Pashtun diaspora

Ethnic Pashtuns and their descendants living outside of Afghanistan–Pakistan

Not to be confused with Afghan diaspora.

Ethnic group

Pashtun diasporaRegions with significant populations

United Arab Emirates| 578,315 (2021)[1]
United States| 138,554 (2010)[2]
United Kingdom| 200,000 (2015)[3]
Germany| 150,800 (2021)[4]
Iran| 2,425,000 (2022)[5]
Australia| 81,154 (2021)[6]
Canada| 60,590 (2018)[7][verification needed]
Russia| 19,800 (2015)[8]
Malaysia| 5,500 (2008)[5]
Thailand| 500,000 (estimate)[9]
Languages
Pashto
Religion
Majority:
Sunni Islam
Minority:
Shia Islam

Pashtun diaspora (Pashto: بهر مېشت پښتانه) comprises all ethnic Pashtuns. There are millions of Pashtuns who are living outside of their traditional homeland of Pashtunistan, a historic region that is today situated over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.[10] While the (erstwhile) Pashtunistan is home to the majority of Pashtun people, there are significant local Pashtun diaspora communities scattered across the neighbouring Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab, particularly in their respective provincial capital cities of Karachi and Lahore. Additionally, people with Pashtun ancestry are also found across India; particularly in Rohilkhand, a region in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh; and in the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Outside of South Asia, significant Pashtun diaspora communities are found in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf (primarily in the United Arab Emirates), the United States, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Iran, Australia, Canada, and Russia.

The Pashtun people, who are classified as an Iranian ethnolinguistic group, are believed to have settled in the traditional Pashtunistan region around the early 1st millennium CE.[11][12] According to Ethnologue, the total Pashtun population currently stands at around 90 million,[13] but some sources give slightly lower or higher figures. Among Indic communities in the Indian subcontinent, Pashtuns are commonly referred to by the word Pathan.

## Native land

[edit]

Pashtun people of Afghanistan

### Afghanistan

[edit]

Further information: Ethnic groups in Afghanistan and Afghan diaspora

The ethnonym Afghan (of Persian origin) has been historically used since the 3rd century AD to refer to the Pashtuns, and is now used to describe every citizen of Afghanistan. Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising 46–65%[14][15] of the total Afghan population. Approximately 2 million Afghan refugees live in the neighboring Pakistan. The majority of them are Pashtuns who were born in that country.[16]

The Pashtuns are scattered all over Afghanistan, they can be found in almost every province of the country.[17] Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan and a stronghold of the Pashtun culture. The city of Lashkargah in the south, Farah in the west, Jalalabad in the east, and Kunduz in the north are other prominent cultural centres whose populations are predominantly Pashtuns.

### Pakistan

[edit]

Further information: Ethnic groups in Pakistan and Pakistani diaspora

See also: Pathans of Punjab, Pathans of Sindh, Pathans of Kashmir, and Pashtuns in Balochistan

Ethnic Pashtuns in Pakistan and Afghanistan (including the southern borders of the former Soviet Union, the northeastern borders of Iran, and the northwestern borders of India disputed with Pakistan), in the early 1980s.

The proportion of people with Pashto as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Most Pashtuns are based in Pakistan. Pashtuns are one of the largest ethnic minorities in Pakistan, making up to 18% of the total population of Pakistan.[18][19] Pashtuns form the majority ethnic group in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan.

With as many as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in the Sindh province hosts the largest concentration of urban Pashtuns population in the world[20][21] Some important Pashtun cities of Pakistan include Peshawar, Quetta, Zhob, Loralai, Killa Saifullah,Swat, Mardan, Charsada, Mingora, Bannu, Parachinar, and Swabi. The province of Baluchistan is although named after the Baloch, but Pashtuns are the majority there and the Baloch population is in fact less than Pashtuns in the Balochistan province.[citation needed] However most of the land of Baluchistan is covered by Balochs and Brahuis while Pashtuns are concentrated only in the north of the province.

## Minority areas within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

[edit]

Pashtuns make up a minority of the total population of Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[22] Pashtuns are mostly found in Battagram and Torghar District. Pashtun tribes speak Pashto language while Jadoons, Tareens and Dilazaks of Abbottabad and Haripur District speak Hindko language and sometimes Pashto as their second language. Pashtuns also make up a minority of the Chitral district, which is mainly inhabited by Kho and Kalasha people who speak Khowar.

The following table outlines the Pashtun population in different provinces of Pakistan:

Province | Pashtuns

|

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 40 million
Sindh | 10 million
Balochistan | 5.5 million [citation needed]
Punjab | 2.3 million[23]
Azad Kashmir | 1 million [citation needed]
Islamabad Capital Territory | 1 million [citation needed]
Pakistan | 65–70 million

Smaller Pashtun communities outside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan can be found in the districts of Attock and Mianwali in the Punjab Province. These and other communities of Pashtun ancestry who have long-settled in Punjab and Sindh region are often referred to as the Pathans. There are also large communities of Pathans such as Niazi and others who live in Khanewal, Kasur areas of Punjab, and the Multan area, which was formerly a part of the Durrani Empire. Pathan communities live in different district of Azad Kashmir too. There, they are mainly settled in the districts of Poonch, Sudhnuti and Bagh. In Poonch and Sudhnuti they constitute more than 70% of the population. Kashmiri Pashtuns mainly consist of the Sadozai tribe, which is locally known as Sudhan. Approximate population of Sadozais in AJK is 1 million. Sadozai tribe has a strong hold in the Rawalakot city of Azad Kashmir. A small number of other Pashtun tribes in Kashmir include Durrani, Tareen, Lodhi, Yousafzai, Shinwari and Afridi tribes, whose populations extend from Azad Kashmir to India's Jammu and Kashmir. They speak local languages.[citation needed]

In addition to this, some Urdu-speaking communities in Pakistan also trace their ancestry to the ancient Pashtun regions of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa.[citation needed] Some identify themselves as Bangash, Yusufzai, Ghouri and Durrani. Moreover, a significant number of descendants of Rohillas had migrated to Pakistan after the partition of India, in 1947. The Pashtuns make up 30% of the Muhajir community in Karachi.

### Notable people

[edit]

Main article: List of Pashtuns

## India

[edit]

Main article: Pathans in India

Further information: Pathans of Kashmir, Rohilla, Pathans of Uttar Pradesh, Pathan of Bihar, Pathans of Gujarat, Pathans of Rajasthan, Pathans of Madhya Pradesh, and Pathans of Tamil Nadu

See also: Afghans in India

Part of a series on

Pashtuns

* Art
* Culture
* Diaspora
* Discrimination against Pashtuns
* Land
* List of Pashtuns
* Language
* Tribes

Empires and dynasties

* Khalji Bengal
* Khalji Delhi
* Malwa
* Lodi

* Sur
* Karrani
* Taymani
* Hotak
* Durrani
* Barakzai

* v
* t
* e

In India's Rohilkhand region, Pashtuns had made large settlements between 14th century and 20th century. In fact, according to the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the number of Pashtuns in the British India was nearly 3.5 million, but the speakers of Pashto numbered less than 1.25 million.[24] Most of this population were allotted, along with their respective provinces, to Pakistan after the partition of India, in 1947.[citation needed] Today, the Pashtuns in India can be divided into those who speak Pashto and those who speak Urdu/Hindi and other regional languages. However, the Pashtuns speaking Urdu/Hindi are in the majority.[25] Khan Mohammad Atif, a professor at the University of Lucknow, estimates that "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan".[26]

### Pashto-speaking communities

[edit]

Pathans (Pashtuns) In Oudh State, India

There are many Pashto-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.[27] Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, they are at least more than 100,000, for it is known that in 1954, over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian citizenship.[28] They still follow their traditional justice system of Jirga.[29] Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak Pashto, and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have been built over time. The most interesting are the Kukikhel Afridis of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dresses and carry swords and shields. The Afridis and the Machipurians, who belong to the Yusufzai tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the Durranis, but many were brought by Maharajah Gulab Singh for service on the frontier.[30] Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the Line of Control in Kupwara district.[31] In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs.[32]

A further small, scattered Pashtun population still exists in some major cities of India with large Muslim populations, with the majority of Pashto-speaking individuals residing in the states of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh India; who also have adopted local languages of the respective areas they live in, as their second language.[33] These Pathans, numbering around 14,161,[34][35] have retained the use of the Pashto language and are still able to speak and understand it. This is partially because until recently, most of these Indian Pashtuns were able to travel to Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[36]

A small Hindu community, known as the Sheen Khalai meaning 'blue skinned' (referring to the color of Pashtun women's facial tattoos), migrated to Unniara, Rajasthan, India after partition.[37] Prior to 1947, the community resided in the Quetta, Loralai and Maikhter regions of the British Indian province of Baluchistan.[37] Today, they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the Attan dance.[37]

### Urdu and Hindi speaking communities

[edit]

The larger number of people claiming Pashtun ancestry in India are Urdu speaking. Despite the loss of most of the Raj-era Pashtun population, India still has a community of Hindustani speakers who can trace some of their ancestry to ancient Pashtun settlers. They are often referred by the Hindustani pronunciation of the word Pashtun, "Pathan".

Major Indian Pathan tribes lived in the following areas. While many persons belonging to these tribes moved to the Afghan-Pakistan border, others chose to stay and thus, descendants of these tribes still reside in the parts of India listed below:[38] There are major Pashtun settlements in Saharanpur, Farrukhabad, Bihar and Kolkota.[39]

## In the Middle East

[edit]

Pashtun man in Al Ain, UAE

Hundreds of thousands of Pashtuns serving as migrant workers reside in the Middle East, particularly in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and other Arab countries.[40] Many of them are involved in the transport business, while others are employees of construction companies.

There were over 100,000 Pashtuns living in Iran in 1993. The Pashtuns there are mainly concentrated in the Afghan-Iran border, in the Khorasan Province of Iran.[5] The settling of Pashtuns in Iran goes back to the 18th century during the Durrani reign. Timur Shah Durrani, an ethnic Pashtun, the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani and King of Afghanistan, was born in Mashhad, in the Khorasan province of Iran, which was part of the Durrani empire at that time.[41]

Numerous Pashtun tribes have settled in Zabul since the Durrani dynasty.[42][43] The Pashtun tribes in Zabol from other tribes such as Moradgholi, Kouchakzai, Ghaljaei, lakziyan, Galavi, Barakzai, Khajeali, and Sufi. Regardless of their origins, they are generally seen as Persian zaboli by the society in Iran. The Moradgholi tribe is descended from Amir Shahu Khan Barakzai a member of Barakzai dynasty. The founder of this tribe in Zabul is Murad Khan, the son of Amir Kalan Khan. After him, his son Moradgholi, who also takes the name of the tribe, became the leader. Members of Moradgholi clan also live in Mazandaran, Golestan and other parts of Iran. Kouchakzai is a sub-tribe of the moradgholi clan.[43]

About 300,000 Pashtuns migrated to the Persian Gulf countries between 1976 and 1981, representing 35% of Pakistani immigrants.[40]

## In Europe

[edit]

Further information: Afghan diaspora and Pakistani diaspora

Many Pashtuns have migrated from their homeland in South and Central Asia to Europe.[citation needed]

### United Kingdom

[edit]

Main article: British Pashtuns

Further information: Afghans in the United Kingdom, British Indian, and British Pakistani

The United Kingdom is home to some 100,000 Pashtuns,[44] making it one of the most populous overseas Pashtun communities in the world and the most populous one in the West. Pashtun diaspora in UK have made their presence felt through their restaurants with traditional names like Bab-e-Khyber, Hujra, and Kabuli pulao. It is one of the most vibrant Pashtun diaspora in the west.[45]

## In other parts of the world

[edit]

### United States

[edit]

Main article: Pashtun American

Further information: Afghan American, Indian American, and Pakistani American

Pashtuns in the US by state

Pashtuns have been present in California at least since agricultural labor was imported in the early 20th century. Since the late 1970s and onwards, Pashtuns began immigrating to the United States of America in large numbers and are well established there. Pashtuns in the United States are famous for running top Afghan cuisine restaurants[46][47][48] and as owners of the fast-food restaurant chain Kennedy Fried Chicken that is based in New York City.

### Canada

[edit]

Further information: Afghan Canadian, Indo-Canadians, and Pakistani Canadian

1,690 persons characterized their ethnicity as "Pashtun" in Canada's 2006 census.[49] However, in question 17 of Canada's Statcan census form[50] most Pashtuns do not put their ethnicity as Pashtuns but rather Afghan or Pakistani.

### Australia

[edit]

Further information: Afghan (Australia), Afghan Australians, Indian Australians, and Pakistani Australians

In the latter part of the 19th century several thousand men from Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, Sind, Rajasthan, Egypt, Persia, Turkey and Punjab, but collectively known as "Afghans", were recruited during the initial British development of the Australian Outback, especially for the operation of camel trains in desert areas.[51] These consisted of men who were not allowed to bring their families with them, many married local Aborigines and are now known as Ghans.[52] During the 1980s and 90s, Pashtuns began settling in Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and other major cities of Australia.

### Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

[edit]

Further information: Pathans of Sri Lanka and Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh

Pashtuns in Bangladesh are descendants of Pashtun emigrants who settled into Bangladesh during the Pathan rule of the Bengal Sultanate under the Karrani dynasty.[53] Additional Pashtun communities of South Asia are also the Pathans of Sri Lanka, who are believed to have origins from Pathans who settled in Batticaloa, initially arriving for trade.[54]

### Southeast Asia

[edit]

Further information: Pakistanis in Thailand, Pakistanis in Malaysia, Malaysian Indians, Indians in Brunei, Indians in Thailand, Indian Singaporean, and Indian Indonesian

Since the early 1900s there have been many generations of Pashtuns who migrated from Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Pashtun settlements in Thailand have been common throughout the provinces. There is even a Thai-Pashtun Friendship Association and they are fiercely independent, as a result they often are well treated and respected by the Thai locals. Countries like Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia, Myanmar also have similar cases of Pashtun settlements, which those who are of descent are quickly assimilated to the local Indian ethnic minority community while those recent migrants or settlers belong to the Pakistani diaspora, since most of the migrants came from Pakistan.

### Guyana and Suriname

[edit]

Main articles: Indo-Caribbean and Pakistanis in the Caribbean

Some people living in Guyana and Suriname claim to be of Afghan descent. Most of them moved to South American countries during the Indian immigration.[55]

## See also

[edit]

* Pathans of Punjab
* Pashtun culture
* Pashtun people
* Pashtun tribes
* Pashtunistan
* Rohilkhand
* Rohilla

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "United Arab Emirates: Demography" (PDF). Encyclopædia Britannica World Data. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
2. ^ 42% of 200,000 Afghan-Americans = 84,000 and 15% of 363,699 Pakistani-Americans = 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554.
3. ^ Maclean, William (10 June 2009). "Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns". Reuters. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
4. ^ Relations between Afghanistan and Germany Archived 16 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine: Germany is now home to almost 90,000 people of Afghan origin. 42% of 90,000 = 37,800
5. ^ a b c "Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (2022)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
6. ^ "20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia". 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel download) on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
7. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". 8 February 2017.
8. ^ "Perepis.ru". perepis2002.ru (in Russian).
9. ^ https://www.arabnews.com/node/1626601/amp=ru
10. ^ "Pashtun". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
11. ^ "Afghan and Afghanistan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
12. ^ Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Firishta). "History of the Mohamedan Power in India". Persian Literature in Translation. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
13. ^ "Thank you Google". The Express Tribune. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
14. ^ "Afghan Population: 31,108,077 (July 2013 est.) [Pashtun = 42%]". Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
15. ^ See:
* "Ethnic groups". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2013. "Pashtun: Estimated to comprise more than 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan."
* Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (2008). The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (9 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 46\. ISBN 978-0-618-81017-8. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
* "Afghanistan's complex ethnic patchwork". Tehran Times. 10 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
* "Pathans". Faqs.org. 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
* "About Afghanistan – Ethnic Divisions". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
* Christensen, Asger (1995). Aiding Afghanistan: the background and prospects for reconstruction in a fragmented society. NIAS Press. p. 46\. ISBN 87-87062-44-5. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
* Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. 1953. p. 10088\. ISBN 9780160118449. Retrieved 24 September 2010. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Taylor, William J. Jr.; Kim, Abraham (2000). Asian Security to the Year 2000. DIANE Publishing. p. 58\. ISBN 1-4289-1368-8. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
* Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Elsevie. p. 845\. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7. Retrieved 24 September 2010. "Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population."
* Hawthorne, Susan; Winter, Bronwyn (2002). 11 September 2001: feminist perspectives. Spinifex Press. p. 225\. ISBN 1-876756-27-6. Retrieved 24 September 2010. "Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun..."
* "The ethnic composition of afghanistan in different sources". Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
16. ^ "PAKISTAN: Tolerance wanes as perceptions of Afghan refugees change". IRIN. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
17. ^ "District Development Plans (DDP)". Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
18. ^ "Pakistan population: 187,342,721 [Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%]". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
19. ^ "Pakistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security" (PDF). Brookings Institution. 29 December 2011. p. 13\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
20. ^ Obaid-Chinoy, Sharmeen (17 July 2009). "Pakistan: Karachi's Invisible Enemy City potent refuge for Taliban fighters". PBS. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
21. ^ "In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder". The National. 24 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
22. ^ "District Abbottabad". Local Government, Elections and Rural Development Department. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
23. ^ "TABLE 11 : POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023" (PDF).
24. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pathan" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913.
25. ^ Alvi, Shams-ur-Rehman (11 December 2008). "Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
26. ^ Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). "Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan". Hindustan Times.
27. ^ "Special focus on Gujjars, Paharis: CM". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 22 August 2009.[permanent dead link]
28. ^ "Pakhtoons in Kashmir". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 20 July 1954. Archived from the original on 9 December 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
29. ^ "Justice rolls in Kashmir, Afghan-style". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
30. ^ "Saiyids, Mughals, Pashtuns and Galawans". OPF. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
31. ^ "A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir" (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
32. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Jammu & Kashmir".
33. ^ "Pathan". Isa-Masih in Lucknow. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
34. ^ "Phonemic Inventory of Pashto" (PDF). CRULP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
35. ^ Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001, Census of India (retrieved 17 March 2008)
36. ^ "Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India". Khyber. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
37. ^ a b c Haider, Suhasini (3 February 2018). "Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
38. ^ "Pashto Language & Identity Formation" (PDF). Contemporary South Asia, July 1995, Vol 4, Issue 2, p151,20 (Khyber). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
39. ^ "Pashto Language & Identity Formation" (PDF). Contemporary South Asia, July 1995, Vol 4, Issue 2, p151,20 (Khyber). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
40. ^ a b Jaffrelot, Christophe (2002). Pakistan: nationalism without a nation?. Zed Books. p. 27\. ISBN 1-84277-117-5. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
41. ^ Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2017). Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-8885-8.
42. ^ "Tribes and clans of Sistan and Baluchestan(In Persian)". Retrieved 6 January 2025.
43. ^ a b Afshar, Iraj (1991). Tribes and clans of Sistan and Baluchestan (in Persian). Nasle Danesh. pp. 375, 376.
44. ^ "FEATURE – Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns". Reuters. 10 June 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009.
45. ^ "The Other Languages of England", British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (October 1986), pp. 288–289.
46. ^ Helmand – Baltimore, Maryland
47. ^ Helmand – San Francisco, California Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
48. ^ Helmand – Cambridge, Massachusetts
49. ^ 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations
50. ^ "E Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
51. ^ australia.gov.au > About Australia > Australian Stories > Afghan cameleers in Australia Archived 15 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 8 May 2014.
52. ^ "Afghan histories in Australia." Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine Dulwich Centre. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
53. ^ Eaton, Richard M. (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520205079.
54. ^ Essed, Philomena; Frerks, Georg; Schrijvers, Joke (2004). Refugees and the Transformation of Societies: Agency, Policies, Ethics, and Politics. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781571818669.
55. ^ "Afghans of Guyana". Wahid Momand. Afghanland.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 5 November 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Ahmad, Aisha; Roger Boase. Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier. Saqi Books, 2003. ISBN 0-86356-438-0.
* Ahmed, Akbar S. 1976. Millennium and charisma among Pathans: a critical essay in social anthropology. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. ISBN 0-7100-0547-4.
* Ahmed, Akbar S. Pukhtun economy and society: traditional structure and economic development in a tribal society. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. ISBN 0-7100-0389-7.
* Caroe, Olaf. The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957. MacMillan, 1964. ISBN 0-19-577221-0.
* Dani, Ahmad Hasan. Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier. Khyber Mail Press, 1969. ISBN 969-35-0554-9.
* Docherty, Paddy. The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion. Union Square Press, 2008. ISBN 0-571-21977-2.
* Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan. Princeton University Press, 1973. ISBN 0-691-03006-5.
* Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1815). An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1815.
* Habibi, Abdul Hai. Afghanistan: An Abridged History. Fenestra Books, 2003. ISBN 1-58736-169-8.
* Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: the struggle for empire in central Asia Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. Kodansha International, 1994. ISBN 1-56836-022-3.
* Nichols, Robert. A history of Pashtun migration, 1775–2006. Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-19-547600-X.
* Vogelsang, Willem. The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. ISBN 0-631-19841-5.
* Wardak, Ali. Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, 2003, online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance).
* Weiner, Myron; Ali Banuazizi. The Politics of social transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8156-2609-6.
* Weinreich, Matthias. "We are here to stay": Pashtun migrants in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Klaus Schwarz, 2009. ISBN 3-87997-356-3.

* v
* t
* e

Overseas Asians and Asian diasporas

By origin
in Asia

| Central|

* Kazakh
* Mongolians
* Uzbeks

|

East|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Koreans
* Ryukyuans
* Taiwanese

South|

| Country|

* Afghans
* Bangladeshis
* Indians
* Maldivians
* Nepalis
* Pakistanis
* Sri Lankans
* Tibetans

|

Ethnicity|

* Baloch
* Bengali Hindu
* Gujaratis
* Odia
* Kashmiri
* Mirpuri
* Mizos
* Pashtuns
* Punjabis
* Roma
* Saraikis
* Sikhs
* Sindhis
* South Indians
* Malayalis
* In the Gulf
* Tamils
* Sri Lankan Tamils
* Telugus

Southeast|

| Country|

* Indonesians
* Malaysians
* Singaporeans

|

Ethnicity|

* Acehnese
* Burmese
* Filipinos
* Hmong
* Javanese
* Laotians
* Malays
* Minangkabau
* Moluccans
* Thais
* Vietnamese

West|

* Arabs
* Emirati
* Iraqi
* Lebanese
* Palestinian
* Syrian
* Yemeni
* Armenian
* Assyrians
* Azerbaijani
* Iranian
* Israeli (Jews)
* Kurds
* Turkish

residence|

| Africa|

* Nigeria
* South Africa

|

Americas|

* Canada
* East Asians
* South Asians
* Southeast Asians
* West Asians
* Latin America
* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Mexico
* Peru
* Caribbean
* Chinese
* Dougla
* Indian
* Marabou
* Suriname
* Indian
* Javanese
* Chinese
* United States
* Central Asians
* Hispanic and Latino
* East Asians
* South Asians
* Southeast Asians

Europe|

* France
* Germany
* Netherlands
* South Asians
* Sweden
* United Kingdom
* Central Asians
* East Asians
* South Asians
* Southeast Asians

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

* v
* t
* e

Pashtun diaspora

Pakistan|

* Kashmir
* Punjab
* Sindh

India|

* Bihar
* Gujarat
* Kashmir
* Madhya Pradhesh
* Punjab
* Sorgar
* Tamil Nadu
* Uttar Pradesh
* Putliwale
* Rohilla

Elsewhere|

* Australia
* Sri Lanka
* United Kingdom
* United States

See also|

* Afghan diaspora
* Overseas Pakistani
* Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan

* v
* t
* e

Pakistani diaspora

Africa|

* Libya
* Somalia
* South Africa

Asia|

| South|

* Afghanistan
* Punjabis
* Bangladesh
* India
* Baloch
* Pashtuns
* Sindhis
* Sri Lanka
* Pashtuns
* Sindhis

|

Gulf|

* Bahrain
* Iran
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates
* Baloch
* Yemen

Far East|

* China
* Hong Kong
* Japan
* South Korea

South East|

* Burma
* Malaysia
* Jawi Peranakan
* Punjabis
* Singapore
* Thailand

Middle East|

* Jordan
* Israel
* Lebanon
* Syria

Europe|

* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Spain
* United Kingdom
* London
* Mirpuris
* Punjabis
* Pashtuns
* Sindhis
* Baloch

Americas|

* Brazil
* Canada
* Toronto
* Vancouver
* United States
* Houston
* Baloch
* Pashtuns
* Punjabis
* Punjabi Mexicans
* Sindhis

Oceania|

* Australia
* Baloch
* Pashtuns
* Punjabis
* Hazaras
* Sindhis
* New Zealand
* Punjabis

See also|

| Sub-diasporas|

* Baloch
* Gujarati
* Hazara
* Azad Kashmiri
* Kashmiri
* Pashtun
* Punjabi
* Saraiki
* Sindhi

|

Related articles|

* Anti-Pakistan sentiment
* Foreign relations
* Diplomatic missions
* Immigration to Pakistan
* Little Pakistan
* Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development
* Pakistani nationality law
* Pakistani passport
* Pakistani students
* Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens

* v
* t
* e

Indian diaspora

Africa|

| Southeast|

* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Mauritius
* Bihari
* Tamil
* Mozambique
* Réunion1 (Malbars)
* Seychelles
* Tamil
* Tanzania
* Uganda
* Zambia

|

Elsewhere|

* Botswana
* Egypt
* Ghana
* South Africa (Tamil)
* Zimbabwe

Americas|

| Caribbean|

* Barbados
* Belize
* Dominican Republic
* French Guiana2
* Grenada
* Guadeloupe2
* Guyana
* Haiti (Marabou)
* Jamaica
* Martinique2
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* U.S. Virgin Islands

|

North America|

* Canada
* Anglo-Indian
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* British Columbia
* Vancouver
* Toronto
* Mexico
* Panama
* United States
* by location
* Bengali
* Indo-Caribbean
* Gujarati
* Malayali
* Punjabi
* Punjabi Mexican
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* Telugu

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Peru
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

| South|

* Afghanistan
* Punjabi
* Bangladesh
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Sri Lanka
* Bharatha
* Chetty
* Tamil
* Telugu

|

Southeast|

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Indonesia
* Klingalese
* Mardijker
* Tamil
* Malaysia
* Chitty
* Gujarati
* Jawi Peranakan
* Malayali
* Punjabi
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Penang
* Sabah
* Myanmar
* Mizo
* Tamil
* Philippines
* Singapore
* Chitty
* Tamil
* Thailand
* Vietnam

East|

* China
* Hong Kong
* Japan
* Korea
* Taiwan

West|

* Bahrain
* Iran
* Israel
* Jews
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

| Eastern|

* Poland
* Russia

|

Northern|

* Finland
* Sweden

Southern|

* Cyprus
* Italy
* Tamil
* Malta
* Portugal
* Spain

Western|

* France
* Tamil
* Germany
* Tamil
* Ireland
* Netherlands
* Switzerland
* Tamil
* United Kingdom
* London
* Indo-Caribbean
* Gujarati
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Tamil

Oceania|

* Australia
* Malayali
* Punjabi
* Tamil
* Sindhi
* Fiji
* Gujarati
* South Indian
* New Caledonia3
* New Zealand
* Maori-Indian
* Punjabi
* Tamil

See also|

| Ethnic diasporas|

* Bengali Hindu
* Gujarati
* Kashmiri
* Mirpuri
* Mizo
* Odia
* Punjabi (Sikhs)
* Romani
* Sindhi
* South Indians
* Malayalis
* In the Gulf
* Tamils
* Telugus
* Anglo-Indian
* Chindians

|

Other related articles|

* South Asian diaspora
* Desi
* Little India
* Non-Resident Indian Award
* Non-Resident Indian Day

* 1 An overseas department of France in the southwest Indian Ocean
* 2Overseas departments of France in the Americas
* 3A sui generis collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean

* v
* t
* e

Afghan diaspora

Asia|

| Central|

* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan

|

South|

* India
* Baloch
* Pashtun
* Pakistan
* Tajiks
* Turkmen
* Uzbeks
* Sri Lanka

West|

* Iran
* Qatar
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Baloch

* Afghanistan portal

Europe|

* Finland
* Germany
* Netherlands
* Russia
* Sweden
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Pashtun

Americas|

| North|

* Canada (Pashtun)
* United States
* Baloch
* Pashtun

|

South|

* Brazil

Oceania|

* Australia
* Baloch
* Pashtun
* Hazara
* New Zealand

See also|

* Pashtun diaspora
* Hazara diaspora

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template