Pashtun culture

Culture of Pashtun people

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Pashtuns

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Pashtun culture (Pashto: پښتون کلتور) is based on Pashtunwali, as well as speaking of the Pashto language and wearing Pashtun dress.

Pashtunwali and Islam are the two main factors which make the baseline for the social behavior in Pashtun society.[1] Pashtuns are traditionally strict and conservative regarding the preservation of their culture.[2][3][4]

## Pashtunwali as a social code of honor

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Being the world's largest tribal ethnicity, Pashtun society is guarded by a code of common rules, customs and social behaviors, known collectively as Pashtunwali. The code is based on personal honor and promotes courage, self-respect, independence, leadership, justice and hospitality.[5][6]

## Traditional dress and clothing

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### Headwear and turbans

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One of the trademark and historical headwear of Pashtun men is an adorned turban[7] wrapped tightly around a hat with one of its ends loose over the shoulders, a sure sign and recognition of a Pashtun. The turban itself has been a symbol of pride and the center of many Pashto proverbs. However, it should be mentioned that different tribes have different types of turbans unique to them, as such tribal styles have been persevered for centuries. They are worn in everyday life by male elders, adults and tribal leaders as sign of status and respect. The common turban comes in a spectrum of colors with unique striped patterns. These styles are uniquely associated with Pashtuns throughout Central and South Asia.[8] However, other Afghan ethnic groups have also however adopted the Pashtun turban style.[9]

Another common headwear of Pashtun men is the Pakol hat, which is a soft rolled up flat wool hat, that is worn on the head and worn like a beret. It comes in a variety of earthly colors and is used to keep the head warm, although this isn't a traditional headwear and was adopted in the 19th century, it is worn by many of them today in everyday life.[10]

### Women's clothing

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Traditionally modest, Pashtun women when in public, or when visiting cities or in the presence of men, have observed the Burka, a garment worn by some Muslim women around the world. They cover themselves with burka from head to toe, whilst leaving latticed slits, or nets to see through. It is made from cotton and comes in a variety of colors such as blue, white, brown and black. The burka is an essential part of Pashtun culture as it conveys honor and respect to others, in society, however it is not worn by children, young girls or elderly women. It may be worn in all Pashtun regions from Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as by some diaspora women. However, in the presence of their own family members it may be taken off. The burka has historically been associated with women of higher class and suggested women didn't need to work.[11][12] Many women insist upon wearing it to preserve their self respect and honor[13][14]

Painting of Pashtun women in traditional burka, Kabul, 18th century

Contrary to the false beliefs and propaganda suggesting it was introduced by Taliban,[15] the earliest recorded mention of Pashtun women wearing the burka was in the early 18th century,[16] by a British soldier of the British Empire, James Rattray records that:

> When out of doors, or taking Horse exercise, these ladies don an immense white sheet, reaching from the top of the skull cap, to the feet, a long square veil, attached by a clasp of gold, or jewel to the back of the head, conceals the face, across where there is an opening of network to admit light and air. This dress is called a Boorkha. It conceals the whole figure, all outlines which is so entirely lost, that a stranger, on viewing a party of these shrouded beings flitting about him on the streets, might as well be at a loss to guess to what class of creatures they belonged. In addition to the winding sheets, they wear long loose white boots of calico, fastened by a silken garter above the knees and turned back like a falling collar, in order to display the lining. The soles of these baglike leggings are of shawl and the garters, in their glittering tissues bear emblazed holy memorials, acts of zeal, and love recorded eminents from - from the Quran, the loose boots and veils are also embraided in white and coloured silk. They sit aside on horse back generally behind their own husband or one of their own sex[17]

Women wear long, colorful traditional clothing similar to the Khet Partoog. The color of the dress is usually red and is covered with variety of other ornaments. They adorn themselves in various traditional jewelry such as ornamental headpieces, bracelets, nose rings, earrings, necklaces are also worn. Henna is also done of the fingers, feet and hands to beautify themselves[18]

### Tattoos

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Amongst the Ghilji tribes of Pashtuns, an ancient tradition exists, the Sheen Khaal, which is regarded as a sign of beauty for women.[19] Sheen Khaal, being a tribal custom, are geometric blue markings which are marked on the chin, cheeks, mid-brow, and forehead of young Pashtun women. It was once quite common amongst the Ghilji Pashtun women. However, nowadays it is often seen on elder ladies or nomads normally referred to as Kochi. This practice is slowly being abandoned due to the influence of Islam which forbids tattoos and this is also because most of the nomadic Ghilji tribes have slowly have become more settled.[20] Despite this many elderly ladies still have it as well as a few younger ones in Southern Afghanistan. As a substitute many women now use Sheen Khaal temporarily with henna, on special occasions (e.g., weddings). Different sub-tribes of the Ghilji tribe have different patterns.[21]

This same Sheen Khaal culture or facial tattoos on women is also coincidentally found thousand of miles away, in many Middle Eastern cultures, like the Kurds[22][23] and Berbers/Amazigh of North Africa.[24]

## Jirga and Hujra

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### Jirga (tribal council)

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Within both Afghanistan and Pakistan, one of the oldest recorded traditions of Pashtun society[25] is Jirgas, or tribal councils. It is an assembly of respected elders and chieftains, get together in a circle and make decisions for the tribe. The Jirgas or tribal councils pass laws, resolves conflicts, deal with the government, murder cases, rewards fines and death sentences, declare war and peace, and banish people from the tribe.

Foreign powers, such as the British Empire, attended Jirgas during the 18th and 19th century,[26] in order to maintain relationships with the tribes and settle any conflicts. Today, both Afghan[27] and Pakistani[28]

There is no hierarchy in Jirgas, no president or spokesmen's; with respect to the elders, all the participants are equal, all can participate and speak, no one has authority over another. It has been described as "the closest thing to Athenian democracy that has existed since the original".[29]

### Hujra

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Hujras are guest houses for men, used to entertain. They act as a community club that is as old as the Jirga itself. Every village has a hujra and is occasionally owned by a wealthy family but is shared by the entire community. Male members of the community who linger and associate like a larger family commonly visit the hujra which serves as more than just a place to hold collective ceremonies.

A man can enter a Hujra at any time of the day, month or year and be sure of getting safety, food and shelter. It is only after he has been adequately fed that the members ask him how they can help him and assure him that he can stay as long as he wishes.[30]

## Cultural dance

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### Attan

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Amongst Pashtuns, a part of their traditional pre-Islamic culture is the Attan, a war dance. Historically, Pashtuns the Attan just before or after a successful raid or tribal war, used to instill confidence before a battle and spiritually be ready, however today its usually done more specifically for celebrations such as weddings - some still do it before a tribal war.[31]

Historically said to be linked with Zoroastrianism,[32] It is a circular dance ranging from two to over a hundred people, and the performers will follow each other going round and round in a circle to the beat as the rhythm and beats faster. It is typically performed in a circle of tribesmen, around a drummer beating a double-headed barrel drum, the rhythm of the speed of the Attan is based on the rhythm of the drum. The dance, which is intensive, usually lasts up to 30 minutes, and is finished until exhaustion of all the performers.

There are various types of Attan in the Pashtun belt of Afghanistan and Pakistan, they differ in motions, and even accessories. The differences are unique to the different tribes such as, Khattak, Wazir, Mehsud, Kochi, Zadran, Zazai, Wardaki, Mangal and more.[33]

## Cuisine

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Main article: Pashtun cuisine

Pashtun cuisine is characterized by their own traditional dishes as well as some influence by outsiders. Rice dishes and kebabs feature prominently in Pashtun cuisine. Lamb is eaten more often in their cuisine than any other culture in the region. Bannu Pulao, Kabuli palaw, Chappli Kebab, Mutton, are the most famous dishes.[34]

## Holidays and celebrations

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* Eid (Islamic Holiday)
* Nowruz
* Independence day of Afghanistan (19 August),

It is not uncommon for Pashtuns to start firing guns shots joyously into the air during on hearing a special event or celebration.[35][36][37] Celebrations include weddings, birth of a child, or the end of Ramadan.

## See also

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* Pashtun folklore
* Pashtun people
* Pashtun tribes
* Pashtunistan

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Qadeer, Abdul. "The Status of Women in FATA: a Comparison between Islamic Principles and Pashtunwali". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
2. ^ Ahmad, A. S. (1980). Pukhtun economy and society: Traditional structure and economic development in a tribal society. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3. ^ Ahmed, A. S. (1980). Pukhtun economy and society. London: Routledge.
4. ^ Ahmed, M. S., Wahab, Z., & Rehman, Z. (2017). Pukhtunwali and its Depiction in Pakistani Advertising. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 181-190.
5. ^ RC, Patial (2021-12-29). "Taliban's Little Known Pashtunwali Code Of Ethics – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
6. ^ "Understanding Pashtunwali". prezi.com. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
7. ^ "Afghan Turbans". Pashto Language Blog | Language and Culture of the Pashto-Speaking World. 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
8. ^ "Afghan Traditional Turban Lungee". Seengar.com - Seengar Fashion. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
9. ^ "Decoding Afghanistan's colourful headgear culture". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
10. ^ "How pakol hat is made. The male headdress of Pakistan and Afghanistan - Nationalclothing.org". nationalclothing.org. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
11. ^ Wright, Colin. "Ladies Of Caubul". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
12. ^ "Burqa - The Truth About Why Women Wear Them". New Idea. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
13. ^ Ahmed, A. (2010). Women's Agency in Muslim Society. The SAGE Handbook of Islamic Studies, 22, 213
14. ^ Agarwal, B. (1998). A field of one's own: Gender and land rights in South Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. ^ "About abayas, niqabs, and the Afghan Taliban going global". www.trc-leiden.nl. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
16. ^ "'Ladies of Caubul in their In and Out-of-door Costume', 1842 (c) | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London". collection.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
17. ^ Unknown (2010-07-29). "Ladies of Caubul by James Rattray". Public Domain Photos and Images. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
18. ^ "History of Pashtuns". historyofpashtuns.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
19. ^ Mariam. "Pashtun Culture and History: Sheen Khaal". Pashtun Culture and History. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
20. ^ "History of Pashtuns: Tattoo markings amongst Ghilzais". History of Pashtuns. 26 March 2016. Retrieved 2022-08-19..
21. ^ "Pakistan- Sheen Khal / Blue Tattoo Are The Beauty Marks For Pakhtun Females - Tattoo News". 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
22. ^ "Deq (tattoo)", Wikipedia, 2022-06-11, retrieved 2022-08-19
23. ^ "Kurdish tatoos - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
24. ^ "What do Berber tattoos mean?". KAWA. 2021-11-26. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
25. ^ "A centuries old mechanism to resolve conflicts: The Jirga - Irénées". www.irenees.net. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
26. ^ Beattie, Hugh (2011-11-01). "Negotiations with the Tribes of Waziristan 1849–1914—The British Experience". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 39 (4): 571–587\. doi:10.1080/03086534.2011.615597. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 144201973.571-587&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144201973#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/03086534.2011.615597&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.615597&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988">
27. ^ Bezhan, Frud. "Loya Jirga -- An Afghan Tradition Explained". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
28. ^ "Jirga talks with tribal elders bear fruit". The Express Tribune. 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
29. ^ Khan, Imran (1993). Warrior Race. United Kingdom. pp. 30–31\. ISBN 0701138904.30-31&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0701138904&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Imran&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988">`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
30. ^ ""Har kala rasha": Hujra, a fading Pakhtun tradition". The Express Tribune. 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
31. ^ Attan: A Traditional Pashtun Dance Perfected In Waziristan, 10 May 2016, retrieved 2022-08-17
32. ^ "Afghanistan applies to register Pashtun dance with UNESCO". Arab News. 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
33. ^ "Attan - The traditional and national dance of Afghanistan". www.virtualafghans.com. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
34. ^ Service, Tribune News. "Chapli kebab and the lingering charm of Pashtun cuisine". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
35. ^ Bragg, Rick (2001-10-21). "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE ROOTS; Afghan and Pakistani Tribe Lives by Its Guns and Honor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
36. ^ "Northwest Pakistan, where guns are the jewelry of men". Christian Science Monitor. 2001-03-27. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
37. ^ Craig, Tim (2015-01-16). "Pakistani tribesmen worry they may lose their right to keep guns — and rockets and grenades, too". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-08-17.

## Further reading

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Overview

* Bausani, Alessandro (1971). "Pashto Language and Literature". Mahfil. 7 (1/2): 55–69\. JSTOR 40874413.55-69&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874413#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Bausani&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988"> Accessed 3 Oct. 2024.
* Andreyev, S. (2010). "Pashto Literature. The Classical Period". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Ulrich Marzolph (eds.). Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 89–113.89-113&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Andreyev&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988">
* Bartlotti, L. N. (2010). "Modern Pashto Written Literature". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Ulrich Marzolph (eds.). Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 113–134.113-134&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bartlotti&rft.aufirst=L.+N.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988">
* Heston, W. (2010). "Pashto Oral and Popular Literature". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Ulrich Marzolph (eds.). Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 135–166.135-166&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Heston&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988">
* Wide, Thomas (January 2013). "Demarcating Pashto: Cross-Border Pashto Literature and the Afghan State, 1880-1930". In Nile Green; Nushin Arbabzadah (eds.). Afghanistan in Ink: Literature between Diaspora and Nation. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 91–112.91-112&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Wide&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https://www.academia.edu/106136889&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988">
* Pelevin, Mikhail (2015). "Early Specimens of Pashto Folklore". In Uwe Bläsing; Victoria Arakelova; and Matthias Weinreich (eds.). Studies on Iran and The Caucasus. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 479–494\. doi:10.1163/9789004302068_031. ISBN 978-90-04-30206-8.479-494&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/9789004302068_031&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30206-8&rft.aulast=Pelevin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pashtun+culture" class="Z3988">

Collections

* Ahmad, Aisha; Boase, Roger (2003). Pashtun Tales: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier. Saqi Books. ISBN 9780863564383.

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Pashtun-related topics

Dynasties|

* Lodi dynasty
* Sur dynasty
* Hotak dynasty
* Durrani dynasty
* Barakzai dynasty

Key figures|

* Alauddin Khilji
* Bahlul Lodi
* Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai
* Ibrahim Lodi
* Gaju Khan
* Sher Shah Sur
* Kalu Khan Yusufzai
* Aimal Khan Mohmand
* Darya Khan Afridi
* Mirwais Hotak
* Mahmud Hotak
* Ahmad Shah Durrani
* Najib Khan Yousafzai
* Dost Mohammad Khan
* Wazir Akbar Khan
* Victor of Maiwand
* Malalai of Maiwand
* Saidu Baba
* Abdur Rahman Khan
* Mahmud Tarzi
* Soraya Tarzi
* Amanullah Khan
* Nadir Shah
* Mulla Powinda
* Bacha Khan
* Sartor Faqir
* Umra Khan
* Faqir of Ipi
* Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai
* Wali Khan
* Zahir Shah
* Daoud Khan
* Abdul Ahad Momand
* Mohammad Najibullah
* Mohammed Omar
* Hamid Karzai
* Ashraf Ghani
* Arfa Siddiq
* Malalai Kakar
* Malala Yousafzai
* Manzoor Pashteen
* Ali Wazir

Culture|

* Pashtun culture
* Pashtun cuisine
* Pashtunwali
* Pashto
* Pashtunization
* northern Afghanistan
* Pashtun clothing
* Pashto media
* Pashto singers
* Pashtun tribes
* Loya jirga
* Adam Khan and Durkhani
* Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
* Jirga

Poets|

* Amir Kror Suri
* Pir Roshan
* Rahman Baba
* Khushal Khattak
* Nazo Tokhi
* Abdul Hamid Baba
* Hussain Hotak
* Ahmad Shah Durrani
* Hamza Baba
* Ajmal Khattak
* Kabir Stori
* Ghani Khan

Groups|

| Citizens' groups|

* Khudai Khidmatgar
* Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
* People's Peace Movement

|

Religious-military|

* Taliban

Topics and
controversies|

* Pashtun nationalism
* Pashtunistan
* Afghan (ethnonym)
* Durand Line
* Bannu Resolution
* Kalabagh Dam
* Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Anti-Pashtun sentiment

Battles and
conflicts|

* First Battle of Panipat
* Battle of Chausa
* Malandari Pass
* Battle of Gulnabad
* Third Battle of Panipat
* Battle of Nowshera
* Battle of Jamrud
* Herat War
* First Afghan War
* Ambela Pass
* Second Anglo-Afghan War
* Battle of Maiwand
* Tirah campaign
* Siege of Malakand
* Afghan War of Independence
* Afghan Civil War
* Waziristan campaign
* Second Waziristan
* Mohmand campaign
* Tribal revolts
* Soviet–Afghan War
* War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
* War in North-West Pakistan

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