Peking (ship)

Steel-hulled four-masted barque

Not to be confused with the iron steamship SS City of Peking built in 1874.

53°50′24″N 9°24′5″E﻿ / ﻿53.84000°N 9.40139°E﻿ / 53.84000; 9.40139

Peking

Peking

History
German Empire
Name| Peking
Namesake| City of Beijing
Owner| F. Laeisz
Route| Europe–Chile
Builder| Blohm & Voss, Steinwerder, Hamburg
Yard number| 205[1]
Launched| 25 February 1911[1]
Completed| May 1911[1]
Out of service| 1920
Notes| Interned at Valparaiso 1914–1920,[1] then to Italy as war reparations
Kingdom of Italy
In service| 1920
Out of service| 1923
Weimar Republic
Name| Peking
Operator| F. Laeisz
Route| Europe–Chile
Acquired| 1923
Out of service| 1932
United Kingdom
Name| Arethusa
Owner| Shaftesbury Homes
In service| 1932–1940, 1945–1975
Out of service| 1975
Homeport| Upnor, Medway
United Kingdom
Name| HMS Pekin
Operator| Royal Navy
Commissioned| 1940
Decommissioned| 1945
United States
Name| Peking
Owner| South Street Seaport Museum
Acquired| 1975
Out of service| 2017
Homeport| New York City
Status| Museum ship
Germany
Name| Peking
Owner| German Port Museum
Acquired| 2017
In service| 2020
Homeport| Hamburg
Status| Museum ship
General characteristics
Class and type| Flying P-Liner
Displacement| 3,100 long tons (3,150 t)
Length|

* 377 ft 6 in (115.06 m) sparred length
* 320 ft (98 m) length on deck

Beam| 45 ft 7 in (13.89 m)
Height| 170 ft 6 in (51.97 m)
Draft| 16 ft (4.9 m)
Sail plan| 44,132 sq ft (4,100.0 m2) sail area

Peking is a steel-hulled four-masted barque. A so-called Flying P-Liner of the German company F. Laeisz, it was one of the last generation of cargo-carrying iron-hulled sailing ships used in the nitrate trade and wheat trade around Cape Horn.

## History

[edit]

### Nitrate trade

[edit]

Peking was launched in February 1911 and left Hamburg for her maiden voyage to Valparaiso in May of the same year. After the outbreak of World War I she was interned at Valparaiso and remained in Chile for the duration of the war. Awarded to the Kingdom of Italy as war reparations, she was sold back to her original owners, the Laeisz brothers, in January 1923. She remained in the nitrate trade until traffic through the Panama Canal proved quicker and more economical.

### Arethusa II

[edit]

In 1932, she was sold for £6,250 to Shaftesbury Homes. She was first towed to Greenhithe, renamed Arethusa II and moored alongside the existing Arethusa I. In July 1933, she was moved to a new permanent mooring off Upnor on the River Medway, where she served as a children's home and training school. She was officially "opened" by Prince George on 25 July 1933. During World War II she served in the Royal Navy as HMS Pekin.

### Museum ship in New York

[edit]

Arethusa II was retired in 1974 and sold to Jack Aron as Peking, for the South Street Seaport Museum in New York City, where she remained for the next four decades. However, the Seaport NYC did not see Peking as part of its long-term operational plans, and was planning to send the vessel to the scrap yard. A 2012 offer to return the ship to Hamburg, where she was originally built, as a gift from the city of New York, was contingent upon raising an endowment in Germany to ensure the preservation of the vessel.[2]

### Return to Germany

[edit]

In November 2015 the Maritim Foundation purchased the ship for US$100\. Peking is intended to become part of the German Port Museum (Deutsches Hafenmuseum) at Schuppen 52 in Hamburg for which €120 million of federal funds would be provided.[3][2] She was taken to Caddell Drydock, Staten Island, on 7 September 2016, to spend the winter.[4] On 14 July 2017 she was loaded on the deck of the semi-submersible heavy-lift ship Combi Dock III for transport across the Atlantic,[5] at a cost of some €1 million, arriving at Brunsbüttel on 30 July 2017.

### Refurbishment in Germany

[edit]

On 2 August 2017 she was transferred to Peters Werft, located at Wewelsfleth, for a three-year refurbishment at a cost of €38 million.[3] The restoration included review of rigging, double floor steel plates, dismounting and remount of all masts, docking in dry dock, renewal of the steel structure, removal of the cement that filled the lower three and a half metres (11 ft) of the hull, painting, woodwork and overall refurbishment. The ship twice spent about two years in dry dock. Peking was refloated on 7 September 2018 with a primer-painted hull. Teak was reinstalled on deck. The ship was transferred on 7 September 2020 to the German Port Museum.[6][7]

## In popular culture

[edit]

* "Around the Wild Cape Horn" from Ralph McTell's album Somewhere Down the Road is about Peking.
* Tom Lewis's song "Peking" on the album Mixed Cargo is about Peking.
* The ship was the setting for the 1965 Margaret Rutherford film Murder Ahoy as "HMS Battledore".
* The ship is mentioned in Eltons John biography as place of after gig party where Elton met John Lennon

## See also

[edit]

* Padua – still active as a sail training ship under Russian flag as Kruzenshtern. Unique among them in having been motorised.
* Pamir – lost 1957 in the Atlantic
* Passat – museum ship in Germany, and sister ship to Peking
* Pommern – museum ship in Finland
* Other preserved barques
* Falls of Clyde
* Glenlee – museum ship in Glasgow
* Balclutha
* Star of India
* Moshulu
* James Craig
* Elissa
* Sigyn – the last wooden barque in original configuration

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Haworth, R B. "Peking". Wellington NZ: Miramar. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
2. ^ a b "Maritim Museum". Stiftung Hamburg Maritim. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
3. ^ a b Sailing Ship veteran's three-year restoration
4. ^ How this departing South Street Seaport Gem survived the Storm of the Century (New York Post, 5 September 2016).
5. ^ "Tall Ship Peking Loaded Whole into a Larger Vessel | Waterfront Alliance". 21 July 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
6. ^ "Peking" im Dock: Arbeit fängt jetzt richtig an
7. ^ Peking in Hamburg

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Johnson, Irving. Round the Horn in a Square Rigger (Milton Bradley, 1932) (reprinted as The Peking Battles Cape Horn (Sea History Press, 1977 ISBN 0-930248-02-3)
* Johnson, Irving. Around Cape Horn (film) (Mystic Seaport, 1985) (from original 16 mm footage shot by Irving Johnson, 1929)

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peking (ship, 1911).

* The History of Shaftesbury Homes and the Arethusa, giving details of the purchase of the Pekin/Peking
* Around Cape Horn in the Peking, by Captain Irving Johnson, 1929

* v
* t
* e

Ships of F. Laeisz

Five-masted barques|

* Potosi
* Preußen

Four-masted barques|

* Padua
* Pamir
* Passat
* Parma
* Peking
* Pisagua
* Placilla
* Pommern
* Ponape
* Priwall

* v
* t
* e

Blohm+Voss

Warships of World War I|

* SMS Scharnhorst
* SMS Von der Tann
* SMS Goeben
* SMS Moltke
* SMS Seydlitz
* SMS Derfflinger

Warships of World War II|

* Admiral Hipper
* Bismarck
* Type VII, Type XVII, Type XXI and Type XXVI U-boats

Tall ships|

* Pamir
* Passat
* Peking
* Priwall
* Dar Pomorza
* Gorch Fock (1933)
* USCGC Eagle
* Gorch Fock (1958)

Ocean liners and
other passenger ships|

* RMS Majestic
* SS Cap Arcona
* SS Europa
* SS France
* TS Pretoria
* TS Windhuk
* Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie
* Prinzessin Victoria Luise
* MV Wilhelm Gustloff
* MV Aurora (1955)
* MV Explorer (2001)
* HMT Empire Windrush

Private yachts|

* A
* Dubai
* Eclipse
* Enigma
* Grille
* Lady Moura
* MV Savarona

Modern ships|

* Aradu
* Almirante Brown class
* NRP Vasco da Gama

Related|

* Elbe 17
* Hamburger Flugzeugbau
* List of Blohm & Voss aircraft
* Hamburg-Steinwerder concentration camp

* v
* t
* e

Surviving ships launched before 1919

operational⛵ preserved⚓

Pre-1800|

* Pesse canoe⚓ (8040–7510 BC)
* Dufuna canoe⚓ (6250 BC)
* Bibongho canoe⚓ (6000 BC)
* Pirogues de Bercy⚓ (4500 BC)
* Khufu ship⚓ (2500 BC)
* Carnegie boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
* Chicago boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
* Red boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
* White boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
* Appleby logboat⚓ (1500–1300 BC)
* Dover Bronze Age Boat⚓ (1500 BC)
* Hanson Log Boat⚓ (1500 BC)
* Hasholme Logboat⚓ (c. 750-390 BC)
* Ma'agan Michael Ship⚓ (c. 450 BC)
* Fiskerton log boat⚓ (457–300 BC)
* Hjortspring boat⚓ (c. 350 BC)
* Kyrenia ship⚓ (c. 350 BC)
* Poole Logboat⚓ (c. 300 BC)
* Sea of Galilee Boat⚓ (c. 85 BC)
* Alkedo⚓ (1st century AD)
* De Meern 1⚓ (148 AD)
* Arles Rhône 3⚓ (c. 150 AD)
* Bevaix boat⚓ (c. 182 AD)
* Roman ship of Marausa⚓ (3rd century AD)
* Nydam Boat⚓ (c. 320 AD)
* Oseberg Ship⚓ (820 AD)
* Gokstad ship⚓ (900 AD)
* Tune ship⚓ (900 AD)
* Utrecht ship⚓ (997–1030 AD)
* Skuldelev ships⚓ (1030–1042 AD)
* Quanzhou ship⚓ (1272 AD)
* Bremen cog⚓ (c. 1380 AD)
* Newport Ship⚓ (1449)
* Mary Rose⚓ (1509)
* Tarihi Kadırga⚓ (c. 1600)
* Vasa⚓ (1627)
* Sparrow Hawk⚓ (1628)
* St. Nicholas⚓ (1640)
* State Barge of Charles II⚓ (1670)
* La Belle⚓ (1684)
* Queen Mary's Shallop⚓ (1689)
* Prince Frederick's Barge⚓ (1732)
* Victory⚓ (1765)
* Philadelphia⚓ (1776)
* Peggy⚓ (c. 1789)
* Constitution⛵ (1797)

1800–1879|

* Zetland⚓ (1802)
* Ticonderoga⚓ (1814)
* Trincomalee⚓ (1817)
* Unicorn⚓ (1824)
* Charles W. Morgan⛵ (1841)
* Dom Fernando II e Glória⚓ (1843)
* Bertha⚓ (1844)
* Great Britain⚓ (1845)
* Brandtaucher⚓ (1850)
* Radetzky⚓ (1851)
* Snow Squall⚓ (1851)
* Edwin Fox⚓ (1853)
* Constellation⚓ (1854)
* Tudor Vladimirescu⛵ (1854)
* Santiago⚓ (1856)
* Skibladner⛵ (1856)
* Gondola⛵ (1859)
* Jylland⚓ (1860)
* Warrior⚓ (1860)
* Cairo⚓ (1861)
* Mayflower⚓ (1861)
* Australia⚓ (1862)
* Chattahoochee⚓ (1863)
* Daring⚓ (1863)
* H. L. Hunley⚓ (1863)
* Intelligent Whale⚓ (1863)
* Neuse⚓ (1863)
* Star of India ⛵ (1863)
* Sub Marine Explorer⚓️ (1863)
* City of Adelaide⚓ (1864)
* Jackson⚓ (1864)
* Strelets (1864)
* El Mahrousa⛵ (1865)
* Huáscar⚓ (1865)
* Adelaide⛵ (1866)
* Bjoren⛵ (1866)
* Emma C. Berry⚓ (1866)
* Buffel⚓ (1868)
* Enköping⛵ (1868)
* Lone Star⚓ (1868)
* Schorpioen⚓ (1868)
* Cutty Sark⚓ (1869)
* Katarina⚓ (1869)
* Yavari⚓ (1870)
* Leitha⚓ (1871)
* Lewis R. French⛵ (1871)
* Raven⛵ (1871)
* Stephen Taber⛵ (1871)
* Puno⛵ (1872)
* Gjøa⚓ (1872)
* Meiji Maru⚓ (1873)
* Rap⚓ (1873)
* Hero⛵ (1874)
* James Craig⛵ (1874)
* Juno⛵ (1874)
* Uruguay⚓ (1874)
* Amphibious / Akuna Amphibious⛵️ (1875)
* Muñoz Gamero (1875)
* Sölve⚓ (1875)
* Anna Karoline⚓ (1876)
* Avoca⚓ (1877)
* Bonaire⚓ (1877)
* Elissa⛵ (1877)
* Gem⚓ (1877)
* Governor Stone⛵ (1877)
* Lady of the Lake⛵ (1877)
* Success⚓ (1877)
* Decoy⚓ (1878)
* Enterprise⛵ (1878)
* Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878)
* Gannet⚓ (1878)
* Holland I⚓ (1878)
* Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879)
* Vallejo⛵️ (1879)

1880–1899|

* Annie⚓ (1880)
* Fenian Ram⚓ (1881)
* Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881)
* Rothbury⛵️ (1881)
* George Smeed⛵️ (1882)
* Grace Bailey⛵ (1882)
* Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882)
* Christeen⚓ (1883)
* Nelcebee⚓ (1883)
* Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884)
* Little Jennie ⚓ (1884)
* Kuna⛵ (1884)
* PW Mayflower⛵ (1884)
* Amazon⛵ (1885)
* Coronet⚓ (1885)
* Pioneer⛵ (1885)
* Polly Woodside⚓ (1885)
* Wavertree⚓ (1885)
* Balclutha⚓ (1886)
* L'Almée⚓ (1885)
* Segwun⛵ (1887)
* Sigyn⚓ (1887)
* Tyr⚓ (1887)
* Akarana⚓ (1888)
* af Chapman⚓ (1888)
* Elf⛵ (1888)
* Equator⚓ (1888)
* Priscilla⚓ (1888)
* Anna Kristina⛵ (1889)
* Arthur Foss⚓ (1889)
* Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889)
* Peral⚓ (1889)
* Raven⛵ (1889)
* "Eureka"⚓ (1890)
* Persistence⛵️ (1890)
* Robin⚓ (1890)
* Alma⚓ (1891)
* Nellie⚓ (1891)
* Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891)
* Tern⛵ (1891)
* Fram⚓ (1892)
* Kestrel⚓ (1892)
* Mirosa⛵ (1892)
* Olympia⚓ (1892)
* Rona⚓️ (1892)
* Coya⚓ (1893)
* El Primero⛵ (1893)
* Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893)
* Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893)
* Result⚓ (1893)
* Viking⚓ (1893)
* Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894)
* Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894)
* Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894)
* Turbinia⚓ (1894)
* Vridni⚓ (1894)
* Lagaren⚓ (1894)
* Bessie⛵ (1895)
* C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895)
* Centaur⛵ (1895)
* Gedser Rev⚓ (1895)
* Hiawatha⛵ (1895)
* Kitty⛵ (1895)
* Belem⛵ (1896)
* Daisy⚓ (1896)
* Edna G⚓ (1896)
* Genève⚓ (1896)
* Glenlee⚓ (1896)
* Meteor⚓ (1896)
* Pyap⛵ (1896)
* Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896)
* Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896)
* La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897)
* Keenora⚓ (1897)
* Marion⛵ (1897)
* Najaden⚓ (1897)
* Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897)
* Tarella⚓ (1897)
* Wyvern⛵ (1897)
* Carola⚓ (1898)
* Marjorie⛵ (1898)
* Niagara⛵ (1898)
* Berkeley⚓ (1898)
* Edme⛵ (1898)
* Etona⛵ (1898)
* Moyie⚓ (1898)
* Niagara⛵ (1898)
* Waimarie⛵️ (1898)
* Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898)
* Albatros⛵ (1899)
* Decima⛵ (1899)
* Maud⛵ (1899)
* Stjernen I⛵ (1899)
* William B. Tennison⚓ (1899)

1900–1907|

* Aurora⚓ (1900)
* Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900)
* Ena⛵ (1900)
* Helen McAllister⚓ (1900)
* Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900)
* Ironsides⛵ (1900)
* Kathleen and May⛵ (1900)
* Mikasa⚓ (1900)
* Regina M.⚓️ (1900)
* Västan⛵ (1900)
* Victory Chimes⛵ (1900)
* Cangarda⛵ (1901)
* Discovery⚓ (1901)
* Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901)
* Elsworth⚓ (1901)
* Gazela⚓ (1901)
* Holland 1⚓ (1901)
* Kathryn⚓ (1901)
* Reaper⛵ (1901)
* Sigsbee⛵ (1901)
* Tilikum⚓ c. 1901
* Urger⛵ (1901)
* Basuto⚓ (1902)
* Columbia⚓ (1902)
* Jupiter⚓ (1902)
* Madiz⛵ (1902)
* Shenandoah⛵ (1902)
* Solway Lass⛵ (1902)
* Stanley Norman⚓ (1902)
* Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902)
* Alma Doepel⛵ (1903)
* Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903)
* Celtic⚓ (1903)
* Finngrundet⚓ (1903)
* Föri⛵️ (1903)
* Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903)
* Maggie Lee⛵ (1903)
* Normac⚓ (1903)
* Pommern⚓ (1903)
* Alose⚓ (1904)
* Ariki⚓ (1904)
* Barnegat⚓ (1904)
* Black Jack⛵ (1904)
* Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904)
* J C Madge⚓ (1904)
* Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904)
* Juniata⚓ (1904)
* Medea⚓ (1904)
* Moshulu⚓ (1904)
* Sava⚓ (1904)
* Swiftsure⚓ (1904)
* Asgard⚓ (1905)
* Fæmund II⛵ (1905)
* Hathor⛵ (1905)
* Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905)
* Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905)
* Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906)
* Baltimore⚓ (1906)
* Blümlisalp⛵ (1906)
* Cambria⛵ (1906)
* Edith May⛵ (1906)
* Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906)
* Ida May⛵ (1906)
* Minnehaha⛵ (1906)
* Minnie V⛵️ (1906)
* Östanå I⛵ (1906)
* St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906)
* Thalatta⛵ (1906)
* Ticonderoga⚓ (1906)
* U-1⚓ (1906)
* Viola⚓ (1906)
* Ambrose⚓ (1907)
* Drazki⚓ (1907)
* Canally⚓ (1907)
* F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907)
* Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907)
* Hercules⚓ (1907)
* Irene⛵ (1907)
* Keewatin⚓ (1907)
* Nyanza⚓ (1907)
* Rosa⛵ (1907)
* Ruby⚓ (1907)
* Tarmo⚓ (1907)
* Viking⚓ (1907)
* Yankee⚓ (1907)

1908–1914|

* Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908)
* Entiat Princess⛵ (1908)
* Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908)
* Mohican II⛵ (1908)
* Oscar W⛵ (1908)
* Oster⛵ (1908)
* Sabino⛵ (1908)
* Speeder⛵️ (1908)
* Storskär⛵ (1908)
* Ardwina⛵ (1909)
* Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909)
* Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909)
* Duwamish⚓ (1909)
* Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909)
* Lotus⛵ (1909)
* President⛵ (1909)
* Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909)
* Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909)
* Gonca⛵ (1909)
* E.C. Collier⚓ (1910)
* Georgios Averof⚓ (1910)
* Noorderlicht⛵ (1910)
* Norrskär⛵ (1910)
* Ste. Claire⚓ (1910)
* Trillium⛵ (1910)
* Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910)
* Europa⛵ (1911)
* Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911)
* Helen Smitton⚓ (1911)
* Hestmanden⚓ (1911)
* Industry⛵ (1911)
* James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911)
* McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911)
* Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911)
* Nomadic⚓ (1911)
* Nusret⚓ (1911)
* Passat⚓ (1911)
* Peking⚓ (1911)
* Pevensey⛵ (1911)
* Tradewind⛵ (1911)
* Wäiski⚓ (1911)
* African Queen⚓ (1912)
* Astoria⛵️ (1912)
* Canberra⛵ (1912)
* Cartela⛵ (1912)
* Chacon⚓ (1912)
* Earnslaw⛵ (1912)
* Gustaf III⛵ (1912)
* Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912)
* James Caird⚓ (1912)
* J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912)
* Kwasind⛵ (1912)
* Lady Denman⚓ (1912)
* Margaret⛵ (1912)
* Melbourne⛵ (1912)
* Sundowner⛵ (1912)
* Texas⚓ (1912)
* Wendameen⛵ (1912)
* Zhongshan⚓ (1912)
* Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912)
* Acadia⚓ (1913)
* Adventuress⛵ (1913)
* Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913)
* Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913)
* Jolie Brise⛵ (1913)
* Kildare⛵ (1913)
* Kommuna⛵ (1913)
* Kyle⚓ (1913)
* North Head⚓ (1913)
* Rusinga⚓️ (1913)
* Stord I⛵ (1913)
* Suur Tõll⛵ (1913)
* Usoga⛵ (1913)
* Naramata⚓ (1914)
* Sicamous⚓ (1914)
* Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914)

World War I|

* Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914)
* Britannia⛵️ (1914)
* Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914)
* Caroline⚓ (1914)
* Hercules⛵ (1914)
* Horns Rev⚓ (1914)
* Katahdin⛵ (1914)
* Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914)
* Doulos Phos⚓ (1914)
* Perth⚓ (1914)
* Pilot⛵ (1914)
* Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914)
* Zumbrota⛵ (1914)
* Bradbury⚓ (1915)
* Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915)
* Katie⛵ (1915)
* Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915)
* M33⚓ (1915)
* Mar-Sue⛵ (1915)
* Miseford⛵ (1915)
* Peacock⛵ (1915)
* Sankt Erik⛵ (1915)
* Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915)
* Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916)
* Krassin⚓ (1916)
* Mariette⛵️ (1916)
* Mercantile⛵ (1916)
* Portsmouth⚓ (1916)
* UB-46⚓ (1916)
* Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917)
* Carpentaria⚓ (1917)
* Commander⛵ (1917)
* L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917)
* Maud⚓ (1917)
* St. Julien⛵️ (1917)
* Valley Camp⚓️ (1917)
* El Don⛵️ (1918)
* Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918)
* Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918)
* Lotus⛵ (1918)
* Oosterschelde⛵ (1918)
* President⚓ (1918)
* Surprise⛵ (1918)
* W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918)

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Israel

Portals:

* Germany
* Hamburg
* History
* Transport
* Engineering

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template