Pensions in Germany

The German pension system, known as the "public retirement insurance," was established over 100 years ago by Chancellor Bismarck, making it the world's first formal pension system. It has been successful in providing a high and reliable level of retirement income and has served as a model for numerous social security systems globally.[1] Originally designed as a scaled premium system, it became a pay-as-you-go system in 1957, mandating participation for all dependent employees and certain self-employed groups. The system is characterized by a fragmentation in terms of institutions, coverage, contributions, and benefit levels.[2]

Pensions in Germany are based on a “three pillar system”.[3]

* First pillar: mandatory state pension insurance (gesetzliche Rentenversicherung). This part of the basic social security system. All employees and employers pay a percentage of salaries into this system. It also covers certain self-employed professions needing old-age protection, such as driving instructors, fitness trainers, teachers, midwives, and physiotherapists. [4][5]
* Second pillar: voluntary occupational pension insurance
* Third pillar: private insurance

## Mandatory state pension provision

[edit]

The scheme is based on the pay-as-you-go (or redistributive) model. Funds paid in by contributors (employees and employers) are not saved (or invested) but are used to pay current pension obligations.

Civil servants in Germany do not pay any contributions themselves but their salaries are correspondingly lower than those in the private sector.

Recent changes to the system mean that from 2012 to 2023 the retirement age will go up to 66 by 2023.[6] From 2023 the retirement age will be increased by two months each year, until 2031, when the mandatory retirement age reaches 67. Each missing year results in a 3.6% reduction in the pension entitlement.

The state scheme is financed by a payroll tax known as "social security contributions".The social security contributions also include contributions to statutory unemployment, health and long-term care insurance.The contributution for pension insurance in 2024 was 18.6%[7] of pay up to the social security contribution ceiling of €90,600 (Western Bundesländer) and €89,400 (Eastern Bundesländer).[8] The amount is paid half and half by employer and employee contributions.

The amount paid to retirees is based on average salaries. The German pension insurance agency publishes the value of each year’s contribution (remuneration point). This is then multiplied by the number of years contributed and the percentage of the average salary earned during the person's lifetime. The average pension in 2012 was €1,263.15 per month. The maximum pension for someone having earned twice the average salary (€64,200) would be €2,526.30.[9]

## Voluntary occupational pension provision

[edit]

The Voluntary Occupational Pension schemes (Betriebliche Altersvorsorge) were created under the Company Pensions Law (Betriebsrentengesetz) in 1974[10] and are a benefit granted by a company to its employees. Voluntary schemes can fall into different categories:[11]

* Defined benefit (Leistungszusage)
* Defined Contribution (Beitragsorientierte Leistungszusage)
* Contribution with minimum benefit

The schemes can be structured in various ways:

* Direct Grant (Direktzusage)
* Support Fund (Unterstützungskasse)
* Pension Company (Pensionskasse)
* Direct Insurance (Direktversicherung)
* Pension Fund (Pensionsfonds)

Tax-free employer contributions to occupational pensions (Betriebliche Altersversorgung, bAV) are now capped at 8 % of the annual pension contribution assessment ceiling, which amounts to a maximum of €7,728 per year (based on the €96,600 limit for 2025). [12]

For direct insurance schemes (e.g. Direktversicherung), up to 4% of the contribution assessment ceiling (equivalent to €3,864 in 2025) can be contributed tax‑and-social‑insurance‑free [12]. In 2009, about 50% of workers in Germany are covered by these schemes.[13]

According to the Deutsches Institut für Zeitwertkonten und Pension Lösungen, a consultancy, "in almost all firms, 30 to 50% of the capital required to meet the commitments made in days when the interest rates were higher is missing". The Germans have invested 500 billion euros in Voluntary Occupational Pension and 170 to 225 billion euros are needed to fill in the coverage gap.[14]

## Private provision

[edit]

Private pension schemes in Germany are personal funded pensions. The funds are protected by law and cannot be seized by creditors or the state. They are also not inheritable. Payments into these funds benefit from a government sponsored tax credit of €154 per year per adult and up to an additional €300 if the fund beneficiary has children. The most popular form of private pension provisions is the so-called Riester Pension [de]. The annual government expenditure for the tax credits is at around €7bn. An alternative government sponsored private pension scheme is the Rürup Pension [de], which is specifically, albeit not exclusively, designed for self-employed people, who are usually not eligible for the Riester Pension.[15]

Germans can take early retirement if they agree to forgo a percentage of their state pension.

## See also

[edit]

* UK pensions
* US pensions
* Pensions in Austria
* Pensions in France
* Pensions in the Netherlands
* Pension system in Switzerland
* Sozialgesetzbuch
* Pan-European Pension

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Börsch-Supan, Axel (2001). Blaupause für eine nachhaltige Rentenreform in Deutschland (Report). Institut fuer Volkswirtschaftslehre und Statistik, Abteilung fuer Volkswirtschaftslehre.
2. ^ Queisser, Monika (1999-11-30). Pensions in Germany. Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-1664.
3. ^ Aegon, 'Pension provision in Germany: the first and second pillars in focus Archived 2018-12-09 at the Wayback Machine'
4. ^ admin (2025-07-24). "Pflichtversicherte und freiwillig Versicherte". Deutsche Rentenversicherung (in German). Retrieved 2025-08-08.
5. ^ GermanPedia (2023-12-24). "Pension in Germany [Retirement Age and German Pension System]". GermanPedia. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
6. ^ "Suljemme vanhoja järjestelmiämme" (PDF).
7. ^ "Wie sind die aktuellen Beitragssätze in der Sozialversicherung?". Techniker Krankenkasse. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
8. ^ Deutsche Rentenversicherung, ed. (23 March 2023). "Werte der Rentenversicherung". Retrieved March 28, 2024.
9. ^ "Deutsche Rentenversicherung - FAQ - Pensions". Archived from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
10. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-02-20.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-02-20.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
12. ^ a b "Update 2025: Effects of the changes to the contribution assessment limits as of 1 January 2025 on company pension schemes". www.deloitte.com. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-02-20.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
14. ^ title = 100 Milliarden Euro gesucht | Last = Henrich, Kamp| First = Anke, Matthias | publisher = Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt GmbH | newspaper = Wirtschaftswoche | date = November 25, 2013
15. ^ "Altersvorsorge für Selbständige – ein Gesamtüberblick". April 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

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