Pakistani Intelligence Community

Various intelligence agencies of Pakistan

The state emblem of Pakistan

The Pakistani intelligence community (Urdu: جمیعت ہائے پاکستان برائے اشتراکِ سراغرسانی) comprises the various intelligence agencies of Pakistan that work internally and externally to manage, research and collect intelligence necessary for national security.[1] Consolidated intelligence organizations include the personnel and members of the intelligence agencies, military intelligence, and civilian intelligence and analysis directorates operationalized under the executive ministries of the government of Pakistan.[2]

A number of intelligences services are active working on varied intelligence programs including the collection and production of foreign and domestic intelligence, contribute to military planning, and perform espionage.[3] The best known intelligence services are the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Financial Monitoring Unit (FMU-FIU) and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA).[4]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Overview of Intelligence Services
* 2.1 National Intelligence Coordination Committee
* 2.2 Inter-Services Intelligence
* 2.3 Defence intelligence services
* 2.3.1 Civil Armed Forces
* 2.4 Intelligence Bureau
* 2.5 Federal Investigation Agency
* 2.6 National Intelligence Directorate and others
* 2.7 National Crises Management Cell
* 2.8 Financial Monitoring Unit
* 3 Intelligence reforms since 1970s
* 3.1 Budget
* 3.2 Criticisms, controversies, and satire
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Etymology[edit]

There are no fixed or official name for the intelligences services of Pakistan as one cooperative federation; all intelligence services operated under their name.[4] Intelligence authors and researchers termed Pakistan's intelligence services as "Pakistan Intelligence Community"[1] or goes by "Pakistan Intelligence Services and Agencies".[citation needed] The term "Intelligence Community" was first described by the English language newspapers, Frontier Post and Dawn in 1994.[citation needed]

Pakistan subsequently made changes in foreign policy after accepting the United States offer of the military assistance and economic aid in return for joining the political alliance system to contain the international communism in 1953.[citation needed] In a secret understanding between President Zia-ul-Haq and President Ronald Reagan, the US Intelligence Community provided a large quantity of espionage equipment, technical information, and intelligence offensive training to the Pakistan Intelligence Community.[citation needed] Initially, the Pakistan Intelligence Community was trained along in British lines, but subsequently CIA trained 200 ISI officers, Pakistan consolidated its intelligence circle under one chain of command and improved its intelligence methods.[citation needed]

## Overview of Intelligence Services[edit]

### National Intelligence Coordination Committee[edit]

Main article: National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)

Established in November 2020, the coordination body created to enhance the coordination and capabilities of Pakistan's intelligence agencies. The organization was inaugurated June 24, 2021.[5]

### Inter-Services Intelligence[edit]

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence

Established in 1948 by Major-General Robert Cawthome, the Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (more commonly known as Inter-Services Intelligence or simply by its initials ISI) is the most premier and largest intelligence service.[6] Primary roles are to consolidate and assess intelligence to senior government and military officials. Intelligence agents are civilians and military officials working together on national security matters.[6] The ISI has been headed by a serving three-star general of the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime Minister on recommendation of the Chief of Army Staff.[6]

### Defence intelligence services[edit]

Main articles: Military Intelligence (Pakistan), Air Intelligence (Pakistan), and Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)

In Pakistan Armed Forces, there are three active-duty uniformed intelligence services. The Air Intelligence reports directly to the Chief of Air Staff and the Air Force leads the appointment of the director-general of the AI.[7] The Naval Intelligence (NI) also directly under the Chief of Naval Staff, responsible for gaining knowledge on threats on sea and marine vicinity.[8] The NI also used by the Pakistan Marines to conduct their operations.[9] The Military Intelligence is tasked with taking initiatives against counterinsurgency (COIN) operations, identifying and eliminating sleeper cells, foreign military agents and other anti-Pakistani elements within Pakistan.[6] It is under the Chief of Army Staff.[6]

#### Civil Armed Forces[edit]

There are also smaller intelligence units within the Civil Armed Forces:

* Rangers Intelligence Wing[10]
* Three of the Frontier Corps possess Field Intelligence Units:
* Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North)[11]
* Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (South)[12]
* Balochistan (South)[13]

### Intelligence Bureau[edit]

The Intelligence Bureau (IB) is an espionage and intelligence cycle management efforts civilian intelligence service.[citation needed] IB is Pakistan's oldest intelligence agency. It is directly under the Prime Minister. Its primary role is to build initiatives, including counter-intelligence and foreign intelligence management.[citation needed] Its Director-General is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan from the civil or the retired officials from the military intelligence services.[citation needed]

### Federal Investigation Agency[edit]

Main article: Federal Investigation Agency

Established in 1947 as "Special Police Establishment (SPE)", the Federal Investigation Agency (more popularly known as FIA) was later reformed under its current name and structure in 1974 by the Government. The FIA is a principle investigative intelligence service and mandate to take initiatives against the foreign or national elements working against the national interest of the country. On contrary, it is the civilians intelligence service working under the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Interior. Its Director-General is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan from the civil intelligence services.

### National Intelligence Directorate and others[edit]

The National Intelligence Directorate (NID), is a national intelligence estimate authority to integrate foreign, military and domestic intelligence in the national interests of Pakistan.

There are number of civilian intelligence services working under the federal and provincial government of Pakistan.[citation needed] Since 1970s, the intelligence management cycle has been expanded to protect the unity of the country and the national interests abroad.[citation needed]

### National Crises Management Cell[edit]

Main article: National Crises Management Cell

### Financial Monitoring Unit[edit]

The Financial Monitoring Unit (FMU) is the Financial Intelligence Unit of Pakistan established under the provisions of Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010 (Previously Anti-Money Laundering Ordinance, 2007). It is an independent intelligence service department of the Government of Pakistan and primarily responsible for analyzing suspicious transactions with respect to money laundering or terrorist financing and building efforts against these critical offenses.

## Intelligence reforms since 1970s[edit]

Main article: Hamoodur Rahman Commission

In 1972–73, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto adopted many recommendations of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission's papers after seeing the intelligence failure in East Pakistan. This led the reformation of the FIA as Prime Minister Bhutto visioned the FIA as equivalent to American FBI which not only protects the country from internal crises but also from foreign suspected threats therefore he established the FIA on the same pattern. In 1970s, Prime Minister Bhutto had the Pakistan intelligence to actively run military intelligence programs in various countries to procure scientific expertise and technical papers in line of Alsos Mission of Manhattan Project.[citation needed]

Both FIA and IB were empowered during the government and the scope of their operation was expanded during 1970s.[citation needed] Though ISI did lost its importance in 1970s, the ISI valued its importance in 1980s after successfully running the military intelligence program against the Soviet Union. Sensing the nature of competition, President Zia-ul-Haq consolidated the intelligence services after the ISI getting training from the CIA in 1980s, and subsequently improved its methods of intelligence.[citation needed]

### Budget[edit]

The Intelligence budgets are kept as secret; a little information is known in public. In 2012, politicians made unsuccessful efforts to introduce a bill for intelligence services financial funds accountable to the Parliament.[14] It later was withdrawn as it reportedly did not have the concurrence of the special committee of the ruling PPP.[14]

In 2013, the Supreme Court ordered the government to submit the secret funds to public accounts utilized in the past to topple political governments.[15]

According to the reports and research, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the PPP spent more than ~$25.8 million on the intelligence services; other reports give vary figures.[citation needed] Between the fiscal year of 1988–90, the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and the PPP government spent more than ₨.400 million to buy loyalty of parliamentarians to defeat a no-confidence motion against it, to win elections in Azad Kashmir and to remove the provincial government in the then NWFP to install its chief minister.[15]

### Criticisms, controversies, and satire[edit]

Main articles: Allegations of state terrorism committed by Pakistan, Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden, Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir, Human rights in Pakistan, and 1971 East Pakistan genocide

Since 1990s, the entire intelligence community has been under intense criticism from the international authors and viewers regarding the issues of terrorism, human rights abuses, and methods of intelligence procurements.[1] The intelligence community of Pakistan was first described the English language newspapers, Frontier Post as "invisible government" in an edition published on 18 May 1994. Another English language newspaper, the Dawn, also described the intelligence community as "our secret godfathers" in its opinion section on 25 April 1994.[citation needed] In 2011, the US intelligence community had raised allegations of harbouring Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad.[16] The United States President himself declared: "We think that there had to be some sort of support network for bin Laden inside of Pakistan," Obama said in a "60 Minutes" interview with CBS news. He also added that U.S. was not "sure" "who or what that support network was."[16][17]

In the period from 2003–2012, it is estimated that 8000 people were kidnapped by Pakistani intelligence services in the Balochistan province. In 2008 alone an estimated 1102 Baloch people disappeared.[18] There have also been reports of torture.[19] The Baloch leaders successfully reached to the Supreme Court intervened in the conflict. The Supreme Court undertook its large investigating the "missing persons" and issued an arrest warrant for the former President Pervez Musharaff. Furthermore, the Chief Justice of the court said the military must act under the government's direction and follow well-defined parameters set by the Constitution.[20]

In June 2011, the prime minister was informed that 41 missing people had returned to their homes, false cases against 38 had been withdrawn and several others had been traced. The PM urged police to trace the missing people and help them to return to their homes.[21] The Supreme Court decided ordered the government to the grant of subsistence allowance to the affected families.[22]

## See also[edit]

* Pakistan portal

* Senate Committee on Intelligence and National Security

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c B. Raman. "A Revamp of Pakistani Intelligence Community is underway". B. Raman of Director, Institute For Topical Studies, Chenna. B. Raman of Director, Institute For Topical Studies, Chenna. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
2. ^ "Pakistan intelligence agencies". Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Retrieved 2 July 2013.
3. ^ Tirmazi., Syed A.I. (1995). Profiles of Intelligence. Lahore, Pakistan: Book publishing in Pakistan. p. 423\. OL 955192M.
4. ^ a b Katz, Samuel M. (2003). Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the Manhunt for the Al-Qaeda terrorists. Forge Publications. ISBN 1466825243.
5. ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (2021-06-24). "Intelligence coordination body becomes functional, finally". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
6. ^ a b c d e "verview Of Intelligence Services". Pakistan Uniformed Intelligence Overview. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
7. ^ PAF Administration for Press Release. "Directorate-General for Air Intelligence (DGAI)". Directorate-General for Air Intelligence (DGAI). Retrieved 3 July 2013.
8. ^ Anwar, Mohammad (2006). Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals. London UK: AuthorHouseUK (October 26, 2006). ISBN 1425900208.
9. ^ Muhammad Anwar (Author), Ebad Baig (Author) (2012). Pakistan: Time for Change. AuthorHouseUK (December 20, 2012). ISBN 978-1477250303. `{{cite book}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
10. ^ "Equipping Pakistan's Law Enforcement For Interdiction" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
11. ^ "The Gazette of Pakistan. Part III" (PDF). Government of Pakistan. 17 February 2021. p. 103. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
12. ^ "The Gazette of Pakistan. Part III" (PDF). Government of Pakistan. 31 March 2021. p. 196. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
13. ^ "The Gazette of Pakistan. Part II" (PDF). Government of Pakistan. 30 December 2020. p. 181. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
14. ^ a b "Proposed bill making ISI accountable withdrawn from the Senate". 14 July 2012.
15. ^ a b APP (2 June 2013). "SC directs IB to submit details of secret funds". Dawn news 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
16. ^ a b "US presses Pakistan on Bin Laden". BBC. May 8, 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
17. ^ "Pakistan questions need answers, top Obama aide says". CNN. May 20, 2011.
18. ^ Jackson, Richard (2011). Terrorism: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. Chapter 9. ISBN 978-0-230-22117-8.
19. ^ "Pakistan: Security Forces 'Disappear' Opponents in Balochistan". Human Rights Watch. 28 July 2011.
20. ^ "Military must act under govt direction: CJ Iftikhar". PakTribune. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
21. ^ "PM hopes all missing people to be traced". Dawn. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
22. ^ "Missing persons' families may get allowance". Dawn. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.

* v
* t
* e

Intelligence services and agencies of Pakistan

Internal|

* Federal Investigation Agency (FIA)
* Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Counter Terrorism Department (CID)
* National Crises Management Cell (NCMC)
* National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA)

External|

* Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)

Defence|

* Military Intelligence (MI)
* Naval Intelligence (NI)
* Air Intelligence (AI)

| Civil Armed Forces|

* Rangers Intelligence
* Frontier Corps Field Intelligence
* KP (North)
* KP (South)
* Balochistan (South)

|

Economic|

* National Accountability Bureau (NAB)
* DG Intelligence and Investigation (DGII)
* Financial Monitoring Unit (FMU)

Intelligence Estimate|

* National Intelligence Directorate (NID)

Intelligence measurement|

* Threat Matrix
* Strategic depth

Intelligence reforms|

* Ordinance VIII (1948)
* HRC Report (1974)
* SuRC Report (1992)
* AC Report (2013)
* Protection of Pakistan Ordinance (2014)

Executive Authority|

* National Security Council
* C2NS
* JS HQ

Intelligence coordination|

* National Intelligence Coordination Committee (NICC)

* v
* t
* e

Pakistan articles

History

| Ancient|

* Stone age
* Soanian
* Mehrgarh
* Indus Valley
* Indo-Iranics
* Indo-Aryan
* Achaemenid
* Greco-Bactrian
* Maurya
* Gandhara
* Indo-Greek
* Indo-Scythians
* Indo-Parthian
* Kushan
* Indo-Sassanid

|

Medieval|

* Indo-Hephthalite
* Kambojas
* Rai dynasty
* Shahi
* Pala
* Solanki
* Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
* Ghaznavid
* Ghurid
* Mamluk
* Khalji
* Tughlaq
* Sayyid
* Lodi
* Timurid

Modern|

| Pre-colonial|

* Mughal
* East India Company
* Durrani
* Sikh Confederacy
* Sikh Empire
* First Anglo-Afghan War
* First Anglo-Sikh War
* Second Anglo-Sikh War
* Rebellion

|

Colonial|

* British Raj
* Second Anglo-Afghan War
* Durand Line
* Third Anglo-Afghan War
* Aligarh Movement
* Hindi–Urdu controversy
* Pakistan Movement
* Muslim League
* Two nation theory
* Jinnah's 14 Points
* Lahore Resolution
* Direct Action Day
* Partition
* Independence

Dominion|

* Dominion of Pakistan
* Monarchy of Pakistan
* Governor-General
* Princely states
* 1947 War
* Liaquat–Nehru Pact
* Baghdad Pact

Republic|

* 1947–present
* Indus Treaty
* 1965 War
* Non-cooperation movement
* 1971 War
* Project-706
* Islamisation
* Baloch insurgency
* Kargil War
* Liberalization
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Geography

| Features|

* Beaches
* Deserts
* Glaciers
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Passes
* Rivers
* Topography
* Valleys
* Waterfalls
* Wetlands

|

Areas|

* Arabian Sea
* Gwadar Bay
* Indus Plain
* Pothohar Plateau
* Salt Range
* Sistan Basin

Geology|

* Coal fields
* Gas fields
* Minerals
* Oil fields
* Volcanoes
* Floods

Environment|

* Botanical gardens
* Ecoregions
* Climate change
* Environmental issues
* Forests
* Protected areas
* national parks
* game reserves
* sanctuaries
* Wildlife
* flora
* fauna
* Zoos

Other topics|

* Archaeological sites
* Borders
* Climate
* weather records
* Borders
* Natural disasters
* earthquakes
* floods
* Subdivisions
* provinces
* districts
* cities
* World Heritage Sites

Governance

| State|

* President
* National Security Council (C2NS
* AEDB
* ECC
* NCA)

|

Government|

* National government
* Cabinet
* Ministries
* Prime Minister
* Provincial governments
* Governors
* Chief Ministers
* Local government
* Union councils

Legislative|

* Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora)
* Senate (upper house)
* Chairman
* National Assembly (lower house)
* Speaker
* Provincial assemblies
* Jirga (tribal assembly)

Judicial|

* Supreme Council
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Shariat Court
* High Courts
* District Courts

Politics|

* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Feudalism

* Intelligence community
* Political parties
* Martial law

Law|

* Constitution
* LFO
* PPC
* WPB
* PCO
* Human rights
* Enforced disappearance
* LGBT
* LGBT history
* Law enforcement
* Police
* Crime Investigation (CID)
* Anti-Narcotics (ANF)
* Capital punishment
* Terrorism
* State terrorism

Military|

* History
* Army
* National Guard
* Air force
* Navy
* Marines
* Coast Guards
* Civil Armed Forces
* Nuclear

Economy

| Infrastructure|

* Electricity
* Thermal
* Hydro
* nuclear
* solar
* wind
* Foreign aid
* Fuel extraction
* Housing
* Planning Commission
* Post
* Poverty
* Tallest buildings
* Telecommunications
* Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite
* Transportation
* bridges
* Water management
* Water supply and sanitation

|

Industry|

* Aerospace
* Agriculture
* Defence
* Automotive
* Fishery
* Forestry
* Husbandry
* Labour
* child
* Media
* Mining
* Pharmaceuticals
* Textiles
* Silk
* Tourism

Commerce|

* Banking
* banks
* Companies
* Investment board
* Rupee (currency)
* Securities & Exchange Commission
* Stock markets
* Trading Corporation

Policy programmes|

* Corporatisation
* Directive investment
* Industrialisation
* Military economisation
* Nationalisation
* Privatisation
* Public-private partnering
* Redundant Islamic economisation

Society and culture

| Society|

* Aurat March
* British heritage
* Crime
* Culture
* Education
* institutions
* Feudalism
* Feminism
* Gender discrimination
* Healthcare
* hospitals
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Marriage
* Media
* Me Too
* Naming
* Pakistanis (list)
* Prostitution
* Religion
* Time
* Urbanisation
* Women

|

Demographics|

* Diaspora
* Ethnicity
* Immigration
* Languages
* Urdu

Arts|

* Architecture
* Cinema
* films
* Dance
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Literature
* Mushaira
* Music
* Philosophy
* Textiles
* Theatre

Lifestyle|

* Clothing
* Shalwar kameez
* Mehndi
* Cuisine
* Etiquette
* Gun culture
* Nationalism
* flags
* public holidays
* songs
* symbols

Sports|

* Athletics
* Baseball
* Boxing
* Cricket
* Cycling
* Field hockey
* Football
* Gillidanda
* Golf
* Kabaddi
* Motorsport
* Marathon (Lahore)
* Olympics
* Paralympics
* Polo
* Rugby
* Squash
* Swimming
* Tennis

Places|

* Botanical gardens
* Cemeteries
* Churches
* Forts
* Gurdwaras
* Hindu temples
* Libraries
* Mausolea and shrines
* Mosques
* Museums
* Parks
* Stadiums
* World Heritage Sites
* Zoos

* Basic topics
* Category
* Portal
* Commons

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template