Palembang language

Malayic variety spoken in southern Sumatera

Palembang

Palembang Malay
باسو ڤليمباڠ
Baso Pelémbang
Native to| Indonesia
Region| South Sumatra
Ethnicity| Palembang Malay

Native speakers

| 1.6 million (2000 census)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

* Malayo-Polynesian
* (disputed)
* Malayic
* Musi
* Palembang–Lowland
* Palembang

Dialects| Palembang Lama
Palembang Pasar
Pesisir
Language codes
ISO 639-3| `plm` (deprecated for `mui` in 2008)[2]

Linguist List

| `mui-plm`
Glottolog| `pale1264`
Linguasphere| `33-AFA-dh`

The distribution of Musi lects across southern Sumatra

Book cover of The Spelling Guidelines for Palembang Language, issued by South Sumatra Linguistic Center in 2007

Palembang, also known as Palembang Malay (Baso Pelémbang), is a Malayic variety of the Musi dialect chain primarily spoken in the city of Palembang and nearby lowlands, and also as a lingua franca throughout South Sumatra. Since parts of the region used to be under direct Javanese rule for quite a long time, Palembang is significantly influenced by Javanese, down to its core vocabularies.[3]

While the name Palembang in the broad sense can also refer to the Musi dialect group as a whole,[4] it is most commonly used as an endonym for the speech used in the city and its immediate rural vicinity.[5][6]

In 2008, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Musi dialects, including [plm] for Palembang, were retired and merged into [mui] Musi. The old codes ([plm], [lmt], [pen], [rws]) are no longer in active use, but still have the meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard.[2]

## Classification

[edit]

Based on lexicostatistical analyses, mappings of sound changes, and mutual intelligibility tests, McDowell & Anderbeck (2020) classify Malayic varieties in southern Sumatra into two dialect groups, namely 1) South Barisan Malay (also called Central Malay or Middle Malay) and 2) Musi. Palembang is part of the Musi grouping, specifically the Palembang–Lowland cluster, which also includes the Lowland subcluster containing Belide, Lematang Ilir, and Penesak varieties.[7]

Internally, the Palembang subcluster can be divided into three dialects, namely 1) Palembang Lama ("Old" Palembang), 2) Palembang Pasar ("Bazaar" Palembang) and 3) Pesisir ("Coastal"). Palembang Lama refers to the traditional variety spoken natively by ethnic Palembang communities, both within the city and the "relic areas" around it. Meanwhile, Palembang Pasar is a koiné that has become a lingua franca to bridge interethnic communication in Palembang and other major population centers throughout the region. This variety is often used polyglossically with Indonesian (resulting in the so-called "Palembang Indonesian" variety) and other regional languages/dialects in the area, both Malayic and non-Malayic.[8][9]

In terms of lexicon, Palembang Lama retains many Javanese loanwords that are no longer used by speakers of Palembang Pasar. This decreasing number of Javanese loanwords used by Pasar speakers is linked to the rise of Standard Indonesian influence in the daily speech of urban areas. In terms of phonology, Pasar speakers also tend to realize Proto-Malayic *r as an apical trill [r] as in Standard Indonesian, instead of using voiced/voiceless velar fricative [ɣ~x] as is common among traditional speakers of Palembang Lama. Lastly, only traditional speakers consistently maintain a distinction between schwa and /a/ in final closed syllables.[10]

To the north and east of Palembang, towards the border with Jambi Province and the waters of Bangka Strait, there exists the Pesisir or coastal variety, which is structurally very similar to the urban Palembang dialects. That said, Pesisir speech in the outer areas share high lexical similarity rates with neighboring Malayic lects of Jambi and Bangka.[11] In addition, coastal speakers are not as tied to the Palembang ethnic identity as the speakers in the urban Palembang area and its immediate vicinity.[12]

## History

[edit]

As with other Malayic varieties, the Palembang language is a descendant of Proto-Malayic, which is believed to have originated from western Kalimantan. According to Adelaar (2004), the development of Malay as a distinct ethnic group may have been influenced by contact with Indian culture following the migration of Proto-Malayic speakers to southern Sumatra. The Sriwijaya Kingdom, centered in Palembang in the 7th century, was one of the earliest, if not the first, manifestations of the Malay nation-state.[13] The Kedukan Bukit inscription found in Palembang is the earliest written evidence of the Malayic language family spoken in the region. However, linguists still debate whether the language variety used in the inscription is a direct ancestor of modern Malay languages (including Palembang).[14]

Aside from ancient inscriptions, there are very few other written sources that can serve as references for the development of the Palembang language. One such written source is the Kitab Undang-Undang Simbur Cahaya, which is believed to have been compiled by Queen Sinuhun, the wife of Palembang ruler Prince Sido ing Kenayan, around the 17th century. This text was written in Classical Malay with some influence from the Javanese language, considering the Palembang royal family originated from Java. The Javanese influence in Palembang began at least as early as the 14th century.[15] William Marsden noted two distinct language varieties used in Palembang in the 18th century. The language of the palace was a refined Javanese dialect and Malay mixed with foreign vocabulary, while the everyday language of the Palembang people was a Malay dialect, characterized primarily by the pronunciation of the vowel 'a' being changed to 'o'.[16]

Today the use of the Palembang language is officially recognized by the government of South Sumatra as one of the indigenous language varieties in South Sumatra that must be preserved. As part of efforts to promote and preserve the Palembang language, the government of South Sumatra, supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs, launched the Quran (the holy book of Islam) with a Palembang language translation. This translation was released by the Research and Development Center for Religious Literature and Heritage in 2019.[17][18][19][20] In addition, The refined register of the Palembang language, known as jegho/jero (or alus), has also been included as a local content subject (curriculum activity) for elementary and secondary schools in the Palembang area since 2021.[21]

## Phonology

[edit]

A girl speaking Palembang Pasar

Dunggio (1983) lists 26 phonemes for the Palembang dialect; specifically, there are 20 consonants and 6 vowels.[22] However, another study by Aliana (1987) states that there are only 25 phonemes in Palembang, reanalyzing /z/ as an allophone of /s/ and /d͡ʒ/ instead.[23]

### Vowels

[edit]

| front | central | back

|
|
|

close | i |  | u
mid | e | ə | o
open-mid | (ɛ)  |  | (ɔ)
open |  | a |

As mentioned above, Dunggio proposes a 6-vowel system for Palembang, with /i/ and /u/ in closed syllables being realized as [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.[24] Some dictionaries of Palembang, however, also add [ɛ] and [ɔ] into the sound inventory for pronunciation guides without claiming their phonemic statuses (though one can see some minimal pairs as in [d͡ʒəro] 'inside' vs [d͡ʒərɔ] 'deterred').[25][26]

### Consonants

[edit]

| bilabial | alveolar | postalv./
palatal | velar | glottal

|
|
|
|
|

nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
stop | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | g |
fricative | voiceless |  | s |  |  | h
voiced |  | (z)  |  | ɣ~ʀ |
approximant | semivowel | w |  | j |  |
lateral |  | l |  |  |

## Orthography

[edit]

An orthography has been made by the local office of Language Development and Fostering Agency. It is closely related to the Indonesian Spelling System, using the same 26-letters Latin alphabet with the optional use of the letter é.[27]

## Registers

[edit]

The Palembang language has two linguistic registers: jegho or alus (also often identified as bebaso) and saghi-saghi. The jegho or alus register contains many borrowed Javanese words and is used in conversations with community leaders, elders, or respected individuals, especially during Palembang traditional ceremonies. In contrast, the saghi-saghi register, which is more rooted in native Malayic vocabulary, is used in everyday conversation.

## Example text

[edit]

Palembang (Sari-Sari) | Indonesian | Malay | Minangkabau | English

|
|
|
|

Deklarasi Universal Pasal Hak Asasinyo Wong | Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia | Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat | Deklarasi Sadunia Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia | Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Pasal 1 | Pasal 1 | Perkara 1 | Pasal 1 | Article 1
Wong tu dilaherke merdeka galo, jugo samo-samo punyo martabat dengen hak galo. Wong-wong beroleh karunia akal dengen nurani, dan mestinyo besuo sikok samo laen dengen caro bedulur. | Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan | Semua manusia dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan hati nurani dan hendaklah bergaul antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan. | Sadonyo manusia dilahiakan mardeka dan punyo martabat sarato hak-hak nan samo. Mareka dikaruniai aka jo hati nurani, supayo satu samo lain bagaul sarupo urang badunsanak. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ McDowell & Anderbeck (2020), p. 14.
2. ^ a b "Change Request Documentation: 2007-182". SIL International.
3. ^ Tadmor, Uri (16–17 June 2001). Language Contact and Historical Reconstruction: The Case of Palembang Malay. 5th International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics. Leipzig.
4. ^ Musi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
5. ^ Alsamadani, Mardheya; Taibah, Samar (2019). "Types and Functions of Reduplication in Palembang". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 12 (1): 113.
6. ^ McDowell & Anderbeck 2020, p. 13–14.
7. ^ McDowell & Anderbeck 2020, p. 10–12.
8. ^ McDonnell 2016, p. 13.
9. ^ McDowell & Anderbeck 2020, p. 12–14.
10. ^ McDowell & Anderbeck 2020, p. 14–15.
11. ^ McDowell & Anderbeck 2020, p. 15–16, 53.
12. ^ McDowell & Anderbeck 2020, p. 112, 114.
13. ^ Adelaar, K.A., "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 160 (2004), No. 1, hlmn. 1–30
14. ^ Adelaar 1992, pp. 5–6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAdelaar1992 (help)
15. ^ Hanifah 1999, pp. 1–38. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHanifah1999 (help)
16. ^ Marsden 1811, p. 562. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarsden1811 (help)
17. ^ "Alquran dengan Terjemahan Bahasa Palembang". IDXchannel.com. 2022.
18. ^ Rayyan (2019). Rayyan (ed.). "Al Quran terjemahan Bahasa Palembang dan Sunda". ANTARA News (in Indonesian).
19. ^ Inge, Nefri (2020). Hida, Ramdania El (ed.). "Alquran Terjemahan Bahasa Palembang Hanya Dicetak 100 Eksemplar". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian).
20. ^ "UIN Raden Fatah Serahkan Alquran Terjemahan Bahasa Palembang ke Sumeks.co". sumeks.co. Sumatera Ekspres. 2022.
21. ^ "Alhamdulillah, Bahasa Palembang Jegho (Alus) Masuk Muatan Lokal Pada Sekolah Dasar Di Kota Palembang". Pustipd UIN Raden Fatah. 2021.
22. ^ Dunggio 1983, pp. 7–10.
23. ^ Aliana 1987, p. 14.
24. ^ Dunggio 1983, pp. 21–22.
25. ^ Zulkifly 2007, p. vi.
26. ^ Susilastri et al. 2021, p. xxii.
27. ^ Trisman, Bambang; Amalia, Dora; Susilawati, Dyah (2007). Twilovita, Nursis (ed.). Pedoman Ejaan Bahasa Palembang [Palembang Spelling System Guidelines] (in Indonesian). Palembang: Balai Bahasa Palembang, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. OCLC 697282757.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Aliana, Zainul Arifin (1987). Morfologi dan sintaksis bahasa Melayu Palembang [The morphology and syntax of Palembang Malay] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pursat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
* Dunggio, P.D. (1983). Struktur bahasa Melayu Palembang [The structure of Palembang Malay] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
* McDonnell, Bradley (2016). Symmetrical voice constructions in Besemah: a usage-based approach (PhD Dissertation). Santa Barbara: University of California Santa Barbara.
* McDowell, Jonathan; Anderbeck, Karl (2020). The Malay Lects of Southern Sumatra. JSEALS Special Publication. Vol. 7\. University of Hawai'i Press. hdl:10524/52473.
* Susilastri, Dian; Afrita, Yeni; Mastuti, Yeni; Edi, Basuki Sarwo; Sartika, Dewi; Sudarmanto, Budi Agung (2021) [2007]. Kamus Palembang–Indonesia [Palembang–Indonesian dictionary] (in Indonesian) (4 ed.). Palembang: Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi. ISBN 9786021494509.
* Zulkifly, H. U. A. (2007). Kamus sederhana bahasa Palembang [A simple dictionary of Palembang language] (in Indonesian). Tangerang: DPC Kerukunan Keluarga Palembang.

Palembang language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

| Official language|

* Indonesian
* Slang

|

Malayo-Sumbawan|

* Acehnese
* Bakongan
* Anambas-Natuna Malay
* Bacan Malay
* Balinese
* Bali Aga
* Nusa Penida
* Bamayo
* Bangka Malay
* Banjarese
* Batubara Malay
* Belitung Malay
* Bengkulu
* Berau Malay
* Besemah
* Bukit
* Col/Lembak
* Deli Malay
* Duano'
* Enim
* Haji
* Iban
* Mualang
* Seberuang
* Jambi Malay
* Jaring Halus Malay
* Kangean
* Kapuas Hulu Malay
* Kaur
* Kayong Malay
* Kendayan
* Keninjal
* Kerinci
* Ketapang Malay
* Kotawaringin Malay
* Kualuh Malay
* Kubu
* Kutainese
* Kota Bangun
* Tenggarong
* Landak Malay
* Langkat Malay
* Loncong
* Lubu
* Madurese
* Bawean
* Sapudi
* Minangkabau
* Jamee
* Kampar
* Kuantan
* Mukomuko
* Pesisir
* Melawi Malay
* Mempawah Malay
* Musi
* Lematang
* Palembang
* Penesak
* Penukal
* Rawas
* Ogan
* Palu Malay
* Panai Malay
* Pekal
* Pontianak Malay
* Riau Malay
* Coastal Riau
* Pangaraian
* Rokan Hilir
* Siak
* Tembilahan
* Sambas Malay
* Sanggau Malay
* Sasak
* Sekadau Malay
* Serdang Malay
* Semende
* Sintang Malay
* Sumbawa
* Sundanese
* Baduy
* Bantenese
* Brebes
* Priangan
* Tamiang Malay

Javanesic|

* Javanese
* Arekan
* Banyumasan
* Cirebonese
* Indramayu
* Osing
* Serang
* Tenggerese
* Kawi

Celebic|

* Andio
* Bada
* Bahonsuai
* Balaesang
* Balantak
* Banggai
* Batui
* Behoa
* Boano
* Bobongko
* Bonerate
* Bungku
* Busoa
* Cia-Cia
* Dampelas
* Dondo
* Kalao
* Kaili
* Kaimbulawa
* Kamaru
* Kodeoha
* Kulisusu
* Kumbewaha
* Lasalimu
* Laiyolo
* Lauje
* Liabuku
* Mbelala
* Moronene
* Mori Bawah
* Mori Atas
* Moma
* Muna
* Napu
* Padoe
* Pancana
* Pendau
* Rahambuu
* Rampi
* Saluan
* Sarudu
* Sedoa
* Pamona
* Taje
* Tajio
* Tukang Besi
* Tolaki
* Tomadino
* Topoiyo
* Tomini
* Totoli
* Uma
* Waru
* Wawonii
* Wolio
* Wotu

Lampungic|

* Komering
* Kayuagung
* Lampung

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands|

* Batak
* Alas
* Angkola
* Dairi
* Karo
* Mandailing
* Simalungun
* Toba
* Enggano
* Gayo
* Mentawai
* Nias
* Simeulue
* Sikule

South Sulawesi|

* Aralle-Tabulahan
* Bambam
* Bentong
* Budong-Budong
* Buginese
* Campalagian
* Coastal Konjo
* Dakka
* Duri
* Embaloh
* Enrekang
* Highland Konjo
* Kalumpang
* Lemolang
* Maiwa
* Makassarese
* Malimpung
* Mamasa
* Mamuju
* Mandar
* Panasuan
* Pannei
* Selayar
* Seko Padang
* Seko Tengah
* Tae’
* Talondo’
* Taman
* Toraja-Sa’dan
* Ulumanda’

Barito|

* Ampanang
* Bakumpai
* Bajaw
* Deyah
* Kohin
* Lawangan
* Ma'anyan
* Malang
* Ngaju
* Ot Danum
* Sama
* Ot Siang
* Tunjung
* Witu
* Pakau

Kayan–Murik|

* Aoheng
* Aput
* Bahau
* Hovongan
* Kayan
* Krio
* Modang
* Punan Merah
* Segai

Land Dayak|

* Bakati’
* Biatah
* Bukar Sadong
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Laraʼ
* Nyadu’
* Rejangese
* Ribun
* Sanggau
* Sara
* Semandang
* Beginci
* Gerai
* Tringgus

North Bornean|

* Bah-Biau
* Basap
* Bukat
* Bukitan
* Kelabit
* Kenyah
* Mainstream
* Lengilu
* Lun Bawang
* Murut
* Okolod
* Selungai
* Sembakung
* Tagol
* Punan Merap
* Punan Tubu
* Sa'ban
* Sajau
* Tidung
* Burusu
* Kalabakan
* Nonukan

Philippine languages|

| Central Philippine|

* Tausug

|

Gorontalo-Mongondow|

* Bintauna
* Bolango
* Buol
* Gorontaloan
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan
* Suwawa

Minahasan|

* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsawang
* Tonsea
* Tontemboan

Sangiric|

* Bantik
* Ratahan
* Sangir
* Talaud

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

| Aru|

* Barakai
* Batuley
* Dobel
* Karey
* Koba
* Kola-Kompane
* Lola
* Lorang
* Manombai
* Mariri
* Tarangan
* Ujir

|

Central Maluku|

* Alune
* Amahai
* Ambelau
* Asilulu
* Banda
* Bati
* Benggoi
* Boano
* Bobot
* Buru
* Geser
* Haruku
* Hulaliu
* Kailolo
* Pelauw
* Rohomoni-Kabauw
* Hitu
* Hoti †
* Huaulu
* Hukumina †
* Hulung †
* Kaibobo
* Kamarian †
* Kayeli
* Kowiai
* Laha
* Larike-Wakasihu
* Latu
* Liana-Seti
* Lisabata-Nuniali
* Lisela
* Loun †
* Luhu
* Mangole
* Manipa
* Manusela
* Masiwang
* Naka'ela
* Nuaulu
* Nusa Laut
* Paulohi
* Salas
* Saleman
* Saparua
* Seit-Kaitetu
* Sepa-Teluti
* Sula
* Taliabo
* Teor-Kur
* Tulehu
* Watubela
* Wemale
* Yalahatan

Flores–Lembata|

* Alorese
* Kedang
* Lamaholot
* Adonara
* Ile Ape
* Lamalera
* Lamatuka
* Levuka
* Lewo Eleng
* Lewotobi
* South Lembata
* West Lembata
* Sika

Halmahera-
Cenderawasih|

* Ambai
* Ambel
* Ansus
* Arguni
* As
* Bedoanas
* Biak
* Biga
* Buli
* Busami
* Dusner
* Erokwanas
* Gane
* Irarutu
* Iresim
* Kuri
* Kurudu
* Maba
* Maden
* Matbat
* Ma'ya
* Munggui
* Marau
* Meoswar
* Mor
* Papuma
* Patani
* Pom
* Roon
* Sawai
* Serui-Laut
* Taba
* Tandia
* Wabo
* Wamesa
* Wandamen
* Waropen
* Woi
* Yaur
* Yeretuar
* Yeresiam

Kei-Tanimbar|

* Fordata
* Kei
* Onin
* Sekar
* Uruangnirin
* Yamdena

Micronesian|

Mapia †

Selaru|

* Selaru
* Seluwasan

Sumba–Flores|

* Anakalangu
* Baliledo
* Bima
* Dhao
* Ende
* Gaura
* Hawu
* Kambera
* Kéo
* Kodi
* Komodo
* Lamboya
* Lio
* Mamboru
* Manggarai
* Nage
* Ngadha
* Palu'e
* Pondok
* Rajong
* Rembong
* Riung
* Rongga
* So'a
* Kepo'
* Wae Rana
* Wanukaka
* Wejewa

Timor–Babar|

* Amarasi
* Bekais
* Bilba
* Dai
* Dawera-Daweloor
* Dela-Oenale
* Dengka
* East Damar
* Emplawas
* Galoli
* Helong
* Imroing
* Kemak
* Kisar
* Leti
* Lole
* Luang
* Masela
* Nila
* North Babar
* Ringgou
* Romang
* Serili
* Serua
* Southeast Babar
* Tela'a
* Termanu
* Tetum
* Te'un
* Tii
* Uab Meto
* West Damar
* Welaun
* Wetar

Western Oceanic|

* Anus
* Bonggo
* Kayupulau
* Liki
* Masimasi
* Ormu
* Podena
* Kaptiau
* Sobei
* Tarpia
* Tobati
* Wakde
* Yamna

Papuan languages

| North Halmahera|

* Galela
* Gamkonora
* Kao
* Loloda
* Modole
* Pagu
* Sahu
* Tabaru
* Ternate
* Tidore
* Tobelo
* Togutil
* Waioli
* West Makian

|

Timor–Alor–Pantar|

* Abui
* Adang
* Blagar
* Bunak
* Kaera
* Kafoa
* Kamang
* Klon
* Kui
* Kula
* Nedebang
* Oirata
* Retta
* Sawila
* Teiwa
* Wersing
* Western Pantar
* Woisika

Asmat–Mombum|

* Buruwai
* Casuarina Coast Asmat
* Central Asmat
* North Asmat
* Citak
* Mombum
* Kamberau
* Kamoro
* Koneraw
* Sempan

West Bird's Head|

* Kalabra
* Kuwani
* Moi
* Moraid
* Seget
* Tehit

South Bird's Head|

* Arandai
* Dombano
* Duriankari
* Inanwatan
* Kaburi
* Kais
* Kemberano
* Kokoda
* Konda
* Kovojab
* Puragi
* Yahadian

East Bird's Head|

* Hatam
* Mansim
* Meyah
* Moskona
* Sougb

West Bomberai|

* Baham
* Iha
* Karas

Dani|

* Grand Valley Dani
* Hupla
* Nduga
* Nggem
* Silimo
* Walak
* Wano
* Western Dani
* Yali

Paniai Lakes|

* Auye
* Dao
* Ekari
* Moni
* Wolani

Digul River|

* Aghu
* Awbono
* Bayono
* Densar
* Edera
* Jair
* Kombai
* Komyandaret
* Korowai
* Mandobo
* Pisa
* Sawi
* Shiaxa
* Tsaukambo
* Wambon

Foja Range|

* Airoran
* Bagusa
* Berik
* Betaf
* Bonerif
* Dabe
* Dineor
* Edwas
* Gresi
* Isirawa
* Itik
* Kapori
* Kauwera
* Keijar
* Kemtuik
* Kwerba
* Kwerba Mamberamo
* Kwesten
* Kwinsu
* Mander
* Massep
* Mawes
* Mekwei
* Mlap
* Namblong
* Nimboran
* Orya
* Sause
* Oksapmin
* Samarokena
* Trimuris
* Vitou

Lakes Plain|

* Awera
* Biritai
* Doutai
* Duvle
* Eritai
* Fayu
* Foau
* Iau
* Kaiy
* Keuw
* Kirikiri
* Kwerisa
* Obokuitai
* Papasena
* Rasawa
* Sikaritai
* Tause
* Taworta
* Waritai

East Cenderawasih Bay|

* Baropasi
* Bauzi
* Burate
* Demisa
* Kofei
* Nisa-Anasi
* Sauri
* Tefaro
* Tunggare
* Woria

Yawa|

* Saweru
* Yawa

Demta–Sentani|

* Demta
* Nafri
* Sentani
* Tabla

Ok|

* Burumakok
* Faiwol
* Iwur
* Kopka
* Muyu
* Nakai
* Ngalum
* Ninggerum
* Tangko
* Tifal
* Yonggom

Momuna–Mek|

* Eipo
* Goliath
* Ketengban
* Kosarek
* Korupun
* Nalca
* Nipsan
* Somahai

Skou|

* Skou

South Pauwasi|

* Biksi-Yetfa
* Kembra
* Kimki
* Lepki
* Murkim

East Pauwasi|

* Emem
* Zorop

West Pauwasi|

* Namla
* Tebi
* Tofanma
* Towei
* Usku

Kaure–Kosare|

* Kaure
* Kosare

Marind–Yaqai|

* Bipim
* Marind
* Yaqay

Bulaka River|

* Maklew
* Yelmek

Kayagar|

* Atohwaim
* Kayagar
* Tamagario

Border|

* Awyi
* Elseng
* Taikat
* Manem
* Sowanda
* Viid
* Waris

Senagi|

* Dera

Mairasi|

* Mairasi
* Mer
* Semimi

Kolopom|

* Kimaghama
* Morori
* Ndom
* Riantana

Yam|

* Ngkolmpu Kanum
* Rema
* Smerki
* Tamer
* Yei

Lower Mamberamo|

* Warembori
* Yoke

Others|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Amung
* Burmeso
* Dem
* Kanum
* Maklew
* Maybrat
* Molof
* Momina
* Mor
* Mpur
* Pyu
* Sumuri
* Tambora †
* Uhunduni

Other languages

| Creoles and Pidgins|

| Malay-based creoles|

* Alor Malay
* Ambonese Malay
* Banda Malay
* Balinese Malay
* Betawi
* Gorap
* Gorontalo Malay
* Kupang Malay
* Larantuka Malay
* Manado Malay
* Makassar Malay
* Maumere Malay
* North Moluccan Malay
* Sula Malay
* Orang Pulo
* Papuan Malay
* Serui Malay
* Peranakan
* Surabayan

|

Other creoles and pidgins|

* Bidau Creole Portuguese †
* Flores Creole Portuguese †
* Javindo
* Mardijker †
* Petjo
* Pidgin Iha
* Pidgin Onin
* Portugis †
* Tansi
* Pidgin Tukang Besi

|

Immigrant languages|

| Chinese|

* Cantonese
* Fuqing
* Fuzhounese
* Hainanese
* Hakka
* Haklau
* Hokkien
* Medan
* Riau
* Hinghwa
* Mandarin
* Teochew

|

European|

* Dutch
* English
* Portuguese

Indian|

* Bengali
* Gujarati
* Odia
* Pali
* Punjabi
* Sanskrit
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu

Middle Eastern|

* Arabic
* Indonesian Arabic
* Hadhrami Arabic
* Modern Standard Arabic

Others|

* Tagalog
* Filipino
* Japanese
* Korean

Sign languages|

* Indonesian Sign Languages
* Kata Kolok

† indicate extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Greater North Borneo languages

North Borneo *|

| Northeast Sabah *|

* Idaʼan
* Bonggi
* Molbog ?

|

Southwest Sabah *|

| Greater
Dusunic *|

| Bisaya–Lotud|

* Brunei Bisaya
* Lotud

|

Dusunic|

* Kadazandusun
* Central Dusun
* Coastal Kadazan
* Kuijau
* Eastern Kadazan
* Kota Marudu Talantang
* Rungus / Momogun
* Klias River Kadazan

Paitanic|

* Tombonuwo
* Kinabatangan
* Abai Sungai
* Serudung

Greater
Murutic *|

* Tatana ?
* Papar

Murutic|

* Tagol
* Timugon
* Keningau
* Selungai
* Sembakung
* Baukan
* Okolod
* Paluan
* Ganaʼ
* Kalabakan
* Nonukan Tidong
* Sesayap Tidong

North Sarawak *|

* Kenyah / Bakung
* Sebob
* Tutoh
* Umaʼ Lasan
* Wahau Kenyah
* Penan ?
* Kelabit
* Lengilu
* Lundayeh
* Saʼban
* Tring
* Berawan
* Belait
* Kiput
* Narom
* Tutong
* Bintulu

Central Sarawak|

* Kajaman
* Lahanan
* Sekapan
* Daro-Matu
* Kanowit–Tanjong
* Melanau
* Bukitan
* Punan Batu
* Sian
* Ukit
* Burusu
* Bah-Biau Punan
* Sajau
* Punan Merap
* Bukat
* Seru †
* Lelak †

Kayanic|

* Kayan
* Bahau
* Modang
* Segai
* Hovongan
* Aoheng
* Aput
* Punan
* Krio Dayak
* Murik

Land Dayak|

* Bakatiʼ
* Sara
* Laraʼ
* Bukar–Sadong
* Biatah
* Tringgus
* Jagoi
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Semandang
* Ribun
* Benyaduʼ
* Sanggau

Malayo–Chamic *|

| Aceh–Chamic|

* Acehnese
* Cham dialects
* Chru
* Haroi
* Jarai
* Rade
* Roglai
* Tsat

|

Iban–Malayan|

| Ibanic|

* Iban
* Keninjal ?
* Mualang
* Remun
* Seberuang

|

* Malay
* Malaysian
* Indonesian
* Minangkabau
* Brunei/Kedayan Malay
* Bamayo
* Banjar
* Berau Malay
* Bangka Malay
* Bengkulu
* Col
* Duanoʼ
* Haji
* Jambi Malay
* Jakun
* Kedah Malay
* Kendayan / Selako ?
* Kutai Malay
* Kaur
* Kerinci
* Kelantan-Pattani Malay
* Kubu
* Orang Laut
* Lubu
* Musi
* Negeri Sembilan Malay
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Seletar
* Pahang Malay
* Pekal
* Perak Malay
* Pontianak Malay
* Reman Malay
* Sarawak Malay
* Temuan
* Terengganu Malay
* Urak Lawoiʼ

Sundanese|

* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese †
* Baduy
* Bantenese
* Cirebonese

Rejang ?|

* Rejang

Moklenic ?|

* Moken
* Moklen

* * indicates proposed status
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

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