Papal States

Italian state ruled by the pope (756–1870)

Not to be confused with the Papacy, the institution that ruled over the Papal States.

State of the Church

Patrimonio di San Pietro / Stato Pontificio (Italian)
Patrimonium Sancti Petri / Status Ecclesiasticus (Latin)

* 756–1870
* Interregna (1798–1799, 1809–1814 and 1849–1850)

* Top: Flag until 1808[1][2] (longest use)
* Bottom: Flag in use in 1870[3] (last)

Coat of arms
(15th–19th cent.)

Coat of arms
(Sede vacante)

Anthem: Marcia trionfale (1857–1870)[4]
"Triumphal March"
Papal Shield

Map of the Papal States (green) at their greatest extent in 1789, including its exclaves of Benevento and Pontecorvo in southern Italy, and the Comtat Venaissin and Avignon in southern France

The legations of the Papal States in 1850: Rome, I. Romagna, II. Marche, III. Umbria, IV. Marittima e Campagna

Capital| Rome
41°54′00″N 12°29′15″E﻿ / ﻿41.90000°N 12.48750°E﻿ / 41.90000; 12.48750
Common languages|

* Latin
* Italian
* Romagnol

Religion

| Roman Catholicism (state religion)
Government|

* Feudal theocratic elective absolute monarchy (756–1798; 1800–1809)
* Unitary theocratic elective absolute monarchy (1814–1848; 1850–1870)
* Unitary theocratic elective semi-constitutional monarchy (1847–1849)

Pope|

• 756–757 (first)

| Stephen II

• 1846–1870 (last)

| Pius IX
Cardinal Secretary of State|

• 1551–1555 (first)

| Girolamo Dandini

• 1848–1870 (last)

| Giacomo Antonelli
Prime Minister|

• 1847–1848 (first)

| Gabriele Ferretti

• 1848–1849 (last)

| Carlo E. Muzzarelli
Legislature| Parliament (1848)
History|

• Donation of Pepin

| 756

• Codification

| 781

• Treaty of Venice (sovereignty reaffirmed)

| 1177

• Publication of the Constitutiones Aegidianae

| 1357

• Roman Republic (1798–1799)

| 15 February 1798

• Schönbrunn Palace Declarations

| 17 May 1809

• Capture of Rome

| 20 September 1870

• Annexation to the Kingdom of Italy

| 9 October 1870

• Vatican City

| 11 February 1929
Area
Before 1859[5]| 44,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi)
Population

• 1853[6]

| 3,124,668
Currency|

* Roman scudo (until 1866)
* Papal lira (1866–1870)

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Duchy of Rome

|

| 1440:
Republic of Cospaia |

|

1545:
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza |
1798:
Tiberina Republic |
1798:
Roman Republic |
1806:
Principality of Pontecorvo |
1809:
First French Empire |
1849:
Roman Republic |
1870:
Kingdom of Italy |
Today part of|

* France
* Italy
* Vatican City

This article is part of a series on
Vatican City

History

* History of the papacy
* Duchy of Rome (554–751)
* Donation of Pepin (750s)
* Papal States (754–1870)
* Annates
* Congregation for Borders
* Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church
* Capture of Rome (1870)
* Savoyard era (1870–1929)
* "Prisoner in the Vatican"
* Roman question
* Law of Guarantees
* Lateran Treaty (1929)
* Vatican City (1929–present)
* Governorate of Vatican City State
* Vatican City during World War II
* 2010 Vatican employee sex scandal
* Vatican leaks scandal (2012)
* History of the Catholic Church (1962–present)
* Roman Historical Institutes

Law

* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Canon law
* 1983 Code of Canon Law
* Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
* Pastor bonus
* Capital punishment in Vatican City
* Crime in Vatican City
* Fundamental Law of Vatican City State
* Lateran Treaty
* Legal status of the Holy See
* Alperin v. Vatican Bank
* Doe v. Holy See
* LGBTQ rights in Vatican City
* Temporal power of the Holy See
* Tribunal of Vatican City State

Politics and government

* Association of Vatican Lay Workers
* College of Cardinals
* Camerlengo (chamberlain)
* Dean
* Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State
* Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
* Court of Appeals
* President: Alejandro Arellano Cedillo
* Court of Cassation
* President: Kevin Joseph Farrell
* Fabric of Saint Peter
* Foreign relations of the Holy See
* Papal apocrisiarius
* Governorate of Vatican City State
* President: Raffaella Petrini
* Military in Vatican City
* Swiss Guard
* Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
* Pontifical commission
* Secretariat for Communications
* Holy See Press Office
* L'Osservatore Romano (newspaper)
* L'Osservatore della Domenica
* List of newspapers in Vatican City
* .va (internet sites)
* Vatican Information Service
* Vatican Publishing House
* Vatican Radio
* Vatican Radio lawsuit
* Vatican Television Center
* Secretariat of State
* Secretary: Pietro Parolin
* Tribunale
* President: Venerando Marano
* Vatican Apostolic Archive
* Vical General

Papacy

* Pope
* Popemobile
* Catholic Church
* Latin Church
* Holy See
* Diocese of Rome
* Roman Curia
* Conclave (papal elections)
* Universi Dominici gregis
* Recent conclaves
*       * 2005
* 2013
* 2025

* Papal household
* Papal gentleman
* Prefecture of the Papal Household

Foreign relations

* Concordats
* Legal status of the Holy See
* Lateran Treaty
* Multilateral foreign policy
* Section for Relations with States
* Secretary for Relations with States: Paul Gallagher
* Undersecretaries for Relations with States: Mirosław Stanisław Wachowski

* * *

* List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
* Apostolic nuncios

* * *

* Vatican City and Holy See passports
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* Holy See and the United Nations
* Holy See–Italy relations
* Holy See–Israel relations
* Holy See–Palestine relations
* Holy See–United States relations

Economy

* Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
* Institute for the Works of Religion
* Properties of the Holy See
* Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
* Secretariat for the Economy
* Supervisory and Financial Information Authority
* Telephone numbers in Vatican City
* Tourism in Vatican City
* Transport in Vatican City
* Vatican City Heliport
* Vatican Railway
* Vatican euro coins
* Vatican lira

Symbols

* 00120 (postal code)
* Coat of arms of Vatican City
* Flag
* List of papal flags
* Papal tiara
* Papal coronation
* "Pontifical Anthem"

Culture

* Languages of Vatican City
* Music of Vatican City
* Sistine Chapel Choir
* Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
* Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
* Pontifical Academy of Sciences
* Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
* Public holidays in Vatican City
* Sport in Vatican City
* The Story of the Vatican (1941 documentary)
* Vatican Christmas Tree
* Vatican Library
* Vatican Museums
* Women in Vatican City

Geography and buildings

* Apostolic nunciature
* Apostolic Palace
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Borgia Apartments
* Bramante Staircase
* Cappella Giulia
* Cappella Paolina
* Casina Pio IV
* Circus of Nero
* Cortile del Belvedere
* Domus Sanctae Marthae
* Extant papal tombs
* Fountains of St. Peter's Square
* Gardens of Vatican City
* Gregorian Tower
* Lateran Palace
* Leonine City
* Mater Ecclesiae Monastery
* Monument to the Royal Stuarts
* Niccoline Chapel
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* Palace of the Holy Office
* Palazzi Pontifici
* Papal apartments
* Passetto di Borgo
* Paul VI Audience Hall
* Porta San Pellegrino
* Redemptoris Mater Chapel
* Saint John's Tower
* St. Peter's Baldachin
* St. Peter's Basilica
* St. Peter's Square
* Saint Peter's tomb
* St Stephen of the Abyssinians
* Sala Regia
* San Pellegrino in Vaticano
* Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
* Santa Maria Maggiore
* Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
* Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri
* Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
* Scala Regia
* Teutonic Cemetery
* Tomb of the Julii
* Vatican Apostolic Archive
* Vatican Grottoes
* Vatican Hill
* Vatican Necropolis
* Vatican obelisk
* Vatican Observatory
* Vatican Pharmacy
* Via della Conciliazione

Vatican Museums

* Collection of Modern and Contemporary Art
* Raphael Rooms
* Redemptoris Mater Chapel
* Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
* Sistine Chapel
* Sistine Chapel ceiling
* Gallery of the Sistine Chapel ceiling
* The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
* Vatican Gallery of Maps
* Vatican Historical Museum

* Index
* Outline
* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

The Papal States (/ˈpeɪpəl/ PAY-pəl; Italian: Stato Pontificio; Latin: Dicio Pontificia), officially the State of the Church,[7] were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870.[8] They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy, which took place between 1859 and 1870, culminated in their demise.

The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gave Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward. This donation came about as part of a process whereby the popes began to turn away from the Byzantine emperors as their foremost temporal guardians for reasons such as increased imperial taxes, disagreement with respect to iconoclasm, and failure of the emperors, or their exarchs in Italy, to protect Rome and the rest of the peninsula from barbarian invasion and pillage.[9]

During the Renaissance, the papal territory expanded greatly, and the pope became one of Italy's most important rulers as well as the head of Western Christianity. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria, Romagna, and portions of Emilia. The popes' reign over these lands was an exemplification of their temporal powers as secular rulers, as opposed to their ecclesiastical primacy.

By 1860, much of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy, except Lazio, which remained under the pope's control. By 1870, only the Leonine City within Rome was retained, the Italian kingdom refraining from occupying it militarily, despite its annexation. In 1929, the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, the head of the Italian government, ended the "Prisoner in the Vatican" period by negotiating the Lateran Treaty, signed by the two parties. This treaty acknowledged the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created territorial entity, a city-state within Rome limited to a token territory, the Vatican City, with the pope as its sovereign.

## Name

[edit]

The Papal States were also known as the Papal State; although the plural is usually preferred, the singular is equally correct as the polity was more than a mere personal union. The territories were referred to variously as the State(s) of the Church, the Pontifical States, the Ecclesiastical States, the Patrimony of St Peter or the Roman States (Italian: Stato Pontificio, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; Latin: Status Pontificius, also Dicio Pontificia "papal rule").[10] To some extent, the name used varied with the preferences and habits of the European languages in which it was expressed.

## History

[edit]

Further information: History of Rome and History of the Papacy

### Origins

[edit]

Main articles: Duchy of Rome and Patrimonium Sancti Petri

For its first 300 years, within the Roman Empire, the Church was persecuted and unable to hold or transfer property.[11] Early congregations met in rooms set aside for the purpose in the homes of wealthy adherents, and a number of titular churches located on the outskirts of Rome were held as property by individuals, rather than by any corporate body. Nonetheless, the property held nominally or actually by individual members of the Roman churches would usually be treated as a common patrimony handed over successively to the legitimate "heir" of that property, often its senior deacons, who were, in turn, assistants to the local bishop. This common patrimony became quite considerable, including as it did not only houses etc. in Rome or nearby but also landed estates, such as latifundia, whole or in part, across Italy and beyond.[12]

A law of Constantine the Great, promulgated in 321, allowed the Christian Church to possess property and restored to it any property formerly confiscated; in the larger cities of this empire the property restored would have been quite considerable, the Roman patrimony not least among them.[11] The Lateran Palace was gifted to the patrimony, most probably from Constantine himself.[11]

Other donations followed, primarily in mainland Italy but also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. However, the Roman Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, not as a sovereign entity. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the papacy found itself increasingly placed in a precarious and vulnerable position. As central Roman authority disintegrated throughout the late 5th century, control over the Italian peninsula repeatedly changed hands, falling under the Arian suzerainty of Odoacer in 473, and in 493, Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic kings would continue to rule much of Italy until 554. The Roman Church submitted of necessity to their sovereign authority, while asserting its spiritual primacy over the whole of Christendom.[13]

Beginning in 535, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I launched a series of campaigns to wrest Italy from the Ostrogoths which continued until 554 and devastated Italy's political and economic structures. The Byzantines established the Exarchate of Ravenna of which the Duchy of Rome, an area roughly coterminous with modern day Lazio, was an administrative division. In 568 the Lombards entered the peninsula from the north, establishing their own Italian kingdom, and over the next two centuries would conquer most of the Italian territory recently regained by Byzantium. By the 7th century, Byzantine authority was largely limited to a diagonal band running roughly from Ravenna, where the emperor's governor, or exarch, was located, to Rome and south to Naples, plus coastal exclaves.[14] North of Naples, the band of Byzantine control contracted, and the borders of the "Rome-Ravenna corridor" became extremely narrow.[15][16][17]

With effective Byzantine power weighted at the northeast end of this territory, the pope, as the largest landowner and most prestigious figure in Italy, began by default to take on much of the ruling authority that the Byzantines were unable to exercise in the areas surrounding the city of Rome.[18] While the popes legally remained "Roman subjects" under Byzantine authority, in practice the Duchy of Rome became an independent state.[19]

Popular support for the popes in Italy enabled several to defy the will of the Byzantine emperor: Pope Gregory II excommunicated Emperor Leo III during the Iconoclastic Controversy.[20] Nevertheless, the Pope and the exarch still worked together to limit the rising power of the Lombards in Italy. As Byzantine power weakened, though, the papacy assumed an ever-larger role in protecting Rome from the Lombards, but lacking direct control over sizable military assets, the pope relied mainly on diplomacy to achieve as much.[21] In practice, these papal efforts served to focus Lombard aggrandizement on the exarch and Ravenna. A climactic moment in the founding of the Papal States was the agreement over boundaries contained in the Lombardic King Liutprand's Donation of Sutri (728) to Pope Gregory II.[22]

### Donation of Pepin

[edit]

Main article: Donation of Pepin

When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751,[23] the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The popes renewed earlier attempts to secure the support of the Franks. In 751, Pope Zachary had Pepin the Short crowned king in place of the powerless Merovingian figurehead King Childeric III. Zachary's successor, Pope Stephen II, later granted Pepin the title Patrician of the Romans. Pepin led a Frankish army into Italy in 754 and 756, defeated the Lombards, thus taking control of northern Italy, and made a gift of the lands formerly constituting the Exarchate of Ravenna to the pope.

In 781, Charlemagne codified the regions over which the pope would be temporal sovereign: the Duchy of Rome, Ravenna, the Duchy of the Pentapolis, parts of the Duchy of Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica, Lombardy, and a number of Italian cities. The cooperation between the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty climaxed in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne 'Emperor of the Romans'.

### Relationship with the Holy Roman Empire

[edit]

From the 9th century to the 12th century, the precise nature of the relationship between the popes and emperors – and between the Papal States and the Empire – was disputed. It was unclear whether the Papal States were a separate realm with the Pope as their sovereign ruler, or a part of the Frankish Empire over which the popes had administrative control, as suggested in the late-9th-century treatise Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma, or whether the Holy Roman emperors were vicars of the Pope ruling Christendom, with the Pope directly responsible only for the environs of Rome and spiritual duties.

The Holy Roman Empire in its Frankish form collapsed when it was subdivided among Charlemagne's grandchildren. Imperial power in Italy waned and the papacy's prestige declined. This led to a rise in the power of the local Roman nobility, and the control of the Papal States during the early 10th century passed to a powerful and corrupt aristocratic family, the Theophylacti. This period was later dubbed the Saeculum obscurum ("dark age"), and sometimes as the "rule by harlots".[24]

In practice, the popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty over the extensive and mountainous territories of the Papal States, and the region preserved its old system of government, with many small countships and marquisates, each centred upon a fortified rocca.

Over several campaigns in the mid-10th century, the German ruler Otto I conquered northern Italy; Pope John XII crowned him emperor (the first so crowned in more than forty years) and the two of them ratified the Diploma Ottonianum, by which the emperor became the guarantor of the independence of the Papal States.[25] Yet over the next two centuries, popes and emperors squabbled over a variety of issues, and the German rulers routinely treated the Papal States as part of their realms on those occasions when they projected power into Northern and Central Italy. As the Gregorian Reform worked to free the administration of the church from imperial interference, the independence of the Papal States increased in importance. After the extinction of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, the German emperors rarely interfered in Italian affairs. In response to the struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Treaty of Venice was signed in 1177. In the treaty, the rights of the Crown in Rome and in the Patrimony of Saint Peter were left vague, while papal rights of possession, including the Prefecture of the City of Rome, were recognized but "saving all the rights of the empire".[26] By 1300, the Papal States, along with the rest of the Italian principalities, were effectively independent.

### Avignon Papacy

[edit]

Main article: Avignon Papacy

From 1305 to 1378, the popes lived in the papal enclave of Avignon, surrounded by Provence and under the influence of the French kings.[27][28][29][30][31] This period was known as the "Avignonese" or "Babylonian Captivity".[32] During this period the city of Avignon itself and the surrounding Comtat Venaissin was added to the Papal States; it remained a papal possession for some 400 years even after the popes returned to Rome, until it was seized and incorporated into the French state during the French Revolution.

During the Avignon Papacy, local despots took advantage of the absence of the popes to establish themselves in nominally papal cities: the Pepoli in Bologna, the Ordelaffi in Forlì, the Manfredi in Faenza, and the Malatesta in Rimini all gave nominal acknowledgment to their papal overlords and were declared vicars of the Church.

In Ferrara, the death of Azzo VIII d'Este without legitimate heirs (1308[33]) encouraged Pope Clement V to bring Ferrara under his direct rule: however, it was governed by his appointed vicar, King Robert of Naples, for only nine years before the citizens recalled the Este from exile (1317). Interdiction and excommunications were in vain because in 1332, John XXII was obliged to name three Este brothers as his vicars in Ferrara.[34]

In Rome itself, the Orsini and the Colonna struggled for supremacy,[35] dividing the city's rioni between them. The resulting aristocratic anarchy in the city provided the setting for the fantastic dreams of universal democracy of Cola di Rienzo, who was acclaimed Tribune of the People in 1347,[36] and met a violent death in early October 1354 as he was assassinated by supporters of the Colonna family.[37] To many, rather than an ancient Roman tribune reborn, he had become just another tyrant using the rhetoric of Roman renewal and rebirth to mask his grab for power.[37] As Guido Ruggiero states, "even with the support of Petrarch, his return to first times and the rebirth of ancient Rome was one that would not prevail."[37]

The Rienzo episode engendered renewed attempts from the absentee papacy to re-establish order in the dissolving Papal States, resulting in the military progress of Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, who was appointed papal legate, and his condottieri heading a small mercenary army. Having received the support of the archbishop of Milan, Giovanni Visconti, he defeated Giovanni di Vico, lord of Viterbo, moving against Galeotto Malatesta of Rimini and the Ordelaffi of Forlì, the Montefeltro of Urbino and the da Polenta of Ravenna, and against the cities of Senigallia and Ancona. The last holdouts against full Papal control were Giovanni Manfredi of Faenza and Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì. Albornoz, at the point of being recalled, in a meeting with all the Papal vicars on 29 April 1357, promulgated the Constitutiones Sanctæ Matris Ecclesiæ, which replaced the mosaic of local law and accumulated traditional 'liberties' with a uniform code of civil law. These Constitutiones Aegidianae (as they are informally known) mark a watershed in the legal history of the Papal States; they remained in effect until 1816. Pope Urban V ventured a return to Italy in 1367 that proved premature; he returned to Avignon in 1370 just before his death.[38]

### Renaissance

[edit]

Main articles: Renaissance Papacy and Italian Renaissance

Pope Paul V commissioned the Quirinal Palace. The Quirinal Palace, 1777

During the Renaissance, the Papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Popes Alexander VI and Julius II. The Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church, signing treaties with other sovereigns and fighting wars. In practice, though, most of the Papal States were still only nominally controlled by the Pope, and much of the territory was ruled by minor princes. Control was always contested; indeed it took until the 16th century for the Pope to have any genuine control over all his territories.

Papal responsibilities were often in conflict. The Papal States were involved in at least three wars in the first two decades of the 16th century.[39] Julius II, the "Warrior Pope", fought on their behalf.

### Reformation

[edit]

The Reformation began in 1517. In 1527, before the Holy Roman Empire fought the Protestants, troops loyal to Emperor Charles V brutally sacked Rome and imprisoned Pope Clement VII, as a side effect of battles over the Papal States.[40] Thus Clement VII was forced to give up Parma, Modena, and several smaller territories.[41][40] A generation later the armies of King Philip II of Spain defeated those of Pope Paul IV in the Italian War of 1551–1559, fought to prevent growing Spanish dominance in Italy.[42]

This period saw a gradual revival of the pope's temporal power in the Papal States. Throughout the 16th century, virtually independent fiefs such as Rimini (a possession of the Malatesta family) were brought back under Papal control. In 1512 the state of the church annexed Parma and Piacenza, which in 1545 became an independent duchy under an illegitimate son of Pope Paul III, albeit as a Papal fief. This process culminated in the reclaiming of the Duchy of Ferrara in 1598,[43][44] and the Duchy of Urbino in 1631.[45]

In 1649, after the annexation of the Duchy of Castro, the Papal States reached their greatest extent, including most of central Italy – Latium, Umbria, Marche, and the legations of Ravenna, Ferrara, and Bologna extending north into the Romagna. It also included the small enclaves of Benevento and Pontecorvo in southern Italy and the larger Comtat Venaissin around Avignon in southern France.

### Roman Republic, Napoleonic era

[edit]

Main article: Napoleon and the Catholic Church

Pope Gregory XVI

This surface was maintained until 1791, when the French Revolution affected the temporal territories of the Papacy as well as the Roman Church in general. In 1791 a referendum in Comtat Venaissin and Avignon was followed by occupation by Revolutionary France.[46] Later, with the French invasion of Italy in 1796, the Legations (the Papal States' northern territories[46]) were seized and became part of the Cispadane Republic.

Two years later, French forces invaded the remaining area of the Papal States, and in February 1798 General Louis-Alexandre Berthier declared a Roman Republic.[46] Pope Pius VI fled from Rome to Siena and died in exile in Valence in 1799.[46] In October 1799, Neapolitan troops under King Ferdinand invaded the newfound republic and restored Papal States, ending the republic. The French quickly drove the Neapolitans out and reoccupied the Papal States, but didn't bother restoring the republic, as they continued their invasion to Naples, where they established another republic. In June 1800, French Consulate formally concluded the occupation and restored the Papal States, with the newly elected Pope Pius VII taking residence in Rome. Yet, in 1808 the French Empire under Napoleon invaded again. Then on 2 April 1808, Napoleon decreed that the Papal territories of Urbino, Ancona, Macerata, and Camerino (essentially the region known as the Marches) were to be annexed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Approximately 13 months later on 17 May 1809, the remainder of the Papal States (including Rome) was annexed to the First French Empire,[46] forming the départements of Tibre and Trasimène.

Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, the Congress of Vienna formally restored the Italian territories of the Papal States, but not the Comtat Venaissin or Avignon, to Vatican control.[46]

Upon restitution of sovereignty to the Papal States, Pius VII decided to abolish feudalism, transforming all the noble titles (temporarily abolished during the Napoleonic occupation) into honorifics disconnected from territorial privileges. In 1853, Pope Pius IX put an end to the centuries-old duality between the Papal nobility and the Roman baronial families by equating the civic patriciate of the city of Rome with the nobility created by the Pope.

From 1814 until the death of Pope Gregory XVI in 1846, the popes followed a reactionary policy in the Papal States. For instance, the city of Rome maintained the last Jewish ghetto in Western Europe.

### Italian unification

[edit]

Main articles: Papal States under Pope Pius IX and Administrative subdivisions of the Papal States from 1816 to 1871

The Kingdom of Italy and the Papal States in 1870

Italian nationalism had been stoked during the Napoleonic period but dashed by the settlement of the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which sought to restore the pre-Napoleonic conditions: most of northern Italy was under the rule of junior branches of the Habsburgs and the Bourbons. The Papal States in central Italy and the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south were both restored. Popular opposition to the reconstituted and corrupt clerical government led to revolts in 1830 and in 1848, which were suppressed by the intervention of the Austrian army.

The nationalist and liberal revolutions of 1848 affected much of Europe. In February 1849 a Roman Republic was declared,[47] and the hitherto liberally-inclined Pope Pius IX had to flee the city. The revolution was suppressed with French help in 1849 and Pius IX switched to a conservative line of government. Until his return to Rome in 1850, the Papal States were governed by a group of cardinals known as the Red Triumvirate.[48]

As a result of the Second Italian War of Independence, Piedmont-Sardinia annexed Lombardy, while Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchy in the south.[49][50] Afraid that Garibaldi would set up a republican government, the Piedmontese government petitioned French Emperor Napoleon III for permission to send troops through the Papal States to gain control of the south. This was granted on the condition that Rome be left undisturbed.

In 1860, with much of the region already in rebellion against Papal rule, Piedmont-Sardinia invaded and conquered the eastern two-thirds of the Papal States, cementing its hold on the south. Bologna, Ferrara, Umbria, the Marches, Benevento and Pontecorvo were all formally annexed by November of the same year. While considerably reduced, the Papal States nevertheless still covered the Latium and large areas northwest of Rome.

A unified Kingdom of Italy was declared and in March 1861 the first Italian parliament, which met in Turin, the old capital of Piedmont, declared Rome the capital of the new kingdom. However, the Italian government could not take possession of the city because a French garrison in Rome protected Pope Pius IX.

### Italian invasion of Rome, 1870

[edit]

Main article: Capture of Rome

The breach of Porta Pia during the Capture of Rome

The opportunity for the Kingdom of Italy to eliminate the Papal States came in 1870; the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July prompted Napoleon III to recall his garrison from Rome and the collapse of the Second French Empire at the Battle of Sedan deprived Rome of its French protector.

King Victor Emmanuel II at first aimed at a peaceful conquest of the city and proposed sending troops into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the Pope. When the Pope refused, Italy declared war on 10 September 1870, and the Royal Italian Army, commanded by General Raffaele Cadorna, crossed the frontier of the Papal territory on September 11 and advanced slowly toward Rome.

The Italian Army reached the Aurelian Walls on September 19 and placed Rome under a state of siege. Although the Pope's tiny army was incapable of defending the city, Pius IX ordered it to put up more than token resistance to emphasize that Italy was acquiring Rome by force and not consent. This incidentally served the purposes of the Italian State and gave rise to the myth of the Breach of Porta Pia, in reality, a tame affair involving a cannonade at close range that demolished a 1600-year-old wall in poor repair. The defence of Rome was not however bloodless, with 12 dead and 47 wounded amongst the Papal forces and 32 dead plus 145 wounded of the Italian troops.[51]

Pope Pius IX ordered the commander of the Papal forces to limit the defence of the city in order to avoid bloodshed.[52] The city was captured on 20 September 1870. Rome and what was left of the Papal States were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy as a result of a plebiscite the following October. This marked the definitive end of the Papal States.[46]

Despite the fact that the traditionally Catholic powers did not come to the Pope's aid, the papacy rejected the 1871 "Law of Guarantees" and any substantial accommodation with the Italian kingdom, especially any proposal which required the Pope to become an Italian subject. Instead, the papacy confined itself (see Prisoner in the Vatican) to the Apostolic Palace and adjacent buildings in the loop of the ancient fortifications known as the Leonine City, on Vatican Hill. From there it maintained a number of features pertaining to sovereignty, such as diplomatic relations since in canon law these were inherent in the papacy.

In the 1920s, the papacy – then under Pius XI – renounced the bulk of the Papal States. The Lateran Treaty with Italy (then ruled by the National Fascist Party under Benito Mussolini[53]) was signed on 11 February 1929,[53] creating the State of the Vatican City, forming the sovereign territory of the Holy See, which was also indemnified to some degree for loss of territory.

## Regional governors

[edit]

As the plural name Papal States indicates, the various regional components retained their identity under papal rule. The Pope was represented in each province by a governor, who bore one of a number of titles. These included "papal legate", as in the former principality of Benevento, or at Bologna, in Romagna, and the March of Ancona; and "papal delegate", as in the former Duchy of Pontecorvo and in the Campagne and Maritime Province. Other titles like "Papal Vicar", "Vicar General", and also several titles of nobility, such as "count" or even "prince" were used. However, throughout the history of the Papal States, many warlords and even bandit chieftains controlled cities and small duchies without having received any title from the Pope of the day.

## Papal military

[edit]

See also: Military in Vatican City

Papal Zouaves pose in 1869.

Historically the Papal States maintained military forces composed of volunteers, mercenaries (including Corsican Guard) and Catholic military orders. Between 1860 and 1870 the Papal Army (Esercito Pontificio in Italian) comprised two regiments of locally recruited Italian infantry, two Swiss regiments and a battalion of Irish volunteers, plus artillery and dragoons.[54] In 1861 an international Catholic volunteer corps, called Papal Zouaves after a kind of French colonial native Algerian infantry, and imitating their uniform type, was created. Predominantly made up of Belgian, French and Dutch volunteers, this corps saw service against Garibaldi's Redshirts, Italian patriots, and finally the forces of the newly united Italy.[55]

The Papal Army was disbanded in 1870, leaving only the Palatine Guard, which was itself disbanded on 14 September 1970 by Pope Paul VI;[56] the Noble Guard, which also disbanded in 1970; and the Swiss Guard, which continues to serve both as a ceremonial unit at the Vatican and as the Pope's protective force.

A small Papal Navy was also maintained, based at Civitavecchia on the west coast and Ancona on the east. With the fall of the Papal States in 1870, the last ships of the flotilla were sailed to France, where they were sold after the death of Pius IX.

## See also

[edit]

Portals:

* Catholicism
* Vatican

* Captain General of the Church
* Donation of Constantine
* History of Rome
* Index of Vatican City-related articles
* Italian United Provinces
* Roman Question
* Unification of Italy
* War of the Eight Saints
* The clash between the Church and the Empire

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ "Storia della Bandiera dello Stato della Città del Vaticano". vatican.va (in Italian). 31 December 2000. "Anticamente la bandiera dello Stato pontificio era giallorossa (o per meglio dire amaranto e rossa, colori derivati dai colori dello stemma della Santa Sede), i due colori tradizionali del Senato e del Popolo romano, che vennero tuttavia sostituiti con il bianco e il giallo nel 1808." [In ancient times, the flag of the Papal States was yellow and red (or rather amaranth and red, colours derived from the traditional colours of the Holy See), the two traditional colours of the Senate and People of Rome, which however came to be substituted with white and yellow in 1808.]
2. ^ "Bandiera pontificia" (in Spanish). Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 2024-03-09. "En el pasado, la bandera del Estado pontificio era de color amarillo y granate (o mejor dicho, carmesì y rojo, colores relacionados con el escudo de la Santa Sede), dos colores tradicionales del Senado y del Pueblo romano." [In ancient times, the flag of the Papal States was yellow and red (or rather amaranth and red, colours derived from the traditional colours of the Holy See), the two traditional colours of the Senate and People of Rome.]
3. ^ Vaticano, la bandiera di Porta Pia ritorna dopo 141 anni. www.lastampa.it. 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
4. ^ "Inno Pontificio e la sua storia" (in Italian). Stato della città del Vaticano. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
5. ^ Saylin, Gregory M. (November 1995). "The United Nations International Conference on Population and Development: Religion, Tradition, and Law in Latin America". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 28 (5): 1263.
6. ^ Statistica della popolazione dello Stato pontificio dell'anno 1853 (PDF) (in Italian). Ministry of Commerce and Public Works. 1857. p. xxii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
7. ^ (Italian: Stato della Chiesa [ˈstaːto della ˈkjɛːza]; Latin: Status Ecclesiasticus), Frederik de Wit (1700), Status Ecclesiasticus et Magnus Ducatus Thoscanae Archived 2018-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ "Papal States". Encyclopædia Britannica. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
9. ^ "Papal States | historical region, Italy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15. Retrieved 2021-11-21. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
10. ^ Mitchell, S.A. (1840). Mitchell's geographical reader. Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co. p. 368.
11. ^ a b c Schnürer, Gustav. "States of the Church." Archived 2007-10-30 at the Wayback Machine Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 16 July 2014
12. ^ Brent, Allen (2009). A Political History of Early Christianity. A&C Black. p. 243\. ISBN 9780567606051. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
13. ^ "Ostrogoths". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
14. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 378.
15. ^ McEvedy, Colin (1961). The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. Penguin Books. p. 32\. ISBN 9780140708226. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2020-09-26. "... separated from their theoretical overlord in Pavia by the continuing Imperial control of the Rome-Ravenna corridor." `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
16. ^ Freeman, Charles (2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford. p. 661\. ISBN 978-0199651924. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18. "The empire retained control only of Rome, Ravenna, a fragile corridor between them, ..."
17. ^ Richards, Jeffrey (2014). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–752. Routledge. p. 230\. ISBN 978-1317678175. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18. "In 749 Ratchis embarked on a bid to capture Perusia, the key to the Rome-Ravenna land corridor"
18. ^ Medieval Italy : an encyclopedia. Volume 1, A to K. Christopher Kleinhenz. New York: Routledge. 2004. p. 1024\. ISBN 0-203-50275-2. OCLC 62243072.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
19. ^ Kleinhenz 2004, p. 1060.
20. ^ "St. Gregory II – Saints & Angels". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
21. ^ "Pope St. Gregory II". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
22. ^ "Sutri". From Civitavecchia to Civita Castellana. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
23. ^ Kleinhenz 2004, p. 324.
24. ^ Émile Amann and Auguste Dumas, L'église au pouvoir des laïques, in Auguste Fliche and Victor Martin, eds. Histoire de l'Église depuis l'origine jusqu'au nos jours, vol. 7 (Paris 1940, 1948)
25. ^ Tucker 2009, p. 332.
26. ^ John B. Freed (2016), Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth (Yale University Press), pp. 404–405.
27. ^ Spielvogel 2013, pp. 245–246.
28. ^ Elm & Mixson 2015, p. 154.
29. ^ Watanabe 2013, p. 241.
30. ^ Kleinhenz 2004, pp. 220, 982.
31. ^ Butt, John J. (2006). The Greenwood Dictionary of World History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36. ISBN 978-0313327650. "Term (coined by Petrarch) for the papal residence in Avignon (1309–1377), in reference to the Babylonian Captivity (...)"
32. ^ Noble; et al. (2013). Cengage Advantage Books: Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries (7 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 304\. ISBN 978-1285661537. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2020-11-18. "The Babylonian Captivity, 1309–1377"
33. ^ Menache 2003, p. 142.
34. ^ Waley 1966, p. 62.
35. ^ Kleinhenz 2004, p. 802.
36. ^ Ruggiero 2014, p. 225.
37. ^ a b c Ruggiero 2014, p. 227.
38. ^ Watanabe 2013, p. 19.
39. ^ Ganse, Alexander. "History of the Papal States". World History at KDMLA. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
40. ^ a b Durant, Will (1953). "Chapter XXI: The Political Collapse: 1494–1534". The Renaissance.
41. ^ "Papal States in the 16th Century". themaparchive.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
42. ^ Durant, Will (1953). "Chapter XXXIX: The popes and the Council: 1517–1565". The Renaissance.
43. ^ Hanlon 2008, p. 134.
44. ^ Domenico 2002, p. 85.
45. ^ Gross 2004, p. 40.
46. ^ a b c d e f g Hanson 2015, p. 252.
47. ^ Roessler & Miklos 2003, p. 149.
48. ^ "Il 'triumvirato rosso'". Biblioteca Salaborsa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
49. ^ Fischer 2011, p. 136.
50. ^ Abulafia, David (2003). "The Mediterranean as a battleground". The Mediterranean in History. Getty Publication. p. 268\. ISBN 978-0892367252. Archived from the original on 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2020-11-18. "(...) under Giuseppe Garibaldi to overthrow the Neapolitan Bourbons. After defeating a Neapolitan force at Calatafirmi, Garibaldi captured Palermo after three days of street fighting."
51. ^ Alvarez, David (2011). The Pope's Soldiers. University Press of Kansas. p. 248\. ISBN 978-0-7006-1770-8.
52. ^ "History of the Pontifical Swiss Guard". Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
53. ^ a b De Grand 2004, p. 89.
54. ^ Brandani, Massimo (1976). L'Esercito Pontificio da Castelfidardo a Porta Pia. Milan: Intergest. p. 6.
55. ^ Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008
56. ^ Levillain 2002, p. 1095.

### Sources

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*  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "States of the Church". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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* De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). The Last Days of Papal Rome. London: Archibald Constable & Co.
* De Grand, Alexander J. (2004). Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The "fascist" Style of Rule. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0415336314. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
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* Elm, Kaspar; Mixson, James D. (2015). Religious Life between Jerusalem, the Desert, and the World: Selected Essays by Kaspar Elm. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004307780. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
* Fischer, Conan (2011). Europe between Democracy and Dictatorship: 1900–1945. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1444351453. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
* Gross, Hanns (2004). Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521893787. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
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* Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135948801. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
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* Menache, Sophia (2003). Clement V. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 142\. ISBN 978-0521521987. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
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* Ruggiero, Guido (2014). The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1316123270. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
* Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2013). Western Civilization: A Brief History (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1133606765. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
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* Sancta Sanctorum
* Adjoining buildings
* Palace of Saint Callixtus
* Gianicolo Hill area
* Pontifical Urban University
* Pontifical North American College
* Bambino Gesù Hospital
* Palazzo della Cancelleria
* Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
* Palace of the Holy Office
* Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
* Palazzo Pio
* Palace of the Vicariate
* Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
* Collegio Teutonico
* Teutonic Cemetery
* Benedictine monastery
* Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
* Beda College
* Paul VI Audience Hall
* St. Peter's Square

Non-
extraterritorial|

* Palace of the Holy Apostles
* Palace of San Carlo ai Catinari
* Collegio Bellarmino
* Archaeological Institute
* Pontifical Oriental Institute
* Pontifical Lombard Seminary
* Russian College
* Two Palaces of Sant'Apollinare
* House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
* Nympheum of Nero

|

Outside
Rome|

* Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
* Papal farm
* Gardens of the Villa Cybo
* Villa Barberini
* Adjacent gardens
* Pontifical College Josephinum
* Summer estate of Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
* Vatican Radio antennae area of Santa Maria di Galeria

| Non-
extraterritorial|

* Basilica of the Holy House
* Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
* Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua

|

See also|

* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Awards
* Papal household
* Peter's Pence
* Roman Rota
* Apostolic Penitentiary
* Apostolic Signatura
* Swiss Guard
* Vatican.va

* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

History of the Catholic Church

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
* By country or region
* Ecclesiastical history
* Timeline
* Papacy
* Papal primacy
* Catholic ecumenical councils
* First seven
* Catholic Bible
* Biblical canon
* Vulgate
* Crusading movement
* History of the Roman Curia
* Religious institutes
* Christian monasticism
* Catholic culture
* Art
* Role in civilization
* Vatican City
* Papal States
* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches

Early Church
(30–325/476)|

| Origins and
Apostolic Age (30–100)|

* Jesus
* Ministry
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Holy Spirit
* Mary
* John the Baptist
* Apostles in the New Testament
* Commissioning
* Peter
* John
* Paul
* Stephen
* Council of Jerusalem
* Split with Judaism
* New Testament
* Background
* Gospels
* Acts
* Pauline epistles
* General epistles
* Revelation

|

Ante-Nicene period (100–325)|

* Persecution
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* Pope Clement I
* Polycarp
* Ignatius
* Irenaeus
* Justin Martyr
* Canon
* Tertullian
* Origen

Late antiquity
(313–476)|

| Great Church
(180–451)
Roman
state church
(380–451)|

* Constantine the Great
* Christianity
* Arian controversy
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* First Council of Nicaea
* Pope Sylvester I
* First Council of Constantinople
* Biblical canon
* Jerome
* Vulgate
* Council of Ephesus
* Council of Chalcedon

|

Early Middle Ages|

* Benedict of Nursia
* Monasticism
* Second Council of Constantinople
* Pope Gregory I
* Gregorian chant
* Third Council of Constantinople
* Saint Boniface
* Byzantine Iconoclasm
* Second Council of Nicaea
* Charlemagne
* Pope Leo III
* Fourth Council of Constantinople
* East–West Schism

High Middle Ages|

* Pope Urban II
* Investiture Controversy
* Clash against the empire
* Crusades
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* First Council of the Lateran
* Second Council of the Lateran
* Third Council of the Lateran
* Pope Innocent III
* Latin Empire
* Francis of Assisi
* Fourth Council of the Lateran
* Inquisition
* First Council of Lyon
* Second Council of Lyon
* Bernard of Clairvaux

Late Middle Ages|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Pope Boniface VIII
* Western Schism
* Avignon Papacy
* Pope Clement V
* Council of Vienne
* Knights Templar
* Catherine of Siena
* Pope Alexander VI
* Age of Discovery

Protestant Reformation
Counter-Reformation

* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Counter-Reformation
* Exsurge Domine
* Dissolution of the monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Peter Canisius
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* European wars of religion
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* United States
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazi Germany
* Mit brennender Sorge
* Pope John XXIII
* Pacem in terris
* Second Vatican Council
* Ecumenism
* Judaism
* Pope Paul VI (coronation)
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* USSR
* Pope John Paul II
* HIV/AIDS
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2023
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis
* Laudato si'
* Patriarch Kirill
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Pope Leo XIV

* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

Catholic Church

* Index
* Outline
* Glossary
* Lists of Catholics

History
Timeline
Ecclesiastical
Legal|

| Early Church|

* Jesus Christ
* Ministry
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Apostles
* Succession
* Petrine primacy
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* History of the papacy
* Primacy

|

Great Church|

* Ante-Nicene period
* Constantine
* First seven ecumenical councils
* Nicaea I
* Chalcedon
* Late antiquity
* Biblical canon
* Monasticism

Middle Ages|

* Islamic conquests
* Pope Gregory I
* Papal States
* Schism (1054)
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Schism (1378)
* Inquisition
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* Age of Discovery

Modern era|

* Protestantism
* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Trent
* Thirty Years' War
* Enlightenment
* French Revolution
* Nazism
* Vatican II
* Communism
* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* COVID-19 pandemic

Theology
Bible
Tradition
Catechism|

| General|

* God
* Trinity
* Kingdom
* Body
* Divine grace
* Dogma
* Nicene Creed
* Original sin
* Saints
* Salvation
* Sermon on the Mount
* Ten Commandments
* Vulgate
* Official Bible
* Sixtine Vulgate
* Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
* Nova Vulgata
* Worship

|

Ecclesiology|

* Communitas perfecta
* Councils
* Ecumenism
* Four marks
* One true church
* Catholic
* Infallibility
* Mystici Corporis Christi
* People of God
* Three states
* Subsistit in
* In canon law

Sacraments|

* Baptism
* Confirmation
* Eucharist
* Penance
* Anointing of the Sick
* Last rites
* Holy orders
* Matrimony

Mariology|

* Assumption
* History
* Immaculate Conception
* Mariology of the popes
* Mariology of the saints
* Mother of God
* Perpetual virginity
* Veneration
* See also:
* Josephology

Philosophy|

* Natural law
* Moral theology
* Personalism
* Social teaching
* Philosophers
* Philosophy of canon law
* See also:
* Science
* Evolution
* Separation of church and state
* Relations
* Politics

Saints|

* Holy Family
* Mary
* Joseph
* Patriarchs
* Prophets
* Archangels
* Martyrs
* Doctors of the Church
* Evangelists
* Confessors
* Disciples
* Virgins

Organisation
Hierarchy
Canon law
Laity
Precedence
By country|

| Holy See
(List of popes)|

* Pope Leo XIV
* Ecumenical councils
* College of Cardinals
* List
* Advisers
* Roman Curia
* Dicasteries
* Synod of Bishops
* Properties

|

Vatican City|

* Index
* Outline
* Apostolic Palace
* Lateran Treaty
* Roman Rota
* St. Peter's Basilica
* Swiss Guard
* Vatican Museums

Polity (Holy orders)|

* Diocese
* Episcopal conference
* Eparchy
* Bishop
* Patriarch
* Major
* Primate
* Metropolitan
* Archbishop
* Diocesan
* Coadjutor
* Auxiliary
* Titular
* Emeritus
* Parish
* Priest
* Deacon

Consecrated life|

* Religious:
* Superior
* Abbot, Abbess
* General
* Provincial
* Prior, Prioress
* Grand master
* Brother
* Friar
* Monk
* Sister
* Nun
* Hermit
* Novice
* Master
* Oblate
* Postulant

Particular churches
sui iuris|

* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches
* Albanian
* Armenian
* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Chaldean
* Coptic
* Croatian and Serbian
* Eritrean
* Ethiopian
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hungarian
* Italo-Albanian
* Macedonian
* Maronite
* Melkite
* Romanian
* Russian
* Ruthenian
* Slovak
* Syriac
* Syro-Malabar
* Syro-Malankara
* Ukrainian

Catholic liturgy|

* Eastern Catholic liturgy
* Alexandrian
* Antiochian
* Armenian
* Byzantine
* East Syriac
* West Syriac
* Malankara
* Latin
* Ambrosian
* Braga
* Mozarabic
* Roman
* Paul VI
* Tridentine
* Anglican
* Zaire

Culture|

* Art
* Marian
* Artists
* Writers
* Church buildings
* Altarpieces
* Folk
* Library
* Museums
* Music
* Distinctions
* Role in civilisation
* See also:
* Criticism of the Catholic Church
* Anti-Catholicism

Media|

* Holy See Press Office
* Vatican Media
* Vatican News
* Vatican Television Center
* Vatican Radio
* Vatican Press [it]
* L'Osservatore Romano
* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Annuario Pontificio

Religious orders,
institutes, societies|

* Assumptionists
* Annonciades
* Augustinians
* Basilians
* Benedictines
* Bethlehemites
* Blue nuns
* Camaldoleses
* Camillians
* Carmelites
* Carthusians
* Cistercians
* Clarisses
* Conceptionists
* Crosiers
* Dominicans
* Franciscans
* Good Shepherd Sisters
* Hieronymites
* Jesuits
* Legionaries
* Mercedarians
* Minims
* Olivetans
* Oratorians
* Piarists
* Premonstratensians
* Redemptoristines
* Servites
* Theatines
* Trappists
* Trinitarians
* Visitandines

Associations
of the faithful|

* Confraternities
* Lay
* Marian
* Youth
* Workers
* Third orders
* Saint Dominic
* Lay Carmelites
* Discalced
* Saint Francis
* Secular
* Military orders
* Fimcap
* Catholic Action
* Charismatic Renewal
* Communion and Liberation
* Sant'Egidio
* Focolare
* International Alliance of Catholic Knights
* Scouting
* Legion of Mary
* Neocatechumenal Way
* Opus Dei
* Schoenstatt

Charities|

* Aid to the Church in Need
* Caritas
* Catholic Charities USA
* Home Missions
* Relief Services
* CIDSE
* Pax Christi
* Society of Saint Vincent de Paul

* See also:
* Health care
* Schools
* Universities

* Catholic Church portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Christianity

* Index
* Outline
* Glossary
* Prophets
* People
* Lists of Christians
* By country

Bible
(Scriptures)|

* Canon
* Old Testament
* New Testament

Foundations|

* Church
* Creed
* Gospel
* New Covenant
* Christian tradition
* Worship

History
(timeline)
(spread)|

| Early
Christianity|

* Jesus
* in Christianity
* Chronology
* Nativity
* Baptism
* Ministry
* Sermon on the Mount
* Parables
* Miracles
* Great Commandment
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Ascension
* Apostles
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers

|

Great Church|

* Ante-Nicene period
* Late antiquity
* Constantine
* First seven ecumenical councils
* Nicaea I
* Ephesus
* Chalcedon
* State church of the Roman Empire
* Christian biblical canon

Middle Ages|

* Monasticism
* Papal States
* East–West Schism
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Age of Discovery

Modern era|

* Auto-da-fé
* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Thirty Years' War
* Enlightenment
* French Revolution
* Relations with Islam
* Influences

Denominations
(list, members)|

| Western|

* Catholic
* Old Catholic
* Independent Catholic (Palmarian)
* Protestant
* Adventist
* Anabaptist
* Anglican
* Baptist
* Charismatic
* Evangelical
* Holiness
* Lutheran
* Methodist
* Pentecostal
* Quakers
* Reformed
* Western Rite Orthodoxy

|

Eastern|

* Eastern Orthodox
* Church
* Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
* Church of the East (Nestorian)
* Eastern Catholic

Restorationist|

* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Latter Day Saint movement
* Iglesia ni Cristo

Theology|

* Ablution
* Angel
* Born again
* Christology
* Divine apathy
* Ecclesiology
* Four marks
* Body of Christ
* One true church
* People of God
* Canon law
* Faith
* Fall of man
* Forbidden fruit
* Garden of Eden
* Final Judgement
* God
* Trinity
* Father
* Son
* Holy Spirit
* Good works
* Heaven
* Hell
* Holy water
* Hygiene
* Kingdom of God
* Liturgy
* Catholic
* Eastern Catholic
* Eastern Orthodox
* Protestant
* Love
* of Christ
* of God
* Mariology
* Theotokos
* Mission
* Monasticism
* Mortification
* Catholic
* Of the flesh
* New Covenant
* Nicene Creed
* Old Covenant
* Views
* Original sin
* Penance
* Prayer
* Repentance
* Sacraments
* Baptism
* Eucharist
* Marriage
* Confirmation
* Penance
* Anointing of the Sick
* Holy orders
* Saints
* Salvation
* Satan
* Sin
* Eternal sin
* Mortal sin
* Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance
* Seven deadly sins
* Venial sin
* Tradition
* Values
* Vice
* Works of mercy
* Worship

Philosophy|

* Natural law
* Ethics
* Science
* Evolution
* Politics
* Social mortgage
* Universal destination of goods
* Views on poverty and wealth
* Option for the poor
* Worldview

Other
features|

| Culture|

* Alcohol
* Architecture
* Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
* Art
* Jesus
* Mary
* Trinity
* God the Father
* Holy Spirit
* Atonement
* Christmas
* Church buildings
* Lists of cathedrals
* Crucifix
* Cupio dissolvi
* Evangelism
* Catechesis
* Catechism
* Catholic priest
* Folk Christianity
* Open-air
* Pastor
* Fallen woman
* Magdalene asylum
* Flag
* Flagellant
* Forgiveness
* Literature
* Marriage
* Catholic
* Music
* Chant
* Choir
* Gospel
* Hymn
* Introit
* Pop
* Psalm
* Requiem
* Mythology
* Pilgrimage
* Popular piety
* Redemptive suffering
* Role in civilization
* Self-flagellation
* Sign of the cross
* Symbolism

|

Movements|

* Crusading movement
* Anarchism
* Charismatic
* Democracy
* Evangelism
* Mission
* Environmentalism
* Existentialism
* Fundamentalism
* Liberation
* Left/Right
* Mysticism
* Pacifism
* Prosperity
* Supremacy
* Terrorism
* Traditionalist Catholicism

Cooperation|

* Christendom
* Ecumenism
* Charta Oecumenica
* World Council of Churches
* World Evangelical Alliance
* Nondenominationalism

Related|

* ... and Islam
* ... and other religions
* ... and violence
* ... as an ethnicity
* Anti-Christian sentiment
* Christian universalism
* Criticism
* Jesus
* Cultural Christians
* Good and evil
* Great Apostasy
* Martyrs
* Miracle
* Nominal Christian
* Persecution
* Religious views on love
* Role of Christianity in civilization
* Christianization
* Cultural Christians
* Spread
* Unlimited atonement
* Views on homosexuality

* Christianity portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

List of historic states of Italy

Pre-Roman period|

* Etruscan civilization
* Etruria
* Samnites
* Latins
* Osci
* Celts
* Cisalpine Gaul
* Veneti
* Ligures
* Nuragic civilization
* Umbri
* Magna Graecia
* Iapygians
* Picentes

Ancient Rome|

* Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC)
* Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC)
* Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD)
* Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD)

Medieval
and
Early Modern
states|

| Barbarian kingdoms
(476–774)|

* Odoacer's rule (476–493)
* Ostrogothic rule (493–553)
* Vandal rule (435–534)
* Lombard rule (568–774)
* Duchy of Benevento
* Duchy of Friuli
* Duchy of Ivrea
* Duchy of Spoleto
* Duchy of Tridentum
* Duchy of Tuscia

|

Byzantine Empire (584–751)|

* Exarchate of Ravenna (584–751)
* Duchy of Rome (533–751)
* Duchy of Perugia (554–752)
* Duchy of the Pentapolis (554–752)
* Exarchate of Africa (585–698)

Papal States
(754–1870)|

* Patrimony of Saint Peter
* Campagna e Marittima Province
* Holy See
* Commune of Rome
* Duchy of Castro
* Duchy of Ferrara
* Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
* Duchy of Urbino

Holy Roman Empire
and other
independent
states|

* Bishopric of Bressanone
* Corsican Republic
* City of Fiume and its District
* County of Gorizia
* Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
* County of Guastalla
* County of Santa Fiora
* Duchy of Guastalla
* Kingdom of Italy
* Ancona
* Ceva
* Finale
* March of Friuli
* Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
* Ivrea
* Istria
* Mantua
* Milan
* March of Montferrat
* Duchy of Montferrat
* Trieste
* Turin
* Tuscany
* Verona
* Duchy of Ivrea
* Duchy of Milan
* Duchy of Mantua
* Duchy of Massa and Carrara
* Duchy of Merania
* Duchy of Mirandola
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio
* County of Novellara and Bagnolo
* Principality of Piombino
* Duchy of Reggio
* Marquisate of Saluzzo
* Duchy of Spoleto
* Bishopric of Tarantasia
* Prince-Bishopric of Trento
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Savoyard state
* Savoy
* County of Savoy
* Piedmont
* Duchy of Aosta
* County of Nice
* County of Tenda

Republic of Venice
(697–1797)|

* Dogado
* Domini di Terraferma
* Stato da Màr

Other Republics
(c. 1000–1797)|

* Republic of Cospaia
* Republic of Florence
* Republic of Lucca
* Republic of Massa
* Republic of Siena
* Republic of Genoa
* Republic of Noli
* Republic of Pisa
* Republic of Ancona

Southern Italy
(774–1139)|

| Byzantine|

* Duchy of Amalfi
* Duchy of Gaeta
* Catepanate of Italy
* Longobardia
* Theme of Lucania
* Duchy of Naples
* Theme of Sicily and Byzantine Sicily
* Duchy of Sorrento

|

Arab|

* Emirate of Bari
* Muslim Sicily

Lombard|

* Principality of Benevento
* Principality of Salerno
* Principality of Capua

Norman|

* County of Apulia and Calabria
* County of Aversa
* County of Sicily
* Principality of Taranto

Sardinia
(from the 9th century)|

* Judicates
* Agugliastra
* Arborea
* Cagliari
* Gallura
* Logudoro
* Oristano
* Republic of Sassari
* Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1861)

Kingdom of Sicily
(1130–1816) and
Kingdom of Naples
(1282–1816)|

* State of the Presidi
* Duke of San Donato
* Duchy of Sora
* Duchy of Bari
* County of Lecce
* Principality of Taranto
* Terra Sancti Benedicti
* Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)
* Hospitaller Malta
* Gozo
* Malta Protectorate
* Crown Colony of Malta

French Revolutionary
and Napoleonic eras
(1792–1815)|

| Republics|

* Cisalpinia
* Cispadania
* Italy
* Liguria
* Lucca
* Parthenopea
* Piedmont
* Rome
* Subalpinia
* Transpadania

|

Monarchies|

* Benevento
* Etruria
* Guastalla
* Italy
* Lucca and Piombino
* Massa and Carrara
* Naples
* Pontecorvo
* Benevento
* Tuscany
* Elba
* Corsica

Post-Napoleonic
states|

* Duchy of Genoa (1815–1848)
* Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847)
* Duchy of Massa and Carrara (1814–1829)
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1814–1859)
* Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1814–1859)
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1815–1859)
* Italian United Provinces (1831)
* Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
* Republic of San Marco (1848–1849)
* Roman Republic (1849–1850)
* United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860)
* Kingdom of Sardinia (1814–1860)
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816–1861)
* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
* Papal States (1814–1870)

| Post-unification|

* Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
* Italian Empire (1882–1960)
* Free State of Fiume (1920–1924)
* Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
* Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)

|

* v
* t
* e

Italy articles

History|

| Overview|

* Timeline of Italian history

|

By topic|

* Citizenship
* Currency and coinage
* Economy
* Fashion
* Flags
* Genetic
* Historic states
* Judaism
* LGBT
* Military
* Music
* Name
* Postage
* Railways

Prehistory|

* Prehistory
* Neolithic
* Villanovan
* Terramare
* Rinaldone
* Apennine
* Nuragic
* Golasecca
* Canegrate
* Latial

Ancient|

* Ancient peoples
* Italic peoples
* Latins
* Osci
* Picentes
* Samnites
* Umbri
* Veneti
* Etruscans
* Celts
* Magna Graecia
* Ligures
* Messapians
* Ancient Rome
* Kingdom
* Republic
* Roman conquest
* Roman Italy
* Empire
* Western Empire

Middle Ages|

* Middle Ages
* Italy under Odoacer
* Ostrogoths
* Byzantium
* Lombards
* Papal States
* the Holy Roman Empire
* the Sardinian Judicates
* Arabs
* Normans
* Guelphs and Ghibellines
* Lombard League
* Kingdom of Sicily
* War of the Sicilian Vespers
* Kingdom of Naples

Early modern|

* Italian city-states
* Florence
* Siena
* Milan
* Maritime republics
* Venice
* Genoa
* Pisa
* Amalfi
* Kingdom of Sardinia
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Duchy of Savoy
* Renaissance
* Italian Wars
* Early Modern period
* Napoleonic Italy
* Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Late modern|

* Unification
* First War of Independence
* Second War of Independence
* Niçard exodus
* Expedition of the Thousand
* Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
* Third War of Independence
* Capture of Rome
* Monarchy and the World Wars
* Kingdom of Italy
* Colonial Empire
* World War I
* Fourth War of Independence
* Fascist Italy
* World War II
* Fall of the Fascist regime
* Resistance and Social Republic
* Civil War

Contemporary|

* Republic
* Institutional referendum
* Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
* Economic Boom
* Years of Lead
* Maxi Trial
* Mani pulite
* Coronavirus pandemic

Geography|

* Italian geographical region
* Peninsula
* Climate
* Climate change
* Geology
* Fauna
* Flora
* Mountains
* Prealps
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Politics|

* Constitution
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Economy|

* Economy
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Society|

* Aristocracy
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* Poverty
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Culture|

* Duecento
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*  Italy portal
* Category

* v
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* e

Monarchies

* Monarch
* Imperial, royal and noble ranks
* List of current sovereign monarchs
* List of current non-sovereign monarchs
* List of monarchy referendums

Type|

* Absolute
* Constitutional
* Diarchy
* Elective
* Federal
* Hereditary
* Non-sovereign
* Personal union
* Regency

Topics|

* Abdication
* Abolition of monarchy
* Aristocracy
* Criticism of monarchy
* Decolonization
* Democratization
* Dynasty
* Government
* Head of state
* Legitimacy (political)
* Oligarchy
* Order of succession
* Republicanism
* Self-proclaimed monarchy
* Sovereignty

Titles|

* Chhatrapati
* Emperor
* Khan
* King
* Queen regnant
* Pharaoh
* Prince regnant
* Raja
* Shah
* Sultan
* Tsar

Current|

| Africa|

* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Morocco
* list

|

Asia|

* Bahrain
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Malaysia
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Thailand
* United Arab Emirates
* list

Europe|

* Andorra
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Spain
* Sweden
* Vatican City (Holy See)

Oceania|

* Tonga

Commonwealth realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* Niue
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom

Former|

| Africa|

* Adamawa
* Ankole
* Aussa
* Bagirmi
* Barotseland
* Bornu
* Burundi
* Central Africa
* Dahomey
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Gomma
* Gumma
* Islands of Refreshment
* Kaffa
* Kongo
* Libya
* Luba
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Maore
* Maravi
* Mwali
* Ndzuwani
* Ngazidja
* Rwanda
* Shilluk
* Tunisia
* Wituland
* Wassoulou
* Yeke
* Zanzibar
* Zimbabwe
* and other

|

Americas|

* Araucanía
* Aztec
* Brazil
* Haiti
* Inca
* Mexico
* Miskito
* Suriname
* Talamanca
* Trinidad
* Thirteen Colonies

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Asir
* Bengal
* Bukhara
* Burma
* Cebu
* Chehab
* China
* Dapitan
* Hejaz
* Indonesia
* Iran (Qajar)
* Iraq
* Jabal Shammar
* Kathiri
* Khiva
* Korea
* Kumul
* Kurdistan
* Laos
* Maguindanao
* Mahra
* Maldives
* Manchukuo
* Mongolia
* Najran
* Nepal
* Qu'aiti
* Ryukyu
* Sarawak
* Shan
* Sikkim
* Sri Lanka
* Sip Song Chau Tai
* Sulu
* Syria
* Tibet
* Taiwan
* Upper Asir
* Upper Yafa
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Emirates of South Arabia
* South Arabia

Europe|

* Albania
* Aragon
* Asturias
* Austria
* Austria-Hungary
* Bavaria
* Bosnia
* Brittany
* Bulgaria
* Catalonia
* Cilicia
* Corsica
* Crimea
* Cyprus
* Finland
* France
* Galicia
* Georgia
* Germany
* Granada
* Greece
* Hanover
* Hungary
* Iceland
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* Ireland
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* Lithuania
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* Man
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* Navarre
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* Ottoman Empire
* Papal States
* Piedmont-Sardinia
* Poland–Lithuania
* Portugal
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* Romania
* Russia
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* Savoy
* Saxony
* Scotland
* Serbia
* Tavolara
* Tuscany
* Two Sicilies
* United Baltic Duchy
* Valencia
* Württemberg
* Yugoslavia

Oceania|

* Abemama
* Bora Bora
* Easter Island
* Fiji
* Hawaii
* Huahine
* Mangareva
* Niuē-Fekai
* Nuku Hiva
* Raiatea
* Rapa Iti
* Rarotonga
* Rimatara
* Rurutu
* Tahiti
* Tahuata

Commonwealth realms|

* Barbados
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guyana
* India (British Raj, princely states)
* Irish Free State / Ireland
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Rhodesia
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Uganda

* v
* t
* e

Unification of Italy (Risorgimento)

Pre-unitary states|

* Kingdom of Sardinia (House of Savoy)
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
* Papal States
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Duchy of Parma
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio

Timeline|

* Rimini Proclamation
* Carbonari
* Revolutions during the 1820s
* Revolutions of 1830
* Young Italy
* Neo-Guelphism
* Revolutions of 1848
* Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
* Republic of San Marco
* Roman Republic
* Quadrilatero
* First Italian War of Independence
* Five Days of Milan
* Sortie on Mestre
* Sicilian revolution of 1848
* Ten Days of Brescia
* Belfiore martyrs
* Crimean War
* Plombières Agreement
* Second Italian War of Independence
* United Provinces of Central Italy
* Expedition of the Thousand
* Dictatorship of Garibaldi
* Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
* Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
* Roman Question
* Third Italian War of Independence
* Capture of Rome
* Law of Guarantees
* Italian entry into World War I
* Impresa di Fiume

Symbols|

* Cockade of Italy
* Flag of Italy

Main leaders|

* Massimo d'Azeglio
* Agostino Bertani
* Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
* Celso Ceretti
* Federico Confalonieri
* Francesco Crispi
* Giuseppe Garibaldi
* Daniele Manin
* Giuseppe Mazzini
* Bettino Ricasoli
* Aurelio Saffi
* Annibale Santore di Santarosa
* Ruggero Settimo
* Victor Emmanuel II

Literature and philosophy|

* Giovanni Arrivabene
* Cesare Balbo
* Giosuè Carducci
* Carlo Cattaneo
* Felice Cavallotti
* Vincenzo Cuoco
* Giuseppe Ferrari
* Ugo Foscolo
* Vincenzo Gioberti
* Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
* Giacomo Leopardi
* Francesco Lomonaco
* Goffredo Mameli
* Alessandro Manzoni
* Ippolito Nievo
* Silvio Pellico
* Carlo Pisacane
* Gian Domenico Romagnosi
* Antonio Rosmini
* Francesco Saverio Salfi

Opponents|

* Pope Pius IX
* Franz Joseph I of Austria
* Francis II of the Two Sicilies
* Klemens von Metternich
* Joseph Radetzky von Radetz

Museums|

* Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
* Tricolour Flag Museum

National days|

* Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
* National Unity and Armed Forces Day

Other|

* Altare della Patria
* Italian irredentism
* Italian nationalism
* Redshirts
* Revisionism of Risorgimento
* Southern question
* Third Rome

* v
* t
* e

European Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages|

* Migration Period
* Decline of the Western Roman Empire
* Barbarian kingdoms
* Late antiquity
* Decline of Hellenistic religion
* Christianity in the Middle Ages
* Christianization
* Rise of Islam
* Papal States
* First Bulgarian Empire
* Frankish Empire
* Principality of Serbia
* Duchy of Croatia
* Anglo-Saxon England
* Viking Age
* Carolingian Empire
* Old Church Slavonic
* Rise of the Venetian Republic
* Civitas Schinesghe
* Kievan Rus'
* Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
* Reconquista

High Middle Ages|

* Norman Conquest
* Holy Roman Empire
* Second Bulgarian Empire
* Georgian Empire
* Kingdom of Poland
* Kingdom of Serbia
* Kingdom of Croatia
* Feudalism
* Rise of the Republic of Genoa
* Great Schism
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Republic of Florence
* Scholasticism
* Capet–Plantagenet feud
* Monasticism
* Communalism
* Manorialism
* Medieval Warm Period
* Mongol invasion of Europe
* Kingdom of Portugal

Late Middle Ages|

* Hundred Years' War
* Wars of the Roses
* Hussite Wars
* Burgundy
* Milan
* France
* England
* Serbian Empire
* Castile
* Western Schism
* Fall of Constantinople
* Rise of the Ottoman Empire
* Swiss mercenaries
* Chivalry
* Renaissance Humanism
* Universities
* Crisis of the late Middle Ages
* Great Famine
* Little Ice Age

Culture|

* Agriculture
* Architecture
* Art
* Church and State
* Cuisine
* Crusading movement
* Dance
* Demography
* Domes
* Hastilude
* Household
* Hunting
* In popular culture
* Itinerant court
* Literature
* Medicine
* Minstrel
* Music
* Instruments
* Philosophy
* Poetry
* Science
* Slavery
* Technology
* Theatre
* Warfare
* Women

Related|

* Medieval anthropology
* Dark Ages
* Disability in the Middle Ages
* Basic topics list
* Land terms
* Medievalism
* Medieval reenactment
* Medieval studies
* Misconceptions
* Neo-medievalism
* Peasant Wars
* Post-classical history
* Timeline
* Historiography in the Middle Ages
* Medieval archaeology

* Portal
* Category
* WikiProject

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi
* Yale LUX

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