Pathogenic bacteria

Disease-causing bacteria

Medical condition

Pathogenic bacteria

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (small red dots) in pus from a man with a urethral discharge (Gram stain)

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.[1] This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and many are beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred.[2] By contrast, several thousand species are considered part of the gut flora, with a few hundred species present in each individual human's digestive tract.[3]

The body is continually exposed to many species of bacteria, including beneficial commensals, which grow on the skin and mucous membranes, and saprophytes, which grow mainly in the soil and in decaying matter. The blood and tissue fluids contain nutrients sufficient to sustain the growth of many bacteria. The body has defence mechanisms that enable it to resist microbial invasion of its tissues and give it a natural immunity or innate resistance against many microorganisms.

Pathogenic bacteria are specially adapted and endowed with mechanisms for overcoming the normal body defences, and can invade parts of the body, such as the blood, where bacteria are not normally found. Some pathogens invade only the surface epithelium, skin or mucous membrane, but many travel more deeply, spreading through the tissues and disseminating by the lymphatic and blood streams. In some rare cases a pathogenic microbe can infect an entirely healthy person, but infection usually occurs only if the body's defence mechanisms are damaged by some local trauma or an underlying debilitating disease, such as wounding, intoxication, chilling, fatigue, and malnutrition. In many cases, it is important to differentiate infection and colonization, which is when the bacteria are causing little or no harm.

Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and GBD super-region, 2019[4]

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, one of the diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, which killed 1.4 million people in 2019, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.[5] Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus,  Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy.

Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries.[6] A GBD study estimated the global death rates from (33) bacterial pathogens, finding such infections contributed to one in 8 deaths (or ~7.7 million deaths), which could make it the second largest cause of death globally in 2019.[7][4]

Most pathogenic bacteria can be grown in cultures and identified by Gram stain and other methods. Bacteria grown in this way are often tested to find which antibiotics will be an effective treatment for the infection. For hitherto unknown pathogens, Koch's postulates are the standard to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

## Diseases

[edit]

Commensals vs pathogenic bacteria in COPD

Each species has specific effect and causes symptoms in people who are infected. Some people who are infected with a pathogenic bacteria do not have symptoms. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to pathogenic bacteria.[8]

### Pathogenic susceptibility

[edit]

Some pathogenic bacteria cause disease under certain conditions, such as entry through the skin via a cut, through sexual activity or through compromised immune function.[citation needed]

An abscess caused by opportunistic S. aureus bacteria.

Some species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are part of the normal skin microbiota and typically reside on healthy skin or in the nasopharyngeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections. Streptococcal infections include sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis.[9] These infections can become serious creating a systemic inflammatory response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death.[10]

Other bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people with immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis. Examples of these opportunistic pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium.[11][12]

### Intracellular

[edit]

Obligate intracellular parasites (e.g. Chlamydophila, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia) are only able to grow and replicate inside other cells. Infections due to obligate intracellular bacteria may be asymptomatic, requiring an incubation period. Examples of obligate intracellular bacteria include Rickettsia prowazekii (typhus) and Rickettsia rickettsii, (Rocky Mountain spotted fever).[citation needed]

Chlamydia are intracellular parasites. These pathogens can cause pneumonia or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.[13]

Other groups of intracellular bacterial pathogens include Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, and Yersinia pestis. These can exist intracellularly, but can exist outside host cells.[citation needed]

### Infections in specific tissue

[edit]

Bacterial pathogens often cause infection in specific areas of the body. Others are generalists.

* Bacterial vaginosis is a condition of the vaginal microbiota in which an excessive growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other mostly anaerobic bacteria displace the beneficial Lactobacilli species that maintain healthy vaginal microbial populations.[14]
* Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
* Bacterial pneumonia is a bacterial infection of the lungs.
* Urinary tract infection is predominantly caused by bacteria. Symptoms include the strong and frequent sensation or urge to urinate, pain during urination, and urine that is cloudy.[15] The most frequent cause is Escherichia coli. Urine is typically sterile but contains a variety of salts and waste products. Bacteria can ascend into the bladder or kidney and causing cystitis and nephritis.[16][17]
* Bacterial gastroenteritis is caused by enteric, pathogenic bacteria. These pathogenic species are usually distinct from the usually harmless bacteria of the normal gut flora. But a different strain of the same species may be pathogenic. The distinction is sometimes difficult as in the case of Escherichia.
* Bacterial skin infections include:
* Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly seen in children.[18] It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes.[19]
* Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection[20] of the deeper skin layers that spreads via with lymphatic system.
* Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation[21] of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by contagious contact, and usually occurs through open skin, cuts, blisters, cracks in the skin, insect bites, animal bites, burns, surgical wounds, intravenous drug injection, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion. In most cases it is the skin on the face or lower legs that is affected, though cellulitis can occur in other tissues.

## Mechanisms of damage

[edit]

The symptoms of disease appear as pathogenic bacteria damage host tissues or interfere with their function. The bacteria can damage host cells directly or indirectly by provoking an immune response that inadvertently damages host cells,[22] or by releasing toxins.[23]

### Direct

[edit]

Once pathogens attach to host cells, they can cause direct damage as the pathogens use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products.[24] For example, Streptococcus mutans, a component of dental plaque, metabolizes dietary sugar and produces acid as a waste product. The acid decalcifies the tooth surface to cause dental caries.[25]

#### Toxin production

[edit]

Protein structure of botulinum toxin.

Endotoxins are the lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released when the bacteria lyses, which is why after antibiotic treatment, symptoms can worsen at first as the bacteria are killed and they release their endotoxins. Exotoxins are secreted into the surrounding medium or released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart.[26]

### Indirect

[edit]

An excessive or inappropriate immune response triggered by an infection may damage host cells.[1]

## Survival in host

[edit]

### Nutrients

[edit]

Iron is required for humans, as well as the growth of most bacteria. To obtain free iron, some pathogens secrete proteins called siderophores, which take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding to the iron even more tightly. Once the iron-siderophore complex is formed, it is taken up by siderophore receptors on the bacterial surface and then that iron is brought into the bacterium.[26]

Bacterial pathogens also require access to carbon and energy sources for growth. To avoid competition with host cells for glucose which is the main energy source used by human cells, many pathogens including the respiratory pathogen Haemophilus influenzae specialise in using other carbon sources such as lactate that are abundant in the human body [27]

## Identification

[edit]

Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England setting.

Typically identification is done by growing the organism in a wide range of cultures which can take up to 48 hours. The growth is then visually or genomically identified. The cultured organism is then subjected to various assays to observe reactions to help further identify species and strain.[28]

## Treatment

[edit]

Main article: Antibiotics

See also: overview list below

Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracyclin inhibit the bacterial ribosome but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome, so they exhibit selective toxicity.[29] Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth. Both uses may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.[30] Phage therapy, using bacteriophages can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections.[31]

## Prevention

[edit]

Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent infection by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection. Bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 73 °C (163 °F).[citation needed]

## List of genera and microscopy features

[edit]

Many genera contain pathogenic bacterial species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.

Genus  | Species  | Gram staining | Shape  | Oxygen requirement  | Intra/Extracellular

|
|
|
|
|

Bacillus[32] |

* Bacillus anthracis
* Bacillus cereus

| Positive  | Rods  | Facultative anaerobic | Extracellular
Bartonella[32] |

* Bartonella henselae
* Bartonella quintana

| Negative  | Rods  | Aerobic  | Facultative intracellular
Bordetella[32] |

* Bordetella pertussis[33][34]

| Negative  | Small coccobacilli | Aerobic  | Extracellular
Borrelia[32] |

* Borrelia burgdorferi
* Borrelia garinii
* Borrelia afzelii
* Borrelia recurrentis

| Negative, stains poorly  | Spirochete | Anaerobic  | Extracellular
Brucella[32] |

* Brucella abortus
* Brucella canis
* Brucella melitensis
* Brucella suis

| Negative  | Coccobacilli | Aerobic  | Intracellular
Campylobacter[32] |

* Campylobacter jejuni

| Negative  | Spiral rods[35]
coccoid in older cultures[35] | Microaerophilic[35] | Extracellular
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila[32] |

* Chlamydia pneumoniae
* Chlamydia trachomatis
* Chlamydophila psittaci

| (not Gram-stained)  | Small, round, ovoid  | Facultative or strictly aerobic  | Obligate intracellular
Clostridium[32] |

* Clostridium botulinum
* Clostridioides difficile
* Clostridium perfringens
* Clostridium tetani

| Positive  | Large, blunt-ended rods  | Obligate anaerobic  | Extracellular
Corynebacterium[32] |

* Corynebacterium diphtheriae[34][36][37]

| Positive (unevenly)  | Rods  | Mostly facultative anaerobic  | Extracellular
Enterococcus[34][38] |

* Enterococcus faecalis
* Enterococcus faecium

| Positive  | Cocci | Facultative Anaerobic  | Extracellular
Escherichia[6][34][39] |

* Escherichia coli

| Negative  | Rods  | Facultative anaerobic  | Extracellular or Intracellular
Francisella[32] |

* Francisella tularensis

| Negative  | Coccobacillus | Strictly aerobic  | Facultative intracellular
Haemophilus |

* Haemophilus influenzae[34][40]

| Negative  | Coccobacilli to long and slender filaments  | Facultative anaerobic 5 - 10% CO2  | Extracellular
Helicobacter |

* Helicobacter pylori[41]

| Negative  | Spiral rod  | Microaerophile  | Extracellular
Legionella[32] |

* Legionella pneumophila

| Negative, stains poorly  | Cocobacilli  | Aerobic  | Facultative intracellular
Leptospira[34][42] |

* Leptospira interrogans
* Leptospira santarosai
* Leptospira weilii
* Leptospira noguchii

| Negative, stains poorly  | Spirochete | Strictly aerobic  | Extracellular
Listeria[32] |

* Listeria monocytogenes

| Positive, darkly  | Slender, short rods  | Facultative Anaerobic  | Facultative intracellular
Mycobacterium[32] |

* Mycobacterium leprae
* Mycobacterium tuberculosis
* Mycobacterium ulcerans

| (none)  | Long, slender rods  | Aerobic  | Intracellular
Mycoplasma[32] |

* Mycoplasma pneumoniae

| (none)  | Indistinct 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall  | Mostly facultative anaerobic; M. pneumoniae strictly aerobic  | Extracellular
Neisseria[34][43] |

* Neisseria gonorrhoeae
* Neisseria meningitidis

| Negative  | Kidney bean-shaped  | Aerobic  | Gonococcus: facultative intracellular
N. meningitidis: extracellular
Pseudomonas[34][44] |

* Pseudomonas aeruginosa

| Negative  | Rods  | Obligate aerobic  | Extracellular
Rickettsia[32] |

* Rickettsia rickettsii

| Negative, stains poorly  | Small, rod-like coccobacillary  | Aerobic  | Obligate intracellular
Salmonella[32] |

* Salmonella typhi
* Salmonella typhimurium

| Negative  | Rods | Facultative anaerobic  | Facultative intracellular
Shigella[34][45] |

* Shigella sonnei

| Negative  | Rods  | Facultative anaerobic  | Extracellular
Staphylococcus[6] |

* Staphylococcus aureus
* Staphylococcus epidermidis
* Staphylococcus saprophyticus

| Positive, darkly  | Round cocci | Facultative anaerobic  | Extracellular, facultative intracellular
Streptococcus[32] |

* Streptococcus agalactiae
* Streptococcus pneumoniae
* Streptococcus pyogenes

| Positive  | Ovoid to spherical  | Facultative anaerobic  | Extracellular
Treponema[32] |

* Treponema pallidum

| Negative, stains poorly  | Spirochete | Aerobic  | Extracellular
Ureaplasma[6] |

* Ureaplasma urealyticum

| Stains poorly[46] | Indistinct, 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall  | Anaerobic  | Extracellular
Vibrio[34][47] |

* Vibrio cholerae

| Negative  | Spiral with single polar flagellum | Facultative anaerobic  | Extracellular
Yersinia[34][48] |

* Yersinia pestis
* Yersinia enterocolitica
* Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

| Negative, bipolarly  | Small rods  | Facultative anaerobe  | Intracellular

## List of species and clinical characteristics

[edit]

* Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019[4]

* Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and infectious syndrome, 2019[4]

* Global number of deaths, by pathogen, age, and sex groups, 2019[4]

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.

Species of human pathogenic bacteria  Species | Transmission | Diseases  | Treatment  | Prevention

|
|
|
|

Actinomyces israelii | Oral flora[49] | Actinomycosis:[49] painful abscesses and cysts MRSA in the mouth, lungs,[50][51] or gastrointestinal tract.[36] | Prolonged penicillin G and drainage[49] |
Bacillus anthracis |

Contact with cattle, sheep, goats and horses[52]
Spores enter through inhalation or through abrasions[34]

Anthrax: pulmonary, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous symptoms.[49]

| In early infection:[53]

Penicillin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
Raxibacumab[54]

Anthrax vaccine[34]
Autoclaving of equipment[34]

Bacteroides fragilis | Gut flora[49] | Abscesses in gastrointestinal tract, pelvic cavity and lungs[49] | metronidazole[49] | Wound care[55]

Aspiration prevention[55]

Bordetella pertussis |

Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.[34]

Whooping cough[34][49]
Secondary bacterial pneumonia[34]

| Macrolides[34] such as erythromycin,[34][49] before paroxysmal stage[49] |

Pertussis vaccine,[34][49] such as in DPT vaccine[34][49]

Borrelia | B. burgdorferi[34][49]

B. garinii[34]
B. afzelii[34]

Ixodes hard ticks
Reservoir in mice, other small mammals, and birds[56]

Lyme disease[57][58]

* Early localized: erythema migrans
* Early disseminated: neuroborreliosis, Lyme carditis
* Late: Lyme arthritis, Achrodermatitis chronica (B. afzelii only)

Doxycycline for adults, amoxicillin for children, ceftriaxone for neurological involvement[57]

Wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks.[34]
Insect repellent.[34]
Avoid areas where ticks are found.[34]

B. recurrentis[59]

and others[note 1]

| Pediculus humanus corporis body louse (B. recurrentis only) and Ornithodoros soft ticks[59] | Relapsing fever | Penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline[60] | Avoid areas where ticks are found[59]

Better access to washing facilities[59]
Reduce crowding[59]
Pesticides[59]

Brucella | B. abortus

B. canis
B. melitensis
B. suis

Direct contact with infected animal[34]
Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products[34]

Brucellosis: mainly fever, muscular pain and night sweats

doxycycline[34]
streptomycin
or gentamicin[34]

Campylobacter jejuni |

Fecal–oral from animals (mammals and fowl)[34][49]
Uncooked meat (especially poultry)[34][49]
Contaminated water[34]

* Enteritis,[34] bloody diarrhea[49]
* Guillain–Barré syndrome[49] (muscle weakness)

Treat symptoms[34]
Fluoroquinolone[49] such as ciprofloxacin[34] in severe cases[34]

Good hygiene[34]
Avoiding contaminated water[34]
Pasteurizing milk and milk products[34]
Cooking meat (especially poultry)[34]

Chlamydia | C. pneumoniae |

Respiratory droplets[34][49]

| Atypical pneumonia[49] |

Doxycycline[34][49]
Erythromycin[34][49]

| None[34]
C. trachomatis |

vaginal sex[34]
oral sex[34]
anal sex[34] Vertical from mother to newborn(ICN)[34]
Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)[34]

Trachoma[34][49]
Neonatal conjunctivitis[34][49]
Neonatal pneumonia[34][49]
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)[34][49]
Urethritis[34][49]
Pelvic inflammatory disease[34][49]
Epididymitis[34][49]
Prostatitis[34][49]
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)[34][49]

Erythromycin[34][49]
(adults)[49] Doxycycline[34][49]
(infants and pregnant women)[49]

Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes[34]
Safe sex[34]
Abstinence[34]

Chlamydophila psittaci | Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots)  | Psittacosis, mainly atypical pneumonia |

Tetracycline[34]
Doxycycline[34]
Erythromycin[34]

| \-
Clostridium | C. botulinum | Spores from soil,[34][49] persevere in canned food, smoked fish and honey[49] |

Botulism: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysis[49]

Antitoxin[34][49]
Penicillin[49]
Hyperbaric oxygen[49]
Mechanical ventilation[49]

Proper food preservation techniques

C. difficile |

Gut flora,[34][49] overgrowing when other flora is depleted[34]

Pseudomembranous colitis[34][49]

Discontinuing responsible antibiotic[34][49]
Vancomycin or metronidazole if severe[34][49]

| Fecal bacteriotherapy
C. perfringens |

Spores in soil[34][49]
Vaginal flora and gut flora[34]

Anaerobic cellulitis[34][49]
Gas gangrene[34][49] Acute food poisoning[34][49]

| Gas gangrene:

Debridement or amputation[34][49]
Hyperbaric medicine[34][49]
High doses of doxycycline[34] or penicillin G[34][49] and clindamycin[49]
Food poisoning: Supportive care is sufficient[34]

| Appropriate food handling[34]
C. tetani |

Spores in soil, skin penetration through wounds[34][49]

Tetanus: muscle spasms[61]

Tetanus immune globulin[34][49] Sedatives[34]
Muscle relaxants[34]
Mechanical ventilation[34][49]
Penicillin or metronidazole[49]

Tetanus vaccine (such as in the DPT vaccine)[34]

Corynebacterium diphtheriae |

respiratory droplets
part of human flora

Diphtheria: Fever, sore throat and neck swelling, potentially narrowing airways.[62]

Horse serum antitoxin
Erythromycin
Penicillin

DPT vaccine

Ehrlichia | E. canis[49]

E. chaffeensis[49]

| Dog tick[49] | Ehrlichiosis:[49] headache, muscle aches, and fatigue |

* doxycycline[49]
* rifampin[49]

Enterococcus | E. faecalis

E. faecium

Part of gut flora,[49] opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds[34]

Bacterial endocarditis,[49] biliary tract infections,[49] urinary tract infections[49]

Ampicillin (combined with aminoglycoside in endocarditis)[49] Vancomycin[34]

No vaccine Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention

Escherichia | E. coli (generally)  |

* Gut flora,[34][49] and in urinary tract[49]
* Spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract[34]

* Diarrhea[34][49]
* Urinary tract infections (UTI)[34][49]
* Meningitis in infants[34][49]
* Hospital-acquired pneumonia[49]
* Hospital-acquired sepsis[49]

| UTI:[34]

(resistance-tests are required first)

* Co-trimoxazole
* Fluoroquinolone, e.g. ciprofloxacin

Meningitis:[34]

* Cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime) and gentamicin combination

Diarrhea:[34]

* Antibiotics above shorten duration
* Electrolyte and fluid replacement

| (no vaccine or preventive drug)[34]

* Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7[34]
* Hand washing and disinfection[34]

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)  |

* Fecal–oral[49] through food and water[34]
* Direct physical contact[34]

* Traveller's diarrhea[34][49]

Enteropathogenic E. coli |

* Vertical, in utero or at birth[34]

* Diarrhea in infants[34]

Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) |

* Fecal–oral[63]

* bloody diarrhea and fever[49]

Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), including E. coli O157:H7 |

* Reservoir in cattle[34]

* bloody diarrhea[34][49]
* Hemolytic-uremic syndrome[34][49]

Francisella tularensis |

* vector-borne by arthropods[34]
* Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets[34]

| Tularemia: Fever, ulceration at entry site and/or lymphadenopathy.[64] Can cause severe pneumonia.[64] |

* Streptomycin[34]
* Gentamicin[34]

* Avoiding insect vectors[34]
* Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products[34]

Haemophilus influenzae |

* Droplet contact[34]
* Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract[34]

* Bacterial meningitis[34][49]
* Upper respiratory tract infections[34][49]
* Pneumonia,[34][49] bronchitis[34]
* Septic arthritis in infants[49]

| Meningitis:[34]

(resistance-tests are required first)

* Third generation cephalosporin, e.g. cefotaxime or ceftriaxone[34]
* Ampicillin and sulbactam combination[34]

* Hib vaccine to infants[34][49]
* Rifampin prophylactically[34]

Helicobacter pylori |

* Colonizing stomach[34]
* Unclear person-to-person transmission[34]

* Peptic ulcer[34][49]
* Chronic gastritis[49]
* Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma[34]

* Tetracycline, metronidazole and bismuth salt combination[34]

| (No vaccine or preventive drug)[34]
Klebsiella pneumoniae |

* Mouth, skin, and gut flora.[65]
* Pneumonia upon aspiration

* Klebsiella pneumonia, with significant lung necrosis and hemoptysis[49]
* Hospital-acquired urinary tract infection and sepsis[49]

* 3rd generation cephalosporin[49]
* ciprofloxacin[49]

* hand hygiene.[66]

Legionella pneumophila |

* Droplet contact, from e.g. cooling towers,[34][49] humidifiers,[34] air conditioners[34][49] and water distribution systems[34]

* Legionnaire's Disease[34][49]
* Pontiac fever[34][49]

* Macrolides, such as erythromycin[34][49]
* Fluoroquinolones[34]
* Rifampin[49]

| (no vaccine or preventive drug)[34]

Heating water[34]

Leptospira species  |

* Food and water contaminated by urine from infected wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in fresh water and moist soil.[34]

* Leptospirosis: Headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; possible jaundice, kidney failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, and meningitis.[67][68]

* Doxycycline for mild cases[69]
* Intravenous penicillin for severe cases[69]

| Vaccine not widely used[34]

* Doxycycline[34]

Prevention of exposure[34]

* Rodent control[34]

Listeria monocytogenes |

* Raw milk or cheese,[34][49] ground meats,[34] poultry[34]
* Vertically to newborn or fetus[34][49]

* Listeriosis:[34]

* Meningitis[49]
* Sepsis[49]

* Ampicillin[34][49]
* Co-trimoxazole[34][49]

| (no vaccine)[34]

* Proper food preparation and handling[34]

Mycobacterium | M. leprae |

* Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person[34]

* Leprosy (Hansen's disease):[34] granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes.[70]

| Tuberculoid form:

* Dapsone and rifampin[34]

Lepromatous form:

* Clofazimine[34]

* BCG vaccine shows some effects[34]

M. tuberculosis |

* Droplet contact[34]

* Tuberculosis: chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss[71]

(difficult, see Tuberculosis treatment for more details)[34]

Standard "short" course:[34]

* First 2 months, combination:
* Isoniazid
* Rifampicin
* Pyrazinamide
* Ethambutol
* Further 4 months, combination:
* Isoniazid
* Rifampicin

* BCG vaccine
* Isoniazid

Mycoplasma pneumoniae |

* Human flora[34][49]
* Respiratory droplets[34][49]

* Mycoplasma pneumonia[34]

* Doxycycline and erythromycin[34][49]

Neisseria | N. gonorrhoeae |

* Sexually transmitted[34][49]
* vertical in birth[34]

* Gonorrhea[34][49]

* Urethritis (men)[49]
* Pelvic inflammatory disease (women)[49]

* Ophthalmia neonatorum[34][49]
* Septic arthritis[34][49]

| Uncomplicated gonorrhea:[34]

* Ceftriaxone[49]
* Tetracycline, e.g. doxycycline if also chlamydia is suspected[49]
* Spectinomycin for resistance[34][49] or patient allergy to cephalosporin[34]

Ophthalmia neonatorum:

* Erythromycin[34][49] \+ ceftriaxone[49]

| (No vaccine)[34]

* Safe sex[34]
* Erythromycin into eyes of newborn at risk[34][49]

N. meningitidis |

* Droplet transmission[34]

* Meningococcal disease including meningitis[34][49]
* Sepsis, including Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome[34][49]

* Penicillin G[34][49]
* Ceftriaxone[34][49]

* NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 vaccine[34][49]
* Rifampin[34][49]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Opportunistic;[49] Infects damaged tissues or people with immunodeficiency.[34] | Pseudomonas infection:[34]

* Pneumonia[34][49]
* Urinary tract infection[34][49]
* Corneal infection[34][49]
* Endocarditis[34][49]
* Osteomyelitis[34][49]
* Burn wound infection[49]
* Sepsis[34][49]
* Malignant external otitis[49]

* Anti-pseudomonal penicillins[34] such as ticarcillin[49]
* Aminoglycoside[34]

| (no vaccine)[34]

* Topical silver sulfadiazine for burn wounds[34]

Nocardia asteroides | In soil[49] | Nocardiosis:[49] Pneumonia, endocarditis, keratitis, neurological or lymphocutaneous infection  | TMP/SMX[49] |
Rickettsia rickettsii |

* Wood or dog tick[34][49]

* Rocky mountain spotted fever[34][49]

* Doxycycline[34][49]
* Chloramphenicol[34][49]

| (no preventive drug or approved vaccine)[34]

* Vector control, such as clothing[34]
* Prompt removal of attached ticks[34]

Salmonella | S typhi |

* Fecal–oral route, through food or water[34][49]

* Typhoid fever type salmonellosis[34] (fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, rose spots)[49]
* Chronic carrier state[49]

* Ceftriaxone[34][49]
* Fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin[34][49]

* Ty21a and ViCPS vaccines[34]
* Hygiene and food preparation[34]

Other Salmonella species

e.g. S. typhimurium[34]

* Fecal–oral[34]
* Food contaminated by fowl[34] (e.g. uncooked eggs)[49] or turtles[49]

* Salmonellosis[34] with gastroenteritis[34][49]
* Paratyphoid fever[49]
* Osteomyelitis in people with sickle cells[49]
* Sepsis[49]

* Fluid and electrolyte replacement for diarrhea[34][49]
* Antibiotics (in neonates[49] and immuno-compromised[34][49]):

* Ciprofloxacin[49]
* Ceftriaxone[49]
* TMP/SMX[49]
* Azithromycin[49]

| (No vaccine or preventive drug)[34]

* Proper sewage disposal[34]
* Food preparation[34]
* Good personal hygiene[34]

Shigella | S. sonnei[34]

S. dysenteriae[49]

* Fecal–oral[34][49]

* Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)

* Fluid and electrolyte replacement[49]
* Fluoroquinolone[49] such as ciprofloxacin[34] if severe[49]

* Protection of water and food supplies[34]
* Vaccines are in trial stage[72]

Staphylococcus | aureus |

* Human flora on mucosae in e.g. anterior nares, skin and vagina,[34][49] entering through wound

| Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections:

* Skin infections, including impetigo[34][49]
* Acute infective endocarditis[34][49]
* Septis[34]
* Necrotizing pneumonia[34]
* Meningitis[49]
* Osteomyelitis[49]
* Toxinoses
* Scalded skin syndrome[34][49]
* Toxic shock syndrome[34][49]
* Staphylococcal food poisoning[34][49]

* Incision and drainage of localized lesions[34]
* Nafcillin,[34][49] oxacillin,[34] methicillin[49]
* Vancomycin for Methicillin-resistant (MRSA)[34]

| (no vaccine or preventive drug)

* Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite disinfection in hospitals

epidermidis | Human flora in skin,[34][49] anterior nares[34] and mucous membranes[49] |

* Infections of implanted prostheses (e.g. heart valves[34] and joints[49]) and catheters[34][49]

* Vancomycin[34][49]

| None[34]
saprophyticus | Part of normal vaginal flora[34] |

* Cystitis in women[34][49]

* TMP/SMX or norfloxacin[73]

| None[34]
Streptococcus | agalactiae | Human flora in vagina,[34][49] urethral mucous membranes,[34] rectum[34]

* Vertically during childbirth[34]
* Sexually[34]

* Neonatal meningitis[34][49]
* Neonatal sepsis[34][49]
* Neonatal pneumonia[49]
* Endometritis in postpartum women[34]
* Opportunistic infections with sepsis and pneumonia[34]

* Penicillin G[34][49]
* Aminoglycoside in case of lethal infection[34]

| None[34]
pneumoniae |

* Respiratory droplets
* Human flora in nasopharynx[49] (spreading in immunocompromised)[34]

* Acute bacterial pneumonia & meningitis in adults[34][49]
* Otitis media and sinusitis in children[34][49]
* Sepsis[49]

* Penicillin G[34][49]

* 23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV)[34][49]
* Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV)[34]

pyogenes |

* Respiratory droplets[34]
* Direct physical contact with impetigo lesions[34]

* Streptococcal pharyngitis[34][49]
* Sepsis[49]
* Scarlet fever[34][49]
* Rheumatic fever[34][49]
* Impetigo and erysipelas[34][49]
* Puerperal fever[34]
* Necrotizing fasciitis[34]
* Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis[49]

* Penicillin G[34][49] or V[49]
* Macrolide, e.g. clarithromycin[34] or erythromycin[49] in penicillin allergy
* Drainage and debridement for necrotizing fasciitis[34]

| No vaccine[34]

* Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever[34]

viridans | Oral flora,[49] penetration through abrasions  |

* Subacute bacterial endocarditis[49]
* Dental cavities[49]
* Abscesses of brain and liver[49]

| Penicillin G[49] |
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum |

* Sexual[34][49]
* Vertical (from mother to fetus)[34]

* Syphilis:[34][49] First a chancre, (a painless skin ulceration), then diffuse rash.[74] Later: gummas (soft growths), neurological, or heart symptoms.[75]
* Congenital syphilis[34][49]

* Penicillin G[34][49]
* Doxycycline if penicillin allergy[34][49]

* Penicillin offered to recent sexual partners[76]
* Antibiotics to pregnant women if risk of transmitting to child[34]
* No vaccine available[34]
* Safe sex[34]

Vibrio cholerae |

* Fecal–oral route[49]
* Contaminated water and raw seafood[34]

* Cholera: Severe "rice water" diarrhea[49]

* Fluid[49] and electrolyte replacement[34]
* Doxycycline[34][49]

* Proper sanitation[34]
* Adequate food preparation[34]

Yersinia pestis |

* Fleas from animals[34][77]
* Ingestion of animal tissues[34]
* Respiratory droplets[34]

| Plague:

* Bubonic plague
* Pneumonic plague

* Streptomycin primarily[34][78][79]
* Tetracyclin[34][80]
* Supportive therapy for shock[34]

* Plague vaccine[81]
* Minimize exposure to rodents and fleas[34]

## Genetic transformation

[edit]

Of the 59 species listed in the table with their clinical characteristics, 11 species (or 19%) are known to be capable of natural genetic transformation.[82] Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for transferring DNA from one cell to another. This process includes the uptake of exogenous DNA from a donor cell by a recipient cell and its incorporation into the recipient cell's genome by recombination. Transformation appears to be an adaptation for repairing damage in the recipient cell's DNA. Among pathogenic bacteria, transformation capability likely serves as an adaptation that facilitates survival and infectivity.[82] The pathogenic bacteria able to carry out natural genetic transformation (of those listed in the table) are Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae.[citation needed]

## See also

[edit]

* Human microbiome project
* List of antibiotics
* Pathogenic viruses

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Relapsing fever can also be caused by the following Borrelia species: B. crocidurae, B. duttonii, B. hermsii, B. hispanica, B. miyamotoi, B. persica, B. turicatae and B. venezuelensis.
\- Barbour, Alan G. (2017). "Relapsing Fever". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 678–687\. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.

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## External links

[edit]

Classification|

* MeSH: D001424

|

* Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D. at A.T. Still University
* Pathogenic bacteria genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID

* v
* t
* e

Infectious disease and microbiology

Disciplines and pathogens|

* Bacteriology
* bacteria
* Virology
* viruses
* prions
* Mycology
* fungi
* Parasitology
* protozoa
* helminths
* Entomology
* ectoparasites

* v
* t
* e

* Bacillota (low-G+C) Infectious diseases
* Bacterial diseases: G+

Bacilli|

| Lactobacillales
(Cat-)|

| Streptococcus|

| α|

| optochin susceptible|

* S. pneumoniae
* Pneumococcal infection

|

optochin resistant|

* Viridans streptococci: S. mitis
* S. mutans
* S. oralis
* S. sanguinis
* S. sobrinus
* S. anginosus group

| A|

* bacitracin susceptible: S. pyogenes
* Group A streptococcal infection
* Streptococcal pharyngitis
* Scarlet fever
* Erysipelas
* Rheumatic fever

|

* bacitracin resistant, CAMP test+: S. agalactiae
* Group B streptococcal infection

ungrouped|

* Streptococcus iniae
* Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection

* D
* BEA+: Streptococcus bovis

Enterococcus|

* BEA+: Enterococcus faecalis
* Urinary tract infection
* Enterococcus faecium

Bacillales
(Cat+)|

| Staphylococcus|

| Cg+|

* S. aureus
* Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
* Toxic shock syndrome
* MRSA

|

Cg-|

* novobiocin susceptible
* S. epidermidis
* novobiocin resistant
* S. saprophyticus

Bacillus|

* Bacillus anthracis
* Anthrax
* Bacillus cereus
* Food poisoning

Listeria|

* Listeria monocytogenes
* Listeriosis

Clostridia|

| Clostridium (spore-forming)|

| motile:|

* Clostridium botulinum
* Botulism
* Clostridium tetani
* Tetanus

|

nonmotile:|

* Clostridium perfringens
* Gas gangrene
* Clostridial necrotizing enteritis

Clostridioides (spore-forming)|

* Clostridioides difficile [Clostridium difficile]
* Pseudomembranous colitis

Finegoldia (non-spore forming)|

* Finegoldia magna

Mollicutes|

| Mycoplasmataceae|

* Ureaplasma urealyticum
* Ureaplasma infection
* Mycoplasma genitalium
* Mycoplasma pneumoniae
* Mycoplasma pneumonia

|

Anaeroplasmatales|

* Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
* Erysipeloid

* v
* t
* e

Gram-positive bacterial infection: Actinomycetota

Actinomycineae|

| Actinomycetaceae|

* Actinomyces israelii
* Actinomycosis
* Cutaneous actinomycosis
* "Tropheryma whipplei"
* Whipple's disease
* Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
* Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
* Actinomyces gerencseriae

|

Propionibacteriaceae|

* Propionibacterium acnes

Corynebacterineae|

| Mycobacteriaceae|

| M. tuberculosis/
M. bovis|

* Tuberculosis: Ghon focus/Ghon's complex
* Pott disease
* brain
* Meningitis
* Rich focus
* Tuberculous lymphadenitis
* Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
* cutaneous
* Scrofuloderma
* Erythema induratum
* Lupus vulgaris
* Prosector's wart
* Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
* Tuberculous cellulitis
* Tuberculous gumma
* Lichen scrofulosorum
* Tuberculid
* Papulonecrotic tuberculid
* Primary inoculation tuberculosis
* Miliary
* Tuberculous pericarditis
* Urogenital tuberculosis
* Tuberculous dactylitis
* Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
* Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis

|

M. leprae|

* Leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy
* Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
* Borderline leprosy
* Borderline lepromatous leprosy
* Lepromatous leprosy
* Histoid leprosy

Nontuberculous|

| R1:|

* M. kansasii
* M. marinum
* Aquarium granuloma

|

R2:|

* M. gordonae

R3:|

* M. avium complex/Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracellulare/MAP
* MAI infection
* M. ulcerans
* Buruli ulcer
* M. haemophilum

R4/RG:|

* M. fortuitum
* M. chelonae
* M. abscessus

Nocardiaceae|

* Nocardia asteroides/Nocardia brasiliensis/Nocardia farcinica
* Nocardiosis
* Rhodococcus equi

Corynebacteriaceae|

* Corynebacterium diphtheriae
* Diphtheria
* Corynebacterium minutissimum
* Erythrasma
* Corynebacterium jeikeium
* Group JK corynebacterium sepsis

Bifidobacteriaceae|

* Gardnerella vaginalis

* v
* t
* e

Pseudomonadota-associated Gram-negative bacterial infections

| Rickettsiales|

| Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)|

| Typhus|

* Rickettsia typhi
* Murine typhus
* Rickettsia prowazekii
* Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus

|

Spotted
fever|

| Tick-borne|

* Rickettsia rickettsii
* Rocky Mountain spotted fever
* Rickettsia conorii
* Boutonneuse fever
* Rickettsia japonica
* Japanese spotted fever
* Rickettsia sibirica
* North Asian tick typhus
* Rickettsia australis
* Queensland tick typhus
* Rickettsia honei
* Flinders Island spotted fever
* Rickettsia africae
* African tick bite fever
* Rickettsia parkeri
* American tick bite fever
* Rickettsia aeschlimannii
* Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection

|

Mite-borne|

* Rickettsia akari
* Rickettsialpox
* Orientia tsutsugamushi
* Scrub typhus

Flea-borne|

* Rickettsia felis
* Flea-borne spotted fever

Anaplasmataceae|

* Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
* Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
* Ehrlichia chaffeensis
* Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
* Ehrlichia ewingii
* Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection

Hyphomicrobiales|

| Brucellaceae|

* Brucella abortus
* Brucellosis

|

Bartonellaceae|

* Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
* Cat-scratch disease
* Bartonella quintana
* Trench fever
* Either B. henselae or B. quintana
* Bacillary angiomatosis
* Bartonella bacilliformis
* Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana

| Neisseriales|

| M+|

* Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
* Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia

|

M−|

* Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
* Gonorrhea

ungrouped:|

* Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
* HACEK
* Chromobacterium violaceum
* Chromobacteriosis infection

Burkholderiales|

* Burkholderia pseudomallei
* Melioidosis
* Burkholderia mallei
* Glanders
* Burkholderia cepacia complex
* Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
* Pertussis

| Enterobacteriales
(OX−)|

| Lac+|

* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Rhinoscleroma, Pneumonia
* Klebsiella granulomatis
* Granuloma inguinale
* Klebsiella oxytoca

* Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
* Enteroinvasive
* Enterohemorrhagic
* O157:H7
* O104:H4
* Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

* Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae

|

Slow/weak|

* Serratia marcescens
* Serratia infection
* Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii

Lac−|

| H2S+|

* Salmonella enterica
* Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis

|

H2S−|

* Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii
* Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
* Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
* Yersinia pestis
* Plague/Bubonic plague
* Yersinia enterocolitica
* Yersiniosis
* Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
* Far East scarlet-like fever

Pasteurellales|

| Haemophilus:|

* H. influenzae
* Haemophilus meningitis
* Brazilian purpuric fever
* H. ducreyi
* Chancroid
* H. parainfluenzae
* HACEK

|

Pasteurella multocida|

* Pasteurellosis
* Actinobacillus
* Actinobacillosis

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans|

* HACEK

Legionellales|

* Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
* Legionnaires' disease
* Coxiella burnetii
* Q fever

Thiotrichales|

* Francisella tularensis
* Tularemia

Vibrionaceae|

* Vibrio cholerae
* Cholera
* Vibrio vulnificus
* Vibrio parahaemolyticus
* Vibrio alginolyticus
* Plesiomonas shigelloides

Pseudomonadales|

* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Pseudomonas infection
* Moraxella catarrhalis
* Acinetobacter baumannii

Xanthomonadaceae|

* Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Cardiobacteriaceae|

* Cardiobacterium hominis
* HACEK

Aeromonadales|

* Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
* Aeromonas infection

| Campylobacterales|

* Campylobacter jejuni
* Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
* Helicobacter pylori
* Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
* Helicobacter cinaedi
* Helicobacter cellulitis

|

* v
* t
* e

Bacterial diseases due to gram negative non-proteobacteria (BV4)

Spirochaetota|

| Spirochaetaceae|

| Treponema|

* Treponema pallidum
* Syphilis/bejel
* Yaws
* Treponema carateum (Pinta)
* Treponema denticola

|

Borrelia|

* Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii
* Lyme disease
* Erythema migrans
* Neuroborreliosis

* Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever)
* Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri (Tick borne relapsing fever)

Leptospiraceae|

| Leptospira|

* Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)

|

Chlamydiota|

| Chlamydia|

* Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis)
* Chlamydia pneumoniae

* Chlamydia trachomatis
* Chlamydia
* Lymphogranuloma venereum
* Trachoma

|

Bacteroidota|

* Bacteroides fragilis
* Tannerella forsythia
* Capnocytophaga canimorsus
* Porphyromonas gingivalis
* Prevotella intermedia

Fusobacteriota|

* Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome)
* Fusobacterium nucleatum
* Fusobacterium polymorphum

* Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)

Authority control databases: National |

* Czech Republic

|

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