Peace of Amasya

1555 treaty between Safavid Iran and the Ottoman Empire

Peace of Amasya
1555

The 1555 Peace Treaty of Amasya was made between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

Suleiman's conquests in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55) gave him access to the Persian Gulf and established a stable eastern border for the Ottoman Empire.

The Peace of Amasya (Persian: پیمان آماسیه ("Peymān-e Amasiyeh"); Turkish: Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on May 29, 1555, between Shah Tahmasp I of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555.

## Overview

[edit]

The treaty defined the border between Iran and the Ottoman Empire and was followed by twenty years of peace. By this treaty, Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the two, with Western Armenia and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) falling in Ottoman hands while Eastern Armenia and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands.[1] The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan.[2][3][4] The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf.

Several buffer zones were established as well throughout Eastern Anatolia, such as in Erzurum, Shahrizor, and Van.[5] Kars was declared neutral, and its existing fortress was destroyed.[6][7]

The Ottomans, further, guaranteed access for Persian pilgrims to go to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina as well as to the Shia holy sites of pilgrimages in Iraq.[8]

The decisive parting of the Caucasus and the irrevocable ceding of Mesopotamia to the Ottomans happened per the next major peace treaty known as the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639 CE/AD.[9]

Another term of the treaty was that the Safavids were required to end the ritual cursing of the first three Rashidun Caliphs,[10] Aisha and other Sahaba (companions of Muhammad) — all held in high esteem by Sunnis. This condition was a common demand of Ottoman-Safavid treaties,[11] and in this case was considered humiliating for Tahmasp.[12]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-1442241466.
2. ^ The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
3. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011 ISBN 1598843362 p 698
4. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.
5. ^ Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20\. ISBN 978-1107245082.
6. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011 ISBN 1598843362 p 698
7. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-1442241466.
8. ^ Shaw, Stanford J. (1976), History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1, p. 109. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29163-1
9. ^ Феодальный строй Archived 2009-04-26 at the Wayback Machine, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
10. ^ Andrew J Newman (11 Apr 2012). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. p. 46\. ISBN 9780857716613.
11. ^ Suraiya Faroqhi (3 Mar 2006). The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (illustrated, reprint ed.). I.B.Tauris. pp. 36, 185. ISBN 9781845111229.
12. ^ Bengio, Ofra; Litvak, Meir, eds. (8 Nov 2011). The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60\. ISBN 9780230370739.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Atçıl, Zahit (2019). "Warfare as a Tool of Diplomacy: Background of the First Ottoman-Safavid Treaty in 1555". Turkish Historical Review. 10 (1): 3–24\. doi:10.1163/18775462-01001006. S2CID 198615063.3-24&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/18775462-01001006&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198615063#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Atçıl&rft.aufirst=Zahit&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Peace+of+Amasya" class="Z3988">
* Allouche, Adel (2015). "Amasya, Treaty of". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
* Köhbach, M. (1989). "AMASYA, PEACE OF". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9. p. 928.
* McLachlan, Keith (2000). "BOUNDARIES i. With the Ottoman Empire". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 401–403.401-403&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McLachlan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/boundaries-i&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Peace+of+Amasya" class="Z3988">

* v
* t
* e

Treaties of the Ottoman Empire

Rise (1299–1453)|

* Gallipoli (1403)
* Selymbria (1411)
* Venice (1419)
* Szeged (1444)

Classical Age (1453–1566)|

* Constantinople (1454)
* Constantinople (1479)
* Constantinople (1533)
* Franco-Ottoman (1536)
* Adrianople (1547)
* Amasya (1555)
* Constantinople (1562)

Transformation (1566–1703)|

* Adrianople (1568)
* Constantinople (1590)
* Zitvatorok (1606)
* Nasuh Pasha (1612)
* Busza (1617)
* Serav (1618)
* Khotin (1621)
* Zuhab (1639)
* Vasvár (1664)
* Buczacz (1672)
* Żurawno (1676)
* Bakhchisaray (1681)
* Karlowitz (1699)
* Constantinople (1700)

Old Regime (1703–1789)|

* Pruth (1711)
* Passarowitz (1718)
* Constantinople (1724)
* Ahmet Pasha (1732)
* Constantinople (1736)
* Belgrade (1739)
* Niş (1739)
* Kerden (1746)
* Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
* Aynalıkavak (1779)

Modernization (1789–1908)|

* Sistova (1791)
* Jassy (1792)
* Tripoli (1796)
* Tunis (1797)
* El Arish (1800)
* Constantinople (1800)
* Paris (1802)
* Çanak (1809)
* Bucharest (1812)
* Algiers (1815)
* Erzurum (1823)
* Akkerman (1826)
* Adrianople (1829)
* Constantinople (1832)
* Hünkar İskelesi (1833)
* Kütahya (1833)
* Balta Liman (1838)
* London (1840)
* London (1841)
* Erzurum (1847)
* Paris (1856)
* Scutari (1862)
* San Stefano (1878)
* Cyprus (1878)
* Berlin (1878)
* Halepa (1878)
* Constantinople (1881)
* Tophane (1886)
* Constantinople (1888)
* Brussels Conference Act (1890)
* Constantinople (1897)

Fall (1908–1922)|

* Daan (1911)
* Ouchy (1912)
* London (1913)
* Constantinople (1913)
* Athens (1913)
* Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)
* Armenian reforms (1914)
* Sofia (1915)
* Erzincan (1917)
* Brest-Litovsk (1918)
* Trebizond (1918)
* Bucharest (1918)
* Batum (1918)
* Mudros (1918)
* Sèvres (1920)

* Turkey portal
* Treaties of Turkey

* v
* t
* e

Amasya District

Municipalities|

* Amasya
* Ziyaret

Villages|

* Abacı
* Aksalur
* Aktaş
* Akyazı
* Alakadı
* Albayrak
* Ardıçlar
* Avşar
* Aydınca
* Aydınlık
* Aydoğdu
* Bağlarüstü
* Bağlıca
* Bayat
* Beke
* Beldağı
* Boğaköy
* Böke
* Bulduklu
* Çatalçam
* Çavuşköy
* Çengelkayı
* Çiğdemlik
* Çivi
* Dadıköy
* Damudere
* Değirmendere
* Direkli
* Doğantepe
* Duruca
* Eliktekke
* Ermiş
* Eskikızılca
* Ezinepazar
* Gerne
* Gökdere
* Gözlek
* Halifeli
* Hasabdal
* İbecik
* İlgazi
* İlyas
* İpekköy
* Kaleboğazı
* Kaleköy
* Kapıkaya
* Karaali
* Karaçavuş
* Karaibrahim
* Karakese
* Karaköprü
* Karataş
* Karsan
* Kayabaşı
* Kayacık
* Kayrak
* Keçili
* Keşlik
* Kızılca
* Kızılkışlacık
* Kızoğlu
* Kızseki
* Köyceğiz
* Küçükkızılca
* Kutu
* Kuzgeçe
* Mahmatlar
* Meşeliçiftliği
* Musaköy
* Oluz
* Ormanözü
* Ortaköy
* Ovasaray
* Özfındıklı
* Saraycık
* Sarayözü
* Sarıalan
* Sarıkız
* Sarımeşe
* Sarıyar
* Sazköy
* Sevincer
* Şeyhsadi
* Sıracevizler
* Soma
* Tatar
* Tuzsuz
* Ümük
* Uygur
* Yağcıabdal
* Yağmur
* Yassıçal
* Yavru
* Yeşildere
* Yeşilöz
* Yıkılgan
* Yıldızköy
* Yolyanı
* Yuvacık
* Yuvaköy

Landmarks|

* Amasya University
* Archaeological Museum of Amasya
* Bayezid II Mosque
* Burmali Minare Mosque
* Büyük Aga Medrese
* Farhad and Shirin Monument
* Harsene Kalesi
* İstasyon Bridge
* Seljuk Burmali Mosque
* Tombs of the kings of Pontus

History|

* Amasya Circular
* Amasya Protocol
* Amasya trials
* Central Army
* Peace of Amasya

Notable people|

* Strabo
* Amirdovlat Amasiatsi

Authority control databases |

* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template