Paris Opera Ballet

French ballet company

Paris Opera Ballet

Logo of the Paris Opera

General information
Name| Paris Opera Ballet
Local name| Ballet de l'Opéra national de Paris
Previous names|

* Académie Royale de Musique
* Académie Impériale de Musique
* Théâtre National de l'Opéra

Year founded| 1669; 355 years ago (1669)
Principal venue| Palais Garnier, Place de l'Opéra, Paris, 9th arrondissement, France
Website| www.operadeparis.fr
Senior staff
Administrator| Flavien Moglia
Director| José Martínez
Other
Associated schools| Paris Opera Ballet School[1]
Formation| Étoile
Premier Danseur
Sujet
Coryphée
Quadrille

The Paris Opera Ballet (French: Ballet de l'Opéra national de Paris) is a French ballet company that is an integral part of the Paris Opera. It is the oldest national ballet company, and many European and international ballet companies can trace their origins to it. It is still regarded as one of the four most prominent ballet companies in the world, together with the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow, the Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg and the Royal Ballet in London.[2][3][4][5]

Since December 2022, the company has been under the direction of José Martínez, the director of dance. The ballet company consists of 154 dancers, among them 17 Danseurs Étoiles. The principal dancers give 180 dance performances each year, primarily at the Palais Garnier.[6]

Just as prestigious as the Paris Opera Ballet is its dance school, the Paris Opera Ballet School (French: École de danse de l'Opéra national de Paris), considered to be one of the world's best dance schools.[7] Its former pupils have won a record of 20 Benois de la Danse awards. The school celebrated its tercentennial in 2013.

The competition for admission to both institutions is extremely fierce.[8] For a dancer to enter the Paris Opera Ballet, it is almost compulsory to be admitted to the Paris Opera Ballet School, to pass the annual competitive examinations in May, and to attend at least the final two classes.[9] 95 percent of the admitted dancers in the Paris Opera Ballet are French.[9]

## History

[edit]

See also: History of ballet

### Naming

[edit]

The Paris Opera Ballet has always been an integral part of the Paris Opera, which was founded in 1669 as the Académie d'Opéra (Academy of Opera), although theatrical dance did not become an important component of the Paris Opera until 1673, after it was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique (Royal Academy of Music) and placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully.[1][10] The Paris Opera has had many different official names during its long history, but since 1994, it has been called the Opéra National de Paris (Paris National Opera).[11]

### Background

[edit]

Louis XIV as Apollo in the Ballet Royal de la Nuit (1653)

The Paris Opera Ballet had its origins in the earlier dance institutions, traditions and practices of the court of Louis XIV. Of particular importance were the series of comédies-ballets created by Molière with, among others, the choreographers and composers Pierre Beauchamps and Jean-Baptiste Lully. The first was Les Fâcheux in 1661 and the most important, Le Bourgeois gentilhomme in 1670.[12] Many of these were also performed by Molière's company at the public Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris, which was later to become the first permanent home of the opera company and the opera ballet.

Also in 1661, Louis XIV had founded the Académie Royale de Danse (Royal Academy of Dance) in an effort "to improve the quality of dance instruction for court entertainments". Members of the academy, as well as the dance teachers who were certified by it, and their students, participated in the creation of the ballets for the court, Molière, and later the opera.[13] In 1680, Beauchamps became the chancellor (director) of the Académie Royale de Danse.[10][14] Although the Académie Royale de Danse and the Opera were closely connected, the two institutions remained separate, and the former disappeared with the fall of the monarchy in 1792.[15]

### Founding and early history

[edit]

On 28 June 1669, Louis XIV granted a privilege to the poet Pierre Perrin giving him a monopoly to form a separate academy for the performance of opera in French. The first production of the company founded by Perrin, the Académie d'Opéra (Academy of Opera),[16] was Pomone, which was first performed on 3 March 1671 at the Jeu de Paume de la Bouteille and included ballets choreographed by Anthoine des Brosses.[17]

In 1672, Lully purchased Perrin's privilege and also obtained new letters patent limiting the use of musicians and dancers by other French companies. With Anthoine des Brosses and Lully as choreographers and Carlo Vigarani as stage designer, Lully's company, now called the Académie Royale de Musique, produced Lully's first opera, Les fêtes de l'Amour et de Bacchus (a pastorale) in November 1672 at the Jeu de Paume de Béquet.[18] This work consisted primarily of excerpts from Lully's prior court ballets connected with new entrées choreographed by des Brosses.[19] A crucial difference, however, from the previous court ballets was that the members of the court no longer participated, and all of the dancers were professionals.[20]

Lully's next production, Cadmus et Hermione (27 April 1673), the first tragédie lyrique (with a libretto by Philippe Quinault), also premiered at the Jeu de Paume de Béquet and was choreographed by Anthoine des Brosses.[19] Pierre Beauchamps, who had been working with Molière at the Palais-Royal, joined Lully's company in June 1673 (not long after Molière's death), when Lully took over the Palais-Royal theatre, forcing Molière's troupe to move to the Théâtre Guénégaud. Lully and Quinault continued to collaborate on a series of successful productions, in the process creating a new genre of French opera in which dance interludes played an important part in the musical drama.[21] The ballets for these works were created by Beauchamps, des Brosses, and d'Olivet. Jean-Baptiste Dubos explains that Beauchamps and des Brosses were responsible for the ballets ordinaires, while d'Olivet specialized in ballet-pantomime:

> Lully paid such great attention to the ballets mentioned here that he engaged for their choreography a 'maître de danse particulier' named d'Olivet. It was he, and not des Brosses or Beauchamps, whom Lully engaged for the 'ballets ordinaires', who composed the ballets of the infernal scenes of Psyché and Alceste. It was also d'Olivet who composed the ballet of the old men in Thesée, of the baneful dreams in Atys, and of the tremblers in Isis. This last was composed solely of pantomimic gestures by men seized with cold, and he did not introduce a single usual dance step into it.[22]

Initially the dancers of the Paris Opera Ballet were all male. Mademoiselle de la Fontaine (1665–1738) became the first professional ballerina when she danced in the premiere of Lully's ballet Le Triomphe de l'Amour on 21 January 1681.[23] Pierre Beauchamps continued to collaborate with Lully at the Paris Opera until Lully's death in 1687.[14]

### Subsequent history

[edit]

Adelaïde Simonet as the Princess in the pantomime-ballet Ninette à la Cour, first produced by the Paris Opera Ballet in 1778 with choreography by Maximilien Gardel, as performed in London in 1781

The 18th century saw the creation of an associated school, now referred to as the Paris Opera Ballet School (French: École de Danse de l’Opéra de Paris), which opened in 1713. The operas of Rameau, and later Gluck, raised standards for the dancers. Jean-Georges Noverre was a particularly influential ballet master from 1776 to 1781. He created the ballet Les petits riens in 1778 on Mozart's music. Maximilien Gardel was ballet master from 1781, with his brother Pierre Gardel taking over after Maximilien's death in 1787. Pierre Gardel survived the Revolution creating ballets such as La Marseillaise and Offrande à la Liberté.[1] He remained the ballet master until 1820 and continued to work up to 1829.[24]

In 1820, Pierre Gardel was succeeded as ballet master by Jean-Louis Aumer, who was however highly criticized for using too much mime and failing to use choreography which furthered plot or character.[24] In 1821, the company moved to a new house, the Salle Le Peletier, where Romantic ballet was born. In 1875, the company moved to the Palais Garnier, where it continues to perform.[1]

### Serge Lifar as ballet director

[edit]

In 1929, Jacques Rouché invited 24-year-old dancer Serge Lifar to become the maitre de ballet of the Paris Opéra Ballet, which had fallen into decline in the late 19th century.

As ballet master from 1930 to 1944, and from 1947 to 1958, he devoted himself to the restoration of the technical level of the Opéra Ballet, returning it to its place as one of the best companies in the world.

Lifar gave the company a new strength and purpose, initiating the rebirth of ballet in France, and began to create the first of many ballets for that company.[25] During his three decades as director of the Paris Opéra Ballet, Lifar led the company through the turbulent times of World War II and the German occupation of France. Lifar brought the Paris Opéra Ballet to America and performed to full houses at the New York City Center. Audiences were enthusiastic and had great admiration for the company of dancers.[25]

### Era of Rudolf Nureyev

[edit]

In the world of ballet, Rudolf Nureyev is regarded as the greatest classical dancer ever and as one of the most preeminent choreographers.[26] In 1983, Rudolf Nureyev was appointed director of the Paris Opera Ballet, where, as well as directing, he continued to dance and to promote younger dancers.

The top female ballet dancer at that time, if not of all times,[27][28] was Sylvie Guillem, who was nominated principal dancer at the age of 19 by Rudolf Nureyev in 1984. They were an exceptional dance couple.[29] The years of Nureyev marked a golden era of the Paris Opera Ballet.[26]

### Brigitte Lefèvre

[edit]

Brigitte Lefèvre, director from 1995 to 2014, with Patrice Bart as maitre de ballet from 1990 to 2011, succeeded to maintain the high standard that Nureyev has set.

Brigitte Lefèvre invited some of the most preeminent choreographers, such as William Forsythe, Angelin Preljocaj, Saburo Teshigawara, and John Neumeier.[30]

### Transition

[edit]

There were turbulent times for the company with Benjamin Millepied, director of the Paris Opera Ballet from November 2014 until he quit on 15 July 2016.[31] There were two stumbling blocks with Millepied, a French dancer and choreographer, who left France in 1993, at the age of 16, got his main professional education as a dancer and choreographer in the United States and came back to France in 2014 as newly appointed director of the Paris Opera Ballet.[32] The first one was that Millepied wanted the Paris Opera Ballet dancers to interpret La Bayadère, a classic ballet choreographed by Rudolf Nureyev in 1992, like a contemporary ballet.[33] To achieve this goal, he had already hired guest principal dancers to present La Bayadère.[34]

The other stumbling block was that Millepied had broken the hierarchy of the "Danseurs Étoiles" dancing the leading roles, as he had chosen for the cast of his first contemporary ballet creation "Clear, Loud, Bright, Forward" (the first one in his time as director) out of the 154 danseurs a "dream team" of 16 dancers which he considered to be the fittest to put to practice his ideas and visions (on the programming, the dream team was named "United visual artists").[35][36][37] Karl Paquette, principal dancer, said in an interview that he had never felt as bad in his 30 years at the Paris Opera Ballet as he had the past 6 months. Stéphane Bullion, principal dancer, added that it was clear that things could not be straightened out.[33]

Stéphane Lissner, the Paris Opera director who hired Benjamin Millepied in January 2013 — and who has final authority on decisions about budget, hiring and promotion — said at a news conference at the Palais Garnier on Thursday 4 February 2016 that he had no regrets about that choice.[38] “He leaves too soon, but others leave too late.” Lissner added, “I think that the two jobs, director of dance and a choreographer who is more and more in demand, not just at the Opera, raised a certain number of questions.”

### Aurélie Dupont

[edit]

Aurélie Dupont took over the direction of the ballet company on 1 August 2016. She was Danseuse Étoile from 1994 to 2015.

Dupont was the inspiration behind the Cédric Klapisch film about the star,[39] considered the grande dame of the Paris Opera Ballet.

Dupond is stepped down from the position on 31 July 2022, as announced in June of that year.[40]

### José Martínez

[edit]

José Martínez took over the company in December 2022.[41]

## Hierarchy

[edit]

The hierarchy of the Paris Opera Ballet is very strict. For a dancer, it is virtually compulsory to enter first the Paris Opera Ballet School. As Mathilde Froustey put it: "You cannot get into the company if you have not done the school".[9] The competition for admission to both institutions is extremely fierce, as well as the competition for the highest ranks in the ballet company.

More than 90 percent of the candidates don't pass the Ballet School entrance examination, and 20 percent of its pupils have to leave at the end of the year after failing the annual competitive examinations ("les concours annuels") in May.[7] Only 5 to 20 percent of the Ballet School graduates are accepted in the Paris Opera Ballet, initially as dancers on trial (the "stagiaires").[42]

To become a regular member of the Paris Opera Ballet as "Quadrille" (fifth and lowest rank in the hierarchy), you have to pass the annual competitive examination in November. Promotion to the next rank depends exclusively on success in the following annual competitive examinations ("les concours internes de promotion") in front of a board of judges. To achieve the highest rank as Danseur Étoile (only by nomination) you have to perform in leading roles as "Premier Danseur" for many years before you are nominated due to outstanding excellence and merit.[43]

## Small scandals and the lost generation

[edit]

As the Paris Opera Ballet has a large quantity of first-class French dancers, there are hard times for those who have not been promoted to the highest ranks as dancers or have not been appointed afterwards to positions for which they would have been extremely qualified.[44]

Mathilde Froustey, Sujet from 2005 till 2013, left the Paris Opera Ballet in July 2013 and joined the San Francisco Ballet as a principal dancer because there was no chance for her becoming eventually Danseuse étoile (principal dancer) in this company.[45] In November 2014 Benjamin Millepied, a former principal dancer of the New York City Ballet and French, took over the direction of the company and promised a change: "They asked for a change and they will get a change."[46] When Benjamin Millepied nominated for the first (and only) time a "Danseuse étoile", Laura Hecquet was chosen. Laura Hecquet and Mathilde Froustey were described in the press as "the lost generation" of dancers working up the ranks who have become soloist (Sujet) but have been unlucky for years as far as climbing up the last step of the career ladder is concerned.[44][47]

The Paris Opera Ballet School has churned out some of the most famous dancers of all time, such as Sylvie Guillem and Laurent Hilaire.[9]

Yet Sylvie Guillem, being principal dancer since 1984, left the company in 1989 at the age of 24 because she wanted more freedom, the right to perform with other companies, an arrangement the management of the Paris Opera Ballet declined.[29]

Laurent Hilaire was highly appreciated as principal dancer. After his farewell as a dancer he continued his career in the company attaining in 2011 the second-highest position as "Maitre de ballet associated to the direction". Laurent Hilaire was the favourite of Brigitte Lefèvre, director of the ballet, and Nicolas Joel, director of the Paris Opera at the time.[48] In January 2013 Stéphane Lissner the new director of the Paris Opera (in the hierarchy above the Paris Opera Ballet's director) appointed Benjamin Millepied. Hilaire announced in May 2014 his departure and quit the company in July. The Paris Opera Ballet's new director Benjamin Millepied on his part stayed only two seasons and was followed in August by Aurélie Dupont, who was as Danseuse étoile the Grand-dame of the Paris Opera Ballet.

## Paris Opera Ballet School

[edit]

The Paris Opera Ballet School (French: École de danse de l'Opéra national de Paris) is one of the most preeminent dance schools in the world.[49] It has six classes for boys and girls separately named sixième division to première division.

In 1987, the Paris Opera Ballet School moved from the Palais Garnier (where most of the Paris Opera ballets take place) to a new building located 10 kilometres west of the centre of Paris, in Nanterre. The new dance school building was designed by Christian de Portzamparc. Since 1995, the Paris Opera Ballet School has been a boarding school.[50] Nowadays, from 8 a.m. until noon, all pupils attend school classes leading to the obtention of the French baccalauréat (the bac), the general qualification for university entrance in France.

Among the dancers of the Paris Opera Ballet, 95 percent have attended the Paris Opera Ballet School.[51] To describe it differently, for a young dancer to be accepted in the Paris Opera corps de ballet, it is virtually obligatory to enter the Paris Opera Ballet School and attend at least the final two classes (deuxième et première division). More than 90 percent of the candidates do not pass the entrance examination.[52] Even some of the dancers who have later become premiers danseurs (first soloists) or danseurs étoiles (principal dancers) of the Paris Opera Ballet passed the entrance examination only on the second attempt, or were accepted only as fee-paying pupils.[53]

## Choreographers

[edit]

Choreographers associated with the Paris Opera Ballet and works created for the Paris Opera Ballet are:[54]

* Jean Dauberval: La Fille mal gardée (1789).
* Pierre Gardel: Télémaque (1790), Psyché (1793), Le Jugement de Pâris (1793), La Dansomanie (1800)
* Louis Milon: Les Noces de Gamache (1801, in collaboration with Gardel)
* Philippe Taglioni: La Sylphide (1832)
* Jules Perrot: Giselle (1842)
* Jean Coralli: Giselle (1842)
* George Balanchine: Le Palais de cristal (Symphony in C) (1947)
* Carlo Blasis
* Arthur Saint-Léon: Coppélia (1870)
* Louis Meranté: Sylvia (1876)
* Serge Lifar: Les Créatures de Prométhée (1929), Icare (1935), Istar (1941), Suite en blanc (1943)
* Kenneth MacMillan: Métaboles (1978), Les Quatre Saisons (1978)
* Rudolf Nureyev: Raymonda (1983), Swan Lake (Le Lac des cygnes) (1984), Romeo and Juliet (1984), The Nutcracker (1985), La Bayadère (1992)
* Maurice Béjart: Arepo (1986)
* William Forsythe: In the Middle, Somewhat Elevated (1987), Woundwork I, Pas./Parts (1999), Blake Works I (2016)[55]
* Angelin Preljocaj: Le Parc (1994), Annonciation (1996), MC/14-22 (Ceci est mon corps) (2004), Le Songe de Médée (2004)
* Roland Petit: Notre-Dame-de-Paris (1965),[56] Clavigo (1999)
* Pina Bausch: Le Sacre du printemps (1997), Orpheus et Eurydice (2005)
* Wayne McGregor: Genus (2007), L'Anatomie de la sensation (2011)
* Sasha Waltz: Romeo and Juliet (2007)
* Saburo Teshigawara: Air (2003), Darkness is Hiding Black Horses (2013)
* John Neumeier: La Dame aux Camélias (2006), Song of the Earth (2015)

## Dancers

[edit]

There are five ranks of dancers in the Paris Opera Ballet; from highest to lowest they are: Danseur Étoile, premier danseur, sujet, coryphée, and quadrille. Promotions to the higher rank depend on success in the annual competitive examinations, except for danseurs étoiles who are nominated by the Director of the Opera, on a proposal from the Director of the Ballet.

### Étoiles

[edit]

* Eleonora Abbagnato
* Amandine Albisson
* Josette Amiel
* Léonore Baulac
* Kader Belarbi
* Jérémie Bélingard
* Claude Bessy
* Jean-Pierre Bonnefoux
* Stéphane Bullion
* Yvette Chauviré
* Isabelle Ciaravola
* Valentine Colasante
* Émilie Cozette
* Lycette Darsonval
* Guillaume Diop
* Aurélie Dupont
* Mathieu Ganio
* Dorothée Gilbert
* Marie-Agnès Gillot
* Isabelle Guérin
* Sylvie Guillem
* Jean Guizerix
* Laura Hecquet
* Mathias Heymann
* Laurent Hilaire
* Josua Hoffalt
* Dominique Khalfouni
* Attilio Labis
* Nicolas Le Riche
* Manuel Legris
* Agnès Letestu
* Germain Louvet
* Hugo Marchand
* Paul Marque
* José Carlos Martínez
* Marc Moreau
* Hannah O'Neill
* Clairemarie Osta
* Myriam Ould-Braham
* Ludmila Pagliero
* Sae Eun Park
* Laetitia Pujol
* Alice Renavand
* Carolina Rosati
* Jeanne Schwarz
* Solange Schwarz
* Marjorie Tallchief
* Ghislaine Thesmar
* Christiane Vaussard
* Nina Vyroubova
* Carlotta Zambelli

The maximum number of active danseurs étoiles within the company, originally limited to four, has progressively increased over time and is nowadays set at eighteen.[57] The title is conferred for life and is therefore kept after retirement, which is set at a maximum age of 42, as for all other dancers of the Paris Opera Ballet.[58]

### Notable former dancers

[edit]

* Cyril Atanassoff
* Karin Averty
* Jean Babilée
* Patrice Bart
* Kader Belarbi
* Claude Bessy
* Giuseppina Bozzacchi
* Yvette Chauviré
* Isabelle Ciaravola
* Florence Clerc
* La Camargo
* Lycette Darsonval
* Frances Davis
* Michael Denard
* Michel Descombey
* Patrick Dupond
* Aurélie Dupont
* Flemming Flindt
* Marie-Agnès Gillot
* Isabelle Guérin
* Sylvie Guillem
* Jean Guizerix
* Laurent Hilaire
* Josua Hoffalt
* Charles Jude
* Dominique Khalfouni
* Attilio Labis
* Nicolas Le Riche
* Manuel Legris
* Pauline Leroux
* Agnès Letestu
* Emma Livry
* Monique Loudières
* José Martinez
* Antonine Meunier
* Hervé Moreau
* Jacqueline Moreau
* Clairemarie Osta
* Karl Paquette
* Lucien Petipa
* Marie-Claude Pietragalla
* Wilfride Piollet
* Élisabeth Platel
* Laetitia Pujol
* Michel Renault
* Marie Sallé
* Marie Taglioni
* Ghislaine Thesmar
* Emmanuel Thibault
* Auguste Vestris
* Gaetan Vestris
* Claude de Vulpian
* Carlotta Zambelli

## See also

[edit]

* History of ballet
* List of productions of Swan Lake derived from its 1895 revival
* Rudolf Nureyev

## References

[edit]

Notes

1. ^ a b c d "Paris Opera Ballet" in Crane and Mackrell 2000, pp. 360–361.
2. ^ "There are three world-best ballet companies, unquestionably the Royal Ballet, unquestionably the Bolchoi Ballet, and unquestionably the Paris Opera Ballet" - « Il y en a trois meilleures compagnies du monde, sans doute Le Royal Ballet, sans doute Le Bolchoï et sans doute Le Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris.», Philippe Noisette, journaliste, dans La Danse à tout prix, television documentary by Carlos Simoes, 2012, 129 min, broadcast on 26 December 2012 on France 2.
3. ^ Haut vol Archived 2015-03-28 at the Wayback Machine interpreted by Éleonore Baulac and Allister Madin, choreography by Benjamin Millepied, film by Louis de Caunes.
4. ^ Pourquoi les ballets de l'Opéra de Paris font partie des spectacles favoris des fêtes, article by Martine Robert, 27 December 2013, Les Echos.
5. ^ If you add the St Petersburg Mariinsky Ballet and the New York City Ballet to the list, you get the top five ballet companies in the world.
6. ^ Paris Opera Ballet, site of the Paris Opera.
7. ^ a b Paris Opera Ballet School - a World of its Own Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, L'école de danse, un monde à part, review of the press of April 2013.
8. ^ See below (paragraph hierarchy).
9. ^ a b c d Interview with New San Francisco Ballet Principal, Mathilde Froustey, by Laura Jaye Cramer, 23 January 2014, SF Weekly, extract: "You cannot get into the company if you have not done the school" (Mathilde Froustey).
10. ^ a b Christout 1998, p. 86.
11. ^ Histoire de l'Opéra national de Paris Archived 2016-04-03 at the Wayback Machine (in French) at the Paris Opera website. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
12. ^ Guest 2006, pp. 5–7.
13. ^ Astier 1998a, p. 3.
14. ^ a b Astier 1998b, pp. 396–397.
15. ^ Astier 1998a, p. 4. The last list of its members was published in the 1779 Almanach des spectacles de Paris Archive Larousse.
16. ^ Also referred to as the Académie Royale des Opéra (Powell 2010, p. 178).
17. ^ Powell 1995, p. 179; Guest 2006, p. 7; Powell 2010, p. 178. It is frequently stated that Beauchamps choreographed the ballets for Pomone (e.g., Astier 1998a, p. 3). According to Powell, this misunderstanding is based on the 'Recueil de Tralage' (ca. 1697; MS 6544, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Paris). A manuscript legal document in the Archives of the Comédie-Française makes clear, however, that Anthoine des Brosses, who had earlier served as dancing master for the Théâtre du Marais, choreographed the ballets for Pomone. Beauchamps only took over des Brosses's position with Perrin's company in the late autumn or early winter of 1671, when des Brosses moved back to the Marais to choreograph Jean Donneau de Visé's musical machine-play Le Mariage de Bacchus et d'Ariane (performed at the Théâtre du Marais in the winter of 1671–1672).
18. ^ Powell 2008, pp. 127, 233 note 44; Powell 2010, p. 178; Jérôme de La Gorce, "Lully's first opera. A rediscovered poster for Les fêtes de l'Amour et de Bacchus", Early Music, vol. 15, no. 3, Lully Anniversary Issue (Aug., 1987), pp. 308–314, JSTOR 3137552. Libretto, 1672; ms score from the Philidor Collection, 1705.
19. ^ a b Powell 2010, p. 178.
20. ^ Astier 1998a, p. 3. Note however that the Gazette d'Amsterdam reports that nobles did dance in public at certain performances (cited by La Gorce 2002, pp. 189–190).
21. ^ Christout 1998, pp. 86–87.
22. ^ Quoted and translated by Powell 1995, p. 185, citing Réflexions critiques sur la poésie et sur la peinture, Paris, 1719, p. 357. See p. 247 of the Troisième Partie of the 1740 edition at Gallica.
23. ^ Guest 2006, p. 9; Pitou 1983, pp. 249, 325–326. Le Triomphe de l'Amour at operabaroque.fr. Score of Le Triomphe de l'Amour at Gallica.
24. ^ a b Babsky 1998, p. 202.
25. ^ a b Crisp, Clement (Winter 2002). "ICARE: Remembering Serge Lifar". Dance Research: The Journal of the Society for Dance Research. 2. 20 (2): 3–15. doi:10.3366/1290812.
26. ^ a b Philippe Noisette, « Que reste-t-il de Noureev ? » Les Échos, 1 March 2013.
27. ^ Sylvie Guillem: the greatest female dancer I have ever seen, article by Sarah Crampton, 4 November 2014, The Telegraph.
28. ^ Sylvie Guillem: Life in Progress - the greatest dancer of our time calls it quits, article by Nick Miller, 1 August 2015, The Sydney Morning Herald.
29. ^ a b « Sylvie Guillem:Force of Nature », The Culture Show, BBC Two, 9 octobre 2013.
30. ^ "Brigitte Lefèvre" (in French). France Inter. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
31. ^ Benjamin Millepied Opens Up on Leaving Paris Opera Ballet, article by Roslyn Sulcas, 10 February 2016, The New York Times.
32. ^ Vernay, Marie-Christine (27 October 2009). "Les mille et une vies de Benjamin Millepied (The Many Lives of Benjamin Millepied)". Libération (in French). (English translation via Google)
33. ^ a b Benjamin Millepied démissionne de ses fonctions de directeur de la danse à l’Opéra de Paris, article and interview by Rosita Boiseau, 4 February 2016, Le Monde.
34. ^ Départ surprise de Benjamin Millepied: les sujets qui fâchent, interview of Benjamin Millepied by Ariane Bavélier, 17 December 2015, Le Figaro
35. ^ Benjamin Millepied explained his ideas in a documentary "Relève" which could be watched in a preview on 25 November 2015 and broadcast regularly on Canal+ on 23 December 2016.
36. ^ Relève, le documentaire sur le ballet de Benjamin Millepied - Bande annonce CANAL+, 1:07 min
37. ^ documentary "Relève", site of canal+.
38. ^ Benjamin Millepied to Step Down From Paris Opera Ballet, article by Roslyn Sulcas, 4 February 2016, The New York Times.
39. ^ In 2010, Cédric Klapisch released a documentary about Dupont, L'espace d'un instant, which had been made over the previous two years. See L'espace d'un instant at IMDb
40. ^ Marshall, Alex (16 June 2022). "Paris Opera Ballet Loses Its Second Head in Six Years". The New York Times.
41. ^ Sulcas, Roslyn; Cappelle, Laura (28 October 2022). "José Martinez Named New Director of Paris Opera Ballet". The New York Times.
42. ^ "Graines des étoiles", documentary film by Françoise Marie from 2013, was broadcast starting on 2 February 2013 on France 3, 156 min, six episodes of 26 min.
43. ^ La Danse, film by Frederick Wiseman, 2009, 159 min.
44. ^ a b Laura Hecquet nominated Principal Dancer, article "Laura Hecquet nommée Danseuse Étoile" by Aurélie Bertrand, 27 March 2015.
45. ^ Laura Hecquet : « Avoir des responsabilités est quelque chose qui me plait », article by Amélie Bertrand, 27 March 2015, extract: "Quand je suis rentrée à l'École, j'ai tout de suite beaucoup apprécié cette danseuse. Avoir Mathilde Froustey dans votre classe vous tire vers le haut. ... Nous sommes rentrées ensemble dans la compagnie. Nous avons été poussées très vite toutes les deux, avant de nous retrouver bloquées dans la classe des Sujets. Je crois que nous l'avons vécu de la même manière, même si Mathilde a dansé un peu plus que moi des premiers rôles. On ne comprenait pas pourquoi nous étions bloquées. Sans forcément que l'on en parle, ce sentiment nous a unies et nous a donné énormément de force. ... Mathilde Froustey a continué, mais ça ne marchait pas mieux pour elle, ça ne décollait pas non plus. Elle a pris cette décision de partir. J'ai trouvé qu'elle avait eu beaucoup de courage d'aller tenter sa chance ailleurs." (Laura Hecquet).
46. ^ Benjamin Millepied fait souffler un vent nouveau sur l'Opéra, interview of Benjamin Millepied by Élisabeth Quinn on Madame Figaro 6 February 2015.
47. ^ Truly Exceptional - Our Top 12 Standout Performances of 2015, review containing a paragraph on Laura Hecquet by Laura Capelle, Pointe, extract: "Like her classmate, San Francisco Ballet principal Mathilde Froustey, Hecquet was pegged as a future star when she graduated from the POB School in 2002. A decade as a sujet and a serious knee injury later, it seemed like the company would never give her the opportunity to prove herself.".
48. ^ Brigitte Lefèvre quittera le ballet de l'opéra de Paris en 2014, 29 September 2012, Revista da danca.
49. ^ The Ballet School, site of the Paris Opera.
50. ^ Between 1987 and 1995 the Paris Opera Ballet School was a boarding school as well, but obtaining the bac was not compulsory.
51. ^ Pourquoi les ballets de l'Opéra de Paris font partie des spectacles favoris des fêtes, article by Martine Robert, 27 December 2013, Les Echos
52. ^ The first entrance examination is a physical test, the second one an audition.
53. ^ For example Laura Hecquet and Léonore Baulac, who passed only on the second attempt, or Mathias Heymann, who was accepted only as a fee-paying pupil.
54. ^ MémOpéra Retrieved 16 May 2020.
55. ^ Review: William Forsythe’s Wonderful Love Letter to Ballet, by Roslyn Sulcas, 5 July 2016, The New York Times.
56. ^ JARRE, M.: Notre-Dame de Paris (Petit, Paris National Opera, 1996) (NTSC).
57. ^ "Le chemin des étoiles, 1972–2014". Google Cultural Institute. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
58. ^ "Retraite des danseurs de l'Opera National de Paris".

Sources

* Astier, Régine (1998a). "Académie Royale de Danse" in Cohen 1998, vol. 1. pp. 3–5.
* Astier, Régine (1998b). "Beauchamps, Pierre" in Cohen 1998, vol. 1., pp. 396–397.
* Babsky, Monique (1998). "Aumer, Jean-Louis" in Cohen 1998, vol. 1, pp. 201–203.
* Christout, Marie-Françoise (1998). "Paris Opera Ballet" in Cohen 1998, vol. 5, pp. 86–100.
* Cohen, Selma Jeanne, editor (1998). International Encyclopedia of Dance (6 volumes). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509462-6 (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-19-517369-7 (2004 paperback edition).
* Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith (2000). The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860106-7.
* Guest, Ivor (2006). The Paris Opéra Ballet. Alton, Hampshire: Dance Books. ISBN 978-1-85273-109-0.
* La Gorce, Jérôme de (2002). Jean-Baptiste Lully (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 9782213607085.
* Pitou, Spire (1983). The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Genesis and Glory, 1671–1715. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-686-46036-7.
* Powell, John S. (1995). "Pierre Beauchamps, Choreographer to Molière's Troupe de Roy", Music & Letters, vol. 76, no. 2 (May), pp. 168–186. JSTOR 737729.
* Powell, John S. (2008). "Pierre Beauchamps and the Public Theatre", pp. 117–135 in Dance, Spectacle, and the Body Politic, edited by Jennifer Nevile. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253351531. Online pdf.
* Powell, John S. (2010). "Performance Practices at the Théâtre de Guénégaud and the Comédie-Française: Evidence from Charpentier's Mélanges autographes", pp. 161–183 in New Perspectives on Marc-Antoine Charpentier, edited by Shirley Thompson. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754665793.

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