Pan-American Exposition

1901 World's Fair held in Buffalo, New York, United States

Pan-American Exposition

Pan-American Exposition map

Overview
BIE-class| Unrecognized exposition
Name| Pan-American Exposition
Area| 350 acres (140 ha)
Visitors| 8,000,000
Location
Country| United States
City| Buffalo, New York
Coordinates| 42°56′26″N 78°52′20″W﻿ / ﻿42.94056°N 78.87222°W﻿ / 42.94056; -78.87222
Timeline
Opening| May 1, 1901
Closure| November 2, 1901
expositions
Previous| Trans-Mississippi Exposition in Omaha, Nebraska
Next| Inter-State and West Indian Exposition in Charleston, South Carolina

The Pan-American Exposition was a world's fair held in Buffalo, New York, United States, from May 1 through November 2, 1901.[1] The fair occupied 350 acres (0.55 sq mi) of land on the western edge of what is now Delaware Park, extending from Delaware Avenue to Elmwood Avenue and northward to Great Arrow Avenue. It is remembered today primarily for being the location of the assassination of United States President William McKinley at the Temple of Music on September 6, 1901. The exposition was illuminated at night. Thomas A. Edison, Inc. filmed it during the day and a pan of it at night.[2][3][4]

## History

[edit]

The Pan-American Exposition, often referred to as "The Rainbow City", received national attention in the press and elsewhere a couple of years before, during and after it occurred[5] During the course of the exposition more than 8,000,000 visitors came to the event.[6]

The event was organized by the Pan-American Exposition Company, formed in 1897. Cayuga Island was initially chosen as the place to hold the Exposition because of the island's proximity to Niagara Falls, which was a huge tourist attraction. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, plans were put on hold. After the war, there was a heated competition between the cities of Buffalo and Niagara Falls over the location. Buffalo won for two main reasons. First, Buffalo had a much larger population; with roughly 350,000 people, it was the eighth-largest city in the United States. Second, Buffalo had better railroad connections; the city was also located on the east shore of Lake Erie and serviced by 12 steamship lines, and was within a day's journey by rail or steamship for over 40 million people. The Pan-American Exposition was distinctive from its former predecessors in that it was the first exposition to employ a central theme in its overall design and layout, employing extensive lighting on and about the buildings and other structures, along with color, and sculpture to obtain its harmony. It was also the first exposition with a global unifying theme that emphasized the concept of Pan-Americanism.[6]

* The Planning Committee of the Exposition

* Pan-American Exposition official logo

* Pan-American Exposition flag, designed by Adelaide J. Thorpe[7]

* Pan American Exposition ticket, front and back, which cost US$0.50
($19.00 in 2024 dollars)[8]

The planning committee considered some twenty different locations for the exposition and after much consideration and deliberation a 350-acre tract in the western area of Delaware Park was selected. The grounds on which the exposition would be constructed extended from Delaware Ave. to Elmwood and from Park Lake northward to present Great Arrow. The total expense for the exposition came to US$7 million. ($265 million in 2024 dollars.)[8][6]

Rand McNally Pan American Exposition Handbook

In March 3, 1899, Congress pledged $500 000, and publicly declared that "it is desirable to encourage the holding of a Pan-American Exposition on the Niagara Frontier in the City of Buffalo, in the year 1901, fittingly to illustrate the marvelous development of the Western Hemisphere during the Nineteenth Century, by a display of the arts, industries, manufactures and the products of the soil, mine and sea...The "Pan American" theme was carried throughout the event with the slogan "commercial well being and good understanding among the American Republics." The advent of the alternating current power transmission system in the US allowed designers to light the Exposition in Buffalo using power generated 25 mi (40 km) away at Niagara Falls.[9]

In the months preceding the exposition promotional pamphlets, newspaper articles, guide books and other publications were published and released around the United States and elsewhere. Among them were a number of different publications from the Pan-American exposition company in Buffalo,[10] along with publications from Rand McNally in New York.[11]

### Events and attractions

[edit]

At the opening of the Pan-American Exposition on "Dedication Day", March 20, 1901, a procession led by Vice-President Roosevelt, who was attended by a number of dignitaries, which included Governor Odell, of New York, Conrad Diehl, the mayor of Buffalo, Senator Hanna, of Ohio, and Senator Gallinger, of New Hampshire. Leading the military division of the parade was Louis Babcock, Grand Marshal of the Exposition parade, which also included the first division, consisting of the 71st Regiment Band and other military brigades. The procession passed over the monumental Triumphal Bridge which passes over Mirror Lake, and proceeded to the Temple of Music. More than 100,000 people were in attendance. At the temple they listened to various key note speakers, where the idea of "America for the Americans" was emphasized.[12][13]

Though the Pan-American Exposition featured many exhibits that possessed commercial and transportation and different worldly themes, it was also considered to be an art exhibition, with many American paintings, sculptures and other works of art from Canada and other countries, all of which were displayed in the Exposition's Albright Art Gallery and other locations about the fairgrounds.[14] The Exposition also served to define what was officially to be considered "American Art" at the turn of the century.[15]

Pan American commemorative issues of 1901
First released at the Exposition

In May 1901 the U.S. Post Office began issuing a series of six commemorative stamps to help promote and fund the exposition. The stamps depicted the various modern transportation themes that were featured at the exposition. The stamps were placed on sale at the exposition from May 1 to October 31, 1901. Post Offices in Buffalo post-marked out-going mail with a number of different specially made postmarks inscribed with the words, "Pan-American Exposition, 1901".[16] The Pan American issues were the first commemorative stamps to be issued in the 20th century.[17]

On September 4, President McKinley arrived and was greeted by thousands of people in anticipation of his visit.[18] Also in September, former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan visited the exposition and made an appearance at the exhibit of the Bureau of Indian Affairs with several prominent Sioux Indian chiefs, including Red Cloud, High Hawk and Blue Horse.[19] Also present were chiefs from the Six Nations League of the Iroquois Confederacy, dressed in the traditional attire of their ancestors. Arriving during the preparatory stages of the Exposition, they erected various long houses that were once commonplace in their home lands of central New York, while they were attended by various translators.[20]

Lina Beecher, creator of the Flip Flap Railway, attempted to demonstrate one of his looping roller coasters at the fair, but the organizers of the event considered the ride to be too dangerous and refused to allow it on the grounds.[21] Buffalo native Nina Morgana, later a soprano with the Metropolitan Opera, was a child performer in the "Venice in America" attraction at the Exposition.[22] Composer/organist Fannie Morris Spencer gave two recitals in the Temple of Music.[23]

Pan-American Exposition by Night

Other attractions included The Great Amphitheater, Joshua Slocum's sloop, the Spray, on which he had recently sailed around the world alone, the Trip to the Moon exhibit, a mechanical dark ride that was later housed at Coney Island's Luna Park. In the center of the rose-garden beside the Woman's Building was Enid Yandell's "Struggle of Existence," and a plaster version of the fountain "Struggle of Life" installed in Rhode Island.

On the last day of the exposition, Saturday, November 2, a sham battle was staged at the Stadium at the Pan-American Exhibition The several hundred participants included the six tribes of American Indians, dressed in traditional garb, and the United States Infantry stationed at Buffalo. The event also included theatrical explosive charges, weaponry and many hand to hand combat encounters, and was said to be realistic in its presentation.[24]

### Assassination of President McKinley

[edit]

Main article: Assassination of William McKinley

McKinley's last speech delivered September 5, 1901.

The exposition is often remembered because it was the location where United States President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, at the Temple of Music on September 6, 1901. The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds. McKinley's last words, from a favorite hymn, were, "Nearer my God to Thee, Nearer to Thee".[25]

McKinley's presence at the Exposition was widely advertised by newspapers and magazines which played a significant role in attracting many thousands of people to the event.[26] Of his visit to the exposition, McKinley's secretary of State, John Hay, remarked, "Never had I seen him higher in hope and patriotic confidence."[27]

His arrival was the source of great concern for the Secret Service, the Exposition police and others who were assigned to McKinley's security. The year before a plot to kill the president had been discovered, while two other world leaders had recently been assassinated. Normally people who would draw near to the president were required to have their hands empty and in plain sight, but for reasons not clear, this rule was not strictly enforced.[28][29]

On the day prior to the shooting, McKinley had given an address at the exposition, which began as follows:

> I am glad to be again in the city of Buffalo and exchange greetings with her people ... Expositions are the timekeepers of progress. They record the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise, and intellect of the people; and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty storehouses of information to the student.[30]

The day after, McKinley appeared in the Temple of Music to shake hands with lucky attendees. Czolgosz was in the line, and hid a revolver beneath a handkerchief he had wrapped around his right hand. When he reached McKinley, he shot him multiple times and was then attacked by attendees. McKinley urged the attendees to spare his assassin, and after McKinley died, Czolgosz was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death.

The newly developed X-ray machine was displayed at the fair, but doctors were reluctant to use it on McKinley to search for the bullet because they did not know what side effects it might have had on him. Also, the operating room at the exposition's emergency hospital did not have any electric lighting, even though the exteriors of many of the buildings were covered with thousands of light bulbs. Doctors used a pan to reflect sunlight onto the operating table as they treated McKinley's wounds.[31]

## Buildings and exhibits

[edit]

Buildings and exhibits featured at the Pan-American Exposition included:[32]

Image  | Building  | Architect  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|

| Agricultural, Manufacturers, and Liberal Arts Buildings  | George Shepley | Demolished  | The Agriculture building faced the Court of Fountain.[33]
| Electric Tower  | John Galen Howard | Demolished  | The fair's center piece
| Electricity Building  | Green & Wicks | Demolished  |
| Ethnology Building  | George Cary | Demolished  |
| U.S. Government Building  | James Knox Taylor | Demolished  | The building occupied the entire eastern Esplanade of the Exposition grounds.[34]
| Machinery and Transportation Building  | Green & Wicks | Demolished  |
| Mines, Forestry and Graphic Arts Buildings  | Robert Swain Peabody | Demolished  | The buildings were the first series of buildings a visitor encountered after passing through the Triumphal Bridge.[35]
| New York State Building | George Cary | Extant  | Constructed of Vermont Marble.
| Service Building  | Esenwein & Johnson | Demolished  | First building completed on the grounds.[36]
| Stadium  | Babb, Cook & Willard | Demolished  | Modeled after the Panathenaic Stadium.[5]
| Temple of Music | Esenwein & Johnson | Demolished  | Center for the live performances
| Woman's Building  |  | Demolished  | Former club house of the Country Club of Buffalo.[37]
| Fair Japan  |  | Demolished  | Organized by Kushibiki and Arai.

## Demolition

[edit]

When the fair ended, the contents of the grounds were sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company[38] of Chicago for US$92,000 ($3.02 million in 2024 dollars[8]).[39] Demolition of the buildings began in March 1902, and within a year, most of the buildings were demolished. The grounds were then cleared and subdivided to be used for residential streets, homes, and park land. Similar to previous world fairs, most of the buildings were constructed of timber and steel framing with precast staff panels made of a plaster/fiber mix. These buildings were built as a means of rapid construction and temporary ornamentation and not made to last.[40] Prior to its demolition, an effort was made via public committee to purchase and preserve the original Electric Tower from the wrecking company for nearly US$30,000 ($1.13 million in 2024 dollars[8]). However, the necessary funding could not be raised in time.[39]

The site of the exposition was bounded by Elmwood Avenue on the west, Delaware Avenue on the east, what is now Hoyt Lake on the south, and the railway on the north. It is now occupied by a residential neighborhood from Nottingham Terrace to Amherst Street, and businesses on the north side of Amherst Street. A stone and marker on a traffic island dividing Fordham Drive, near the Lincoln Parkway, marks the area where the Temple of Music was located.[41]

## Legacy

[edit]

* The New York State Building, located in Delaware Park, was designed to outlast the Exposition and has been the home of the Buffalo History Museum since 1902. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, it can be visited at the corner of Elmwood Avenue and Nottingham Avenue. The Museum's Research Library has an online bibliography of its extensive Pan-American holdings.[42] Included in the Library collection are the records of the Pan-American Exposition Company.[43]
* The Albright-Knox Art Gallery was intended to serve as a Fine Arts Pavilion but due to construction delays, it was not completed in time.
* While the original Electric Tower may have inspired the 13 story Beaux-Arts General Electric Tower, built in 1912 in downtown Buffalo, the General Electric building is not a faithful replica.
* The Hotel Statler was demolished after 1901. Ellsworth Statler then built second Buffalo hotel in 1907, then a third in 1923.
* A boulder with a plaque and a flagpole marking the site of McKinley's assassination was placed in the grassy median on Fordham Drive in Buffalo.[44]
* At least one engine from the miniature railway that carried visitors around the fair was preserved. It is currently privately owned and operated in Braddock Heights, Maryland.

Pan-American Exhibition, panorama view, from The Latest and Best Views of the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N.Y.: Robert Allen Reid, 1901.

## See also

[edit]

* Put Me Off at Buffalo – popular song used to advertise the Exposition
* List of world's fairs
* Louisiana Purchase Exposition
* Raphael Beck
* World's Columbian Exposition
* List of world expositions

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ "Historypin: Pan-American Exposition | Buffalo AKG Art Museum". buffaloakg.org. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
2. ^ "Panorama of Esplanade by night". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
3. ^ "Pan-American Exposition by night". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
4. ^ "Panoramic view of Electric Tower from a balloon". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
5. ^ a b The Buffalo History Works; Architecture, Midway
6. ^ a b c Peterson, 2011, Buffalo as History
7. ^ "Pan-American Flag". panam1901.org. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
8. ^ a b c d 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
9. ^ Scientific American, January 27, 1900
10. ^ "The Pan-American exposition. Buffalo, N.Y., U. S. A. from May 1 to November 1, 1901". Pan-American exposition company. 1900. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
11. ^ (1901) Rand McNally Pan American Handbook, 1901
12. ^ Scientific American, v. 84. n. 22, pp. 338-339
13. ^ Opening, Pan-American Exposition; library of Congress
14. ^ Caffin, 1901, p. 1049
15. ^ Bewley, 2003, pp. 179-180
16. ^ Pan-American Exposition postmarks, 1901
17. ^ "Pan-American Exposition Issues". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
18. ^ Olcott, 1916
19. ^ "William Jennings Bryan with Sioux chiefs at Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, 1901". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
20. ^ Scientific American, v. 83, n. 19, .p. 298
21. ^ "Lina Beecher Obituary". Batavia Daily News. October 6, 1915.
22. ^ "Nina Morgana ('Little Patti', 'Baby Patti')" Archived 2018-06-15 at the Wayback Machine Pan-American Women exhibit, University at Buffalo Libraries.
23. ^ Benjamin, W. H. (1908). Biographies of celebrated organists of America. Benjamin Pub. Co. OCLC 10709899.
24. ^ Library of Congress, film and short essay
25. ^ Leech, 1959, pp. 591-592, 600-601
26. ^ Leech, 1959, p. 584
27. ^ Hay, 1902, p. 13
28. ^ Leech, 1959, p. 591
29. ^ Olcott, 1916, pp. 313-314
30. ^ Olcott, 1916, p. 377
31. ^ Leech, 1959, pp. 596, 599
32. ^ Arnold, 1901
33. ^ "Agriculture Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
34. ^ "U.S. Government Buildings Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
35. ^ "Mins Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
36. ^ "Service Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
37. ^ "Women's Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
38. ^ "Exposition Buildings Sold". San Francisco Call. 24 November 1901. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
39. ^ a b "News from 1902 (March)". PanAm1901.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
40. ^ Buffalo's Pan-American Exposition Arcadia Publishing. (1998), page 23. Retrieved 2011-8-5.
41. ^ "Quiet Street Enjoys a Place in History", by Anthony Cardinale, Buffalo News, March 12, 1989 pB-11
42. ^ Buffalo History Museum. "Pan-American Exposition: A WorldCat List". Worldcat.org. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
43. ^ "Finding Aid for the Pan-American Exposition Company Records, 1899-1908". EmpireADC. Mss. C65-7. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
44. ^ 42°56′19.3″N 78°52′25″W﻿ / ﻿42.938694°N 78.87361°W﻿ / 42.938694; -78.87361, Google Maps Street View of the memorial marker on Fordham Drive.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Arnold, C.D. (1901). Official views of Pan-American exposition. Buffalo, N.Y.: C. D. Arnold.
* Bewley, Michael Ryan (Spring 2003). "The New World in Unity: Pan-America Visualized at Buffalo in 1901". New York History. 84 (2). Fenimore Art Museum: 179–203\. JSTOR 23183322.179-203&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183322#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Bewley&rft.aufirst=Michael+Ryan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pan-American+Exposition" class="Z3988">
* Brush, Edward Hale (November 1900). "Six Nations Village at the Pan-American Exposition". Scientific American. Vol. 83, no. 19\. Scientific American. JSTOR 26121307.
* "The Pan-American Exposition of 1901". Scientific American. January 27, 1900.
* Margaret Creighton (October 18, 2016). Electrifying Fall of Rainbow City: Spectacle and Assassination at the 1901 World's Fair. ISBN 978-0-521-43336-5.
* Goodrich, Arthur (August 1901). "Short Stories of Interesting Exhibits". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. Vol. II. pp. 1054–1096. Retrieved 2009-07-09.1054-1096&rft.date=1901-08&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF6tNZnhO7wC&pg;=PA1054&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pan-American+Exposition" class="Z3988">
* Hay, John (1902). William McKinley. Washington DC: Washington.
* Olcitt, Charles S. (1916). William McKinley. New York and Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
* Page, Walter H. (August 1901). "The Pan-American Exposition". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. Vol. II. pp. 1014–1048. Retrieved 2009-07-09.1014-1048&rft.date=1901-08&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF6tNZnhO7wC&pg;=PA1015&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pan-American+Exposition" class="Z3988">
* Official catalogue and guide book to the Pan-American Exposition: With Maps of Exhibitions and Illustrations. Buffalo, NY: Charles Ahrhart. 1901.
* The Rand-McNally hand book to the Pan-American exposition. Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & co. 1901.
* "Opening of the Pan-American Exposition". Scientific American. Vol. 84, no. 22\. Scientific American. June 1901. pp. 338–339\. JSTOR 24982219.338-339&rft.date=1901-06&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24982219#id-name=JSTOR&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pan-American+Exposition" class="Z3988">
* Peterson, Harold F. (2003). "Buffalo Builds the 1901 Pan-American Exposition". Buffalo as History. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
* Leech, Margaret (1959). In the days of McKinley. New York: Harper & Brothers.
* Walker, John Brisben (1901). "The cosmopolitan : an illustrated monthly magazine, September, 1901 : souvenir number of the Buffalo Exposition". Cosmopolitan Magazine. New York: Cosmopolitan Magazine.
* "Opening, Pan-American Exposition". Library of Congress. 1901. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
* "The Buffalo History Works; The Buildings / Midway". The Buffalo History Works; The Midway. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
* "Panama-Pacific Exposition Issue". Smithsonian national postal Museum. Retrieved November 25, 2023.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pan-American Exposition.

* Buffalo Digital Library has links to over 125 full-text guidebooks, picture books, and other Pan-American works from the period
* Doing the Pan: Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901
* Minutes of the Board of Women Managers at the Pan-American Exposition, 1900-1901, courtesy of the Buffalo History Museum.
* Peeps at the Pan-American, a 3-volume set of scrapbooks by Buffalo schoolteacher Mabel Barnes, who visited the grounds 19 times. Courtesy of The Buffalo History Museum.
* Pan-American Exposition: Report of William I. Buchanan, Director General, courtesy of The Buffalo History Museum.
* New York Heritage Digital Collections: Pan-American Exposition Scrapbooks
* University at Buffalo Digital Collections: Pan-American Exposition of 1901
* Pan-American Exposition: A Visual Guide to buildings, fountains, sculpture, hotels, landscape features, and the Midway, compiled by The Buffalo History Museum.
* Pan-American Exposition Company Records: An inventory of the collection in the Research Library at The Buffalo History Museum. The business records are not digitized or online, so an in-person visit is needed to study them.
* Pan-American Exposition: List of Prizes, compiled by The Buffalo History Museum
* Pan-American Exposition Then and Now: A map of the grounds with an overlay of modern streets, created by The Buffalo History Museum
* Historical Biography and Libretto of the Indian Congress, courtesy of the Buffalo History Museum.
* Pan-American Exposition souvenir booklet autographed by William McKinley courtesy of The Shapell Manuscript Foundation

* v
* t
* e

List of world's fairs in the United States

* American Institute Fair
* Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations
* Centennial Exposition
* International Cotton Exposition
* The American Exhibition of the Products, Arts and Manufactures of Foreign Nations
* Southern Exposition
* World Cotton Centennial
* North, Central and South American Exposition
* Piedmont Exposition
* International Industrial Fair
* World's Columbian Exposition
* World's Fair Prize Winners' Exposition
* California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894
* Cotton States and International Exposition (1895) (Atlanta Exposition)
* Irish Fair
* Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition
* Trans-Mississippi Exposition
* California's Golden Jubilee (1898)
* Greater America Exposition (1899)
* National Export Exposition
* Pan-American Exposition
* South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition
* Louisiana Purchase Exposition
* Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition (1905)
* Irish Industrial Exposition
* Jamestown Exposition
* World's Pure Food Exposition
* International Mining Exposition
* Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition
* Hudson–Fulton Celebration
* Portolá Festival
* Admission Day Festival
* International Mercantile Exposition
* National Conservation Exposition
* National Star-Spangled Banner Centennial Celebration
* Panama–Pacific International Exposition
* Negro Historical and Industrial Exposition
* Lincoln Jubilee and Exposition
* Panama–California Exposition
* Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries
* California Liberty Fair
* American Historical Review and Motion Picture Exposition
* French Exposition
* California's Diamond Jubilee
* Sesquicentennial Exposition
* Pacific Southwest Exposition
* Yorktown Sesquicentennial
* Century of Progress
* California Pacific International Exposition
* Texas Centennial Central Exposition (1936)
* Great Lakes Exposition
* Greater Texas & Pan-American Exposition
* Pan American Fair
* 1939 New York World's Fair
* Golden Gate International Exposition
* Century 21 Exposition
* 1964 New York World's Fair
* HemisFair '68
* Expo '74
* 1982 World's Fair
* 1984 Louisiana World Exposition

* v
* t
* e

World exhibitions

* Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)

Retroactively
recognized
expositions|

* London 1851
* Paris 1855
* London 1862
* Paris 1867
* Vienna 1873
* Philadelphia 1876
* Paris 1878
* Melbourne 1880
* Barcelona 1888
* Paris 1889
* Chicago 1893
* Brussels 1897
* Paris 1900
* St. Louis 1904
* Liège 1905
* Milan 1906
* Brussels 1910
* Turin 1911
* Ghent 1913
* San Francisco 1915
* Barcelona 1929
* Seville 1929
* Chicago 1933

BIE-recognized
Universal
expositions|

* Brussels 1935
* Paris 1937
* New York 1939–1940
* Port-au-Prince 1949
* Brussels 1958
* Seattle 1962
* Montreal 1967
* Osaka 1970
* Chicago 1992‡
* Seville 1992
* Hannover 2000
* Aichi 2005
* Shanghai 2010
* Milan 2015
* Dubai 2020†
* Osaka 2025
* Riyadh 2030

BIE-recognized
specialized
expositions|

* Stockholm 1936
* Helsinki 1938
* Liège 1939
* Paris 1947
* Stockholm 1949
* Lyon 1949
* Lille 1951
* Jerusalem 1953
* Rome 1953
* Naples 1954
* Turin 1955
* Helsingborg 1955
* Beit Dagan 1956
* Berlin 1957
* Turin 1961
* Munich 1965
* San Antonio 1968
* Budapest 1971
* Spokane 1974
* Okinawa 1975
* Plovdiv 1981
* Knoxville 1982
* New Orleans 1984
* Plovdiv 1985
* Tsukuba 1985
* Vancouver 1986
* Brisbane 1988
* Plovdiv 1991
* Genoa 1992
* Taejŏn 1993
* Lisbon 1998
* Zaragoza 2008
* Yeosu 2012
* Astana 2017
* Buenos Aires 2023‡
* Belgrade 2027

BIE-recognized
horticultural
exhibitions (AIPH)|

* Rotterdam 1960
* Paris 1969
* Amsterdam 1972
* Hamburg 1973
* Vienna 1974
* Montreal 1980
* Amsterdam 1982
* Munich 1983
* Liverpool 1984
* Osaka 1990
* Zoetermeer 1992
* Stuttgart 1993
* Kunming 1999
* Haarlemmermeer 2002
* Rostock 2003
* Chiang Mai 2006–2007
* Venlo 2012
* Antalya 2016
* Beijing 2019
* Almere 2022
* Doha 2023
* Yokohama 2027

Not BIE-
recognized|

| Africa|

* Freetown 1865
* Cape Town 1877
* Kimberley 1892–1893
* Johannesburg 1936–1937

|

Asia|

* Calcutta 1883–1884
* Hanoi 1902
* Nanking 1910
* Semarang 1914
* Hangzhou 1929
* Taihoku (Taipei) 1935
* Nagoya 1937
* Clark 1998
* Shenyang 2006
* Chiang Mai 2011–2012
* Udon Thani 2026

Europe|

* London 1760
* Dublin 1853
* Manchester 1857
* Porto 1865
* Stockholm 1866
* London 1871–1874
* Lyon 1872
* Vienna 1873
* Amsterdam 1883
* Liverpool 1886
* London 1886
* Copenhagen 1888
* Glasgow 1888
* Frankfurt 1891
* Prague 1891
* Lyon 1894
* Oporto 1894
* Berlin 1896
* Stockholm 1897
* Glasgow 1901
* Cork 1902
* London 1905
* London 1906
* Marseille 1906
* Dublin 1907
* London 1908
* Zaragoza 1908
* London 1910
* Dresden 1911
* London 1911
* London 1912
* Lyon 1914
* Cologne 1914
* London 1914
* Kristiania 1914
* Malmö 1914
* London 1921
* Marseille 1922
* Gothenburg 1923
* British Empire Exhibition 1924–1925
* Antwerp 1930
* Stockholm 1930
* Paris 1931
* Porto 1934
* Glasgow 1938
* Stockholm 1943

North America|

* New York City 1826–1897
* Bryant Park, New York City 1853
* Atlanta 1881
* Louisville 1883–1887
* New Orleans 1884
* Atlanta 1887
* San Francisco 1894
* Atlanta 1895
* Nashville 1897
* Omaha 1898
* Buffalo 1901
* Charleston 1901–1902
* Portland, Oregon 1905
* Jamestown 1907
* Seattle 1909
* Knoxville 1913
* San Diego 1915–1917
* Bronx 1918
* Philadelphia 1926
* San Diego 1935–1936
* Dallas 1936
* Cleveland 1936–1937
* Dallas 1937
* San Francisco 1939–1940
* Chicago 1940
* New York City 1964–1965

Oceania|

* Melbourne 1866
* Sydney 1870
* Melbourne 1875
* Brisbane 1876
* Sydney 1879
* Adelaide 1887
* Melbourne 1888
* Dunedin 1889
* Christchurch 1906
* Auckland 1913–1914
* Dunedin 1925
* Wellington 1939–1940

South America|

* Lima 1872
* Santiago 1875
* Quito 1909
* Buenos Aires 1910
* Rio de Janeiro 1922

* † Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic
* ‡ Cancelled
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William McKinley

* 25th President of the United States (1897–1901)
* 39th Governor of Ohio (1892–1896)

Life|

* 23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
* Battle of South Mountain
* Coal miners' strike of 1873
* 1888 Republican National Convention
* McKinley Tariff
* 1896 United States presidential election
* William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign
* 1896 Republican National Convention
* Front porch campaign

Presidency
(timeline)|

* First inauguration of William McKinley
* Spanish–American War
* Philippine–American War
* Treaty of Paris (1898)
* Newlands Resolution
* Open Door Policy
* China Relief Expedition
* Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
* Dingley Act
* Erdman Act
* Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897
* Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
* Refuse Act
* Lacey Act of 1900
* Gold Standard Act
* 1900 United States presidential election
* 1900 Republican National Convention
* Second inauguration of William McKinley
* Pan-American Exposition
* Assassination of William McKinley

Public image|

* McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio
* McKinley National Memorial
* McKinley Monument
* William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum
* National McKinley Birthplace Memorial
* McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center
* William McKinley Memorial
* McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar
* William McKinley Monument
* Statues
* Canton, Ohio
* Chicago
* Mount McKinley

Family|

* Ida Saxton McKinley (wife)
* William McKinley Sr. (father)

* ← Grover Cleveland
* Theodore Roosevelt →

* Category

Authority control databases

National|

* United States

Other|

* SNAC

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