇ  | ایہو / ਇਹੋ
Above  | اَپّر / ਅੱਪਰ  | اُتّے / اُپّر

ਉੱਤੇ / ਉੱਪਰ

Below  | تھلّے / ਥੱਲੇ  | تھلّے / ਥੱਲੇ
From below  | تھلُّوں / ਥੱਲੂੰ  | تھلّوں / ਥੱਲੋਂ
Right  | سجّے / ਸੱਜੇ  | سجّے / ਸੱਜੇ
Left  | کھبّے / ਖੱਬੇ  | کھبّے / ਖੱਬੇ
Within  | وِچّ / ਵਿੱਚ  | وِچّ / ਵਿੱਚ
From within  | وِچّّوں / ਵਿੱਚੂੰ  | وِچّوں / ਵਿੱਚੋਂ
Between  | وِشکار / ਵਿਸ਼ਕਾਰ  | وِچکار / ਵਿਚਕਾਰ
From  | تُوں / سُوں / کولُوں

ਤੂੰ / ਕੋਲੂੰ / ਸੂੰ

| توں / کولوں

ਤੋਂ / ਕੋਲੋਂ

From the front  | اگُّوں / ਅੱਗੂੰ  | اگّوں / ਅੱਗੋਂ
From behind  | پِچھُّوں، مگرُوں

ਪਿੱਛੂੰ / ਮਗਰੂੰ

| پِچھّوں، مگروں

ਪਿੱਛੋਂ / ਮਗਰੋਂ

In comparision  |  نالوُں / کولوُں

ਕੋਲੂੰ / ਨਾਲੂੰ

|  نالوں / کولوں

ਕੋਲੋਂ / ਨਾਲੋਂ

With (utility)  | نال / ਨਾਲ  | نال / ਨਾਲ
Furthermore  | نالے / ਨਾਲੇ  | نالے / ਨਾਲੇ
Yet / Still  | اجے / حالے

ਅਜੇ / ਹਾਲੇ

| اجے / حالے

ਅਜੇ / ਹਾਲੇ

With (possession)  | کول / ਕੋਲ  | کول / ਕੋਲ
Along / Including  | سنڑے / ਸਣੇ  | سنڑے / ਸਣੇ
ٰEverywhere  | چوہاں پاسے / ਚੌਹਾਂ-ਪਾਸੇ  | چوہاں پاسے / ਚੌਹਾਂ-ਪਾਸੇ
Properly  | چنگی طرحاں / ਚੰਗਾ-ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ  | چنگی طرحاں / ਚੰਗਾ-ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ
Harshly  | ڈاہڈا / ਡਾਹਢਾ  | ڈاہڈا / ਡਾਹਢਾ
With ease  | سوکھا / ਸੌਖਾ  | سوکھا / ਸੌਖਾ
With difficulty  | اوکھا / ਔਖਾ  | اوکھا / ਔਖਾ
Lest  | متے / ਮਤੇ  | متاں / کِتے ایہہ نہ ہووے

ਮਤਾਂ

Who knows  | خورے / ਖ਼ੌਰੇ  | خورے / ਖ਼ੌਰੇ
Very  | بہُوں / ਬਹੂੰ  | ਵਾਹਵਾ / ਬਾਹਲਾ

(بہوں is used in most Western Punjabi dialects)

Enough  | بتیرا / ਬਤੇਰਾ  | بتھیرا / بتیرا

ਬਤੇਰਾ / ਬਥੇਰਾ

Less  | گھٹّ / ਘੱਟ  | گھٹّ / ਘੱਟ
Alone  | کلھیوں / ਕੱਲ੍ਹਿਓਂ  | کلھیاں / ਕੱਲ੍ਹਿਆਂ
Together  | کٹھّیوں / ਕੱਠਿਓਂ  | کٹھّیاں / ਕੱਠਿਆਂ
Again  | مڑُی تے / ਮੁੜੀ-ਤੇ  | مڑُکے / ਮੁੜਕੇ
Repeatedly  | مڑُی مڑُی / ਮੁੜੀ ਮੁੜੀ  | مڑُ مڑُ / ਮੁੜ ਮੁੜ
Eventually  | ہَولے ہَولے / ਹੌਲੇ ਹੌਲੇ  | ہَولی ہَولی / ਹੌਲੀ ਹੌਲੀ
Quickly  | بہلی / ਬਹਿਲੀ  | چھیتی / ਛੇਤੀ
This much (quality.)  | ایڈا / ਐਡਾ  | ایڈا / ਐਡਾ
This much (quantity.)  | ہیتنڑاں / ਹੇਤਣਾਂ  | اِنّا / ਇੰਨਾ
Alright / Okay / Oh  | ਹਲਾ / ہلا | ਅੱਛਾ / اچّھا

Note:

* Some Majhi sub-dialects do use کٹھّیوں for کٹھّیاں
* Some Majhi sub-dialects use Kire / کِرے for somwhere (similar to Pothohari Kure / کُرے)
* Standard Punjabi makes use of اُپّر (similar to Pothohari اَپّر)
* The common Punjabi word Matā̃ is Mate in Pothohari, this is also used in some Shahpuri and Majhi sub-dialects
* In Pothohari مسیں means now, while in other dialects مسیں / مساں means "barely/hardly"
* The pronunciation وِشکار is not unique to Pothohari alone
* The word and expression ہلا / Hala is common throughout Western Punjab, also used in Majhi (Achha is also used)

#### Adjectives:

[edit]

In general these are also the same as in Standard Punjabi.

English  | Pothohari

|

| Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Transliteration
Difficult  | اوکھا | ਔਖਾ  |
Easy  | سَوکھا | ਸੌਖਾ  |
Small  | نِکّا | ਨਿੱਕਾ  |
Large  | بڑا / بڈّا (وڈّا in most Punjabi dialects) | ਬੜਾ / ਬੁੱਡਾ  |
Unfamiliar  | اوپرا | ਓਪਰਾ  |
New  | نوَاں | ਨਵਾਂ  |
Old  | پرانڑاں | ਪਰਾਣਾ  |
Straight  | سِدھّا | ਸਿੱਧਾ  |
Inverted  | پُٹھّا | ਪੁੱਠਾ  |
Crooked  | ڈِنگّا | ਡਿੰਗਾ  |
High  | اُچّا | ਉੱਚਾ  |
Low  | نِیواں | ਨੀਵਾਂ  |
Good  | چنگا | ਚੰਗਾ  |
Bad  | ماڑا / مندا | ਮਾੜਾ / ਮੰਦਾ  |
Very bad  | بھَیڑا | ਭੈੜਾ  |
Heavy  | بھارا | ਭਾਰਾ  |
Light  | ہَولا | ਹੌਲਾ  |
Narrow  | سَوڑا | ਸੌੜਾ  |
Open  | کھُلھّا | ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹਾ  |
Firm  | پِیڈا | ਪੀਡਾ  |
Loose  | ڈھِلّا | ਢਿੱਲਾ  |
Late  | چِرکا | ਚਿਰਕਾ  |
On time  | ویلے نال | ਵੇਲੇ-ਨਾਲ  |
Red  | رتّا لال | ਰੱਤਾ-ਲਾਲ  |
Crimson  | سُوہا کھٹّ | ਸੂਹਾ-ਖੱਟ  |
White  | چِٹّا دُدھّ | ਚਿੱਟਾ-ਦੁੱਧ  |
Black  | کالا شاہ | ਕਾਲਾ-ਸ਼ਾਹ  |
Yellow  | پِلّا زرد | ਪੀਲਾ-ਜ਼ਰਦ  |
Sweet  | مِٹھّا | ਮਿੱਠਾ  |
Bitter  | کَوڑا | ਕੌੜਾ  |
Slow  | مٹھّا | ਮੱਠਾ  |
Well  | بلّ (ولّ in most Punjabi dialects) | ਬੱਲ (ਵੱਲ in most Punjabi dialects) |
Empty  | سکھّنڑاں | ਸੱਖਣਾਂ  |
Filled  | بھریا | ਭਰਿਆ  |
Dry  | سُکّا / آٹھریا | ਸੁੱਕਾ / ਆਠਰਿਆ  |
Wet  | گِلّا / بھِجّا | ਗਿੱਲਾ / ਭਿੱਜਾ  |
Hot  | تتّا | ਤੱਤਾ  |
Cold  | ٹھڈّا | ਠੱਡਾ  |
Hungry  | بھُکھّا | ਭੁੱਖਾ  |
Fed  | رجّیا پُجّیا | ਰੱਜਿਆ-ਪੁੱਜਿਆ  |
Smart  | سیانڑا | ਸਿਆਣਾ  |
Fool  | جھلّا | ਝੱਲਾ  |
Only  | چھڑا | ਛੜਾ  |
Deep  | ڈُونگھا | ਡੂੰਘਾ  |
Beautiful  | سوہنڑاں | ਸੋਹਣਾ  |
Ugly  | کوجھا | ਕੋਝਾ  |
Evil  | لچُّا | ਲੁੱਚਾ  |
Faux naïf  | میِسنڑا | ਮੀਸਣਾ  |

Note:

* The word chhaṛa (unmarried) is also used to mean only/single in Pothohari, Shahpuri, Dhani and Gujrati-Majhi dialects. For example: Uski chhaṛa eh aakhin (Shahpuri: Ohnu chhaṛa eh aakhin), "Say only this to him"
* Unusual the among Punjabi dialects, is that Pothohari often uses Baṛá instead of Vaḍḍá.

### Suffixes

[edit]

The suffixes function entirely the same as they would in Standard Punjabi. Typical in Western dialects would be the use of -اُوں / ũ as opposed to -اوں / õ in Eastern dialects. However some sub-dialects of Pothwari may not follow this trend.

English  | Pothwari

|

Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Transliteraiton
At home  | گھرے | ਘਰੇ  | ghare
From home  | گھرُوں | ਘਰੂੰ  | gharũ
From here  | اَیتھوُں | ਐਥੂੰ  | aithũ
From Rawalpindi  | پِنڈیِوُں | ਪਿੰਡੀਊਂ  | pinḍiũ
From Dubai  | دُبئیِوُں | ਦੁਬਈਊਂ  | Dubaiũ
At night  | راتیِں | ਰਾਤੀਂ  | rátin
During day  | دیہاڑی | ਦਿਹਾੜੀ  | diháṛi
Within  | وِچّے | ਵਿੱਚੇ  | vichche
From within  | وِچُّوں | ਵਿੱਚੂੰ  | vichchũ
By (as in passing by)  | کولوُں | ਕੋਲੂੰ  | kolũ
From which side  | کیہڑے پاسیوں | ਕਿਹੜੇ ਪਾਸਿਓਂ  | kehṛe páseõ
In the corner  | نُکرے | ਨੁੱਕਰੇ  | nukkre
Morever  | نالے | ਨਾਲੇ  | nále
Now  | ہنُڑے | ਹੁਣੇ  | huṅe
Itself / On one's own  | آپُوں / آپے | ਆਪੇ / ਆਪੂੰ  | ápe / ápũ
This very  | ایسے | ਐਸੇ  | aise
That very  | اوسے | ਓਸੇ  | ose
From the thing  | گلوُں | ਗੱਲੂੰ  | gallũ
Within hands  | ہتّھے | ਹੱਥੇ  | haththe
From hands  | ہتّھوُں | ਹੱਥੂੰ  | haththũ
On the ear / Within the ear  | کنّیِں | ਕੰਨੀਂ  | kannin
From the ear  | کنّوُں | ਕੰਨੂੰ  | kannũ
At the feet  | پَیرِیں | ਪੈਰੀਂ  | pairin
From the feet  | پَیروُں | ਪੈਰੂੰ  | pairũ

### Tribal groupings

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to the same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe Birādrī/Barādarī (برادری) becomes Bilādrī/Balādarī (بل ادری) in Pahari-Pothwari and several other Punjabi dialects such as Jatki/Shahpuri.

### Numbering system

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of Standard Punjabi.

A point of departure from Eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of Trai (ترَے) instead of Tinn (تِنّ) for the number 3. Other Western Punjabi dialects also tend to use trai over tinn (including Western Majhi dialects).[52]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari

|

Numbers  | Numerals  | Transliteration  | Shahmukhi  | Numerals
One  | 1  | ikk | اِکّ | ۱
Two  | 2  | do | دو | ۲
Three  | 3  | trai | ترَے | ۳
Four  | 4  | chār | چار | ۴
Five  | 5  | panj | پَنج | ۵
Six  | 6  | che | چھے | ۶
Seven  | 7  | satt | سَتّ | ۷
Eight  | 8  | aṭṭh | اَٹّھ | ۸
Nine  | 9  | nau | نَو | ۹
Ten  | 10  | das | دَس | ۱۰

Pothwari, Majhi and other Western Punjabi dialects use Yārā̃ (یاراں) for Gyarā̃ (گیاراں), Trei (ترئی) for Tei (تئی) Panji (پنجِی) for Pachchi (پچّی) and Trih (ترِیہہ) for Tih (تِیہہ), for the numbers 11, 23, 25, and 30.

Unlike Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhani Punjabi dialects, Pothohari does not use Dāh for 10, and instead uses Das as in Eastern Punjabi and Urdu/Hindi.

#### A comparision of some numbers throughout the Punjabi dialects:

[edit]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Jhangochi / Shahpuri / Dhani  | Majhi  | Malvai

|
|
|
|

Numbers  | Numerals
One  | 1  | ikk or hikk

اِکّ یاں ہِکّ

| hikk / ہِکّ  | ikk / اِکّ  | ikk / اِکّ
Three  | 3  | trai / ترَے  | trae / ترَے  | tinn / تِنّ (Eastern)

trae / ترَے (Western)

| tinn / تِنّ
Ten  | 10  | das / دس  | dāh / داہ  | dah / دہ (Eastern)

das / دس (Western)

| das / دس
Eleven  | 11  | yārā̃ / یاراں  | yārā̃ / یاراں  | yārā̃ / یاراں  | geārā̃ / گیاراں
Twenty-three  | 23  | trei / ترئی  | trei / ترئی  | tei / تئی (Eastern)

trei / ترئی (Western)

| tei / تئی
Twenty-four  | 24  | chavvhi / چَوّھی  | chavvhi / چَوّھی  | chavvhi / چَوّھی  | chauvi / چَووی
Twenty-five  | 25  | panji / پنجی  | panji / پنجی  | panji / پنجی  | pachchi / پچّی
Thirty  | 30  | trih / ترِیہہ  | trih / ترِیہہ  | tih / تِیہہ (Eastern)

trih / ترِیہہ (Western)

| tih / تِیہہ
Forty-two  | 42  | batāli / بتالی  | batāli / بتالی  | batāli / بتالی  | beāli / بیالی
Forty-three  | 43  | tirtāli / تِرتالی  | tirtāli / تِرتالی  | tirtāli / تِرتالی  | titali / تِتالی
Forty-four  | 44  | churtāli / چُرتالی  | churtāli / چُرتالی  | churtāli / چُرتالی  | chautali / چَوتالی
Forty-six  | 46  | chhatāli / چھتالی  | chhatāli / چھتالی  | chhatāli / چھتالی  | chheāli / چھیالی
Forty-eight  | 48  | aṭṭhāli / اٹھّتالی  | aṭṭhāli / اٹھّتالی  | aṭṭhāli / اٹھّتالی  | aṛtāli / اڑتالی
Fifty-six  | 56  | chhivanja / چھِوَنجا  | chhivanja / چھِوَنجا  | chhivanja / چھِوَنجا  | chhapanja / چھپنجا
Seventy-five  | 75  | panjhattar / پنجھتّر  | panjhattar / پنجھتّر  | panjhattar / پنجھتّر  | pachattar / پچتّر
Eighty-five  | 85  | panjāsi / پنجاسی  | panjāsi / پنجاسی  | panjāsi / پنجاسی  | pachāsi / پچاسی

Note: Eastern Majhi uses dah for ten as "s" is often skipped (e.g: Asin becomes Ahi, Paise becomes Paihe)

#### Oblique form

[edit]

The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.

English  | Pothohari  | Jhangochi  | Majhi

|
|
|

I got it for forty-four  | ਮੈਂ ਇਹ ਚੁਰਤਾਲੀਆਂ ਨਾ ਆਂਦਾ ਆ

میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں نا آندا آ

| ਮੈਂ ਇਹ ਚੁਰਤਾਲੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਆਂਦਾ ਐ

میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں دا آندا اے

| ਮੈਂ ਇਹ ਚੁਤਾਲੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਆਂਦਾ ਐ

میں ایہہ چوتالیاں دا آندا آ

Above twenty-five or thirty  | ਪੰਜੀਆਂ-ਤ੍ਰੀਹਾਂ ਤੂੰ ਅੱਪਰ

پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اپّر

| ਪੰਜੀਆਂ-ਤ੍ਰੀਹਾਂ ਤੂੰ ਉੱਤੇ

پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے

| ਪੰਜੀਆਂ-ਤ੍ਰੀਹਾਂ ਤੂੰ ਉੱਤੇ

پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے

After two or four days  | ਦੌਂਹ-ਚੌਂਹ ਦਿਹਾੜਿਆਂ ਬਾਅਦ

دوَنہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں بعد

| ਦੌਂਹ-ਚੌਂਹ ਦਿਹਾੜਿਆਂ ਪਿੱਛੋਂ

دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں

| ਦੌਂਹ-ਚੌਂਹ ਦਿਹਾੜਿਆਂ ਪਿੱਛੋਂ

دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں

At 8:46  | ਅੱਠ-ਛਤਾਲੀਆਂ ਅੱਪਰ

اٹھّ چھتالیاں اپّر

| ਅੱਠ-ਛਤਾਲੀਆਂ ਤੇ

اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے

| ਅੱਠ-ਛਤਾਲੀਆਂ ਤੇ

اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے

For almost five lac  | ਪੰਜਾਂ-'ਕ ਲੱਖਾਂ ਨਾ

پنجاں اِک لکھّاں نا

| ਪੰਜਾਂ-'ਕ ਲੱਖਾਂ ਦਾ

پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا

| ਪੰਜਾਂ-'ਕ ਲੱਖਾਂ ਦਾ

پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا

Nearing twenty  | ਵੀਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਨੇੜੇ

وِیہاں نے نیڑے

| ਵੀਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ

وِیہاں دے نیڑے

| ਵੀਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ

وِیہاں دے نیڑے

To those who are in their fifties and sixties  | ਪੰਜਾਹਾਂ-ਸੱਠਾਂ ਆਲਿਆਂ ਕੀ

پنجاہاں سٹھّاں آلیاں کی

| ਪੰਜਾਹਾਂ-ਸੱਠਾਂ ਆਲਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ

پنجاہاں سٹھّاں آلیاں نُوں

| ਪੰਜਾਹਾਂ-ਸੱਠਾਂ ਆਲਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ

پنجاہاں سٹھّاں آلیاں نُوں

#### Ordinals

[edit]

The ordinal numbers are largely the same. The only difference occurs in the words for Second and Third. Second is Doowa (دووا) in Pothwari, whilst it is Dooja (دوجا) in Punjabi. Likewise Third is Treeya (تریا) in Pothwari whilst it is Teeja (تیجا) in Punjabi.

Western Punjabi diaects such as Jhangochi and Shahpuri may use both.

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Standard Punjabi  | Jhangochi / Shahpuri

|
|
|

Ordinals  | Shahmukhi  | Transliteration  | Shahmukhi  | Transliteration  | Shahmukhi  | Transliteration
First  | پہلا | Pehla  | پہلا | Pehla  | پہلا | Pehla
Second  | دوُآ | Dūwā  | دوُجا | Dūjjā  | دوُآ / دوُجا | Dūwā / Dūjjā
Third  | تریئا | Trīyā  | تیجا | Tījjā  | ترِجیا | Trījjā
Fourth  | چَوتھا | Chauttha  | چَوتھا | Chauttha  | چَوتھا | Chauttha

Similar to other Punjabi dialects, Pothohari also uses chhevā̃ for the sixth. This is in contrast to Hindi-Urdu that uses chaṭṭā.

(It can be noted that the -vā̃ suffix is common in Punjabi dialects, as in the words nivā̃ [low], navā̃ [new], manggvā̃ [borrowed], etc)

#### Numerical determiners

[edit]

These remain mostly the same throughout Punjabi dialects, for both absolute and oblique cases.

The form used for "all three" is difference in Western and Eastern dialects.

English  | Pothohari  | Jhangochi / Shahpuri  | Standard Punjabi

|
|
|

Both (absolute.)  | دوئے / ਦੋਏ  | دوہویں / ਦੋਹਵੇਂ  | دوویں / ਦੋਵੇਂ
Both (oblique.)  | دوواں / ਦੋਆਂ  | دوہواں / ਦੂਹਵਾਂ  | دوواں / ਦੋਵਾਂ
All three (absolute.)  | تریوے / ਤ੍ਰੈਵੇ  | ترَیوے / ਤ੍ਰੈਵੇ  | تِنّے / ਤਿੰਨੇ
All three (oblique.)  | تریواں / ਤ੍ਰੈਵਾਂ  | ترَیواں / ਤ੍ਰੈਵਾਂ  | تِنّاں / ਤਿੰਨਾਂ
All four (absolute.)  | چارے / ਚਾਰੇ  | چارے / ਚਾਰੇ  | چارے / ਚਾਰੇ
All four (oblique.)  | چَوہاں / ਚੌਹਾਂ  | چَوہاں / ਚੌਹਾਂ  | چَوہاں / ਚੌਹਾਂ
All five (absolute.)  | پنجے / ਪੰਜੇ  | پنجے / ਪੰਜੇ  | پنجے / ਪੰਜੇ
All five (oblique.)  | پنجاں / ਪੰਜਾਂ  | پنجاں / ਪੰਜਾਂ  | پنجاں / ਪੰਜਾਂ

Note:

* In Urdu/Hindi, there is no distinction between absolute and oblique (e.g: Donõ bhai ā gae / Donõ ko kahā)
* While in Pothohari and other Punjabi varieties such a distinction exists (e.g: Doe bhrā ashi rae / Doā̃ ki akheā)

### Pronouns

[edit]

Personal Pronouns  | English  | Pothohari  | Jatki/Shahpuri/Dhani  | Majhi  | Malvai

|
|
|
|
|

First person singular  | I  | ਮੈਂ / میں  | ਮੈਂ / میں  | ਮੈਂ / میں  | ਮੈਂ / میں
First person plural absolute  | We  | ਅਸਾਂ / اساں  | ਅਸੀਂ / اسِیں  | ਅਸੀਂ / اسِیں  | ਅਸੀਂ / اسِیں
First person plural oblique  | We  | ਅਸਾਂ / اساں  | ਅਸਾਂ / اساں  | ਅਸੀਂ / ਅਸਾਂ

اساں / اسِیں

| ਅਸੀਂ / اسِیں
Second person singular  | You  | ਤੂੰ / تُوں  | ਤੂੰ / تُوں  | ਤੂੰ / تُوں  | ਤੂੰ / تُوں
Second person plural absolute  | You  | ਤੁਸਾਂ / تُساں  | ਤੁਸੀਂ / تُسِیں  | ਤੁਸੀਂ / تُسِیں  | ਤੁਸੀਂ / تُسِیں
Second person plural oblique  | You  | ਤੁਸਾਂ / تُساں  | ਤੁਸਾਂ / تُساں  | ਤੁਸੀਂ / ਤੁਸਾਂ

تُساں / تُسِیں

| ਤੁਸੀਂ / تُسِیں
This person (near) absolute  | He / She

They

| ਇਹ / ایہہ  | ਇਹ / ایہہ  | ਇਹ / ایہہ  | ਇਹ / ایہہ
Third person singular (near) oblique  | He / She  | ਇਸ / اِس  | ਇਸ / اِس  | ਇਹਨੇ / ایہنے  | ਇਹਨੇ / ایہنے
Third person (distant) absolute  | He / She

They

| ਉਹ / اوہ  | ਉਹ / اوہ  | ਉਹ / اوہ  | ਉਹ / اوہ
Third person singular (distant) oblique  | He / She  | ਉਸ / اُس  | ਉਸ / اُس  | ਓਹਨੇ / اوہنے  | ਓਹਨੇ / اوہنے
Third person plural (near) oblique  | They  | ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ / اِنھاں  | ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ / اِنھاں  | ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ / اِنھاں  | ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ / اِنھاں نے
Third person plural (distant) oblique  | They  | ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ / اُنھاں  | ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ / اُنھاں  | ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ / اُنھاں  | ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ / اُنھاں نے

Note:

* In Pothohari Asā̃ kamm keetaa (oblique) and Asā̃ kamm karne ā̃ (absolute) both use Asā̃, whereas in Jatki/Shahpuri/Dhani dialects the first sentence will use Asā̃ and the second will use Asin. Western Majhi also tends to follow this rule. Eastern Punjabi rarely uses Asā̃ / Tusā̃.
* Eastern Punjabi in general does not make use of the ergative marker ne unless in third person. (Unhā̃ ne keeta / Kisay ne aakhea / Ohne vekhea). However, Pothohari and other Western Punjabi dialects (e.g: Jhangochi) never use ne, not even in third person (e.g: Unhā̃ keeta / Kise aakhya / Chaache horā̃ samjhaaya)
* The pronouns Is / Us are often pronounced as Hes / Hos or Es / Os.
* Some Pothwari sub-dialects may use As and Tus for the absolute case, however this appears to be less used.

Pronominal suffixes

Pothohari makes use of the general Punjabi suffixes.

* Ee when talking to someone without any extra respect but the quantity is singular (Tū̃ level)
* Nii when talking to someone without any extra respect but the quantity is plural (Tū̃ level)
* Ne when talking to someone with respect, functions for both singular and plural (Tusā̃ level)
* Us for third person singular, quantity may be singular or plural
* Ne for third person plural, quantity may be singular or plural

English  | Pothohari  | Jhangochi / Shahpuri  | Majhi

|
|
|

Alright what did he say next? (3rd person sing.)  | ਹਲਾ ਫ਼ੇਰ ਕੇ ਆਖਿਆਸ?

ہلا فیر کے آکھیاس؟

| ਹਲਾ ਮੁੜ ਕੀ ਆਖਿਉਸ?

ਹਲਾ ਮੁੜ ਕੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਸੂ?

ہلا مُڑکی آکھیُس؟

ہلا مُڑ کی آکھیا سُو؟

| ਹਲਾ ਫ਼ੇਰ ਕੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਸੂ?

ہلا فیر کی آکھیا سُو؟

Are you hands and feet broken? (2nd person plural.)  | ਹੱਥ ਪੈਰ ਭੱਜੇ ਨੀ?

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟

| ਹੱਥ ਪੈਰ ਭੱਜੇ ਨੀ?

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟

| ਹੱਥ ਪੈਰ ਭੱਜੇ ਨੀ? (ਜਾਂ ਟੁੱਟੇ)

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟ (یاں ٹُٹّے)

I brought it for you (2nd person sing.)  | ਇਹ ਮੈਂ ਤਹਾੜੇ ਆਸਤੇ ਆਂਦਾ ਈ

ایہہ میں تہاڑے آسطے آندا ای

| ਇਹ ਮੈਂ ਤੇਰੇ ਆਸਤੇ ਆਂਦਾ ਈ

ایہہ میں تیرے آسطے آندا ای

| ਇਹ ਮੈਂ ਤੇਰੇ ਆਸਤੇ ਆਂਦਾ ਈ

ایہہ میں تیرے آسطے آندا ای

Did you eat? (2nd person respect.)  | ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਧੀ ਨੇ?

روٹی کھادی نے؟

| ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਧੀ ਹਿਨੇ?

روٹی کھادی ہِنے؟

| ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਧੀ ਜੇ?

روٹی کھادی جے؟

He didn't even bother this much (3rd person sing.)  | ਹੇਤਣਾਂ ਵੀ ਨੇਸ ਆਖਿਆ

ہیتنڑاں وی نہیس آکھیا

| ਏਤਣਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਿਸੂ ਆਖਿਆ

ایتنڑاں وی نِسُو آکھیا

| ਇੰਨਾ ਵੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਖਿਆ ਸੂ

اِنّا وی نہیں آکھیا سُو

### Vocative case

[edit]

These cases remain the same between Pothohari and other dialects of Punjabi.

As example of the vocative case:

English  | Pothohari  | Majhi

|
|

Oh my son!  | او مہاڑیا پُتّرا  | او میریا پُتّرا
You born to a blind a woman!  | انّھی نیا  | انھّی دیا
Oh you people of God!  | او ﷲ نیو بندیو  | او ﷲ دیو بندیو
Listen to me girl  | نی کُڑِیئے گلّ سُنڑ  | نی کُڑِیئے گلّ سُنڑ
Brother!  | بھراوا  | بھراوا
Oh elderly! (can be singular)  | بزرگو  | بزرگو
My brothers  | مہاڑیو وِیرو  | میریو وِیرو

### Dative and definite object marker

[edit]

The dative and definite object marker in Pothwari is kī (ਕੀ /کی) as opposed to nū̃ (ਨੂੰ / نوں) in Standard Punjabi.

* The phrase: lokkā̃ nū̃ (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ / لوکاں نوں), meaning "to the people" in Standard Punjabi, would become lokkā̃ kī (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਕੀ / لوکاں کی) in Pothwari.

Hence, the objective personal pronouns would be as follows:

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Standard Punjabi

|
|

Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi
To me  | میکی | ਮਿਕੀ  | مَینُوں | ਮੈਨੂੰ
To you (sing.)  | تُکی | ਤੁਕੀ  | تَینُوں | ਤੈਨੂੰ
To you (plural.)  | تُساں کی | ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ  | تُہانُوں | ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ
To us  | اساں کی | ਅਸਾਂ ਕੀ  | سانُوں | ਸਾਨੂੰ
To him/her  | اُس کی | ਉਸ ਕੀ  | اوہنُوں | ਓਹਨੂੰ

### Genitive marker

[edit]

The genitive marker in Pahari-Pothwari is represented through the use of nā (ਨਾ / نا) as opposed to dā (ਦਾ / دا) in common Punjabi.[53]

* The phrase: lokkā̃ dā (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ / لوکاں دا), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pahari-Pothwari, would become lokkā̃ nā (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨਾ / لوکاں نا)

It should also be noted that in Pahari-Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard dā sound either, and is replaced with nā. This means that ākhdā would be ākhnā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to say" and similarly the word takkdā would be takknā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to look/to watch".

For example:

* Miki eh nih si cāhinā (میکی ایہہ نِیہ سی چاہینا), meaning "This is not what I wanted"
* Oh kai pyā ākhnā ae? (اوہ کے پیا آکھنا ہے؟), meaning "What is he saying?"
* This also affects the common Punjabi passive tense: Isrā̃ nih ākhī nā (اِسراں نہیں آکھی نا), instead of "ākhee dā", meaning "That's not how it should be said"

Note: In Punjabi dialects (e.g: Majhi, Jhangochi) it is not uncommon for the present tense to shift from "dā" to "nā " when in first person singular, first person plural and second person singular. In these cases all dialects end up utilizing the "nā " form of verb.

An example would be Noor Jehan's "Chann Māhi Tere Rāh Pyi Takkni Aā̃". (instead of Takkdi)

English  | Pothohari  | Majhi  | Jhangochi

|
|
|

We come  | اساں اچھنے آں

ਅਸਾਂ ਅਛਨੇ ਆਂ

| اسیِں آؤنے آں

ਅਸੀਂ ਆਉਨੇ ਆਂ

| اسیِں آنے آں

ਅਸੀਂ ਆਨੇ ਆਂ

What do you say?  | تُوں کے آہنا ایں؟

ਤੂੰ ਕੇ ਆਹਨਾ ਐਂ?

| تُوں کی آہنا ایں؟

ਤੂੰ ਕੀ ਆਹਨਾ ਐਂ?

| تُوں کی آہنا ایں؟

ਤੂੰ ਕੀ ਆਹਨਾ ਐਂ?

The things I do  | جیہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں

ਜਿਹੜੇ ਕੰਮ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ

| جیہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں

ਜਿਹੜੇ ਕੰਮ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ

| جیہڑے کمّ میں کرنا/کریٔنا آں

ਜਿਹੜੇ ਕੰਮ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ/ਕਰੇਨਾ ਆਂ

### Gentitive pronouns

[edit]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Jatki  | Hindko

|
|
|

Jhangvi/Shahpuri | Dhani
Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi
Mine  | مھاڑا  | ਮ੍ਹਾੜਾ  | میرا | ਮੇਰਾ  | مَینڈھا | ਮੈਂਢਾ  | مڑھا  | ਮੜ੍ਹਾ
Yours (sing.)  | تَہاڑا  | ਤ੍ਹਾੜਾ  | تیرا | ਤੇਰਾ  | تَینڈھا | ਤੈਂਢਾ  | تُڑھا  | ਤੁੜ੍ਹਾ
Yours (plural.)  | تُساں نا  | ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨਾ  | تُہاڈا  | ਤੁਹਾਡਾ  | تُساڈا / تُساں دا  | ਤੁਸਾਡਾ / ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ  | تُساں دا  | ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ
Ours  | اساں نا / ساہڑا  | ਅਸਾਂ ਨਾ / ਸਾੜਾ  | ساڈا  | ਸਾਡਾ  | اساڈا / اساں دا  | ਅਸਾਡਾ / ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ  | اساں دا  | ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ

### Oblique case of nouns

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in Standard Punjabi, but is seen in Hindko.[54]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Standard Punjabi

|
|

Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi
Housework  | گھرے نا کمّ  | ਘਰੇ ਨਾ ਕੰਮ  | گھر دا کمّ  | ਘਰ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ
Dinner  | راتی نی روٹی  | ਰਾਤੀ ਨੀ ਰੋਟੀ  | رات دی روٹی  | ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ
In a young age  | نِکّی عُمرے وِچّ  | ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ  | نِکّی عُمر وِچّ  | ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ
On my heart  | مھاڑے دِلّے اپّر  | ਮਹਾੜੇ ਦਿਲੇ ਅੱਪਰ  | میرے دِل تے  | ਮੇਰੇ ਦਿਲ ਤੇ
With care  | دھیاݨے نال  | ਧਿਆਣੇ ਨਾਲ  | دھیان نال  | ਧਿਆਨ ਨਾਲ
Patiently  | ارامے نال  | ਅਰਾਮੇ ਨਾਲ  | ارام نال  | ਅਰਾਮ ਨਾਲ
To my sister  | بھیݨُوں کی  | ਭੈਣੂਂ ਕੀ  | بھین نُوں  | ਭੈਣ ਨੂੰ
For my brother  | بھراُو آسطے  | ਭਰਾਊ ਆਸਤੇ  | بھرا آسطے  | ਭਰਾ ਆਸਤੇ
Important detail  | کمّے نی گلّ  | ਕੰਮੇ ਨੀ ਗੱਲ  | کمّ دی گلّ  | ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ
There's no accounting for taste  | شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوݨا  | ਸ਼ੌਂਕੇ ਨਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਣਾ  | شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا  | ਸ਼ੌਂਕ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ
Understand the point  | گلّے کی سمجھ  | ਗੱਲੇ ਕੀ ਸਮਝ  | گلّ نُوں سمجھ  | ਗੱਲ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ

### Adding "i" to root form of verb

[edit]

A peculiar feature of Pahari-Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.[55]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Standard Punjabi

|
|

Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi
It happened  | ہوئی گیا | ਹੋਈ ਗਿਆ  | ہو گیا | ਹੋ ਗਿਆ
It may be possible  | ہوئی سکنا اے  | ਹੋਈ ਸਕਣਾ ਐ  | ہو سکدا اے  | ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਐ
Together  | رلی مِلی تے  | ਰਲੀ ਮਿਲੀ ਤੇ  | رل مِل کے  | ਰਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ
Finish it  | مُکائی چھوڑ  | ਮੁਕਾਈ ਛੋੜ  | مُکا چھڈّ/چھوڑ  | ਮੁਕਾ ਛੋੜ/ਛੱਡ
Look  | تکّی گھِنو  | ਤੱਕੀ ਘਿਨੋ  | تکّ لوو  | ਤੱਕ ਲਵੋ
Come back after having lunch  | روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں | ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਈ ਤੇ ਮੁੜੀ ਅਛੀਂ  | روٹی کھا کے مُڑ آوِیں | ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾ ਕੇ ਮੁੜ ਆਵੀਂ
Eat it  | کھائی گھِن  | ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ  | کھا لَے  | ਖਾ ਲੈ
Sit quietly for once  | کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی ریہا کر | ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕੀ ਤੇ ਬਹੀ ਵੀ ਰਿਹਾ ਕਰ  | کدے ٹِک کے بہہ وی جایا کر | ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕ ਕੇ ਬਹਿ ਵੀ ਜਾਇਆ ਕਰ

## Vocabulary

[edit]

### General verbs

[edit]

A majority of the general verbs between Pothohari and most other dialects of Punjabi appears to be the same.[56]

English  | Pothohari  | Majhi

|
|

Taking out  | ਕੱਢਣਾ / کڈھّنڑا | ਕੱਢਣਾ / کڈھّنڑا
Taking off  | ਲਾਹਣਾ / لاہنڑا | ਲਾਹੁਣਾ / لاؤہنڑا
Applying  | ਲਾਣਾ / لانڑا | ਲਾਉਣਾ / لاؤنڑا
Decreasing  | ਘੱਟਣਾ / گھٹّنڑا | ਘੱਟਣਾ / گھٹّنڑا
Jumping  | ਛਾਲ ਮਾਰਨੀ / چھال مارنی | ਛਾਲ ਮਾਰਨੀ / چھال مارنی
Agreeing  | ਮੰਨਣਾ / منّنڑا | ਮੰਨਣਾ / منّنڑا
Hesitating  | ਝੱਕਣਾ / جھکّنڑا | ਝੱਕਣਾ / جھکّنڑا
Forgetting  | ਭੁਲੱਣਾ / بھُلّنڑا | ਭੁਲੱਣਾ / بھُلّنڑا
Wearing / Pouring  | ਬਾਣਾ / بانڑا | ਪਾਉਣਾ / پاؤنڑا
Lying / To be poured  | ਪੈਣਾ / پَینڑا | ਪੈਣਾ / پَینڑا
Sitting  | ਬਹਿਣਾ / بہنڑا | ਬਹਿਣਾ / بہنڑا
Breaking  | ਭੰਨਣਾ / بھنّنڑا | ਭੰਨਣਾ / بھنّنڑا
To get crushed  | ਪਿਹਾਣਾ / پِہانڑا | ਪਿਹਾਉਣਾ / پِہاؤنڑا
Returning  | ਮੋੜਨਾ / موڑنا | ਮੋੜਨਾ / موڑنا
Flipping  | ਪਰਤਾਣਾ / پرتانڑا | ਪਰਤਾਉਣਾ / پرتاؤنڑا
Seeing  | ਤੱਖਣਾ / تکھّنڑا | ਤੱਕਣਾ ਜਾਂ ਵੇਖਣਾ

تکّنڑا یاں ویکھنڑا

To be seen  | ਦਿੱਸਣਾ / دِسّنڑا | ਦਿੱਸਣਾ / دِسّنڑا
Telling  | ਦੱਸਣਾ / دسّنڑا | ਦੱਸਣਾ / دسّنڑا
Saying  | ਆਖਣਾ / آکھنڑا | ਆਖਣਾ / آکھنڑا
Running  | ਨੱਸਣਾ / نسّنڑا | ਨੱਸਣਾ / نسّنڑا
Falling  | ਢਹਿਣਾ / ڈھہنڑا | ਢਹਿਣਾ ਜਾਂ ਡਿੱਗਣਾ

ڈھہنڑا یاں ڈِگّنڑا

Slipping  | ਤਿਲਕਣਾ / تِلکنڑا | ਤਿਲਕਣਾ / تِلکنڑا
Chewing  | ਚਿੱਥਣਾ / چِتھّنڑا | ਚਿੱਥਣਾ / چِتھّنڑا
Coughing  | ਖੰਘਣਾ / کھنگھنڑا | ਖੰਘਣਾ / کھنگھنڑا
Raise  | ਚਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / چاڑھنا | ਚਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / چاڑھنا
Coming  | ਅਛਣਾ / اچھنڑا | ਆਉਣਾ / آؤنڑا
Walking  | ਟੁਰਨਾ / ٹُرنا | ਟੁਰਨਾ / ٹُرنا
Pulling  | ਛਿੱਕਣਾ / چھِکّنڑا | ਛਿੱਕਣਾ / ਖਿੱਚਣਾ

چھِکّنڑا / کھِچّنڑا

Passing  | ਲੰਘਣਾ / لنگھّنڑا | ਲੰਘਣਾ / لنگھّنڑا
Capturing  | ਮੱਲਣਾ / مَلّنڑا | ਮੱਲਣਾ / مَلّنڑا
Cooling  | ਠਾਰਨਾ / ٹھارنا | ਠਾਰਨਾ / ٹھارنا
Obtaining  | ਲੱਭਣਾ / لبھّنڑا | ਲੱਭਣਾ / لبھّنڑا
Lighting up  | ਬਾਲਣਾ / بالنڑا | ਬਾਲਣਾ / بالنڑا
Cooking  | ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / رِنھّنڑا | ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / رِنھّنڑا
Tying  | ਬੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / بنھّنڑا | ਬੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / بنھّنڑا
Roasting  | ਭੁੰਨਣਾ / بھُنّنڑا | ਭੁੰਨਣਾ / بھُنّنڑا
Slaughtering  | ਕੋਹਣਾ / کوہنڑا | ਕੋਹਣਾ / کوہنڑا
Milking  | ਚੋਣਾ / چونڑا  | ਚੋਣਾ / چونڑا
To be pregnant (of cattle)  | ਸੂਣਾ / سُونڑا  | ਸੂਣਾ / سُونڑا
To identify  | ਸਿਆਣਨਾ / سیانڑنا | ਸਿਆਣਨਾ / سیانڑنا
Throwing  | ਸੱਟਣਾ / سٹّنڑا | ਸੱਟਣਾ / ਸੁੱਟਣਾ

سُٹّنڑا / سٹّنڑا

Losing  | ਹਰਨਾ / ہرنا | ਹਰਨਾ / ہرنا
Entering  | ਬੜਨਾ / بڑنا | ਵੜਨਾ / وڑنا
Crumbling  | ਭੋਰਨਾ / بھورنا | ਭੋਰਨਾ / بھورنا
Covering  | ਕੱਜਣਾ / کجّنڑا | ਕੱਜਣਾ / کجّنڑا
Dividing  | ਵੰਡਣਾ / ونڈنڑا | ਵੰਡਣਾ / ونڈنڑا
Stuffing / Thrusting  | ਤੁੰਨਣਾ / تُنّنڑا | ਤੁੰਨਣਾ / تُنّنڑا
To press  | ਮੰਡਣਾ / منڈنڑا | ਮੰਡਣਾ / منڈنڑا
To vex  | ਖਪਾਣਾ / کھپانڑا | ਖਪਾਉਣਾ / کھپاؤنڑا
To spread  | ਖਿਲਾਰਨਾ / کھِلارنا | ਖਿਲਾਰਨਾ / کھِلارنا
To be stolen  | ਖੁੱਸਣਾ / کھُسّنڑا | ਖੁੱਸਣਾ / کھُسّنڑا
To blow  | ਫੂਕਣਾ / پھُوکنڑا | ਫੂਕਣਾ / پھُوکنڑا
To dust off  | ਛੰਡਣਾ / چھنڈنڑا | ਛੰਡਣਾ / چھنڈنڑا
To mix  | ਰਲਣਾ / رلنڑا | ਰਲਣਾ / رلنڑا
To dry  | ਸੁੱਕਣਾ / سُکّنڑا | ਸੁੱਕਣਾ / سُکّنڑا
Hanging  | ਲਮਕਣਾ / لمکنڑا | ਲਮਕਣਾ / لمکنڑا
Boiling  | ਕਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / کاڑھنا | ਕਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / کاڑھنا
Spilling  | ਡੋਲ੍ਹਣਾ / ڈولھنڑا | ਡੋਲ੍ਹਣਾ / ڈولھنڑا
Shining  | ਲਿਸ਼ਕਣਾ / لِشکنڑا | ਲਿਸ਼ਕਣਾ / لِشکنڑا
Plastering / Coating  | ਲਿੰਬਣਾ / لِنبنڑا | ਲਿੰਬਣਾ / لِنبنڑا
Maintain  | ਸਾਂਭਣਾ / سانبھنڑا | ਸਾਂਭਣਾ / سانبھنڑا
To take along  | ਖੜਨਾ / کھڑنا | ਖੜਨਾ / کھڑنا

Note:

* Eastern Majhi and Malvai use Khichchna for pulling, while Western Majhi, Jhangochi, Shahpuri, Pothohari use Chhikkna.
* Eastern dialects will use Bhann-Toṛ and Ṭuṭṭ-Bhajj, while Western dialects like Pothohari use Bhann-Troṛ and Truṭṭ-Bhajj.
* Saṭṭna for throwing is used in Western dialects, and Chaana for picking. (As opposed to Suṭṭna / Chukkna), though Pothohari may use Chukkna as well.
* Pothohari verbs do not seem to involve the -aavna or -aauna sound. This is similar to certain Majhi sub-dialects.
* Labbhna is used for obtaining and receiving as in most dialects of Punjabi, however it is often not used in the active sense. For this Pothohari prefers Loṛna. (The passive form of this word "Loṛeenda" is commonly used in Standard Punjabi)
* The Pothohari word for grabbing and holding is Nappṅa (common in Punjabi) and Lapaṛna (unique verb)

#### The passives remain the same throughout Punjabi dialects

[edit]

* Bhannṅa (to break) and Bhajjṅa (to be broken)
* Bhunnṅa (to roast) and Bhujjṅa (to be roasted)
* Bannhṅa (to tie) and Bajjhṅa (to be tied)
* Rinnhṅa (to cook) and Rijjhṅa (to be cooked)
* Ḍolhṅa (to spill) and Dullhṅa (to be spilt)
* Laahṅa (to take off) and Lehṅa (to descend/come off)
* Laveṛna (to besmear) and Livaṛna (to be besmeared)

#### The irregular past tense remains the same throughout Punjabi dialects

[edit]

Differences in brackets.

* Khaadhā
* Peetā
* Dittā
* Keetā
* Suttā
* Moeā
* Seāṅtā (Jhangochi/Shahpuri/Dhani: Seātā, Majhi: Seāṅeā)
* Latthā
* Ḍhaṭṭhā
* Baddhā
* Nahātā
* Dhotā
* Khaltā (In other dialects: Khalotā) e.g: Miki saɽke apar khalteon addhā ghantā hoi gya sā
* Baṅtā (In other dialects: Baṅeā) e.g: Chāʼ kadū̃ ni banti hoi ae
* Guddhā

#### Nā and Khā̃

[edit]

Used throughout Punjabi dialects (e.g: Majhi, Jhangochi, etc)

* Gall suṅeṉ-na (Please listen)
* Gall te suṅ-khā̃ (Listen up already)

Word for sleep

English  | Pothohari  | Jhangochi / Shahpuri  | Majhi

|
|
|

To sleep  | ਸੈਣਾ / سَینڑا  | ਸੌਂਣਾ / سَونڑا

ਸੰਵਣਾ / سن٘ونڑا

| ਸੌਣਾ / سَونڑا
Has slept  | ਸਈ ਰਿਹਾ

سئی ریہا

| ਸੈਂ ਪਿਆ / سَیں پیا

ਸੈਂ ਰਿਹਾ  / سَیں ریہا

| ਸੌਂ ਗਿਆ / سَوں گیا
He is sleeping  | ਉਹ ਸੈਣਾ ਐ ਪਿਆ

اوہ سَینڑا اے پیا

| ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦਾ ਐ ਪਿਆ

اوہ سَوندا اے پیا

| ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦਾ ਐ ਪਿਆ

اوہ سَوندا اے پیا

Asleep  | ਸੁੱਤਾ ਪਿਆ / سُتّا پیا  | ਸੁੱਤਾ ਪਿਆ / سُتّا پیا  | ਸੁੱਤਾ ਪਿਆ / سُتّا پیا
Having slept or

While asleep

| ਸੁੱਤਿਓਂ / سُتّیوں  | ਸੁੱਤਿਆਂ / سُتّیاں  | ਸੁੱਤਿਆਂ / سُتّیاں
After sleeping  | ਸਈ ਤੇ / سئی تے  | ਸੈਂ ਕੇ / سَیں کے

(or ਤੇ / تے)

| ਸੌਂ ਕੇ / سَوں کے
Go to sleep  | ਸਈ ਗੋ / سئی گو

ਸਈ ਜਾ / سئی جا

ਸਈ ਰੋਹ / سئی روہ

| ਸੈਂ ਪੋ / سَیں پو

ਸੈਂ ਜਾ / سَیں جا

ਸੈਂ ਰੋਹ / سَیں روہ

| ਸੌਂ ਜਾ

سَوں جا

He is to sleep  | ਉਹ ਸਏ / اوہ سئے  | ਉਹ ਸੌਂਵੇ / اوہ سَون٘وے  | ਉਹ ਸੌਂਵੇ / اوہ سَون٘وے
Putting to sleep  | ਸੰਵਾਲਣਾ

سن٘واولنڑا

| ਸੰਵਾਵਣਾ

سن٘واونڑا

| ਸੰਵਾਉਣਾ

سن٘واؤنڑا

### Family relations

[edit]

The names of family relations are mostly the same throughout the Punjabi dialects.

English  | Punjabi / Pothohari

|

Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi
Mother / Father  | ਮਾਂ ਪਿਓ  | ماں پیو
Son / Daughter  | ਧੀਆਂ ਪੁੱਤਰ  | دھِیاں پُتّر
Brother / Sister  | ਭੈਣਾਂ ਭਰਾ (ਵੀਰ)  | بھَینڑاں بھرا (وِیر)
Husband  | ਘਰ ਆਲਾ / ਜਣਾ / ਖਸਮ  | گھر آلا / جنڑا / کھسم
Wife  | ਘਰ ਆਲੀ / ਜ਼ਨਾਨੀ  | گھر آلی / زنانی
Grandchildren (from son)  | ਪੋਤਰੇ ਪੋਤ੍ਰੀਆਂ  | پوترے پوترِیاں
Grandchildren (from daughter)  | ਦੋਤਰੇ ਦੋਤ੍ਰੀਆਂ  | دوترے دوترِیاں
Son-in-law  | ਜਵਾਈ  | جوائی
Daughter-in-law  | ਨੋਂਹ  | نونہہ
Mother-in-law  | ਸੱਸ  | سسّ
Father-in-law  | ਸਹੁਰੇ  | سوہرے
Husband's sister  | ਨਨਾਣ  | ننانڑ
Sister's husband  | ਭਣਵਈਆ  | بھنڑوئیا
Brother's wife  | ਭਰਜਾਈ  | بھرجائی
Father's brother / Father's sister  | ਚਾਚਾ / ਫੁੱਫੀ  | چاچا / پُپھّی
Father's brother's wife  | ਚਾਚੀ  | چاچی
Father's sister's husband  | ਫੁੱਫੜ  | پُھپھّڑ
Mother's brother / Mother's sister  | ਮਾਮਾ / ਮਾਸੀ  | ماما / ماسی
Mother's brother's wife  | ਮਾਮੀ  | مامی
Mother's sister's husband  | ਮਾਸੜ  | ماسڑ
Cousin from father's brother  | ਚਚੇਰ / ਦਾਦ-ਪੋਤ੍ਰਾ  | چچیر / داد پوترا
Cousin from father's sister  | ਫੁਫੇਰ  | پھُپھیر
Cousin from mother's brother  | ਮਲਵੇਰ  | ملویر
Cousin from mother's sister  | ਮਸੇਰ  | مسیر

Some words unique to Pothohari include:

* Daad-Potraa to refer to a cousin (Son of father's brother, Potraa is a common Punjabi word)
* Be for mother (Eastern Punjabi does use Be-Be for mother)
* Bhaapaa for brother (Sometimes used in Eastern-Majhi)

### Body part names

[edit]

Names of body parts are the same throughout Punjabi dialects with minimal differences if any.

English  | Pothohari  | Jhangochi / Shahpuri  | Majhi

|
|
|

Eyes  | ਅੱਖੀਆਂ / اکھِّیاں  | ਅੱਖੀਆਂ / ਅੱਖੀਂ / اکھِّیاں / اکھِیں  | ਅੱਖਾਂ / اکھّاں
Head  | ਸਿਰ / سِر  | ਸਿਰ / سِر  | ਸਿਰ /سِر
Forehead  | ਮੱਥਾ / متھّا  | ਮੱਥਾ / متھّا  | ਮੱਥਾ / متھّا
Eyelashes  | ਪਿੱਮਣੀਆਂ / پِمنڑِیاں  | ਪਿੱਪਣੀਆਂ / پِپّنڑیاں  | ਪਲਕਾਂ / پلکاں
Eyebrows  | ਭਰਵੱਟੇ / بھروٹّے  | ਭਰਬਿੱਟੇ / بھربِٹّے  | ਭਰਵੱਟੇ / بھروٹّے
Eyelids  | ਛੱਪਰ / چھپّر  | ਛੱਪਰ / چھپّر  | ਛੱਪਰ / چھپّر
Eyeballs  | ਆਨੇ / آنّے  | ਆਨੇ / آنّے  | ਆਨੇ / آنّے
Ears  | ਕੰਨ / کنّ  | ਕੰਨ / کنّ  | ਕੰਨ / کنّ
Arms  | ਬਾਹਾਂ / باہاں  | ਬਾਹੀਂ / باہِیں  | ਬਾਹਵਾਂ / باہواں
Throat  | ਸੰਘ / سنگھ  | ਸਘ / سگّھ  | ਸੰਘ / سنگھ
Neck  | ਧੌਣ / دھَونڑ  | ਧੌਣ / دھَونڑ  | ਧੌਣ / دھَونڑ
Shoulders  | ਮੋਢੇ / موڈھے  | ਮੋਢੇ / موڈھے  | ਮੋਢੇ / موڈھے
Elbow  | ਅਰਕ / ارک  | ਅਰਕ / ارک  | ਅਰਕ / ارک
Nails  | ਨਹੁੰ / نَونہہ  | ਨਹੁੰ / نَونہہ  | ਨਹੁੰ / نَونہہ
Hands  | ਹੱਥ / ہتھّ  | ਹੱਥ / ہتھّ  | ਹੱਥ / ہتھّ
Fingers  | ਅੰਗਲਾਂ / انگلاں  | ਅੰਗਲਾਂ / انگلاں  | ਉਂਗਲਾਂ / اُنگلاں
Belly  | ਢਿੱਡ / ڈھِڈّ  | ਢਿੱਡ / ڈھِڈّ  | ਢਿੱਡ / ڈھِڈّ
Waist  | ਲੱਕ / لکّ  | ਲੱਕ / لکّ  | ਲੱਕ / لکّ
Legs  | ਲੱਤਾਂ / لتّاں  | ਲੱਤਾਂ / لتّاں  | ਲੱਤਾਂ / لتّاں
Knees  | ਗੋਡੇ / گوڈے  | ਗੋਡੇ / گوڈے  | ਗੋਡੇ / گوڈے
Ankles  | ਗਿੱਟੇ / گِٹّے  | ਗਿੱਟੇ / گِٹّے  | ਗਿੱਟੇ / گِٹّے
Feet  | ਪੈਰ / پَیر  | ਪੈਰ / پَیر  | ਪੈਰ / پَیر
Palm  | ਤੱਲੀ / تلّی  | ਤੱਲੀ / تلّی  | ਤੱਲੀ / تلّی
Teeth  | ਦੰਦ / دند  | ਦੰਦ / دند  | ਦੰਦ / دند
Molars  | ਹਣਿਓਂ / ہنڑیوں  | ਹਣਿਓਂ / ہنڑیوں  | ਜਾੜ੍ਹਾਂ / جاڑھاں
Tongue  | ਜੀਭ / جِیبھ  | ਜਿੱਭ / جِبھّ  | ਜੀਭ / جِیبھ
Nose  | ਨੱਕ / نکّ  | ਨੱਕ / نکّ  | ਨੱਕ / نکّ
Nostrils  | ਨਾਸਾਂ / ناساں  | ਨਾਸਾਂ / ناساں  | ਨਾਸਾਂ / ناساں
Face  | ਮੂੰਹ  | ਮੂੰਹ  | ਮੂੰਹ
Back  | ਕੰਡ / کنڈ  | ਕੰਡ / کنڈ  | ਕੰਡ / کنڈ
Hips  | ਢਾਕਾਂ / ڈھاکاں  | ਢਾਕਾਂ / ڈھاکاں  | ਢਾਕਾਂ / ڈھاکاں
Hip bone  | ਚੂਕਣਾ / چُوکنڑا  | ਚੂਕਣਾ / چُوکنڑا  | ਚੂਕਣਾ / چُوکنڑا

### Words for "Coming" and "Going"

[edit]

The Pahari-Pothwari word for "coming" is acchṇā, whereas for "going" gacchṇā, julṇā and jāṇā are used.[55]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Jatki | Standard Punjabi

|
|
|

Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi  | Shahmukhi  | Gurmukhi
I am coming  | میں اچھنا پیا ہاں | ਮੈਂ ਅੱਛਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ  | میں آوندا پیا ہاں | ਮੈਂ ਆਵੰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ  | میں آوندا پیا ہاں | ਮੈਂ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ
I am going  | میں گچھنا پیا ہاں

میں جُلنا پیا ہاں

| ਮੈਂ ਗੱਛਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ

ਮੈਂ ਜੁਲਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ

| میں ویندا پیا ہاں

میں جاوندا پیا ہاں

| ਮੈਂ ਵੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ

ਮੈਂ ਜਾਵੰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ

| میں جاندا پیا ہاں | ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ
I am not understanding  | میکی سمجھ نِیہ اچھنی پئی | ਮਿਕੀ ਸਮਝ ਨ੍ਹੀ ਅੱਛਨੀ ਪਈ  | مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی | ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਵੰਦੀ ਪਈ  | مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی | ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਪਈ
I will leave tomorrow  | میں کلّ گیساں

میں کلّ جُلساں

| ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਗੇਸਾਂ

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜੁਲਸਾਂ

| میں کلّھ ویساں

میں کلّھ جاساں

| ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵੇਸਾਂ

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜਾਸਾਂ

| میں کلّھ جاواں گا | ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ
We are going for work  | اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے ہاں | ਅਸਾਂ ਕੰਮੇ ਅੱਪਰ ਜੁਲੇ ਹਾਂ  | اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں | ਅਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਹਾਂ  | اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں | ਅਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਹਾਂ
It happens  | ہوئی گچھنا اے

ہوئی جُلنا اے

ہوئی جانا اے

| ਹੋਈ ਗੱਛਨਾ ਏ

ਹੋਈ ਜੁਲਨਾ ਏ

ਹੋਈ ਜਾਨਾ ਏ

| ہو ویندا ہے

ہو جاوندا ہے

| ਹੋ ਵੇਂਦਾ ਹੈ

ਹੋ ਜਾਵੰਦਾ ਹੈ

| ہو جاندا ہے | ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ
Sit down  | بہی جُل

بہی گچھ

بہی جا

| ਬਹੀ ਜੁਲ

ਬਹੀ ਗੱਛ

ਬਹੀ ਜਾ

| بہہ ونج

بہہ جا

| ਬਹਿ ਵੰਞ

ਬਹਿ ਜਾ

| بہہ جا | ਬਹਿ ਜਾ
I will take him along  | اُسکی وی نال گھِنی گیساں

اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں

| ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਗੈਸਾਂ

ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜੁਲਸਾਂ

| اوہنُوں وی نال لے ویساں/جاساں

اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن ویساں

| ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸਾਂ/ਜਾਸਾਂ

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸਾਂ

| اوہنُوں وی نال لَے جاواں گا | ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ

The imperative for gacchṇā is both gacch and gau.

### Causative verbs

[edit]

For verbs ending in a vowel, the Pahari-Pothwari causative verbs end with -ālṇā [57] as opposed to other dialects where it would end in -āuṇā or -āvṇā.

Note how in Urdu/Hindi these verbs end -lānā.

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Standard Punjabi  | Jatki  | Urdu/Hindi

|
|
|
|

To cause to eat  | کھواولݨا / ਖਵਾਲਣਾ  | کھواؤݨا / ਖਵਾਉਣਾ  | کھواوَݨا / ਖਵਾਵਣਾ  | کھِلانا / खिलाना
To cause to drink  | پیالݨا / ਪਿਆਲਣਾ  | پیاؤݨا / ਪਿਆਉਣਾ  | پِواوَݨا / ਪਿਵਾਵਣਾ  | پِلانا / पिलाना
To cause to bathe  | نہوالݨا / ਨਵ੍ਹਾਲਣਾ  | نہواؤݨا / ਨਵ੍ਹਾਉਣਾ  | نہواوَݨا / ਨਵ੍ਹਾਵਣਾ  | نہلانا / नहलाना
To cause to wash  | دھوواݨا / ਧੁਆਣਾ  | دھوواؤݨا / ਧੁਆਉਣਾ  | دھوواوَݨا / ਧੁਆਵਣਾ  | دھُلانا / धुलना
To cause to cry  | رووالݨا / ਰੁਆਲਣਾ  | روواؤݨا / ਰੁਆਉਣਾ  | روواوَݨا / ਰੁਆਵਣਾ  | رُلانا / रुलाना
To cause to sleep  | سوالݨا / ਸਵਾਲਣਾ  | سنواؤݨا / ਸੰਵਾਉਣਾ  | سنواوَݨا / ਸੰਵਾਵਣਾ  | سُلانا / सुलाना
To get sewn  | سِواݨا / ਸਿਵਾਣਾ  | سِواؤݨا / ਸਿਵਾਉਣਾ  | سِواوَݨا / ਸਿਵਾਵਣਾ  | سِلانا / सिलना
To cause to sit  | بہالݨا / ਬਹਾਲਣਾ  | بہاؤݨا / ਬਹਾਉਣਾ  | بہاوَݨا / ਬਹਾਵਣਾ  | بِٹھانا / बिठाना
To cause to stand  | اُٹھالݨا / ਉਠਾਲਣਾ  | اُٹھاؤݨا / ਉਠਾਉਣਾ  | اُٹھاوَݨا / ਉਠਾਵਣਾ  | اُٹھانا / उठाना

Note:

* For some reason, the verbs Dhuāṇā and Sivāṇā in Pothohari are the same as in all dialects (not using -ālṇā)
* This feature also exists commonly in the Majhi dialect. (e.g: Vikhālṇā, Bahālṇā, Sikhālṇā)
* Some dialects of Majhi may use -āvṇā like Jatki-Shahpuri

### Words used for "Taking" and "Bringing"

[edit]

Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of Ghinṇā (گھِننا)[58][59] and Aaṇnā (آننا)[60][61] instead of the Eastern Punjabi words Laiṇā (لَینا) and Lyāṇā (لیانا).

Notice how Ghin āo becomes Ghini achho, and Ghin ghidā becomes Ghini ghidā in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary.

English  | Jatki | Pahari-Pothwari | Hindko | Saraiki

|
|
|
|

Shahpuri/Jhangochi | Dhanni
From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today.  | کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਲਿਆ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਲਵੋ

| کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ

| کلّ سوں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਸੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ ਵੀ ਆਣੀ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰੀ ਘਿਨੋ

| کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਆਂ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ

| کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਡਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ

Bring him along as well.  | اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਆਵੋ

| اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ

| اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو

ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਅਛੋ

| اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ

ਉਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਓ

| اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو

ਊਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ

They took it from me as well  | اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ

| اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਢੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ

| اُنھاں مھاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮਹਾੜੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨੀ ਘਿਦਾ

| اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੜ੍ਹੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ

| اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਡੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ

He is coming  | اوہ لیاندا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

| اوہ اݨیدا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

| اوہ آݨنا پیا اے

ਓਹ ਆਣਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

| اوہ آݨدا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਆਣਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

| اوہ اݨیدا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

We will also have to bring them back  | اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਲਿਆਵਣਾ ਹੋਸੀ

| اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

| اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੀ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

| اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

| اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

Eat it  | کھا لَے

ਖਾ ਲੈ

| کھا گھِن

ਖਾ ਘਿਨ

| کھائی گھِن

ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ

| کھا گھِن

ਖਾ ਘਿਨ

| کھا گھِن

ਖਾ ਘਿਨ

Bring it

Brought it

| چا لیاؤ

چا لیاندا

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਓ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ

| چا آݨو

چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ

| چائی آݨو

چائی آندا

ਚਾਈ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾਈ ਆਂਦਾ

| چا آݨو

چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ

| چا آݨو

چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ

Take it

Took it

| چا لوو

چا لیا

ਚਾ ਲਵੋ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆ

| چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ

| چائی گھِنو

چائی گھِدا

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਦਾ

| چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ

| چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ

He will take him along  | اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی

اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸੀ/ਜਾਸੀ

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਸੀ

| اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੈਸੀ

| اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی/ جُلسی/ جاسی

ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਗੇਸੀ / ਜੁਲਸੀ / ਜਾਸੀ

| اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی

ਉਹ ਇਸਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਜੁਲਸੀ

| اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی

ਉਹ ਈਕੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸੀ

### Interrogative words

[edit]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Jatki  | Standard

|
|
|

Why  | کِیاں

ਕੀਆਂ

| کیوں

ਕਿਓਂ

| کیوں

ਕਿਓਂ

Where  | کتھے

ਕੁੱਥੇ

| کِتھّے

ਕਿੱਥੇ

| کِتھّے

ਕਿੱਥੇ

Whither  | کُدھّر

ਕੁੱਧਰ

| کِدّے

ਕਿੱਦੇ

| کِدّھر

ਕਿੱਧਰ

Who  | کُݨ

ਕੁਣ

| کَوݨ

ਕੌਣ

| کَوݨ

ਕੌਣ

What?  | کے؟

| کیہہ / کی

ਕੇਹ / ਕੀ

| کی / کِیہہ

ਕੀ / ਕੀਹ

### Pahari-Pothwari vocabulary similarities with other Western Punjabi dialects

[edit]

English  | Pahari-Pothwari  | Jatki  | Hindko  | Saraiki

|
|
|
|

Very / Much  | بُہو  | بہُوں  | بہُوں  | بہُوں
Go to sleep  | سئی گو  | سَیں ونج | سَیں جُل | سم ونج
Alright / Okay  | ہلا  | ہلا  | ہلا  | ہلا
Boy  | جاکت / جاتک  | جاتک / چھوہر  | جندک  | چھُوہر
What is his name?  | کے ناں اُسنا؟  | کیہ/کے ناں اُس؟  | کے ناں اُس؟  | کیا ناں اُس؟
Take  | گھِنو  | لَوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

گھِنو (دھنی)

| گھِنو  | گھِنو
Bring  | آݨو  | لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

آنو (دھنی)

| آنو  | آنو
He speaks like us  | اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے  | اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے | اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے  | اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے
Let's go  | آ جُلِیَے | آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے | آ جُلاں  | آ جُلُوں
Lift/Raise  | چاؤ  | چاوو  | چاؤ  | چاوو
Life  | حیاتی | حیاتی | حیاتی | حیاتی

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in Ethnologue (2017) to be about 1 million as of 2000.
2. ^ There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.
3. ^ According to Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 2). Abbasi (2010, p. 104) adds as a fourth dialect the Poonchi spoken from Poonch to the Neelam Valley. Yet another classification is reportedly presented in Karnai (2007).
4. ^ For example, according to the 1981 census report for Rawalpindi District, 85.1% of households had Punjabi as mother tongue. In any census, only a small number of major languages have been counted separately, and there has not been a separate option available for either Pahari or Pothwari.
5. ^ One language activist from the diaspora in Britain "[has] said that he does not give the language a single name because those who speak the language call it many different things." (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
6. ^ Some, at least in the British diaspora, consider this term to be a misnomer if applied to the language. (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
7. ^ The similarity between wordlists containing 217 items of basic vocabulary from each location. (Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 15–16)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Pahari". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
2. ^ Hussain, Qandeel (2020-12-31). "Punjabi (India and Pakistan) – Language Snapshot". Language Documentation and Description. 19: 144. doi:10.25894/ldd71.
3. ^ Masica 1991, p. 440.
4. ^ a b Shackle 1983, p. 183.
5. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 201: Pothohari "is often so close to Panjabi that any attempt to maintain the Lahndi scheme ought probably to reckon it as 'Lahndi merging into Panjabi'."
6. ^ Rahman, Tariq (1995-01-01). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems and Language Planning. 19 (1): 16. doi:10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah. ISSN 0272-2690.
7. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 2.
8. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 86\. Speakers from Muzaffarabad "consider the Mirpur dialect different enough that it is difficult to understand."
9. ^ The alternative English spellings are from Ethnologue (2017).
10. ^ a b c Abbasi & Asif 2010, p. 201.
11. ^ a b Grierson 1919, p. 432.
12. ^ John, Asher (2009). "Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers". CardinalScholar 1.0.
13. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 19, 112.
14. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2012, pp. 12, 26. At least in terms of lexical similarity..
15. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 5, 19, 100.
16. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 44.
17. ^ Shackle 2007, p. 114.
18. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 1.
19. ^ Hussain 2015, pp. 483–84.
20. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 23.
21. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5.
22. ^ a b Abbasi 2010, p. 104.
23. ^ Hindko according to Lothers & Lothers (2010, pp. 5, 39) and Dhundi according to Grierson (1919, p. 495). Pahari is reported in both sources.
24. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 40, 126–27. The speakers of Pahari in Abbottabad District regard the Hindko of the city of Abbottabad as a different language.
25. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 40.
26. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5, 8.
27. ^ Grierson 1919, p. 505.
28. ^ Grierson 1919, p. 505 and corresponding map.
29. ^ Abbasi 2010, p. 104; Abbasi & Asif 2010, pp. 201–202
30. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, sec. 3.1. The varieties surveyed here are from Bagh and Muzaffarabad.
31. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24\. The wordlists that form the basis of this comparison are from the variety of Neela Butt.
32. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 24–25.
33. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 26, 80.
34. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 108, 110.
35. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24.
36. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 26; Akhtar & Rehman 2007, p. 68\. The conclusion is similarly based on lexical similarity and the comparison is with the Hindko of the Kaghan Valley on one hand and with the Pahari of the Murre Hills on the other.
37. ^ A 2000 estimate reported in Ethnologue (2017)
38. ^ Singh 2014, p. 18; Bhat 2014, ch. 1, pp. 38, 40
39. ^ Lists of regions and settlements are found in Bhat (2014, ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44) and Kour (2014).
40. ^ "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
41. ^ Kaul 2006, pp. 42, 256–8.
42. ^ Hussain 2015.
43. ^ Nazir, Farah. "What is the name of my language?". University of Oxford: Creative Multilingualism. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
44. ^ a b "Language, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
45. ^ a b c Kogan, Anton I. (2011). Potxoxari Jazyk. Tatiana I. Oranskaya and Yulia V. Mazurova and Andrej A. Kibrik and Leonid I. Kulikov and Aleksandr Y. Rusakov (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Novye Indoarijskie Jazyki: Moskva: Academia. pp. 516–527.
46. ^ Khan, Abdul Qadir (2013). A Preliminary Study of Pahari Language and its Sound System. pp. 1–20.
47. ^ "Lahnda Structure". lisindia.ciil.org. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
48. ^ "Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi". archive.org. p. 50\. "The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings"
49. ^ "Uth jaag ghurarry mar nhen – Bulleh Shah". Folk Punjab. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
50. ^ "اُٹھ جاگ گُھراڑے مار نہیں – بلھے شاہ". Folk Punjab (in Punjabi). Retrieved 2023-06-03.
51. ^ J. Wilson (1898). Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District). p. 54\. "me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃."
52. ^ Bailey, Thomas Grahame (2013). Languages of the Northern Himalayas: Being Studies In The Grammar Of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects. Cambridge University Press.
53. ^ J. Wilson. Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District). p. 1"the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District"`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
54. ^ J. Wilson. Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District). p. 9\. "In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine."
55. ^ a b شیراز طاہر (2016). شیراز اُللغات.
56. ^ Oct 24; Books, 2018 |. "Shiraz ul Lughat | Gandhara Hindko Board". Retrieved 2024-11-28. `{{cite web}}`: `|first2=` has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
57. ^ "Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-26. "کھوالن مصدر کھواون."
58. ^ Singh, Maya (1895). "The Panjabi dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-21. "GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take"
59. ^ Grammar and dictionary of Western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur district with proverbs, sayings and verses. Punjab Government Press, Lahore. 1899. p. 1\. "Ghinn for Le (Take)."
60. ^ A. Jukes (1900). Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language. p. 22\. "آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring."
61. ^ "Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-21.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* 1981 District Census Report of Rawalpindi. Vol. 44\. Islamabad: Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. 1984. p. 95.
* Abbasi, Muhammad Gulfraz (2010). "Is It a Language Worth Researching?". Language in India. 10 (7).
* Abbasi, Muhammad Gulfraz; Asif, Saiqa Imtiaz (2010). "Dilemma of Usage and Transmission-A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Dhundi-Pahari in Pakistan". Language in India. 10 (5): 197–214. ISSN 1930-2940.
* Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640.
* Baart, Joan L. G. (2003). Sustainable Development and the Maintenance of Pakistan's Indigenous Languages. Islamabad.
* Bhat, Javeed Ahmad (2014). Politics of Reservations: A Comparative Study of Gujjars and Paharis of Jammu and Kashmir (PhD). Aligarh Muslim University. hdl:10603/167183.
* Grierson, George A. (1919). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII, Part 1, Indo-Aryan family. North-western group. Specimens of Sindhī and Lahndā. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
* Hussain, Serena (2015). "Missing From the 'Minority Mainstream': Pahari-speaking Diaspora in Britain". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 36 (5): 483–497. doi:10.1080/01434632.2014.953539. ISSN 0143-4632. S2CID 55100616.
* Kaul, Pritam Krishen (2006). Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu. Vol. 1\. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers. ISBN 8178541017.
* Kour, Updesh (2014). "Punchi". In Devy, G. N.; Koul, Omkar N. (eds.). The Languages of Jammu & Kashmir. People's linguistic survey of India. Vol. 12\. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan. pp. 261–78. ISBN 978-81-250-5516-7.
* Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
* Lothers, Laura; Lothers, Michael (2012). Mirpuri Immigrants in England: A Sociolinguistic Survey. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012. SIL International.
* Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
* Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of Classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
* Shackle, Christopher (1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.). Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23\. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.
* Shackle, Christopher (2007). "Pakistan". In Simpson, Andrew (ed.). Language and National Identity in Asia. Oxford linguistics Y. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922648-1.
* Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Pahari-Potwari". Ethnologue (20 ed.). (access limited).
* Singh, Kuljit (2014). Identity Formation and Assertion: A Study of Pahari Speaking Community of Jammu and Kashmir (PhD). University of Jammu. hdl:10603/78359.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Karnai, Mian Karim Ullah (2007). Pahari aor Urdu: ik taqabali jaiza (in Urdu). Islamabad: National Language Authority.
* Nazir, Farah (2014). Light Verb Constructions in Potwari (PhD). University of Manchester.

## External links

[edit]

* Pahari Language Textbook for Class2
* Pahari Language Textbook for Class3
* Pahari Language Textbook for Class4
* Pahari Language Textbook for Class5
* Pahari Language Textbook for Class6
* Pahari Language Textbook for Class8 (Part A)
* Pahari Language Textbook for Class8 (Part B)

Pahari-Pothwari test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

* v
* t
* e

Punjabi varieties

Central|

* Majhi
* Standard Punjabi

Eastern|

* Doabi
* Lubanki †
* Malwai
* Puadhi

Lahnda
(Western)|

| Jatki
(transitional with Central Punjabi)|

* Dhani
* Jhangvi
* Shahpuri

|

Hindko|

* Awankari
* Chhachi
* Ghebi
* Hazarvi
* Kohati
* Peshori

Pahari-Pothwari
(transitional with Central Punjabi)|

* Mirpuri
* Pahari
* Pothwari

Saraiki|

* Derawali
* Multani
* Riasti

* Inku †
* Thali

See also: Baahar di boli, Sant Bhasha, Khalsa bole

* v
* t
* e

Indo-Aryan languages

Dardic|

| Kashmiri|

* Kashmiri
* Kishtwari

|

Shina|

* Shina
* Brokskat
* Kundal Shahi
* Kalkoti
* Ushoji
* Palula
* Sawi

Pashayi|

* Pashayi

Kunar|

* Dameli
* Gawar-Bati
* Nangalami
* Shumashti
* Wotapuri-Katarqalai

Chitral|

* Kalasha
* Khowar

Hazara Division|

* Indus Kohistani
* Bateri
* Chilisso
* Gowro
* Kalami
* Tirahi
* Mankiyali

Northern|

| Eastern|

* Doteli
* Jumli
* Nepali

|

Central|

* Garhwali
* Kumaoni

Western|

* Dogri
* Kangri
* Bhadarwahi
* Churahi
* Bhateali
* Bilaspuri
* Chambeali
* Gaddi
* Pangwali
* Mandeali
* Mahasu Pahari
* Jaunsari
* Kullui
* Pahari Kinnauri
* Hinduri
* Sirmauri
* Sarazi

Northwestern|

| Punjabi|

| Eastern|

* Punjabi
* dialects
* Sansi

|

Lahnda|

* Hindko
* Inku
* Khetrani
* Pahari-Pothwari
* Saraiki

Sindhi|

* Jadgali
* Kholosi
* Kutchi
* Luwati
* Memoni
* Sindhi

Western|

| Gujarati|

* Aer
* Gujarati
* Lisan ud-Dawat
* Jandavra
* Koli
* Kachi
* Parkari
* Wadiyara
* Saurashtra
* Vaghri

|

Rajasthani|

* Bagri
* Goaria
* Loarki
* Gujari
* Dhundari
* Harauti
* Malvi
* Marwari
* Mewati
* Mewari
* Shekhawati
* Dhatki
* Od
* Nimadi

Bhil|

* Bhili
* Bhilali
* Chodri
* Dhodia–Kukna
* Dhanki
* Dubli
* Bauria
* Bhilori
* Mawchi
* Magari
* Palya Bareli
* Pauri Bareli
* Rathwi Bareli
* Pardhi
* Gamit
* Kalto
* Vasavi
* Wagdi
* Vaagri Booli

Others|

* Khandeshi
* Lambadi
* Dawoodi
* Domari
* Romani
* list of languages

Central|

| Western|

* Braj Bhasha
* Bundeli
* Haryanvi
* Hindustani
* Kauravi
* Hindi
* Hinglish/Urdish
* Urdu
* Deccani
* Judeo-Urdu
* Hyderabadi Urdu
* Rekhta
* Kannauji
* Sansi
* Sadhukkadi

|

Eastern|

* Awadhi
* Bagheli
* Chhattisgarhi
* Fiji Hindi

Others|

* Parya

Eastern|

| Bihari|

| Bhojpuric|

* Bhojpuri
* Caribbean Hindustani

|

Magahi|

* Magahi
* Khortha

Maithili|

* Maithili
* Angika
* Bajjika

Sadanic|

* Sadri
* Kurmali

Tharuic|

* Tharu
* Kochila
* Buksa
* Majhi
* Musasa

Others|

* Kumhali
* Kuswaric
* Bote-Darai
* Danwar

Gauda–
Kamarupa|

| Bengali|

* Bengali
* dialects
* Bishnupriya Manipuri
* Hajong
* Kharia Thar
* Kurmukar
* Mal Paharia
* Noakhailla
* Sylheti
* Tanchangya

|

Kamarupic|

* Assamese
* Kamrupi
* Goalpariya
* Rajbanshi (Nepal)
* Rangpuri
* Surjapuri

Chittagonian|

* Chittagonian
* Chakma
* Rohingya

Odia|

* Odia
* Sambalpuri
* Desia
* Bhatri
* Bodo Parja
* Reli
* Kupia

Halbic|

* Halbi
* Kamar
* Bhunjia
* Nahari

Southern|

| Marathi–
Konkani|

| Marathic|

* Marathi
* Varhadi
* Andh
* Berar Deccan
* Varli
* Phudagi
* Katkari
* Kadodi

|

Konkanic|

* Konkani
* Maharashtrian Konkani
* Canarese Konkani

Insular|

* Maldivian
* Sinhala

Old|

* Sanskrit
* Vedic
* Classical
* Mitanni superstrate

Middle|

| Early|

* Ashokan Prakrit
* Pāli
* Early Ardhamagadhi

|

Middle (Prakrit)|

* Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
* Dramatic Prakrits
* Ardhamagadhi
* Magadhi
* Maharashtri
* Shauraseni
* Gāndhārī
* Gaudi
* Paishachi

Late (Apabhraṃśa)|

* Abahattha
* Apabhraṃśa
* Elu
* Kamarupi
* Khasa Prakrit

Proto-
languages|

* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Proto-Indo-Aryan

Unclassified|

* Badeshi (unknown further classification)
* Bazigar
* Chinali–Lahul
* Chinali
* Lahul Lohar
* Sheikhgal

Pidgins
and creoles|

* Andaman Creole Hindi
* Bombay Hindi
* Haflong Hindi
* Nagamese
* Nefamese
* Vedda

See also
Indo-Iranian languages
Nuristani languages
Iranian languages

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Pakistan

Official languages|

* Urdu (national)
* English

Other languages
(by administrative unit)|

| Azad Kashmir|

* Dogri
* Gujari
* Kashmiri
* Kundal Shahi
* Pahari-Pothwari

|

Balochistan|

* Balochi
* Brahui
* Dehwari
* Hazaragi
* Jadgali
* Khetrani
* Pashto
* Wanetsi

Gilgit-Baltistan|

* Balti
* Burushaski
* Dawoodi
* Khowar
* Purgi
* Shina
* Wakhi

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|

* Burushaski
* Badeshi
* Bateri
* Chilisso
* Dameli
* Gawar-Bati
* Gowro
* Hindko
* Indus Kohistani
* Kalami
* Kalasha-mun
* Kalkoti
* Kamviri
* Khowar
* Kohistani Shina
* Mankiyali
* Munji
* Ormuri
* Palula
* Pashto
* Sawi
* Shekhani
* Torwali
* Ushoji
* Wazir
* Yidgha

Punjab|

* Bagri
* Dogri
* Hindko
* Kabutra
* Marwari
* Mewari
* Pothwari Punjabi
* Punjabi
* dialects
* Saraiki
* Rajasthani
* Rangri

Sindh|

* Aer
* Bagri
* Bengali
* Bhaya
* Dhatki
* Goaria
* Gujarati
* Jandavra
* Jogi
* Koli
* Kachi
* Parkari
* Wadiyara
* Kutchi
* Loarki
* Marwari
* Memoni
* Mewari
* Od
* Rajasthani
* Rangri
* Sindhi
* Urdu
* Vaghri

Related topics|

* Indo-Aryan languages
* Dardic languages
* Iranic languages
* Pakistani Sign Language
* Arabic
* Persian
* Pakistani Hindi (Hindi)
* Chagatai

* v
* t
* e

Languages of India

Official
languages|

| Union-level|

* Hindi
* English

|

8th schedule to the
Constitution of India|

| Classical|

* Assamese
* Bengali
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Marathi
* Odia
* Sanskrit
* Tamil
* Telugu

|

Non-classical|

* Bodo
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Hindi
* Kashmiri
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Meitei (Manipuri)
* Nepali
* Punjabi
* Santali
* Sindhi
* Urdu

State-level only|

* Angika
* Bhojpuri
* Chhattisgarhi
* Garo
* Gurung
* Ho
* Kamatapuri
* Kharia
* Khasi
* Khortha
* Kokborok
* Kurmali
* Kurukh
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Magahi
* Magar
* Mizo
* Mundari
* Newari
* Rai
* Rajbangshi
* Sadri
* Sherpa
* Sikkimese
* Sunwar
* Tamang

Major
unofficial
languages|

| Over 1 million
speakers|

* Awadhi
* Bagheli
* Bagri
* Bajjika
* Bhili
* Bundeli
* Dhundhari
* Garhwali
* Gondi
* Harauti
* Haryanvi
* Kangri
* Khandeshi
* Kumaoni
* Lambadi
* Malvi
* Marwari
* Mewari
* Nimadi
* Rajasthani
* Surjapuri
* Tulu
* Wagdi
* Varhadi

|

100,000 – 1 million
speakers|

* Adi
* Angami
* Ao
* Badaga
* Dimasa
* Halbi
* Karbi
* Khotta
* Kodava
* Kolami
* Konyak
* Korku
* Koya
* Kui
* Kuvi
* Ladakhi
* Lotha
* Malto
* Mising
* Nishi
* Phom
* Rabha
* Sema
* Sora
* Tangkhul
* Thadou

* Linguistic history
* Classical
* Multilingualism
* Endangered
* Scheduled languages in states

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