Peninsula

Land feature

"Peninsular" redirects here. For the Spanish caste, see Peninsulares. For other uses, see Peninsula (disambiguation).

The Scandinavian Peninsula during winter The peninsula of Seventeen Seventy, Queensland, where Captain Cook landed in 1770

A peninsula[1][2] is a landform that extends from a mainland, is connected to the mainland on only one side, and is mostly surrounded by water.[3][4] Peninsulas exist on each continent.[2][5] The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula.[6][7]

## Etymology

[edit]

The word peninsula derives from Latin paeninsula, from  paene 'almost' and  insula 'island'. The word entered English in the 16th century.[3]

## Definitions

[edit]

A peninsula is generally defined as a piece of land surrounded on most sides by water.[8][9]

A peninsula may be bordered by more than one body of water, and the body of water does not have to be an ocean or a sea.[10] A piece of land on a very tight river bend or one between two rivers is sometimes said to form a peninsula, for example in the New Barbadoes Neck in New Jersey, United States.[8] A peninsula may be connected to the mainland via an isthmus; for example, the Isthmus of Corinth connects to the Peloponnese peninsula.[11]

## Formation and types

[edit]

Peninsulas can be formed by continental drift, glacial erosion, glacial meltwater, glacial deposition, marine sediment, marine transgressions, volcanoes, divergent boundaries or river sedimentation.[12] More than one factor may contribute to the formation of a peninsula. For example, in the case of Florida, continental drift, marine sediment, and marine transgressions all contributed to its shape.[13]

Peninsulas can also be man-made. Typically, they are built as protection from ocean or sea waves by building a Breakwater, which sometimes connects back to land. They can also be built to expand areas of a city; for example, Copenhagen is planning to create a peninsula that houses 35,000 residents by 2070.[14]

### Glaciers

[edit]

In the case of formation from glaciers (for example, the Antarctic Peninsula or Cape Cod), peninsulas can be created due to glacial erosion, meltwater or deposition.[15] If erosion formed the peninsula, softer and harder rocks were present, and since the glacier only erodes softer rock, it formed a basin.[15] This may create peninsulas, and occurred for example in the Keweenaw Peninsula.[15]

In the case of formation from meltwater, melting glaciers deposit sediment and form moraines, which act as dams for the meltwater.[15] This may create bodies of water that surround the land, forming peninsulas.[15]

If deposition formed the peninsula, the peninsula was composed of sedimentary rock, which was created from a large deposit of glacial drift.[16][17] The hill of drift becomes a peninsula if the hill formed near water but was still connected to the mainland, for example during the formation of Cape Cod about 23,000 years ago.[18][19]

### Others

[edit]

In the case of formation from volcanoes, when a volcano erupts magma near water, it may form a peninsula (such as the Alaskan Peninsula).[16] Peninsulas formed from volcanoes are especially common when the volcano erupts near shallow water.[20] Marine sediment may form peninsulas by the creation of limestone.[21] A rift peninsula may form as a result of a divergent boundary in plate tectonics (such as the Arabian Peninsula),[22][23] while a convergent boundary may also form peninsulas (for example, Gibraltar or the Indian subcontinent).[24] Peninsulas can also form due to sedimentation in rivers. When a river carrying sediment flows into an ocean, the sediment is deposited, forming a delta peninsula.[25]

Marine transgressions (changes in sea level) may form peninsulas, but may also affect existing peninsulas. For example, the water level may change, which causes a peninsula to become an island during high water levels.[26] Similarly, wet weather causing higher water levels make peninsulas appear smaller, while dry weather make them appear larger.[27] Sea level rise from global warming will permanently reduce the size of some peninsulas over time.[28]

## Uses

[edit]

Peninsulas are noted for having acted as shelters for prehistoric humans and Neanderthals.[29] The landform is advantageous because it gives hunting access to both land and sea animals.[29] They can also serve as markers of a nation's borders.[30] In history, peninsulas have played a vital role in trade and commerce because of their access to water through an isthmus. The Malay Peninsula, located at the convergence of the Indian Ocean and the China Seas, played an important role in east-west trade.[31]

## List of the largest peninsulas in the world

[edit]

Further information: List of peninsulas

Rank  | Peninsula  | Continent  | Subregion | Part of  | Area  | Nation(s)  | Source

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

(km2)  | (sq mi)
1  | Arabian Peninsula | Asia | West Asia | Arabia | 3,100,000  | 1,200,000  |  Iraq (southern region)
Jordan (southern region)
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen | [32]
2  | Indochinese Peninsula | Southeast Asia | Mainland Southeast Asia | 2,000,000  | 770,000  |  Cambodia
Laos
Malaysia (western region)
Myanmar
Thailand
Vietnam | [33]
3  | Deccan Peninsula | South Asia | Indian Subcontinent | 1,900,000  | 800,000  |  India (southern region)  | [34]
4  | Labrador Peninsula | North America | Northern America | –  | 1,400,000  | 540,000  |  Canada (eastern region)  | [35]
5  | Anatolian Peninsula | Asia  | West Asia | Asia Minor | 755,688  | 291,773  |  Turkey (Asian part)  | [36]
6  | Scandinavian Peninsula | Europe | Northern Europe | Fennoscandia | 750,000  | 290,000  |  Finland (northern region)
Norway
Sweden | [37]
Somali Peninsula | Africa | East Africa | Horn of Africa | 750,000  | 290,000  |  Ethiopia (Somali Region)
Somalia
Somaliland | [38]
8  | Balkan Peninsula | Europe  | Southern Europe | South-eastern Europe | 666,700  | 257,400  |  Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia (southern mainland)
Greece (mainland)
Kosovo
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Romania (coastal region)
Serbia (central region)
Slovenia (south-western region)
Turkey (European part)  | [39]
9  | Iberian Peninsula | South-western Europe | 583,256  | 225,196  |  Andorra
France (French Cerdagne)
Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
Portugal (mainland)
Spain (mainland)  | [40]
10  | Antarctic Peninsula | Antarctica | West Antarctica | –  | 522,000  | 202,000  | –  | [41]
11  | Taymyr Peninsula | Asia  | North Asia | North Siberian Lowland | 400,000  | 150,000  |  Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)  | [42]
12  | Kamchatka Peninsula | Russian Far East | 370,000  | 140,000  |  Russia (Kamchatka Krai)  | [43]

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal

* Barrier island
* Cape
* Headland
* Promontory
* Salient
* Spit
* Tidal island

## References

[edit]

1. ^ (from Latin paeninsula; from  paene 'almost' and  insula 'island') "peninsula". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
2. ^ a b Nadeau 2006, p. 5.
3. ^ a b HMH 2004, p. 216.
4. ^ "Definition of peninsula". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
5. ^ "peninsula". National Geographic Society. 2011-01-21. Archived from the original on 2022-04-16. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
6. ^ Mis 2009, p. 20.
7. ^ Niz 2006, p. 19.
8. ^ a b Kersey, Paul (23 July 2021). "What is a Peninsula?". Infoplease. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
9. ^ "list of peninsulas". Britannica. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
10. ^ Heos 2010, p. 15.
11. ^ Heos 2010, p. 9.
12. ^ Mis 2009, p. 6.
13. ^ Heos 2010, p. 8.
14. ^ "Løkke afslører gigaprojekt: Der skal bygges en ny ø i København med plads til 35.000 beboere". dr.dk. Denmark. 5 October 2018.
15. ^ a b c d e Heos 2010, p. 31.
16. ^ a b Nadeau 2006, p. 6.
17. ^ Heos 2010, p. 32–33.
18. ^ Nadeau 2006, p. 9.
19. ^ Wyckoff 1999, p. 328.
20. ^ Heos 2010, p. 44.
21. ^ Heos 2010, p. 21–23.
22. ^ Nadeau 2006, p. 10.
23. ^ Heos 2010, pp. 43–44.
24. ^ Heos 2010, p. 40.
25. ^ Nadeau 2006, p. 13.
26. ^ Niz 2006, p. 7.
27. ^ Niz 2006, p. 13.
28. ^ Nadeau 2006, p. 21.
29. ^ a b Heos 2010, p. 45.
30. ^ Heos 2010, p. 48.
31. ^ "Did you know?: Ancient Trading Centres in the Malay Peninsula". unesco.org. Silk Roads Programme, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). Retrieved 2025-02-13.
32. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Arabia".
33. ^ Tsvetkov, Kaloyan; Traykov, Tony (July 2023). "Polytheistic and Syncretic Religious Beliefs in Southeast Asia – Nature, Features, and Geographical Distribution". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on Jan 8, 2024.
34. ^ "Explore India – Mineral Scenario of the States of India" (PDF). Government of India - Ministry of Mines. Jan 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on Mar 14, 2024.
35. ^ Misachi, John (2021-09-01). "Labrador Peninsula". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on Jan 8, 2024.
36. ^ Seferoglu, S. Sadi. "Turkey at a Glance – Geography". Türkiye on the Web. Archived from the original on Jan 8, 2024.
37. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Scandinavian Peninsula".
38. ^ Article bay (Jan 17, 2023). "Africa's largest peninsula has always been on the target of world powers. Where is it actually located?". Medium. Archived from the original on 27 Mar 2024.
39. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Balkans".
40. ^ Misachi, John (2021-02-11). "Iberian Peninsula". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on Jan 8, 2024.
41. ^ Davies, Bethan (2020-06-22). "Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet". AntarcticGlaciers.org. Archived from the original on Nov 28, 2022.
42. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Taymyr Peninsula".
43. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Kamchatka Peninsula".

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Heos, Bridget (2010). The creation of peninsulas (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. ISBN 978-1-4358-5301-0. OCLC 277466133.
* Mis, Melody S. (2009). Exploring peninsulas (1st ed.). New York: PowerKids Press. ISBN 978-1-4358-2711-0. OCLC 230802567.
* Nadeau, Isaac (2006). Peninsulas (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group's PowerKids Press. ISBN 1-4042-3125-0. OCLC 57068647.
* Niz, Ellen Sturm (2006). Peninsulas. Mankato, Minn.: Capstone Press. ISBN 0-7368-4308-6. OCLC 57366483.
* Word Histories and Mysteries: From Abracadabra to Zeus. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2004. ISBN 978-0547350271. OCLC 55746553.
* Wyckoff, Jerome (1999). Reading the earth : landforms in the making. Mahwah, NJ: Adastra West, Inc. ISBN 0-9674075-0-8. OCLC 43274886.

## External links

[edit]

* The dictionary definition of peninsula at Wiktionary

* v
* t
* e

Earth's landforms

List of landforms

Mountainous|

* Butte
* Flat
* Hill
* Mountain
* range
* Plateau
* Ridge
* Tableland
* Valley

Continental plain|

* Ice sheet
* Plain
* Steppe
* Tundra

Fluvial|

* Alluvial fan
* Beach
* Canyon
* Cave
* Channel
* Cliff
* Floodplain
* Lake
* island
* Levee
* Meander
* Oasis
* Pond
* Rapids
* River
* delta
* mouth
* Strait
* Swamp
* Valley
* Waterfall

Glacial|

* Arête
* Cirque
* Esker
* Fjord
* Glacier
* Ice field
* Tunnel valley

Oceanic and
coastal landforms|

* Atoll
* Bay
* Cape
* Channel
* Coast
* Continental shelf
* Coral reef
* Estuary
* Island
* Isthmus
* Lagoon
* Mid-ocean ridge
* Oceanic trench
* Peninsula
* Seamount
* Volcanic island

Volcanic|

* Caldera
* Geyser
* Guyot
* Lava dome
* Lava field
* Submarine volcano
* Volcanic crater
* Volcanic crater lake
* Volcanic dam
* Volcanic island
* Volcanic plateau
* Volcanic plug
* Volcano
* Wall rock

Aeolian|

* Desert
* Dry lake
* Dune
* Sandhill
* Tundra

Artificial|

* Artificial island
* Artificial reef
* Bridge
* Building
* Canal
* Dam
* Ditch
* Land reclamation
* Levee
* Polder
* Quarry
* Reservoir
* Road
* Tunnel

* See also: Geographical feature

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* NARA
* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template