Parliamentary elections in Turkey

Grand National Assembly, the legislative chamber in Turkey

Politics of Turkey

Constitution

* History
* Secularism
* Human rights
* LGBT rights

Legislature

* Grand National Assembly (Parliament)

Speaker: Numan Kurtulmuş

* Leader of the Main Opposition

Özgür Özel

* Political parties

Executive

* President (list)

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Vice President

Cevdet Yılmaz
* Cabinet (list)

Current cabinet (67th)
* Ministries
* National Security Council
* Governors

Judiciary

* Constitutional Court

President: Kadir Özkaya
* Court of Cassation

President: Mehmet Akarca
* Court of Accounts

President: Metin Yener
* Council of State

President: Zeki Yiğit

Elections

* Electoral system
* Electoral cycle
* Supreme Election Council
* Recent elections

Parliamentary

* 2018
* 2023
* next

Presidential

* 2018
* 2023
* 2028

Local

* 2014
* 2019
* 2024

Referendum

* 2007
* 2010
* 2017

* Political parties

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Hakan Fidan (list)

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of Turkey
* Diplomatic missions in Turkey

* * *

* Nationality law
* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* Membership of international
organizations

* Turkey and the United Nations

Permanent Representative
* European Union

* Accession
* relations
* Customs Union

See also

* History

History of the Republic
* Armed Forces

Turkey portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Parliamentary elections in Turkey determine the composition of the Grand National Assembly for the next five years.[1] The members are elected for a five-year term through a proportional system in 87 multi-member constituencies with closed party lists or as independent candidates.

## Participation

[edit]

### Age of candidacy

[edit]

The age of candidacy was 30 in the newly established Republic of Turkey. The age of candidacy dropped from 30 to 25 through a constitutional amendment in 2006.[2] Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, it was further lowered to 18.[3]

### Voting age

[edit]

According to the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (1876), the voting age was 25. In the newly established Republic of Turkey, the voting age was reduced to 18 due to the decreasing population. The voting age was increased to 22 in 1934, decreased to 21 in 1987, and 18 in 1995.[4]

### Voter turnout

[edit]

The voter turnout for the average of 18 parliamentary election is 81.4%. Turkey has a high voter turnout rate compared to other democracies. The participation rate in Turkey is also higher than the participation rates in countries where compulsory voting is loosely applied. With the exception of 1960–1970, voter turnout rate in Turkey is above the world average from 1950 to the present in Turkey.[5]

Voter turnout at parliamentary elections  Election
year | Registered
voters | Total
votes | Turnout

|
|
|

1950 | 8,905,743 | 7,953,085 | 89.3
1954 | 10,262,063 | 9,095,617 | 88.6
1957 | 12,078,623 | 9,250,949 | 76.6
1961 | 12,925,395 | 10,522,716 | 81.4
1965 | 13,679,753 | 9,748,678 | 71.3
1969 | 14,788,552 | 9,516,035 | 64.3
1973 | 16,798,164 | 11,223,843 | 66.8
1977 | 21,207,303 | 15,358,210 | 72.4
1983 | 19,767,366 | 18,238,362 | 92.3
1987 | 26,376,926 | 24,603,541 | 93.3
1991 | 29,979,123 | 25,157,089 | 83.9
1995 | 34,155,981 | 29,101,469 | 85.2
1999 | 37,495,217 | 32,656,070 | 87.1
2002 | 41,407,027 | 32,768,161 | 79.1
2007 | 42,799,303 | 36,056,293 | 84.2
2011 | 52,806,322 | 43,914,948 | 83.2
2015 | 56,608,817 | 47,507,467 | 83.9
2015 | 56,949,009 | 48,537,695 | 85.2
2018 | 59,367,469 | 51,189,444 | 86.2
2023 | 60,721,745 | 55,835,895 | 87.1

## Electoral system

[edit]

### Electoral districts

[edit]

Turkey is split into 87 electoral districts, which elect a certain number of representatives to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Electoral district are allocated a certain number of MPs in proportion to their population. The Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey conducts population reviews of each district before an election and adjusts a district's number of seats according to the latest census.

Number of parliamentary constituencies by province and year Election
year  | 20th century  | 21st century

|
|

'20 | '23 | '27 | '31 | '35 | '39 | '43 | '46 | '50 | '54 | '57 | '61 | '65 | '69 | '73 | '77 | '83 | '87 | '91 | '95 | '99 | '02 | '07 | '11 | '15 | '15 | '18 | '23
# | Total  | 436  | 333  | 335  | 348  | 444  | 470  | 492  | 503  | 477  | 537  | 602  | 450  | 450  | 450  | 450  | 450  | 400  | 450  | 450  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 600  | 600
| Province |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1 | Adana | 7  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 8  | 11  | 10  | 10  | 11  | 13  | 16  | 12  | 13  | 13  | 13  | 14  | 12  | 14  | 14  | 17  | 14  | 14  | 14  | 14  | 14  | 14  | 15  | 15
2 | Adıyaman |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5
3 | Afyonkarahisar | 8  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 9  | 9  | 10  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6
4 | Ağrı | 5  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
68 | Aksaray[n 1] |  | 3  | 3  | 4  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4
5 | Amasya | 7  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
6 | Ankara | 9  | 7  | 8  | 11  | 15  | 16  | 15  | 18  | 18  | 21  | 22  | 21  | 21  | 24  | 26  | 29  | 23  | 26  | 23  | 28  | 28  | 29  | 29  | 31  | 32  | 32  | 36  | 36
7 | Antalya | 6  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  | 12  | 13  | 13  | 14  | 14  | 14  | 16  | 17
75 | Ardahan[n 2] | 2  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
8 | Artvin |  | 1  | 2  | 2  | 10  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
9 | Aydın | 7  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 8  | 5  | 8  | 10  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 6  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 8
10 | Balikesir | 6  | 8  | 10  | 10 | 12  | 12  | 13  | 14  | 12  | 14  | 15  | 11  | 11  | 10  | 9  | 9  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 9  | 9
74 | Bartın |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
72 | Batman |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5
−  | Batum[n 3] | 5  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
69 | Bayburt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 1  | 2  | 2  | 1  | 1
−  | Biga[n 4] | 3  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
11 | Bilecik | 5  | 5  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 5  | 5  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
12 | Bingöl[n 5] | 6  | 2  |  |  |  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
13 | Bitlis | 7  | 2  | 3  |  |  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
14 | Bolu | 8  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 10  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
15 | Burdur | 7  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 4  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
16 | Bursa | 7  | 6  | 9  | 9  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 13  | 11  | 13  | 14  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 10  | 11  | 12  | 14  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 18  | 18  | 18  | 20  | 20
17 | Çanakkale |  |  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
18 | Çankırı | 7  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
−  | Çatalca[n 6] |  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
19 | Çorum | 7  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 9  | 10  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
20 | Denizli | 6  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 8  | 9  | 10  | 8  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 7
21 | Diyarbakır | 7  | 7  | 6  | 4  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 10  | 11  | 10  | 10 | 11  | 11  | 11  | 12  | 12
81 | Düzce |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
22 | Edirne | 5  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4
23 | Elazığ | 7  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5
−  | Ergani[n 7] | 11  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
24 | Erzincan | 5  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 7  | 5  | 7  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
25 | Erzurum | 10  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 12  | 9  | 6  | 11  | 10  | 12  | 13  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6
26 | Eskişehir | 7  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 6
26 | Gaziantep | 6  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 10  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 10  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 10  | 10 | 12  | 12  | 12  | 14  | 14
−  | Gelibolu[n 8] | 1  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
28 | Giresun |  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 7  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
29 | Gümüşhane | 6  | 4  | 5  | 3  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
30 | Hakkâri[n 9] | 6  | 2  | 1  | 1  |  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
31 | Hatay |  |  |  |  |  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 8  | 9  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 9  | 8  | 10  | 10 | 10  | 10 | 10  | 10  | 10  | 11  | 11
76 | Iğdır |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
32 | Isparta | 6  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
−  | İçel[n 10] | 6  | 2  | 2  | 2  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
34 | Istanbul | 12  | 23  | 17  | 18  | 20 | 19  | 28  | 30 | 25  | 29  | 39  | 31  | 31  | 33  | 38  | 44  | 36  | 45  | 50 | 61  | 69  | 70 | 70 | 85  | 88  | 88  | 98  | 98
35 | Izmir | 8  | 11  | 12  | 12  | 14  | 15  | 17  | 15  | 16  | 20 | 22  | 17  | 17  | 18  | 18  | 19  | 16  | 19  | 19  | 24  | 24  | 24  | 24  | 26  | 26  | 26  | 28  | 28
46 | Kahramanmaraş | 8  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 9  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8
78 | Karabük |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3
70 | Karaman |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3
36 | Kars | 3  | 2  | 6  | 5  | 8  | 10  | 8  | 10  | 10 | 10  | 12  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
37 | Kastamonu | 8  | 8  | 6  | 8  | 9  | 11  | 9  | 11  | 10  | 10 | 10  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
38 | Kayseri | 7  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 10  | 8  | 10  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 11  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 10  | 10
71 | Kırıkkale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
39 | Kırklareli |  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
40 | Kırşehir[n 11] | 7  | 5  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 5  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
79 | Kilis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
41 | Kocaeli | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 10  | 10 | 13  | 10  | 11  | 12  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 7  | 7  | 9  | 10  | 9  | 9  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 13  | 14
42 | Konya | 10  | 10 | 13  | 14  | 15  | 15  | 15  | 16  | 17  | 19  | 21  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 13  | 14  | 13  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 14  | 14  | 14  | 15  | 15
−  | Kozan[n 12] | 5  | 2  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
43 | Kütahya | 6  | 8  | 7  | 12  | 11  | 10  | 12  | 10  | 10 | 8  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5
−  | Lazistan[n 13] | 6  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
44 | Malatya | 11  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 9  | 10  | 11  | 12  | 11  | 12  | 9  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6
45 | Manisa | 9  | 10  | 10 | 11  | 12  | 13  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 14  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 10  | 10 | 8  | 9  | 9  | 11  | 10  | 10 | 10  | 10 | 9  | 9  | 10  | 10
47 | Mardin | 6  | 6  | 5  | 3  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 10  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6
33 | Mersin | 7  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 5  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 13  | 13
48 | Muğla | 11  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7
49 | Muş[n 14] | 7  | 3  |  | 4  | 4  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 3
50 | Nevşehir |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
51 | Niğde | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
−  | Oltu[n 15] | 2  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
52 | Ordu |  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 9  | 8  | 9  | 10  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 6  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6
80 | Osmaniye[n 16] | 3  | 2  | 5  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
53 | Rize [n 17] |  | 6  | 6  | 6  |  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
54 | Sakarya |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8
55 | Samsun | 6  | 3  | 6  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 11  | 10  | 10 | 12  | 14  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 10  | 10 | 8  | 9  | 9  | 11  | 10  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 9
56 | Siirt | 6  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
57 | Sinop | 6  | 4  | 3  | 4  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2
58 | Sivas | 8  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 11  | 11  | 15  | 12  | 13  | 14  | 15  | 11  | 11  | 10  | 9  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5
−  | Siverek[n 18] | 6  | 4  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
63 | Şanlıurfa | 5  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 5  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 11  | 11  | 11  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 14  | 14
−  | Şebinkarahisar[n 19] | 5  | 4  | 3  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
73 | Şırnak |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
59 | Tekirdağ |  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 8
60 | Tokat | 7  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 8  | 9  | 8  | 10  | 9  | 9  | 10  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5
61 | Trabzon | 11  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 9  | 11  | 11  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 7  | 6  | 8  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6
62 | Tunceli[n 20] | 6  | 2  |  |  |  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 1
64 | Uşak |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3
65 | Van | 7  | 3  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 3  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8
77 | Yalova |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 2  | 3  | 3
66 | Yozgat | 7  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 6  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4  | 4
67 | Zonguldak |  | 4  | 7  | 6  | 10  | 10 | 11  | 9  | 10  | 10 | 12  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 9  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5
# | Total  | 436  | 333  | 335  | 348  | 444  | 470  | 492  | 503  | 477  | 537  | 602  | 450  | 450  | 450  | 450  | 450  | 400  | 450  | 450  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 550  | 600  | 600

### Seats allocation

[edit]

Parliamentary seats are allocated according to the d’Hondt method in a party-list proportional representation system.[6] Political parties first need to pass an electoral threshold of 7%. Parties can by-pass this rule by forming an electoral alliance or participate as independents. The electoral threshold was introduced by the military regime after the 1980 coup d'état, in a bid to maintain political stability.[7]

From 1946 onwards, all elections were direct elections. In the elections held between 1946 and 1957, a party block voting system was applied. Under this system, the party that obtained a plurality of votes in a constituency would get all the deputies in that constituency. The system resulted in a landslide victories. For example, the Democrat Party received 58% of the votes in the 1954 election, but won 93% of the seats in the parliament.

Proportional representation was used for the first time after the adoption of the Constitution of 1961. For the elections of 1961, a party-list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in 67 constituencies was used. In order to receive seats in a constituency, parties needed to receive more votes in that constituency that the Hare quota. It was also the first time that the number of deputies was fixed and determined as 450 seats.

In the 1965 election, the national remnant system was used. In the elections held in 1969, 1973 and 1977, the d'Hondt electoral system was applied without a threshold. A nationwide electoral threshold of 10% and a constituency electoral threshold was introduced following the changes to the law in 1983. In addition to that, a quota system was also used in the 1987 and 1991 elections. From 1995 onwards, only a nationwide electoral threshold is used.[8]

## Campaigning

[edit]

The Law on Basic Provisions regulates the campaign and aims to ensure fair and equitable opportunities for contestants.[9] Turkish campaigns are typically energetic as contestants use a variety of traditional campaigning means such as rallies, campaign stands, posters, banners, party flags, canvassing and vehicles with loudspeakers. Languages other than Turkish as well as sign language are used in the campaigns. According to Turkish Law, it is forbidden to make election propaganda in a foreign country. This law can be circumvented to a certain degree by organizing "informative seminars" instead of "propaganda meetings".[10]

Political parties that received at least three per cent of votes in the last parliamentary elections are entitled to annual public funding on a proportional basis, as well as campaign funding but only for parliamentary elections. Parties also receive funding through membership fees and individual donations. Donations from public legal entities, state and public organizations and foreign sources are not allowed. An individual may donate up to a certain amount annually to a party. There is no ceiling for annual party and campaign-related expenditure. Parties declare their campaign funds solely through annual financial reports. The Constitutional Court audits the reports. Independent candidates declare their campaign funds through personal tax declarations. Possible sanctions for breaches include warnings, imprisonment from three months to three years, monetary fines and dissolution of the party.[9]

## Summary of past elections

[edit]

The list below shows the election results of the multi-party period in Turkey since 1946.

Election  | First party  | Second party  | Third party  | Other parties entering the parliament  | Cabinets formed

|
|
|
|
|

1946 |  | Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)

395 MPs  |  | Democrat Party
(Celal Bayar)

66 MPs  |  | National Development Party | Independent
4 MPs  | Peker,
I. Saka,
II. Saka,
Günaltay
1950 |  | Democrat Party
(Celal Bayar)
52,67%
415 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
39,45%
69 MPs  |  | Nation Party
(Yusuf Hikmet Bayur)
3,11%
1 MPs  | Independent
4,76%
2 MPs  | I. Menderes,
II. Menderes
1954 |  | Democrat Party
(Adnan Menderes)
57,61%
502 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
35,35%
31 MPs  |  | Republican Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
4,85%
5 MPs  | Independent
1,53%
3 MPs  | III. Menderes,
IV. Menderes
1957 |  | Democrat Party
(Adnan Menderes)
47,87%
424 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
41,09%
178 MPs  |  | Republican Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
7,13%
4 MPs  | Liberty Party
3,83%
4 MPs  | V. Menderes
1961 |  | Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
36,72%
173 MPs  |  | Justice Party
(Ragıp Gümüşpala)
34,78%
158 MPs  |  | Republican Villagers Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
13,95%
54 MPs  | New Turkey Party
13,72%
65 MPs  | VIII. İnönü,
IX. İnönü,
X. İnönü,
Ürgüplü
1965 |  | Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
52,87%
240 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
28,75%
134 MPs  |  | Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
6,26%
31 MPs  | New Turkey Party (19 MPs)
Workers' Party of Turkey (14 MPs)
Republican Villagers Nation Party (11 MPs)
Independent (1 MPs)  | I. Demirel
1969 |  | Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
46,53%
256 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
27,36%
143 MPs  |  | Republican Reliance Party
(Turhan Feyzioğlu)
6,57%
15 MPs  | Independent (13 MPs)
Birlik Partisi (8 MPs)
Nation Party (6 MPs)
New Turkey Party (6 MPs)
Workers' Party of Turkey (2 MPs)
Nationalist Movement Party (1 MPs)  | II. Demirel,
III. Demirel,
I. Erim,
II. Erim,
Melen,
Talu
1973 |  | Republican People's Party
(Bülent Ecevit)
33,29%
185 MPs  |  | Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
29,82%
149 MPs  |  | Democratic Party
(Ferruh Bozbeyli)
11,89%
45 MPs  | National Salvation Party (48 MPs)
Republican Reliance Party (13 MPs)
Independent (6 MPs)
Nationalist Movement Party (3 MPs)
Unity Party (1 MPs)  | I. Ecevit,
Irmak,
IV. Demirel
1977 |  | Republican People's Party
(Bülent Ecevit)
41,38%
213 MPs  |  | Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
36,87%
189 MPs  |  | National Salvation Party
(Necmettin Erbakan)
8,56%
24 MPs  | Nationalist Movement Party (16 MPs)
Independent (4 MPs)
Republican Reliance Party (3 MPs)
Democratic Party (1 MPs)  | II. Ecevit,
V. Demirel,
III. Ecevit,
VI. Demirel,
Ulusu
1983 |  | Motherland Party
(Turgut Özal)
45,14%
211 MPs  |  | Populist Party
(Necdet Calp)
30,46%
117 MPs  |  | Nationalist Democracy Party
(Turgut Sunalp)
23,26%
71 MPs  | −  | I. Özal
1987 |  | Motherland Party
(Turgut Özal)
36,31%
292 MPs  |  | Social Democratic Populist Party
(Erdal İnönü)
24,74%
99 MPs  |  | True Path Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
19,13%
59 MPs  | −  | II. Özal,
Akbulut,
I. Yılmaz
1991 |  | True Path Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
27,03%
178 MPs  |  | Motherland Party
(Mesut Yılmaz)
24,01%
115 MPs  |  | Social Democratic Populist Party
(Erdal İnönü)
20,75%
88 MPs  | Welfare Party (62 MPs)
Democratic Left Party (7 MPs)  | VII. Demirel,
I. Çiller,
II. Çiller,
III. Çiller,
II. Yılmaz
1995 |  | Welfare Party
(Necmettin Erbakan)
21,38%
158 MPs  |  | Motherland Party
(Mesut Yılmaz)
19,65%
132 MPs  |  | True Path Party
(Tansu Çiller)
19,18%
135 MPs  | Democratic Left Party (76 MPs)
Republican People's Party (49 MPs)  | Erbakan,
III. Yılmaz,
IV. Ecevit
1999 |  | Democratic Left Party
(Bülent Ecevit)
22,19%
136 MPs  |  | Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
17,98%
129 MPs  |  | Virtue Party
(Recai Kutan)
15,41%
111 MPs  | Motherland Party (86 MPs)
True Path Party (85 MPs)
Independent (3 MPs)  | V. Ecevit
2002 |  | Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
34,28%
363 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(Deniz Baykal)
19,41%
178 MPs  |  | True Path Party
(Tansu Çiller)
9,54%
0 MPs  | Independent
1,00%
9 MPs  | Gül,
I. Erdoğan
2007 |  | Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
46,66%
341 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(Deniz Baykal)
20,85%
112 MPs  |  | Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
14,29%
71 MPs  | Independent
5,24%
26 MPs  | II. Erdoğan
2011 |  | Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
49,83%
327 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
25,98%
135 MPs  |  | Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
13,01%
53 MPs  | Independent
6,57%
35 MPs  | III. Erdoğan,
I. Davutoğlu
2015
June |  | Justice and Development Party
(Ahmet Davutoğlu)
40,87%
258 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
24,95%
132 MPs  |  | Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
16,29%
80 MPs  | Peoples' Democratic Party
13,12%
80 MPs  | II. Davutoğlu
2015
November |  | Justice and Development Party
(Ahmet Davutoğlu)
49,49%
317 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
25,31%
134 MPs  |  | Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
11,90%
40 MPs  | Peoples' Democratic Party
10,76%
59 MPs  | III. Davutoğlu,
Yıldırım
2018 |  | Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
42,49%
295 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
22,65%
146 MPs  |  | Peoples' Democratic Party
(Sezai Temelli ve Pervin Buldan)
11,70%
67 MPs  | Nationalist Movement Party
11,10% (49 MPs)
İYİ Parti
9,96% (43 MPs)  | IV. Erdoğan
2023 |  | Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
35,62%
268 MPs  |  | Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
25,35%
169 MPs  |  | Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
10,07%
50 MPs  | Good Party
9,69% (43 MPs)
Green Left Party
8,82% (61 MPs)
New Welfare Party
2,80% (5 MPs)
Workers' Party of Turkey
1,76% (4 MPs)  | V. Erdoğan

## By-elections

[edit]

By-elections in Turkey are regulated in accordance with Article 7 of the Law on Parliamentary Elections. Accordingly, by-elections are held in case of a vacancy in the membership of the Parliament. According to the constitution, by-elections are held once in each election period, and by-elections cannot be held unless 30 months have passed and 1 year before the parliamentary elections. However, if a province or constituency does not have any members in the Parliament, by-elections are held in that constituency on the first Sunday after 90 days following the vacancy.[11]

## See also

[edit]

* Elections in Turkey
* Presidential elections in Turkey
* Referendums in Turkey

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Aksaray was a province between 1924-1933 and was a district of Niğde from 1933 to 1989.
2. ^ Ardahan was a province until 1926 and was a district of Kars from 1926 to 1992.
3. ^ It was left to Georgia with the Treaty of Moscow in 1921.
4. ^ In 1923, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
5. ^ Genç until 1926, district of Elazig province between 1927-1929 and district of Muş province between 1929-1936.
6. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Istanbul province.
7. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Diyarbakır province.
8. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
9. ^ District of Van province between 1933-1936.
10. ^ It merged with Mersin Province in 1933.
11. ^ District of Nevşehir Province between 1954-1957.
12. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Adana province.
13. ^ In 1923, the province of Rize was established in place of the Lazistan Sanjak
14. ^ District of Bitlis province between 1925-1929.
15. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Erzurum province.
16. ^ Cebel-i Bereket Province until 1933, district of Adana Province between 1933-1996.
17. ^ Between 1933 and 1936, it merged with Çoruh Province, with the center being Rize.
18. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Şanlıurfa province.
19. ^ It became a district of Giresun province in 1933
20. ^ District of Elazığ between 1926-1936.

1. ^ Chughtai, Alia (24 June 2018). "All you need to know about Turkish election". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
2. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information Report" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office. 1 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
3. ^ Ašimović Akyol, Riada (5 April 2017). "Will Turkey allow 18-year-old members of parliament? - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
4. ^ Akca, Furkan (13 June 2022). "Seçme ve seçilme yaşı". Doğrula (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
5. ^ Çaylak, Adem (25 October 2017). "Voter turnout in Turkey: a cross-national comparison". Journal of International Social Research. 10 (52): 352–351\. doi:10.17719/jisr.2017.1897. Retrieved 30 April 2021.352-351&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=info:doi/10.17719/jisr.2017.1897&rft.aulast=Çaylak&rft.aufirst=Adem&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320629800&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Parliamentary+elections+in+Turkey" class="Z3988">
6. ^ "How Turkey's Parliamentary Elections Work". 26 October 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
7. ^ "Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. Ankara. 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
8. ^ Cop, Burak (2017). Electoral systems in Turkey (1st ed.). İstanbul. ISBN 978-605-2380-18-5. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
9. ^ a b "Observation Mission Final Report" (PDF). OSCE. 24 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
10. ^ Şen, Ersan (10 March 2017). "Yurtdışında Seçim Propagandası Yasağı". Hukuki Haber (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
11. ^ "Milletvekili Seçimi Kanunu". www.anayasa.gen.tr. Archived from the original on 16 October 2004. Retrieved 2 April 2023.

* v
* t
* e

Elections and referendums in Turkey

Presidential elections|

* 2014
* 2018
* 2023
* 2028

Parliamentary elections|

* 1923
* 1927
* 1931
* 1935
* 1939
* 1943
* 1946
* 1950
* 1954
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1973
* 1977
* 1983
* 1987
* 1991
* 1995
* 1999
* 2002
* 2007
* 2011
* 2015 (Jun)
* 2015 (Nov)
* 2018
* 2023
* Next

Local elections|

* 1930
* 1934
* 1938
* 1942
* 1946
* 1950
* 1955
* 1963
* 1968
* 1973
* 1977
* 1984
* 1989
* 1994
* 1999
* 2004
* 2009
* 2014
* 2019
* 2024

Senate elections|

* 1961
* 1964
* 1966
* 1968
* 1973
* 1975
* 1977
* 1979

Referendums|

* 1961
* 1982
* 1987
* 1988
* 2007
* 2010
* 2017

See also: Elections in the Ottoman Empire

* v
* t
* e

Turkey

History|

| Ancient and Middle Ages|

* Prehistory of Anatolia
* Classical Anatolia
* Byzantine Anatolia

|

Seljuks and Beyliks|

* Seljuk Empire
* Battle of Manzikert
* Sultanate of Rum
* Anatolian beyliks

Ottoman Empire|

* Rise
* Classical Age
* Conquest of Constantinople
* Transformation
* Ottoman Old Regime
* Tulip era
* Decline and modernization
* Tanzimat
* First Constitutional Era
* Second Constitutional Era
* Dissolution
* Partition

Republic of Türkiye|

* War of Independence
* Proclamation of the republic
* Atatürk's reforms
* Language reform
* Secularism
* One-party period
* Multi-party period

Overviews|

* Constitutional
* Economic
* Ottoman
* Military

Topics|

* Turkic migration
* Oghuz Turks
* Turkification
* Ancient peoples of Anatolia
* History of Anatolia
* History of Thrace

Geography|

| Regions
(west to east)|

* Marmara region
* Aegean region
* Mediterranean region
* Black Sea region
* Central Anatolia region
* Eastern Anatolia region
* Southeastern Anatolia region

|

Topics|

* Climate
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* East Anatolian Fault
* North Anatolian Fault
* Environmental issues
* Air pollution
* Waste management
* Fauna
* Flora and vegetation
* Geology
* Lakes
* Mountains
* National parks
* Rivers
* Turkish Riviera
* Wildlife

Government|

| Branches|

* Legislative
* Executive
* Cabinet
* Judicial
* Constitutional Court
* Court of Cassation
* Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
* Council of State

|

Politics|

* Elections
* Parliamentary elections
* Presidential elections
* Electoral system
* Political parties
* Referendums

Topics|

* Administrative divisions
* Foreign relations
* Intelligence Services
* Ministry of the Interior
* National Police
* Gendarmerie
* The constitutional system
* Turkish Armed Forces
* Air Force
* Land
* Navy

Economy|

* Automotive
* Banking and Finance
* Construction
* Currency
* Defense
* Energy
* Coal
* Gas
* Oil
* Renewables
* Free trade agreements
* Science and technology
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transportation
* Aviation
* Turkish Airlines
* Railways

Demographics|

* Turkish people
* Ethnic Kurds
* Minorities
* Languages
* Turkish language
* Religion
* Islam in Turkey
* Cities and towns
* Istanbul
* Ankara
* İzmir
* Immigration
* Life expectancy

Society|

* Education
* Universities
* Health care
* Human rights
* LGBT rights
* Individuals
* Law enforcement
* Crime
* Corruption
* Terrorism
* Marriage
* Poverty
* Women in Turkey

| Culture|

* Anthem
* Architecture
* Seljuk
* Ottoman
* Art
* Carpet
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Ottoman
* Festivals
* Flag
* Folk dance
* Folklore
* Illumination
* Intangible cultural heritage
* Literature
* Media
* TV
* Newspapers
* Radio stations
* Miniature
* Music
* Names
* Painting
* Pottery
* Sports
* Football
* Theater
* TV series
* Video games
* Wine
* World heritage sites

|

* Portal
* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject
* Outline

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template