Panthera

Genus within Felidae

For other uses, see Panthera (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Pantera.

Panthera

Temporal range: Pliocene–Present[1]

PreꞒ

From top to bottom: tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, snow leopard
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Mammalia
Order:  | Carnivora
Suborder:  | Feliformia
Family:  | Felidae
Subfamily:  | Pantherinae
Genus:  | Panthera
Oken, 1816[2]
Type species
Felis pardus
(= Panthera pardus)

Linnaeus, 1758[2]

Species

* †Panthera atrox (Leidy, 1853)
* †Panthera balamoides Stinnesbeck et al., 2019
* †Panthera fossilis (Reichenau, 1906)
* †Panthera gombaszogensis (Kretzoi, 1938)
* Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758)
* †Panthera palaeosinensis (Zdansky, 1924)
* Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* †Panthera principialis Hemmer, 2023
* †Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948)
* †Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810)
* Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775)
* †Panthera youngi Pei, 1934
* †Panthera zdanskyi Mazák, Christiansen & Kitchener, 2011

Synonyms[2]

About 10

* Jaguarius Severtzov, 1858
* Leo Frisch, 1775
* Leonina Greve, 1894
* Leoninae Wagner, 1841
* Pardotigris Kretzoi, 1929
* Pardus Fitzinger, 1868
* Tigrina Greve, 1894
* Tigrinae Wagner, 1841
* Tigris Gray, 1843
* Tigris Frisch, 1775

Panthera[note 1] is a genus within the family Felidae, and one of two extant genera in the subfamily Pantherinae. It contains the largest living members of the cat family. There are five living species: the jaguar, leopard, lion, snow leopard and tiger. Numerous extinct species are also named, including the cave lion and American lion.

## Etymology

[edit]

The word panther derives from Classical Latin panthēra, itself from the Ancient Greek pánthēr (πάνθηρ).[5]

## Characteristics

[edit]

In Panthera species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basic cranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping.[6] All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone and a specially adapted larynx with large vocal folds covered in a fibro-elastic pad; these characteristics enable them to roar. Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm (0.35 in) that provide a lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.[7] Panthera species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species.[8]

## Evolution

[edit]

The geographic origin of the genus Panthera is uncertain, though the earliest known definitive species Panthera principialis is from Tanzania.[9] P. blytheae from northern Central Asia, originally described as the oldest known Panthera species, is suggested to be similar in skull features to the snow leopard,[10] but subsequent studies have since agreed that it is not a member of or a related species of the snow leopard lineage and that it belongs to a different genus Palaeopanthera.[11][12][13] The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages likely dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Late Miocene.[10] Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.[14] The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera.[14][15][16][17] The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about 8.66 million years ago. Panthera diverged from other cat species about 11.3 million years ago and then evolved into the species tiger about 6.55 million years ago, snow leopard about 4.63 million years ago and leopard about 4.35 million years ago. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion (P. atrox) is a sister lineage to Panthera spelaea (the Eurasian cave or steppe lion) that diverged about 0.34 million years ago, and that both P. atrox and P. spelaea are most closely related to lions among living Panthera species.[18] The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger.[19]

Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living Panthera species:[20]

The extinct species Panthera gombaszogensis, was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola, in Italy, and date to 1.6 million years ago.[21] Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about 2 to 3.8 million years ago.[22]

## Classification

[edit]

Panthera was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group.[23][24] During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called "races", for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London, and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably.[25][26][27] Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), jaguar (P. onca), and leopard (P. pardus) on the basis of common features of their skulls.[28] Since the mid-1980s, several Panthera species became subjects of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them.[29][30] Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations.[31] Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly Uncia uncia) also belongs to the genus Panthera (P. uncia), a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008.[14][32]

Based on genetic research, it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into P. l. leo.[33] Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa; southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations.[34][35]

Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar.[36][37]

### Contemporary species

[edit]

The following list of the genus Panthera is based on the taxonomic assessment in Mammal Species of the World and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group:[2][38]

Species | Subspecies | IUCN Red List status and distribution

|
|

Lion P. leo (Linnaeus, 1758)[39]

| P. l. leo (Linnaeus, 1758)[39] including:

* †Barbary lion P. l. leo sensu stricto
* Asiatic lion syn. P. l. persica (Johann Nepomuk Meyer, 1826)[40]

P. l. melanochaita (Smith, 1842)[41] including:

* †Cape lion P. l. melanochaita sensu stricto[42]

| VU[43]

Jaguar P. onca (Linnaeus, 1758)[39]

| Monotypic[44][38] | NT[45]

Leopard P. pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)[39]

| African leopard P. p. pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)[39]

Indian leopard P. p. fusca (Meyer, 1794)[46]
Javan leopard P. p. melas (G. Cuvier, 1809)[47]
Arabian leopard P. p. nimr (Hemprich and Ehrenberg), 1833[48]
P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856),[49] syn. P. p. ciscaucasica (Satunin, 1914),[50] P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927[51]
Amur leopard P. p. orientalis (Schlegel, 1857),[52] syn. P. p. japonensis (Gray, 1862)[53]
Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930[54]
Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1956[55]

| VU[56]

Tiger P. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)[39]

| P. t. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) including:

* Bengal tiger P. t. tigris sensu stricto
* †Caspian tiger syn. P. t. virgata (Illiger, 1815)[57]
* Siberian tiger syn. P. t. altaica (Temminck, 1844)[58]
* South China tiger syn. P. t. amoyensis (Hilzheimer, 1905)[59]
* Indochinese tiger syn. P. t. corbetti Mazák, 1968[60]
* Malayan tiger syn. P. t. jacksoni Luo et al., 2004[61]

Sunda Island tiger P. t. sondaica Temminck, 1844)[58] including

* †Javan tiger P. t. sondaica sensu stricto
* Sumatran tiger syn. P t. sumatrae (Temminck, 1844)[58]
* †Bali tiger syn. P. t. balica Schwarz, 1912)[62]

| EN[63]

Snow leopard P. uncia[38] (Schreber, 1775)[64]

| Monotypic[38] | VU[32]

### Extinct species and subspecies

[edit]

Species and subspecies | Fossil records | Notes  | Images

|
|
|

Panthera atrox | North America, 0.13 to 0.013 MYA, with dubious remains in South America.[65] | Commonly known as the American lion, P. atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P. spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200,000 BP.[66] It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P. leo[66] or P. spelaea.[67] One of the largest Panthera species.[68] Became extinct around 13,000-12,000 years ago.[69] |
Panthera balamoides[70] | Mexico, ~0.13 MYA  | Dubious, other authors suggest that the remains are actually of the extinct bear Arctotherium instead.[71] |
Panthera fossilis[72] | Europe and Asia, 0.68 to 0.25 MYA  | Extinct species of lion known from the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. One of the largest known species of Panthera. Considered to be the ancestor of P. spelaea.[73] |
Panthera gombaszogensis | Europe, possibly Asia and Africa, 2.0 to 0.35 MYA  | Ranged across Europe, as well as possibly Asia and Africa from around 2 million to 350,000 years ago.[74] Often suggested to be the ancestor of the living jaguar (Panthera onca), and sometimes referred to as the "European jaguar". Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P. gombaszogensis. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P. onca.[75][76] |
Panthera palaeosinensis | Northern China, ~3 MYA  | Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera[1] At least three recent studies considered Panthera zdanskyi likely to be a synonym of P. palaeosinensis.[77][78][79] |
Panthera principialis | Tanzania, ~3.7 MYA  | Described in 2023.[9] |
Panthera shawi | Laetoli site in Tanzania, ~3 MYA  | A leopard-like cat[80] |
Panthera spelaea | Much of Eurasia, 0.6 to 0.013 MYA[81] | Commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion. Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P. leo.[82] Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely P. spelaea that is most closely related to the modern lion among living Panthera species.[83][84] Other genetic results indicate that P. fossilis also warrants status as a species.[85][86] It became extinct around 14,500-14,000 years ago.[87] |
Panthera youngi[88] | China, Japan, ~0.35 MYA  |  |
Panthera zdanskyi | Gansu province of northwestern China, 2.55 to 2.16 MYA  | It was initially considered to be a close relative of the tiger.[1] But it is possibly synonymous with P. palaeosinensis.[9][89] |
Panthera leo sinhaleyus | Sri Lanka  | This lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth.[90] |
Panthera onca augusta[91] | North America  | May have lived in temperate forests across North America[92] |
Panthera onca mesembrina[93] | South America  | May have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar  |
Panthera pardus spelaea | Europe  | Closely related to Asiatic leopard subspecies,[94] |
Panthera tigris acutidens | Much of Asia  | Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies[95] |
Panthera tigris soloensis | Java, Indonesia  | Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies[95] |
Panthera tigris trinilensis | Java, Indonesia  | Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies[95] |

Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as Panthera crassidens from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils.[96] A "Panthera dhokpathanensis" was briefly referenced in 1986 in a report on apparent new carnivorans from the Dhok Patha region in the Siwaliks, but as no description was provided this name is a nomen nudum.[97]

### Phylogeny

[edit]

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper one is based on phylogenetic studies by Johnson et al. (2006),[14] and by Werdelin et al. (2010).[98] The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al. (2010)[19] and by Mazák et al. (2011).[1]

In 2018, results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published. This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber-toothed cats, their speciation and extinction rates.[99]

Panthera |

|  |

†Panthera palaeosinensis

|

|  |

|  |

|  |

†Panthera blytheae

|

Snow leopard

|  |

|  |

†Panthera zdanskyi

|

Tiger

|  |

|  |

|  |

†Panthera gombaszogensis (sometimes called the European jaguar)

|

Jaguar

|  |

|  |

Leopard

|

|  |

Lion

|

|  |

†Panthera spelaea (cave lion or steppe lion)

|

†Panthera atrox (American lion)

## See also

[edit]

* Cats portal
* Mammals portal

* Panthera hybrid
* Panther (legendary creature)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ /ˈpænθərə, pænˈθiːrə/ PAN-thə-rə, pan-THEE-rə[3][4]

## References

[edit]

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4. ^ Eons 2021, 1:30, spoken by Kallie Moore
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Turner, A.; Antón, M. (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Panthera at Wikimedia Commons
* The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats (video). PBS Eons. 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 - via YouTube.

* v
* t
* e

Extant Carnivora species

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Infraclass: Eutheria
* Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans)

Feliformia

* African palm civet (Nandinia binotata)

Feloidea

| Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs)|

* Banded linsang (P. linsang)
* Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)

|

Felidae (cats)

| Pantherinae|

| Neofelis|

* Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
* Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)

|

Panthera|

* Snow leopard (P. uncia)
* Tiger (P. tigris)
* Jaguar (P. onca)
* Lion (P. leo)
* Leopard (P. pardus)

Felinae sensu stricto

| Bay cat
lineage|

| Pardofelis|

* Marbled cat (P. marmorata)

|

Catopuma|

* Bay cat (C. badia)
* Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)

Caracal
lineage|

* Serval (Leptailurus serval)

Caracal|

* African golden cat (C. aurata)
* Caracal (C. caracal)

Leopardus|

* Pampas cat (L. colocola)
* Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
* Kodkod (L. guigna)
* Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)
* Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
* Ocelot (L. pardalis)
* Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
* Margay (L. wiedii)

Lynx|

* Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
* Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
* Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
* Bobcat (L. rufus)

Puma
lineage|

| Acinonyx|

* Cheetah (A. jubatus)

|

* Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)

Puma|

* Cougar (P. concolor)

Leopard cat
lineage|

* Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)

Prionailurus|

* Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
* Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)
* Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
* Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
* Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)

Felis|

* Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
* Domestic cat (F. catus)
* Jungle cat (F. chaus)
* African wildcat (F. lybica)
* Sand cat (F. margarita)
* Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
* European wildcat (F. silvestris)

Viverroidea|

*     * see below↓

Viverroidea

Viverridae

Palm civets

| Hemigalinae|

* Owston's palm civet (Chrotogale owstoni)
* Otter civet (Cynogale bennettii)
* Hose's palm civet (Diplogale hosei)
* Banded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus)

|

Paradoxurinae|

* Binturong (Arctictis binturong)
* Small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
* Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii)
* Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)

Paradoxurus|

* Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
* Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)
* Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)

Viverrinae sensu lato

| Viverrinae
sensu stricto|

* Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)
* African civet (Civettictis civetta)

Viverra|

* Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
* Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
* Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
* Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)

Genettinae

| Poiana
(African linsangs)|

* Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
* West African oyan (P. leightoni)

|

Genetta (genets)

| subgenus Genetta
(paraphyletic)|

* Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
* Common genet (G. genetta)
* South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)

|

subgenus Eugenetta
(paraphyletic)|

* Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
* Cape genet (G. tigrina)

subgenus Herpailuropoda
(paraphyletic)|

* Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
* Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
* Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
* Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)

subgenus Pardogale
(paraphyletic)|

* Pardine genet (G. pardina)
* King genet (G. poensis)

subgenus Prionailuropoda|

* Letaba genet (G. letabae)
* Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
* Schouteden's genet (G. schoutedeni)

subgenus Leptailuropoda
(paraphyletic)|

* Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
* Servaline genet (G. servalina)

subgenus Osbornictis|

* Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)

| Herpestoidea|

*     * see below↓

|

Herpestoidea

| Hyaenidae
(hyenas)|

| Proteles|

* Aardwolf (P. cristata)

|

Hyaeninae
(bone-crushing hyenas)|

* Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)
* Brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea)

Crocuta|

* Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)

Herpestidae sensu lato

| Eupleridae
(Malagasy
carnivorans)|

| Euplerinae
(Malagasy civets)|

* Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)
* Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana)

Eupleres (falanoucs)|

* Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
* Western falanouc (E. major)

Galidiinae
(vontsira)|

* Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans)

Galidictis|

* Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
* Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)

* Narrow-striped mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata)

Salanoia|

* Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
* Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)

Herpestidae sensu stricto (mongooses)

Mungotinae

| Suricata|

* Meerkat (S. suricatta)

|

* Liberian mongoose (Liberiictus kuhni)

Mungos|

* Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
* Banded mongoose (M. mungo)

* Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii)

Helogale|

* Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
* Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)

Crossarchus
(kusimanses)|

* Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
* Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
* Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
* Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)

Herpestinae

* Marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus)
* Long-nosed mongoose (Xenogale naso)

Urva
(Asian mongooses)|

* Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)
* Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)
* Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)
* Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)
* Javan mongoose (U. javanica)
* Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)
* Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)
* Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)
* Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)

* White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda)
* Yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata)
* Selous's mongoose (Paracynictis selousi)
* Meller's mongoose (Rhynchogale melleri)

Bdeogale|

* Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
* Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
* Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)

Herpestes
(slender mongooses)|

* Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)
* Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
* Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)
* Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)
* Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)

Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans)

Canidae (dogs)

| Urocyon|

* Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
* Island fox (U. littoralis)

|

Vulpini

* Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)

Nyctereutes
(raccoon dogs)|

* Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
* Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)

Vulpes
(true foxes)|

* Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
* Blanford's fox (V. cana)
* Cape fox (V. chama)
* Corsac fox (V. corsac)
* Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)
* Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
* Kit fox (V. macrotis)
* Pale fox (V. pallida)
* Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
* Swift fox (V. velox)
* Red fox (V. vulpes)
* Fennec fox (V. zerda)

Canini (true dogs)

Cerdocyonina
(zorro)

* Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Speothos|

* Bush dog (S. venaticus)

* Short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis)
* Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Lycalopex
(South American foxes)|

* Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
* Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
* South American gray fox (L. griseus)
* Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
* Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
* Hoary fox (L. vetulus)

Canina
(wolf-like canids)

| Lupulella|

* Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)
* Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)

|

Lycaon|

* African wild dog (L. pictus)

* Dhole (Cuon alpinus)

Canis|

* Golden jackal (C. aureus)
* Domestic dog (C. familiaris)
* Coyote (C. latrans)
* African wolf (C. lupaster)
* Wolf (C. lupus)
* Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)
* Red wolf (C. rufus)
* Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)

Arctoidea

Ursidae (bears)

| Ailuropoda|

* Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)

|

Tremarctos|

* Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)

Ursinae|

* Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)
* Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)

Ursus|

* American black bear (U. americanus)
* Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
* Brown bear (U. arctos)
* Polar bear (U. maritimus)

| Mustelida|

| Pinnipedia (seals)|

*     * see below↓

|

Musteloidea|

*     * see below↓

Pinnipedia (seals)

| Odobenidae|

* Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)

|

Otariidae (eared seals)

| Callorhinus
(northern fur seals)|

* Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)

|

Otariinae
(sea lions)|

* Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)

Zalophus|

* California sea lion (Z. californianus)
* Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)

* South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens)

Neophoca|

* Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)

* New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)

Arctocephalus
(southern fur seals)|

* South American fur seal (A. australis)
* Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
* Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
* Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
* Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
* Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
* Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
* Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)

Phocidae (earless seals or true seals)

Phocinae
("northern seals")

* Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)
* Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)

Phocini

* Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus)
* Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata)
* Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Phoca|

* Spotted seal (P. largha)
* Harbor seal (P. vitulina)

Pusa|

* Caspian seal (P. caspica)
* Ringed seal (P. hispida)
* Baikal seal (P. sibirica)

Monachinae
("southern seals")

| Monachini
(monk seals)|

* Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)

Neomonachus|

* Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)

Mirounga
(elephant seals)|

* Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
* Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)

Lobodontini
(Antarctic seals)|

* Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)
* Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
* Crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus)
* Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi)

Musteloidea

| Ailuridae|

* Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)

|

Mephitidae (skunks)

| Conepatus
(hog-nosed skunks)|

* Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
* Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
* American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
* Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)

|

Mephitis|

* Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
* Striped skunk (M. mephitis)

Mydaus
(stink badgers)|

* Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
* Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)

Spilogale
(spotted skunks)|

* Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
* Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
* Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
* Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)

Procyonidae

* Kinkajou (Potos flavus)

Bassariscus|

* Ringtail (B. astutus)
* Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)

Procyon
(raccoons)|

* Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
* Raccoon (P. lotor)
* Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)

Bassaricyon
(olingos)|

* Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
* Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
* Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
* Olinguito (B. neblina)

Nasuina
(coatis)|

| Nasua|

* White-nosed coati (N. narica)
* South American coati (N. nasua)

|

Nasuella
(mountain coatis)|

* Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
* Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)

| Mustelidae|

*     * see below↓

|

Mustelidae

Mustelidae

* American badger (Taxidea taxus)

Mellivora|

* Honey badger (M. capensis)

Melinae

| Arctonyx
(hog badgers)|

* Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)
* Greater hog badger (A. collaris)
* Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)

|

Meles
(Eurasian badgers)|

* Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
* Caucasian badger (M. canescens)
* Asian badger (M. leucurus)
* European badger (M. meles)

Melogale
(ferret-badgers)|

* Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
* Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)
* Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
* Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
* Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
* Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)

Guloninae

* Tayra (Eira barbara)

Pekania|

* Fisher (P. pennanti)

Gulo|

* Wolverine (G. gulo)

Martes
(martens)|

* American marten (M. americana)
* Pacific marten (M. caurina)
* Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
* Beech marten (M. foina)
* Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
* European pine marten (M. martes)
* Japanese marten (M. melampus)
* Sable (M. zibellina)

Ictonychinae

| Lyncodontini|

* Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)

Galictis
(grisons)|

* Lesser grison (G. cuja)
* Greater grison (G. vittata)

Ictonychini
(African polecats)|

| Vormela|

* Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)

|

* African striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha)

Ictonyx|

* Saharan striped polecat (I. libycus)
* Striped polecat (I. striatus)

Lutrinae (otters)

* Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)

Lontra|

* North American river otter (L. canadensis)
* Marine otter (L. felina)
* Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
* Southern river otter (L. provocax)

Enhydra|

* Sea otter (E. lutris)

* Spotted-necked otter (Hydrictis maculicollis)

Lutra|

* Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
* Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)

Lutrogale|

* Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)

Aonyx|

* African clawless otter (A. capensis)
* Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)
* Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)

Mustelinae

| Neogale
(New World weasels)|

* Amazon weasel (N. africana)
* Colombian weasel (N. felipei)
* Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)
* American mink (N. vison)

|

Mustela
(weasels)

| subgenus Mustela
(paraphyletic)|

* Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)
* Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
* Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)
* Haida ermine (M. haidarum)
* Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
* Least weasel (M. nivalis)
* American ermine (M. richardsonii)

|

subgenus Lutreola
(paraphyletic)|

* Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
* European mink (M. lutreola)
* Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
* Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
* Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
* Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)

subgenus Putorius|

* Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
* Ferret (M. furo)
* Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
* European polecat (M. putorius)

* See also: Mink
* Polecat

* v
* t
* e

Genera of civets, mongooses, hyenas, cats, and their extinct allies

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Order: Carnivora

Feliformia

| †Palaeogalidae|

* †Palaeogale?

|

†Nimravidae|

*     * See Nimravidae

Aeluroidea|

* †Alagtsavbaatar
* †Anictis
* †Asiavorator
* †Shandgolictis

Nandiniidae|

* Nandinia

Viverroidea|

| Viverridae|

* †Africanictis
* †Dunictis
* †Forsythictis
* †Lufengictis
* †Ketketictis
* †Mioprionodon
* †Moghradictis
* †Progenetta

Genettinae|

* Genetta
* Poiana

Hemigalinae|

* Chrotogale
* Cynogale
* Diplogale
* Hemigalus
* Macrogalidia

Paradoxurinae|

* Arctictis
* Arctogalidia
* †Kanuites
* †Kichechia
* Paguma
* Paradoxurus
* †Siamictis
* †Tugenictis

Viverrinae|

* Civettictis
* †Semigenetta
* Viverra
* Viverricula

Herpestoidea|

| Herpestidae|

*     * See below↓

|

Hyaenidae|

*     * See below↓

Feloidea|

*     * See below↓

Herpestidae

| Eupleridae|

| Euplerinae|

* Cryptoprocta
* Eupleres
* Fossa

|

Galidiinae|

* Galidia
* Galidictis
* Mungotictis
* Salanoia

Herpestidae|

* †Kichechia
* †Legetetia
* †Leptoplesictis
* †Ugandictis

Herpestinae|

* Atilax
* Bdeogale
* Cynictis
* Herpestes
* Ichneumia
* Paracynictis
* Urva
* Xenogale

Mungotinae|

* Crossarchus
* Dologale
* Helogale
* Liberiictis
* Mungos
* Suricata

Hyaenidae

| †Percrocutidae?|

* Dinocrocuta
* Percrocuta

|

†Lophocyonidae|

* Euboictis
* Izmirictis
* Lophocyon
* Sivanasua

Hyaenidae|

* †Allohyaena
* †Belbus
* †Metahyaena
* †Pliocrocuta
* †Tongxinictis
* †Werdelinus

†Ictitheriinae|

* Herpestides
* Hyaenotherium
* Ictitherium
* Lycyaena
* Miohyaenotherium
* Plioviverrops
* Protictitherium
* Thalassictis
* Tungurictis

Protelinae|

* †Gansuyaena
* Proteles

Hyaeninae|

* †Adcrocuta
* †Chasmaporthetes
* Crocuta
* Hyaena
* †Hyaenictis
* †Ikelohyaena
* †Leecyaena
* †Lycyaenops
* †Pachycrocuta
* †Palinhyaena
* Parahyaena

Feloidea

Feloidea

* †Pseudictis
* †Stenogale
* †Stenoplesictis
* †Viretictis

†Barbourofelidae|

* (See Barbourofelidae)

Prionodontidae|

* †Haplogale
* †Palaeoprionodon
* Prionodon

Felidae|

* †Asilifelis
* †Diamantofelis
* †Hyperailurictis
* †Katifelis
* †Namafelis
* †Miopanthera
* †Pseudaelurus
* †Sivaelurus
* †Styriofelis

†Proailurinae|

* Proailurus
* Vinayakia

Felinae|

* Acinonyx
* Catopuma
* Caracal
* Felis
* Herpailurus
* Leopardus
* Leptailurus
* †Leptofelis
* Lynx
* †Magerifelis
* †Miracinonyx
* Otocolobus
* Pardofelis
* †Pratifelis
* Prionailurus
* †Pristifelis
* Puma
* †Sivapanthera
* †Sivapardus
* †Vishnufelis

†Machairodontinae|

*     * See Machairodontinae

Pantherinae|

* Neofelis
* Panthera
* †Leontoceryx
* †Pachypanthera

Taxon identifiers

Panthera|

* Wikidata: Q127960
* Wikispecies: Panthera
* ADW: Panthera
* BioLib: 2003
* BOLD: 73481
* ButMoth: 21279.0
* CoL: 6DBT
* EoL: 14134
* EPPO: 1PNTHG
* GBIF: 2435194
* iNaturalist: 41962
* ITIS: 180592
* MSW: 14000227
* NBN: NHMSYS0000377058
* NCBI: 9688
* Open Tree of Life: 563154
* Paleobiology Database: 41066

Authority control databases

National|

* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[†]: Extinct