Papuan Gulf languages

Proposed language family of Papua New Guinea

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Papuan Gulf

(proposed)
Geographic
distribution| Papuan Gulf, southern Papua New Guinea
Subdivisions|

* Kikorian
* Strickland
* Gogodala–Suki
* Teberan–Pawaian

Glottolog| None

Map: The Papuan Gulf languages of New Guinea

The Papuan Gulf languages

Trans–New Guinea languages

Other Papuan languages

Austronesian languages

Uninhabited

The Papuan Gulf languages are a proposed language family of Papuan languages spoken inland from the large gulf that defines the shape of southern Papua New Guinea.[1]

## Languages[edit]

* Papuan Gulf
* Kikorian (Kikori River)
* Kutubuan
* Turama–Kikorian
* Strickland (Strickland and Soari River)
* East Strickland
* Doso–Turumsa
* Gogodala–Suki (Suki–Aramia River)
* Tua River
* Teberan
* Wiru
* Pawaia

## Lexical comparison[edit]

The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database[2] and Usher (2020),[3] unless noted otherwise. Neighboring languages not traditionally classified within Papuan Gulf are also included for comparison.

Body parts  family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast

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Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu
Kamula | Kamula | dokupala; tɔkɔnʌlʌ | kokosasi; kɔkɔsʌse | molo; mɔlɔ | inʌma; inoma | mu; mũ | ɛpe | te; tɛ | ɛtɛ; hetei | umali; umʌ:li | ɛľu; ɛro | kapala; kʌpʌlʌ | mɛmɛ
Dibiyaso | Dibiyaso | bisikoki; bisikɔki; dagata; dapokala | bisikaka; bisi kaka | kosoropa; kosořopa; kɔsɔrɔpa | usa | deimu; demu | beserepa; beseřepa | metata; mɛtɛtʌ; mɛtɛta | tupa | balipa; baripa; memere | ki | baua | bu; burukopa
Doso-Turumsa | Doso | abaki | abuluso | apu | usa | bulu | da | ithi | sʌřei | omani | khi | bʌli | toka
Tabo | Tabo | wato | hinibó; hinibɔ | galo | ba ͥdi; baidi | dopo; dɔ:pɔ | lalo; lolo | mɛlpila; merapira | nato | hawi; haᵘwi | goha; goha: | tama | nono
Porome | Porome[4] | kikimi | kikimikuro | obokera | ipiri | urubi | koropi | beri | warakero |  |  |  | eimuro
Turama-Kikori | Proto-Rumu-Omati[3] | *mab | *b[au]t | *go̝ | *isĩ | *ju | *magu |  | *tãᵋ |  | *tab |  | *sõ̝
Teberan | Proto-Dadibi-Folopa[3] | *tobo | *ni[g]i | *[w]odzo | *ge[…] | *gun… |  | *kamina |  |  | *di[l/r]i | *wadz[i/e] | *ame
Pawaia | Pawaia | mu | muse; sị | nȩᶦ; nɛ̣i | to; toᵘ | ho; họ | su | ha̧pi; hɛmina | hɛ; si̧ʔi̧ | sɛni; su̧ | džɛmɛ; yɛmi | hɛʔȩ; hɛi | ɛmi
Purari | Purari | uku | kimari | keporo | inamu | pina | niʔiri | anae | ari | aro | laʔaro | kape | ame
Kaki Ae | Kaki Ae | aro | uʔumo | oʔi | ere | noʔi | huʔu | anara | fera | ivare | uki |  | ame
Nature  family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path

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Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *niman |  |  | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna |
Kamula | Kamula | iyʌ; iya | ɛsemala; esemʌlʌ | ʌľiʌ | tea | temoko; temɔkɔ | dali; tʌli | sali; sʌľi | mama; mʌmʌ | yu | deľʌpʌ; dřaƀa | ewʌľʌ; yawařa | api
Dibiyaso | Dibiyaso | pe | sapo | apo | meta; mɛta | kwapa; motakapa | besa; bosa | male; nane | iliɛpɛ; irepe | daia; daiya | betate; darau; dařau | kaɔ; kɔ | iti
Doso-Turumsa | Doso | amu | khasa | nɛna | sɩkĩ | wõnõ | gu | khikha | ři | umu | dɩki | kɔ |
Tabo | Tabo | tamani | gaha |  | hola; hola: | kikipo | ke'ha; kɛha | kadepa; kadɛpa | manome; manomi | bea | koe; kue: | -nadi; naki | gabo
Porome | Porome |  | kumi | bobi | kumi |  | kubi | eri ipiro | omeri tero | ubi | erei | kumapi | meri
Turama-Kikori | Proto-Rumu-Omati | *gutɔm | *gas | *gɔ[u]n | *gaᵋ | *d[ɔ]um | *i | *ɛsɔa |  | *wẽ̝ | *i |  | *dɛⁱ
Teberan | Proto-Dadibi-Folopa |  | *j[o]wi | *kibu | *ba | *ge | *ni | *s[u]g[a] |  | *wẽi | *si[a] |  | *tũ
Pawaia | Pawaia | po; poř | hạ; hɛ̧ | ya | deř; ge | ge džu; yo | i̧; in | ol; olsuɛ; sia | we; wɛ | sa | sia | tobu; topu | sụ
Purari | Purari | kaeriʔi | oroko |  | nako | munu | iri | lare | ia | ere | iau | rore |
Kaki Ae | Kaki Ae | saruta | evera |  | mini | mini umu | oproro | lare | fuiya | haime | aiyeʔi | ere |
Miscellaneous  family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two

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Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- |  | *ta(l,t)(a,e)
Kamula | Kamula | ɔpɔlʌimi; opřami | eya; ɛ̃yã | hi | dampřoma; tʌɛdɔma | hatropɛ; hʌtɔlɔp | dapiamɛtɛ; depiʌmɛtɛ
Dibiyaso | Dibiyaso | sau | tawa͗e; tawoi; tawɔi | yo | na- | makate | ařapa
Doso-Turumsa | Doso | haimo | dobo | samu | nane |  |
Tabo | Tabo | dubu; tubu | kamena | mahiro; mahiřo | hɛna; nɛ:na | kapia | nete'ewa
Porome | Porome | moia | eria |  |  |  |
Turama-Kikori | Proto-Rumu-Omati |  |  |  | *e̝ne̝ne̝n |  | *t[aⁱ/aᵋ]
Teberan | Proto-Dadibi-Folopa |  | *so |  | *nV- | *me |
Pawaia | Pawaia | džʌʔla; yala | oi; u | hɛʔɛpi; hopi | hatisụɛ; ti haʔayɛ | pɛʔɛmi; pomi | naʔau; nau
Purari | Purari | vake | aʔe | noe | navai | monou | leʔeo
Kaki Ae | Kaki Ae | aru | aʔu | iru | muake | okiao | uʔungka

## References[edit]

1. ^ NewGuineaWord Papuan Gulf
2. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
3. ^ a b c Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
4. ^ Petterson, Robert. 2010. Porome Daporo Avea Buka = Porome Language Picture Dictionary. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG.

## Further reading[edit]

* Franklin, K. editor. The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26, x + 607 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26

* v
* t
* e

Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)

Trans-New Guinea
subgroups|

| Central Papua, Indonesia|

* Ok-Oksapmin
* Dani
* Asmat-Kamoro
* Mek
* Paniai Lakes
* West Bomberai
* Somahai

|

Southeast Papua, Indonesia|

* Anim
* Greater Awyu
* Kayagaric
* Kolopom
* Marori

Southwest Papua New Guinea|

* Gogodala-Suki
* Turama-Kikori
* Kiwaian
* Awin-Pa

Central Papua New Guinea|

* Madang
* Finisterre-Huon
* Kainantu-Goroka
* Chimbu-Wahgi
* Enga-Kewa-Huli
* Bosavi
* East Strickland
* Kutubu
* Duna-Bogaya
* Wiru

Papuan Peninsula|

* Angan
* Greater Binanderean
* Dagan
* Mailuan
* Koiarian
* Goilalan
* Yareban
* Kwalean
* Manubaran

Eastern Nusantara
families and isolates|

* Timor-Alor-Pantar
* North Halmahera

* Tambora†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates|

* South Bird's Head
* Nuclear South Bird's Head
* Inanwatan–Duriankere
* Konda–Yahadian
* East Bird's Head
* Nuclear East Bird's Head
* Hatam–Mansim
* West Bird's Head

* Abun
* Mpur
* Maybrat
* Mor
* Tanah Merah

Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Tor-Kwerba
* Lakes Plain
* Border
* Sko
* East Cenderawasih Bay
* Pauwasi
* East
* West
* Nimboran
* Sentani
* Mairasi
* Kaure
* Lepki-Murkim
* Senagi (Angor-Dera)
* Tofanma-Namla
* Yapen

* Abinomn
* Burmeso
* Elseng
* Kapauri
* Kembra
* Keuw
* Kimki
* Massep
* Mawes
* Molof
* Usku
* Yetfa

Central Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Bayono-Awbono

* Dem
* Uhunduni

Sepik-Ramu basin
families and isolates|

* Torricelli
* Sepik
* Lower Sepik-Ramu
* Lower Sepik
* Ramu
* Kwomtari
* Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
* Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
* Yuat
* Left May
* Amto-Musan

* Busa
* Tayap
* Yadë

| Torricelli subgroups|

* Marienberg
* Arapesh
* Urim
* Maimai
* Wapei
* Palei
* One (West Wapei)
* Monumbo?

|

Sepik subgroups|

* Middle Sepik
* Ndu
* Nukuma
* Yellow River
* Yerakai
* Upper Sepik
* Wogamus
* Iwam
* Abau
* Sepik Hill
* Tama
* Ram
* Amal

Ramu subgroups|

* Lower Ramu
* Ottilien
* Misegian
* Middle Ramu
* Grass?
* Tamolan
* Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Yam
* Pahoturi River
* Eleman
* Oriomo
* Teberan
* Doso-Turumsa
* Komolom
* Yelmek-Maklew

* Dibiyaso
* Kaki Ae
* Kamula
* Karami
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Purari
* Tabo

Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands
families and isolates|

* Baining
* North Bougainville
* South Bougainville
* Central Solomons
* Butam-Taulil

* Anêm
* Ata
* Kol
* Kuot
* Makolkol
* Sulka

Rossel Island
isolate|

* Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings|

* West Papuan
* Northwest Papuan
* South Pauwasi
* East Papuan
* Southeast Papuan
* Papuan Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Arai–Samaia
* Asmat–Mombum
* Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
* Trans-Fly
* Dani–Kwerba
* East Bird's Head – Sentani
* Kwomtari–Fas
* Left May – Kwomtari
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* West Trans–New Guinea
* West Papuan Highlands
* Central and South New Guinea
* Central West New Guinea
* East New Guinea Highlands
* Yele – West New Britain
* Sepik–Ramu
* Indo-Pacific

Proto-language|

* Proto-Trans–New Guinea

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskaleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Mijiic?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kenaboi?
* Kusunda
* Minoan?
* Nihali
* Shompen?
* Sumerian
* Tambora?

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Demta–Sentani
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Foja Range
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Senu River
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Taiap?
* Tambora?
* Wiru

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskaleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keres
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Tonkawa
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude)
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Páez
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

Sign
languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

See also|

* Constructed languages
* Creoles
* Language isolates
* Mixed languages
* Pidgins
* Unclassified languages

* Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

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