Pentatomomorpha

Infraorder of true bugs

Pentatomomorpha

Squash bug, Coreidae
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Class:  | Insecta
Order:  | Hemiptera
Suborder:  | Heteroptera
Infraorder:  | Pentatomomorpha
Superfamilies

5–7, see text

The Pentatomomorpha comprise an infraorder of insects in the true bug order Hemiptera. It unites such animals as the stink bugs (Pentatomidae), flat bugs (Aradidae), seed bugs (Lygaeidae and Rhyparochromidae), etc. They are closely related to the Cimicomorpha.[1]

Based on the fossil morphology, the common ancestor of Pentatomomorpha must be older than the fossils in the late Triassic. They play an important role in agriculture and forestry industries and they are also used as controlling agents in studies.

## Systematics[edit]

Five superfamilies are usually placed in the Pentatomomorpha. The Aradoidea represent the most basal extant lineage, while the others, often united as clade Trichophora, are more modern:[2][3][1]

* Aradoidea Brullé, 1836
* Coreoidea Leach, 1815
* Lygaeoidea Schilling, 1829
* Pentatomoidea Leach, 1815
* Pyrrhocoroidea Amyot & Serville, 1843

Among these, the Pentatomoidea seem to represent a by and large monophyletic lineage as traditionally understood, while the other three form a close-knit group and are in serious need of redelimitation.[1] The Idiostolidae are usually considered a family of the Lygaeoidea, but in the past have been placed in a distinct monotypic superfamily Idiostoloidea, for example.

The Piesmatidae, usually placed in the Lygaeoidea also, are sometimes considered incertae sedis,[4] or placed in a monotypic superfamily Piesmatoidea with the discovery of Cretopiesma. However a cladistic analysis rejected Cretopiesma from Piesmatidae and placed the genus in the family Aradidae.[5]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Pentatomomorpha. Flat bugs, stink bugs, seed bugs, leaf-footed bugs, scentless plant bugs, etc". Tree of Life Web Project. January 1, 1995. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
2. ^ Liu, Yingqi; Li, Hu; Song, Fan; Zhao, Yisheng; et al. (2019). "Higher-level phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences". Systematic Entomology. 44 (4): 810–819. doi:10.1111/syen.12357. S2CID 109280554.
3. ^ Li, Min; Wang, Yanhui; Xie, Qiang; Tian, Xiaoxuan; et al. (2016). "Reanalysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on ribosomal, Hox and mitochondrial genes". Entomotaxonomia. 38 (2). doi:10.11680/entomotax.2016021.
4. ^ David A. Grimaldi & Michael S. Engel (2007). "An unusual, primitive Piesmatidae (Insecta: Heteroptera) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3611): 1–17. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3611[1:AUPPIH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86107041.
5. ^ Cassis, G., & R.T. Schuh (2010) Systematic methods, fossils, and relationships within Heteroptera (Insecta). Cladistics 26:262-280.

## External links[edit]

* Media related to Pentatomomorpha at Wikimedia Commons

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Extant Hemiptera families

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Class: Insecta
* Subclass: Pterygota
* Infraclass: Neoptera
* Superorder: Paraneoptera

Suborder Auchenorrhyncha

| Cicadomorpha|

| Cercopoidea
(froghoppers)|

* Aphrophoridae
* Cercopidae
* Clastopteridae
* Epipygidae
* Machaerotidae

|

Cicadoidea
(cicadas)|

* Cicadidae
* Tettigarctidae (hairy cicadas)

Membracoidea|

* Aetalionidae
* Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)
* Melizoderidae
* Membracidae (typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
* Myerslopiidae

Fulgoromorpha
(planthoppers)|

| Fulgoroidea|

* Acanaloniidae
* Achilidae
* Achilixiidae
* Cixiidae
* Delphacidae
* Derbidae
* Dictyopharidae
* Eurybrachidae
* Flatidae
* Fulgoridae (lanternflies)
* Gengidae
* Hypochthonellidae
* Issidae
* Kinnaridae
* Lophopidae
* Meenoplidae
* Nogodinidae
* Ricaniidae
* Tettigometridae
* Tropiduchidae

|

Suborder Sternorrhyncha

| Aleyrodoidea|

* Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

|

Aphidoidea
(aphids)|

* Aphididae

Coccoidea
(scale insects)|

* Aclerdidae
* Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)
* Beesoniidae (beesoniids)
* Carayonemidae (carayonemids)
* Cerococcidae (ornate pit scales)
* Coccidae (soft scales)
* Conchaspididae
* Dactylopiidae (cochineals)
* Diaspididae (armored scales)
* Eriococcidae (felt scales)
* Halimococcidae (pupillarial palm scales)
* Kermesidae
* Kerriidae (lac scales)
* Lecanodiaspididae (false pit scales)
* Margarodidae (cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
* Micrococcidae (Mediterranean scales)
* Monophlebidae (giant scales)
* Ortheziidae (ensign scales)
* Phenacoleachiidae (phenacoleachiids)
* Phoenicococcidae (palm scales)
* Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)
* Putoidae (giant mealybugs)
* Stictococcidae (stictococcids)

Phylloxeroidea|

* Adelgidae (woolly conifer aphids)
* Phylloxeridae (phylloxerans)

Psylloidea|

* Aphalaridae
* Calophyidae
* Carsidaridae
* Homotomidae
* Phacopteronidae
* Psyllidae (jumping plant lice)
* Triozidae

Suborder Heteroptera (with Coleorrhyncha)

| Dipsocoromorpha|

* Ceratocombidae
* Dipsocoridae
* Hypsipterygidae
* Schizopteridae
* Stemmocryptidae

|

Enicocephalomorpha|

| Enicocephaloidea|

* Aenictopecheidae
* Enicocephalidae (unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)

|

Gerromorpha
(semiaquatic bugs)|

| Gerroidea|

* Gerridae (water striders)
* Hermatobatidae
* Veliidae (riffle bugs)

|

Hebroidea|

* Hebridae (velvet water bugs)

Hydrometroidea|

* Hydrometridae (marsh treaders or water measurers)
* Macroveliidae
* Paraphrynoveliidae

Mesovelioidea
(water treaders)|

* Madeoveliidae
* Mesoveliidae

| Leptopodomorpha|

* Saldidae (shore bugs)
* Leptopodidae (spiny shore bugs)
* Omaniidae
* Aepophilidae

|

Nepomorpha
(true water bugs)|

| Corixoidea|

* Corixidae (water boatmen)

|

Nepoidea|

* Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
* Nepidae (water scorpions, needle bugs)

Ochteroidea|

* Gelastocoridae (toad bugs)
* Ochteridae (velvety shore bugs)

Aphelocheiroidea|

* Aphelocheiridae
* Potamocoridae

Naucoroidea|

* Naucoridae (creeping water bugs)

Notonectoidea|

* Notonectidae (backswimmers)

Pleoidea|

* Helotrephidae
* Pleidae (pygmy backswimmers)

| Peloridiomorpha
(Coleorrhyncha)|

* Peloridiidae

|

Cimicomorpha|

| Cimicoidea|

* Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
* Cimicidae (bed bugs, bat bugs)
* Curaliidae (Curalium cronini)
* Joppeicidae
* Lasiochilidae
* Lyctocoridae
* Medocostidae
* Microphysidae
* Miridae (plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
* Nabidae (damsel bugs)
* Pachynomidae
* Plokiophilidae
* Polyctenidae (old world bat bugs)
* Reduviidae (assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
* Thaumastocoridae (royal palm bugs)
* Tingidae (lace bugs)
* Velocipedidae

|

Pentatomomorpha|

| Aradoidea|

* Aradidae (flat bugs)
* Termitaphididae (termite bugs)

|

Pentatomoidea
(shield bugs)|

* Urostylididae
* Acanthosomatidae (shield bugs)
* Tessaratomidae (giant shield bugs and relatives)
* Dinidoridae
* Cydnidae (burrowing bugs)
* Thaumastellidae
* Parastrachiidae
* Thyreocoridae (includes ebony bugs)
* Lestoniidae
* Phloeidae
* Scutelleridae (jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
* Plataspidae
* Pentatomidae (stink bugs)
* Canopidae
* Megarididae

Coreoidea|

* Alydidae (broad-headed bugs)
* Coreidae (squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
* Hyocephalidae
* Rhopalidae (scentless plant bugs)
* Stenocephalidae

Lygaeoidea|

* Artheneidae
* Berytidae (stilt bugs)
* Blissidae
* Colobathristidae
* Cryptorhamphidae
* Cymidae
* Geocoridae
* Henicocoridae
* Heterogastridae
* Idiostolidae
* Lygaeidae (milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
* Malcidae
* Ninidae
* Oxycarenidae
* Pachygronthidae
* Rhyparochromidae (atypical seed bugs)
* Piesmatidae (ash-grey leaf bugs)

Pyrrhocoroidea|

* Pyrrhocoridae (red bugs, cotton stainers)
* Largidae (bordered plant bugs)

Note: Coleorrhyncha are a different clade from Heteroptera. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as Prosorrhyncha.

Taxon identifiers|

* Wikidata: Q262297
* Wikispecies: Pentatomomorpha
* AFD: PENTATOMOMORPHA
* BugGuide: 865646
* EoL: 2643500
* Fauna Europaea: 12837
* Fauna Europaea (new): f6f8a5d2-f5c6-4f1d-bb32-1a4e38c63e68
* Fossilworks: 176443
* iNaturalist: 372868
* ITIS: 107475
* NBN: NHMSYS0020309628
* NCBI: 33357
* NZOR: 195a920c-0c93-4f31-8c37-be71f49040f9

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