Penology

Subfield of criminology

Criminology and penology

Theory

* Anomie
* Biosocial criminology
* Broken windows
* Collective efficacy
* Crime analysis
* Criminalization
* Differential association
* Deviance
* Expressive function of law
* Labeling theory
* Psychopathy
* Rational choice
* Risk and actuarial criminology
* Social control
* Social learning
* Strain
* Subculture
* Symbolic interactionism
* Victimology
* Secondary victimisation
* Victim blaming

Types of crime

* Against
* Humanity
* Person
* State
* Class
* Blue-collar
* White-collar
* Cold case
* Perfect
* Corporate
* Hate
* Immigrant
* International
* Juvenile
* Organized
* Political
* Public-order
* State
* State-corporate
* Transnational
* Victimless
* War
* Narcotic slavery

Methods

* Comparative
* Profiling
* Ethnography
* Uniform Crime Reports
* Crime mapping
* reform
* sentencing
* Crime statistics
* Positivist school
* Qualitative
* Quantitative
* BJS
* NIBRS

Penology

|  Crime prevention

* Corrections
* Denunciation
* Deterrence
* Incapacitation
* Sentence
* Trial
* Prison
* Prisoner
* Solitary confinement
* Punishment
* Rehabilitation
* Recidivism
* Zero tolerance

Criminal justice

* Participatory
* Restorative
* Retributive
* Right to an effective remedy
* Utilitarian
* Transformative
* Prison reform
* abolition
* open
* Prisoner abuse
* Prisoners' rights
* Victims' rights

Schools

* Anarchist
* Chicago
* Classical
* Conflict
* Critical
* Environmental
* Feminist
* Integrative
* Italian
* Law and order
* Marxist
* Neo-classical
* Populist
* Positivist
* Postmodernist
* Realism
* Left
* Right

Subfields

* American
* Anthropological
* Biosocial criminology
* Conflict
* Criminology
* Culture
* Cyber
* Demography
* Development
* Environmental
* Experimental
* Organizational
* Political
* Public
* Radical criminology

Browse

* Index
* Journals
* Organizations
* People

* v
* t
* e

Penology (also penal theory) is a subfield of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice[1][2] of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines penology as "the study of the punishment of crime and prison management," and in this sense it is equivalent with corrections.[3] The term penology comes from "penal", Latin poena, "punishment" and the Greek suffix -logia, "study of".

Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, via the repression or inhibition of criminal intent and the fear of punishment. The study of penology therefore deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted criminals. It also encompasses aspects of probation (rehabilitation of offenders in the community) as well as penitentiary science relating to the secure detention and retraining of offenders committed to secure institutions.

Penology covers many topics and theories, including those concerning prisons (prison reform, prisoner abuse, prisoners' rights, and recidivism), as well as theories of the purposes of punishment (deterrence, retribution, incapacitation and rehabilitation). Contemporary penology concerns itself mainly with criminal rehabilitation and prison management. The word rarely applies to theories and practices of punishment in less formal environments such as parenting, school and workplace correctional measures.

## History

[edit]

Cesare Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene Dei delitti e delle pene (1766), frontpage, 6th edition.

Further information: Prison reform

Historical theories were based on the notion that fearful consequences would discourage potential offenders. An example of this principle can be found in the Draconian law of Ancient Greece and the Bloody Code which persisted in Renaissance England, when (at various times) capital punishment was prescribed for over 200 offenses. Similarly, certain hudud offenses under Sharia hadith tradition may incur fearful penalties.

Modern theories of the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders are broadly based on principles articulated in the seminal pamphlet "On Crimes and Punishments" published by Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria in 1764. They center on the concept of proportionality. In this respect, they differ from many previous systems of punishment, for example, England's Bloody Code, under which the penalty of theft had been the same regardless of the value stolen, giving rise to the English expression "It is as well to be hanged for a sheep or a lamb". Subsequent development of the ideas of Beccaria made non-lethal punishment more acceptable. Consequently, convicted prisoners had to be reintegrated into society when their punishment was complete.[4]

Penologists have consequently evolved occupational and psychological education programs for offenders detained in prison, and a range of community service and probation orders which entail guidance and aftercare of the offender within the community. The importance of inflicting some measure of punishment on those persons who breach the law is however maintained in order to preserve social order and to moderate public outrage which might provoke appeals for cruel vengeance.[clarification needed]

More recently, some penologists have shifted from a retributive based punishment to a form of community corrections. "Community corrections involves the management and supervision of offenders in the community. These offenders are serving court-imposed orders either as an alternative to imprisonment or as a condition of their release on parole from prison. This means they must report regularly to their community corrections officer and may have to participate in unpaid community work and rehabilitation programs.[5]"

## See also

[edit]

* Auburn System
* Zebulon Brockway
* Elmira Correctional Facility
* His Majesty's Prison Service
* Offender workforce development
* Panopticon
* Penal transportation
* Prison reform
* Protective Pairing

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Rajendra Kumar Sharma (1 January 1998). Criminology And Penology. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 2 ff. ISBN 978-81-7156-754-6. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
2. ^ Shlomo Giora Shoham; Ori Beck; Martin Kett (8 October 2007). International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-5388-3. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
3. ^ Todd R. Clear (1994). Harm in American penology: offenders, victims, and their communities. SUNY Press. p. 15\. ISBN 978-0-7914-2174-1.
4. ^ Marcello Maestro, "A pioneer for the abolition of capital punishment: Cesare Beccaria." Journal of the History of Ideas 34.3 (1973): 463-468. online
5. ^ Corrections Prisons Parole, Department of Justice. "Community corrections". www.corrections.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2018-10-25.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Diiulio, John J., Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management, Simon and Schuster, 1990. ISBN 0-02-907883-0
* Feeley, M. M., & Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30(4), 449-474.
* Kazemian, L., McCoy, C., & Sacks, M. (2013). Does law matter? An old bail law confronts the New Penology. Punishment & Society, 15(1), 43-70.

## External links

[edit]

* CrimLinks UK based site

* v
* t
* e

Law

Core subjects|

* Administrative law
* Civil law
* Constitutional law
* Contract
* Criminal law
* Crime
* Deed
* Doctrine
* Equity
* Evidence
* International law
* Law of obligations
* Private law
* Procedure
* Civil
* Criminal
* Property law
* Public law
* Punishment
* Corporal
* Restitution and unjust enrichment
* Statutory law
* Tort

Disciplines|

* Abortion law
* Agricultural law
* Animal law
* Aviation law
* Amnesty law
* Banking law
* Bankruptcy
* Commercial law
* Competition law
* Conflict of laws
* Construction law
* Consumer protection
* Corporate law
* Cyberlaw
* Drugs law
* Election law
* Energy law
* Entertainment law (Media law)
* Environmental law
* Family law
* Financial law
* Financial regulation
* Health law
* Immigration law
* Intellectual property
* International criminal law
* International labour law
* International human rights
* International slavery laws
* International trade law
* Jurimetrics
* Labour
* Landlord–tenant law
* Law of war
* Legal archaeology
* Legal fiction
* Maritime law
* Marriage law
* Military law
* Music law
* Nationality law
* Probate
* Estate
* Will and testament
* Product liability
* Public international law
* Refugee law
* Space law
* Sports law
* State of emergency
* Tax law
* Transport law
* Trust law
* Unenforced law

Sources of law|

* Charter
* Legal code / Statutory law
* Constitution
* Custom
* Divine law
* Divine right
* Human rights
* Legitimacy
* Letters patent
* Man-made law
* Natural law
* Natural and legal rights
* Case law
* Precedent
* Law reports
* Legal treatise
* Regulations

Law making|

* Ballot measure
* Codification
* Decree
* Edict
* Executive order
* Proclamation
* Legislation
* Delegated legislation
* Regulation
* Rulemaking
* Promulgation
* Ratification
* Repeal
* Treaty
* Concordat
* Statutory law
* Statute
* Act of parliament
* Act of Congress
* Basic structure doctrine

Legal systems|

* Civil law
* Common law
* Chinese law
* Legal pluralism
* Religious law
* Canon law
* Catholic canon law
* Hindu law
* Jain law
* Jewish law
* Parsi law
* Sharia
* Roman law
* Byzantine law
* Socialist law
* Statutory law
* Xeer
* Yassa

Legal theory|

* Anarchist
* Contract theory
* Comparative law
* Expressive function
* Feminist
* Law and economics
* Legal ethics
* Legal formalism
* History
* Libertarian
* International legal theory
* Principle of legality
* Principle of typicality
* Pseudolaw
* Rule of law
* Rule of man
* Sociology

Jurisprudence|

* Adjudication
* Administration of justice
* Admission to practice law
* Constitutionalism
* Criminal justice
* Court-martial
* Disbarment
* Dispute resolution
* Fiqh
* Lawsuit/Litigation
* Legal opinion
* Legal remedy
* Damages
* Deterrence (penology)
* Proportionality
* Reparations
* Legal status
* Judge
* Justice of the peace
* Magistrate
* Judgment
* Judicial activism
* Judicial interpretation
* Judicial misconduct
* Kangaroo court
* Judicial review
* Jurisdiction
* Jury
* Justice
* Practice of law
* Attorney
* Barrister
* Counsel
* Lawyer
* Legal representation
* Prosecutor
* Solicitor
* Question of fact
* Question of law
* Trial
* Trial advocacy
* Trier of fact
* Ultra vires
* Verdict

Legal institutions|

* Barristers' chambers
* Bureaucracy
* The bar
* The bench
* Civil society
* Court
* Ecclesiastical
* Court of equity
* Election commission
* Executive
* Judiciary
* Law enforcement
* Agency
* Legal education
* Law school
* Legal industry by country
* Legislature
* Military
* Police
* Political party
* Tribunal

History|

* History of the legal profession
* History of the American legal profession
* Women in law

* Law portal
* Category
* Index
* Outline

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* Czech Republic

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template