Periodical cicadas

Genus of North American cicadas

Periodical cicada

Specimen of Magicicada septendecim in the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich (2015)
A Magicicada chorus with M. septendecim, M. cassini, and M. septendecula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Class:  | Insecta
Order:  | Hemiptera
Suborder:  | Auchenorrhyncha
Family:  | Cicadidae
Subfamily:  | Cicadettinae
Tribe:  | Lamotialnini
Genus:  | Magicicada
W. T. Davis, 1925
Type species
Magicicada septendecim[1]

(Linnaeus, 1758)

The term periodical cicada is commonly used to refer to any of the seven species of the genus Magicicada of eastern North America, the 13- and 17-year cicadas. They are called periodical because nearly all individuals in a local population are developmentally synchronized and emerge in the same year. Although they are sometimes called "locusts", this is a misnomer, as cicadas belong to the taxonomic order Hemiptera (true bugs), suborder Auchenorrhyncha, while locusts are grasshoppers belonging to the order Orthoptera.[2] Magicicada belongs to the cicada tribe Lamotialnini, a group of genera with representatives in Australia, Africa, and Asia, as well as the Americas.[3]

Magicicada species spend around 99.5% of their long lives underground in an immature state called a nymph. While underground, the nymphs feed on xylem fluids from the roots of broadleaf forest trees in the eastern United States.[4] In the spring of their 13th or 17th year, mature cicada nymphs emerge between late April and early June (depending on latitude), synchronously and in tremendous numbers.[5][6] The adults are active for only about four to six weeks after the unusually prolonged developmental phase.[7]

The males aggregate in chorus centers and call there to attract mates. Mated females lay eggs in the stems of woody plants. Within two months of the original emergence, the life cycle is complete and the adult cicadas die. Later in that same summer, the eggs hatch and the new nymphs burrow underground to develop for the next 13 or 17 years.

Periodical emergences are also reported for the "World Cup cicada" Chremistica ribhoi (every 4 years)[8] in northeast India and for a cicada species from Fiji, Raiateana knowlesi (every 8 years).[9]

## Description

[edit]

Many Brood X periodical cicadas (Magicicada) (video with sound)

The winged imago (adult) periodical cicada has two red compound eyes, three small ocelli, and a black dorsal thorax. The wings are translucent with orange veins. The underside of the abdomen may be black, orange, or striped with orange and black, depending on the species.[10]

Adults are typically 2.4 to 3.3 cm (0.9 to 1.3 in), depending on species, generally about 75% the size of most of the annual cicada species found in the same region. Mature females are slightly larger than males.[11]

Magicicada males typically form large aggregations that sing in chorus to attract receptive females. Different species have different characteristic calling songs. The call of decim periodical cicadas is said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh".[12] The cassini and decula periodical cicadas (including M. tredecula) have songs that intersperse buzzing and ticking sounds.[11]

Cicadas cannot sting and do not normally bite. Like other Auchenorrhyncha (true) bugs, they have mouthparts used to pierce plants and suck their sap. These mouthparts are used during the nymph stage to tap underground roots for water, minerals and carbohydrates and in the adult stage to acquire nutrients and water from plant stems. An adult cicada's proboscis can pierce human skin when it is handled, which is painful but in no other way harmful. Cicadas are neither venomous nor poisonous and there is no evidence that they or their bites can transmit diseases.[13]

Oviposition by female periodical cicadas damages pencil-sized twigs of woody vegetation. Mature trees rarely suffer lasting damage, although peripheral twig die-off or "flagging" may result.[14] Planting young trees or shrubs is best postponed until after an expected emergence of the periodical cicadas. Existing young trees or shrubs can be covered with cheesecloth or other mesh netting with holes that are 3⁄8 in (1.0 cm) in diameter or smaller to prevent damage during the oviposition period,[15] which begins about a week after the first adults emerge and lasts until all females have died.

## Life cycle

[edit]

Transformation from mature nymph to adult Time-lapse of final molt and darkening, over 4.5 hours Emergence! Nearly all at once. Many do not survive, but with mass emergence, many will reach maturity to start the next generation. Adult cicada female creating a slit in twig and inserting eggs. The sound is of thousands of cicadas.

Nearly all cicadas spend years underground as juveniles, before emerging above ground for a short adult stage of several weeks to a few months. The seven periodical cicada species are so named because, in any one location, all members of the population are developmentally synchronized—they emerge as adults all at once in the same year. This periodicity is especially remarkable because their life cycles are so long—13 or 17 years.

In contrast, for nonperiodical species, some adults mature each summer and emerge while the rest of the population continues to develop underground. Many people refer to these nonperiodical species as annual cicadas because some are seen every summer. This may lead some to conclude that the non-periodic cicadas have life cycles of 1 year. This is incorrect. The few known life cycles of "annual" species range from two to 10 years, although some could be longer.[citation needed]

The nymphs of the periodical cicadas live underground, usually within 2 ft (61 cm) of the surface, feeding on the juices of plant roots.[16] The nymphs of the periodical cicada undergo five instar stages in their development underground. The difference in the 13- and 17-year life cycle is said to be the time needed for the second instar to mature. When underground the nymphs move deeper below ground, detecting and then feeding on larger roots as they mature.[17]

The nymphs seem to track the number of years by detecting the changes in the xylem caused by abscission of the tree. This was supported experimentally by inducing a grove of trees to go through two cycles of losing and re-growing leaves in one calendar year. Cicadas feeding on those trees emerged after 16 years instead of 17.[9]

In late April to early June of the emergence year, mature fifth-instar nymphs construct tunnels to the surface and wait for the soil temperature to reach a critical value.[7][18] In some situations, nymphs extend mud turrets up to several inches above the soil surface.[19] The function of these turrets is not known, but the phenomenon has been observed in some nonperiodical cicadas, as well as other tunneling insects.[20]

The nymphs first emerge on a spring evening when the soil temperature at around 20 cm (8 in) of depth is above 17.9 °C (64 °F). The crepuscular emergence is thought to be related to the fact that maximum soil temperatures lag behind maximum insolation by several hours, conveniently providing some protection for the flightless nymphs against diurnal sight predators such as birds. For the rest of their lives the mature periodical cicadas will be strongly diurnal, with song often nearly ceasing at night.

During most years in the United States this emergence cue translates to late April or early May in the far south, and late May to early June in the far north. Emerging nymphs may molt in the grass or climb from a few centimeters to more than 100 feet (30 m) to find a suitable vertical surface to complete their transformation into adults. After securing themselves to tree trunks, the walls of buildings, telephone poles, fenceposts, hanging foliage, and even stationary automobile tires, the nymphs undergo a final molt and then spend about six days in the trees to await the complete hardening of their wings and exoskeletons. Just after emerging from this final molt the teneral adults are off-white, but darken within an hour.

Adult periodical cicadas live for only a few weeks; by mid-July, all have died. Their ephemeral adult forms are adapted for one purpose: reproduction. Like other cicadas the males produce a very loud species-specific mating song using their tymbals. Singing males of the same Magicicada species tend to form aggregations called choruses whose collective songs are attractive to females. Males in these choruses alternate bouts of singing with short flights from tree to tree in search of receptive females.[2] Most matings occur in so-called chorus trees.[10]

Receptive females respond to the calls of conspecific males with timed wing-flicks (visual signaling is apparently a necessity in the midst of the males' song) which attract the males for mating.[21] The sound of a chorus can be literally deafening and depending on the number of males composing it, may reach 100 dB in the immediate vicinity. In addition to their "calling" or "congregating" songs, males produce a distinctive courtship song when approaching an individual female.[10]

Both males and females can mate multiple times, although most females seem to mate only once [citation needed]. After mating, the female cuts V-shaped slits in the bark of young twigs and lays about 20 eggs in each, for a total clutch of 600 or more. After about 6–10 weeks, the eggs hatch and the nymphs drop to the ground, where they burrow and begin another 13- or 17-year cycle.

* Magicicada nymph emergence holes

* Mud turrets that emergent Brood X Magicicada nymphs created in Potomac, Maryland near Washington, D.C. (June 30, 2021)

* Brood XIII Magicicada nymph prior to final molt in suburban Chicago (May 24, 2007)

* Magicicada molting

* Teneral adult Brood XIII Magicicada and exuviae after molting in Highland Park, Illinois near Chicago. (May 2007)

* Teneral adult Brood XIII Magicicada in suburban Chicago (May 24, 2007)

* Mass of Magicicada Teneral adults and exuviae on vegetation

* An adult Brood X Magicicada septendecim in Princeton, New Jersey (June 6, 2004)

* Two Brood X Magicicadas mating in Bethesda, Maryland near Washington, D.C. (May 31, 2021)

* A Brood X Magicicada ovipositing eggs in a tree branch near Baltimore, Maryland (May 26, 2021)

* A Brood X Magicicada laying eggs in a tree branch (video) (June 1, 2021)

* Magicicada egg slits (circled in red) (June 6, 2004)

## Predator satiation survival strategy

[edit]

Further information: Antipredator adaptation

The nymphs emerge in very large numbers at nearly the same time, sometimes more than 1.5 million individuals per acre (370 individuals per m2).[22] Their mass emergence is, among other things, an adaptation called predator satiation. Although periodical cicadas are easy prey for reptiles, birds, squirrels, cats, dogs and other small and large mammals[7][23], there are after synchronized emergence simply too many individuals for the predators to consume; many individuals thus remain behind to procreate.

It has been hypothesized that the prime-number development times (13 and 17 years) improve avoidance of predators with shorter reproductive cycles and for this reason have been selected for. A predator with, for example, a three-year reproductive cycle, which happened to benefit from a brood emergence in a given year, will have gone through either four cycles plus one year (12 + 1) or five cycles plus two years (15 + 2) by the next time that the same brood emerges. In this way cicada generations always emerge when some portion of the predators they will confront are sexually immature and therefore incapable of taking maximum advantage of the momentarily limitless food supply.[24]

A second hypothesis posits that the prime-numbered developmental times are an adaptation that prevents hybridization between broods. Under extremely harsh conditions, mutations producing extremely long development times are selected for. A mechanism, such as reproducing only after prime-numbered intervals, that reduces the frequency of cicadas mating with cicadas that may lack the long-development trait will also be selected for. The North American Pleistocene glacial stadia are instances of such extremely harsh conditions. On this hypothesis, predator satiation reinforces a longer-term survival strategy of protecting the long-development trait from hybridizations that might dilute it.[25] This hypothesis has been supported by mathematical modeling.[26]

The length of the cycle was hypothesized to be controlled by a single gene locus, with the 13-year cycle dominant to the 17-year one,[27] but this interpretation remains controversial and unsubstantiated at the level of DNA.

### Impact on other populations

[edit]

Cycles in cicada populations are significant enough to affect other animal and plant populations. For example, tree growth has been observed to decline the year before the emergence of a brood because of the increased feeding on roots by the growing nymphs.[28] Moles, which feed on nymphs, have been observed to do well during the year before an emergence, but suffer population declines the following year because of the reduced food source.[29] Wild turkey populations respond favorably to increased nutrition in their food supply from gorging on cicada adults on the ground at the end of their life cycles. Uneaten carcasses of periodical cicadas decompose on the ground, providing a resource pulse of nutrients to the forest community.[28]

Cicada broods may also have a negative impact. Eastern gray squirrel populations have been negatively affected, because the egg-laying activity of female cicadas damaged upcoming mast crops.[30]

## Broods

[edit]

Periodical cicadas are grouped into geographic broods based on the calendar year when they emerge. For example, in 2014, the 13-year Brood XXII emerged in Louisiana and the 17-year Brood III emerged in western Illinois and eastern Iowa.

In 1907, entomologist Charles Lester Marlatt assigned Roman numerals to 30 different broods of periodical cicadas: 17 distinct broods with a 17-year life cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers I through XVII (with emerging years 1893 through 1909); plus 13 broods with a 13-year cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers XVIII through XXX (1893 through 1905).[31] Marlatt noted that the 17-year broods are generally more northerly than are the 13-year broods.[32]

Many of these hypothetical 30 broods have not been observed. Marlatt noted that some cicada populations (especially Brood XI in the valley of the Connecticut River in Massachusetts and Connecticut) were disappearing, a fact that he attributed to the reduction in forests and the introduction and proliferation of insect-eating "English sparrows" (House sparrows, Passer domesticus) that had followed the European settlement of North America.[33] Two of the broods that Marlatt named (Broods XI and XXI) have become extinct. His numbering scheme has been retained for convenience (and because it clearly separates 13- and 17-year life cycles), although only 15 broods are known to survive.[34]

Name | Nickname | Cycle (yrs) | Last emergence | Next emergence | Extent

|
|
|
|
|

Brood I | Blue Ridge brood | 17 | 2012 | 2029 | Western Virginia, West Virginia
Brood II | East Coast brood | 17 | 2013 | 2030 | Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, District of Columbia
Brood III | Iowan brood | 17 | 2014 | 2031 | Iowa
Brood IV | Kansan brood | 17 | 2015 | 2032 | Eastern Nebraska, southwestern Iowa, eastern Kansas, western Missouri, Oklahoma, north Texas[35]
Brood V |  | 17 | 2016 | 2033 | Eastern Ohio, Western Maryland, Southwestern Pennsylvania, Northwestern Virginia, West Virginia, New York (Suffolk County)[36]
Brood VI |  | 17 | 2017 | 2034 | Northern Georgia, western North Carolina, northwestern South Carolina
Brood VII | Onondaga brood | 17 | 2018 | 2035 | Central New York (Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Yates counties)[Note 1]
Brood VIII |  | 17 | 2019 | 2036 | Eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia
Brood IX |  | 17 | 2020 | 2037 | southwestern Virginia, southern West Virginia, western North Carolina
Brood X | Great eastern brood | 17 | 2021 | 2038 | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan[37][Note 2]
Brood XI |  | 17 | 1954 | Extinct | Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island. Last seen in 1954 in Ashford, Connecticut along the Fenton River
Brood XIII | Northern Illinois brood | 17 | 2024 | 2041 | Northern Illinois and in parts of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana[Note 3]
Brood XIV |  | 17 | 2025 | 2042 | Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, northern Georgia, Southwestern Virginia and West Virginia, and parts of New York and New Jersey
Brood XIX | Great Southern Brood | 13 | 2024 | 2037 | Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia[Note 4]
Brood XXI | Floridian Brood | 13 | 1870 | Extinct | Last recorded in 1870, historical range included the Florida panhandle[41]
Brood XXII | Baton Rouge Brood[42] | 13 | 2014 | 2027 | Louisiana, Mississippi[Note 5]
Brood XXIII | Mississippi Valley Brood[43] | 13 | 2015 | 2028 | Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee

1. ^ Consists only of M. septendecim
2. ^ A premature emergence occurred in 2017.[38]
3. ^ Reputedly has the largest emergence of cicadas by size known anywhere. A premature emergence occurred in 2020.[39]
4. ^ Arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods.[40]
5. ^ This 13-year brood does not include M. neotredecim.

Periodical cicadas that emerge outside the expected time frame are called stragglers. Although they can emerge at any time, they usually do so one or four years before or after most other members of their broods emerge.[44] Stragglers with a 17-year life cycle typically emerge four years early. Those with a 13-year cycle typically emerge four years late.[45] The emergence of stragglers may in theory be indicative of a brood shifting from a 17-year cycle to a 13-year one.[46]

Brood XIII of the 17-year cicada, which reputably has the largest emergence of cicadas by size known anywhere, and Brood XIX of the 13-year cicada, arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, were expected to emerge together in 2024 for the first time since 1803. However, the two broods were not expected to overlap except potentially in a thin area in central and eastern Illinois (Macon, Sangamon, Livingston, and Logan counties).[47] The next such dual emergence of these two particular broods will occur in 2245, 221 years after 2024. Many other 13-year and 17-year broods emerge during the same years, but the broods are not geographically close.[48]

### Map of brood locations

[edit]

USDA Forest Service map of periodical cicada brood locations by county and timing of next emergence (as of 2024)

## Taxonomy

[edit]

### Phylogeny

[edit]

Magicicada is a member of the cicada tribe Lamotialnini, which is distributed globally aside from South America. Despite Magicicada being only found in eastern North America, its closest relatives are thought to be the genera Tryella and Aleeta from Australia, with Magicicada being sister to the clade containing Tryella and Aleeta.[49] Within the Americas, its closest relative is thought to be the genus Chrysolasia from Guatemala.[50]

### Species

[edit]

Seven recognized species are placed within Magicicada—three 17-year species and four 13-year species. These seven species are also sometimes grouped differently into three subgroups, the so-called Decim species group, Cassini species group, and Decula species group, reflecting strong similarities of each 17-year species with one or more species with a 13-year cycle.[51]

17-year cycle  | Species
group  | 13-year cycle

|
|

Image  | Scientific name  | Common Name  | Distribution  | Image  | Scientific name  | Common Name  | Distribution
| M. septendecim
(Linnaeus, 1758) | 17-year locust,
Pharaoh cicada  | Canada,
United States  | Decim  |  | M. tredecim
(Walsh & Riley, 1868) |  | Southeastern
United States
| M. neotredecim
Marshall & Cooley, 2000 |  | United States
| M. cassini [52]
(Fisher, 1852) | 17-year cicada,
dwarf periodical cicada  | United States  | Cassini  |  | M. tredecassini
Alexander & Moore, 1962 |  | United States
| M. septendecula
Alexander & Moore, 1962 |  | United States  | Decula  |  | M. tredecula
Alexander & Moore, 1962 |  | United States

### Evolution and speciation

[edit]

See also: Allochronic speciation

Not only are the periodical cicada life cycles curious for their use of the prime numbers 13 or 17, but their evolution is also intricately tied to one- and four-year changes in their life cycles.[25][27] One-year changes are less common than four-year changes and are probably tied to variation in local climatic conditions. Four-year early and late emergences are common and involve a much larger proportion of the population than one-year changes. The different species are well-understood to have originated from a process of allochronic speciation,[53][54] in which species subpopulations that are isolated from one another in time eventually become reproductively isolated as well.

Research suggests that in extant periodical cicadas, the 13- and 17-year life cycles evolved at least eight different times in the last 4 million years and that different species with identical life cycles developed their overlapping geographic distribution by synchronizing their life cycles to the existing dominant populations.[54] The same study estimates that the Decim species group split from the common ancestor of the Decula plus Cassini species groups around 4 million years ago (Mya). At around 2.5 Mya, the Cassini and Decula groups split from each other.

The Sota et al. (2013) paper also calculates that the first separation of extant 13-year cicadas from 17-year cicadas took place in the Decim group about 530,000 years ago when the southern M. tredecim split from the northern M. septendecim. The second noteworthy event took place about 320,000 years ago with the split of the western Cassini group from its conspecifics to the east. The Decim and the Decula clades experienced similar western splits, but these are estimated to have taken place 270,000 and 230,000 years ago, respectively. The 13- and 17-year splits in Cassini and Decula took place after these events.

The 17-year cicadas largely occupy formerly glaciated territory, and as a result their phylogeographic relationships reflect the effects of repeated contraction into glacial refugia (small islands of suitable habitat) and subsequent re-expansion during multiple interglacial periods. In each species group, Decim, Cassini, and Decula, the signature of the glacial periods is manifested in three phylogeographic genetic subdivisions: one subgroup east of the Appalachians, one midwestern, and one on the far western edge of their range.

The Sota et al. data suggest that the founders of the southern 13-year cicada populations originated from the Decim group. These were later joined by Cassini originating from the western Cassini clade and Decula originating from eastern, middle, and western Decula clades. As Cassini and Decula invaded the south, they became synchronized with the resident M. tredecim. These Cassini and Decula are known as M. tredecassini and M. tredecula. More data is needed to lend support to this hypothesis and others hypotheses related to more recent 13- and 17-year splits involving M. neotredecim and M. tredecim.

## Distribution

[edit]

The 17-year periodical cicadas are distributed from the Eastern states, across the Ohio Valley, to the Great Plains states and north to the edges of the Upper Midwest, while the 13-year cicadas occur in the Southern and Mississippi Valley states, with some slight overlap of the two groups. For example, broods IV (17-year cycle) and XIX (13-year cycle) overlap in western Missouri and eastern Oklahoma.[55][56] Their emergences should again coincide in 2219, 2440, 2661, etc., as they did in 1998[57] (although distributions change slightly from generation to generation and older distribution maps can be unreliable[56]).

An effort sponsored by the National Geographic Society is underway as of April 2021 at the University of Connecticut to generate new distribution maps of all periodical cicada broods.[58] The effort uses crowdsourced data and records that entomologists and volunteers collect.[59]

## Parasites, pests and pathogens

[edit]

Although it usually feeds on oak leaf gall midge (Polystepha pilulae) larvae and other insects, the oak leaf gall mite ("itch mite") (Pyemotes herfsi) becomes an ectoparasite of periodical cicada eggs when these are available. After cicadas deposit their eggs in the branches of trees, feeding mites reproduce and their numbers increase.[60]

A Brood X Magicicada with abdominal Massospora cicadina infection in Bethesda, Maryland (May 31, 2021)

After cicada emergences have ended, many people have therefore developed rashes, pustules, intense itching and other mite bite sequelae on their upper torso, head, neck and arms. Rashes and itching peaked after several days, but lasted as long as two weeks. Anti-itch treatments, including calamine lotion and topical steroid creams, did not relieve the itching.[60]

Massospora cicadina is a pathogenic fungus that infects only 13 and 17 year periodical cicadas. Infection results in a "plug" of spores that replaces the end of the cicada's abdomen while it is still alive, leading to infertility, disease transmission, and eventual death of the cicada.[61]

## Symbiosis

[edit]

Magicicada are unable to obtain all of the essential amino acids from the dilute xylem fluid that they feed upon, and instead rely upon endosymbiotic bacteria that provide essential vitamins and nutrients for growth.[62] Bacteria in the genus Hodgkinia live inside periodical cicadas, and grow and divide for years before punctuated cicada reproduction events impose natural selection on these bacteria to maintain a mutually beneficial relationship. As a result, the genome of Hodgkinia has fractionated into three independent bacterial species each containing only a subset of genes essential for this symbiosis. The host requires all three subgroups of symbionts, as only the complete complement of all three subgroups provides the host with all its essential nutrients.[63] The Hodgkinia–Magicicada symbiosis is a powerful example of how bacterial endosymbionts drive the evolution of their hosts.

## History

[edit]

The first known account of a large emergence of cicadas appeared in a 1633 report by William Bradford, the governor of the Plymouth Colony, which had been established in 1620 within the future state of Massachusetts.[64][65] After describing a "pestilent fever" that had swept through the colony and neighboring Indians, the report stated:

> It is to be observed that, the spring before this sickness, there was a numerous company of Flies which were like for bigness unto wasps or Bumble-Bees; they came out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up the green things, and made such a constant yelling noise as made the woods ring of them, and ready to deafen the hearers; they were not any seen or heard by the English in this country before this time; but the Indians told them that sickness would follow, and so it did, very hot, in the months of June, July, and August of that summer.[66][67]

(Elaborating on an observation that Marlatt reported in 1907,[68] Gene Kritsky has suggested that Bradford's report is misdated, as Broods XI and XIV would have emerged in Plymouth in 1631 and 1634, respectively, while no presently known brood would have emerged there in 1633.[69])

Historical accounts cite reports of 15- to 17-year recurrences of enormous numbers of noisy emergent cicadas ("locusts") written as early as 1733.[67][70] John Bartram, a noted Philadelphia botanist and horticulturist, was among the early writers that described the insect's life cycle, appearance and characteristics.[71]

On May 9, 1715, Andreas Sandel, the pastor of Philadelphia's "Gloria Dei" Swedish Lutheran Church, described in his journal an emergence of Brood X.[72] Pehr Kalm, a Finnish naturalist visiting Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1749 on behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, observed in late May another emergence of that brood.[73][74] When reporting the event in a paper that a Swedish academic journal published in 1756, Kalm wrote:

> The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.
> There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.[74]

Kalm then described Sandel's report and one that he had obtained from Benjamin Franklin that had recorded in Philadelphia the emergence from the ground of large numbers of cicadas during early May 1732. He noted that the people who had prepared these documents had made no such reports in other years.[74]

Kalm further noted that others had informed him that they had seen cicadas only occasionally before the insects emerged from the ground in Pennsylvania in large swarms on May 22, 1749.[74] He additionally stated that he had not heard any cicadas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1750 in the same months and areas in which he had heard many in 1749.[74] The 1715 and 1732 reports, when coupled with his own 1749 and 1750 observations, supported the previous "general opinion" that he had cited.

Kalm summarized his findings in a book translated into English and published in London in 1771,[75] stating:

> There are a kind of Locusts which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers ... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods.[67][76]

Based on Kalm's account and a specimen that Kalm had provided, in 1758 Carl Linnaeus named the insect Cicada septendecim in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[10][77]

Moses Bartram, a son of John Bartram, described the next appearance of the brood (Brood X) that Kalm had observed in 1749 in an article entitled Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years that he wrote in 1766. Bartram's article, which a London journal published in 1768, noted that upon hatching from eggs deposited in the twigs of trees, the young insects ran down to the earth and "entered the first opening that they could find". He reported that he had been able to discover them 10 feet (3 m) below the surface, but that others had reportedly found them 30 feet (9 m) deep.[78]

In 1775, Thomas Jefferson recorded in his "Garden Book" Brood II's 17-year periodicity, writing that an acquaintance remembered "great locust years" in 1724 and 1741, that he and others recalled another such year in 1758 and that the insects had again emerged from the ground at Monticello in 1775. He noted that the females lay their eggs in the small twigs of trees while above ground.[79]

The 1780 emergence of the Brood VII cicadas (also known as the Onondaga brood) during the American Revolutionary War, coincided with the aftermath of the military operation known as the Sullivan Expedition which devastated the indigenous Onondagan communities and destroyed their crops. The sudden arrival of such a substantial quantity of the cicadas provided a source of sustenance for the Onondaga people who were experiencing severe food insecurity following the Sullivan campaigns and the subsequent brutal winter.[80] The seemingly miraculous arrival of the cicadas is commemorated by the Onondaga as though it were an intervention by the Creator to ensure their survival after such a traumatizing, catastrophic event.[81]

A Brood X Magicicada with abdominal Massospora cicadina infection in Takoma Park, Maryland (May 31, 2021)

In April 1800, Benjamin Banneker, who lived near Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, wrote in his record book that he recalled a "great locust year" in 1749, a second in 1766 during which the insects appeared to be "full as numerous as the first", and a third in 1783. He predicted that the insects (Brood X) "may be expected again in they year 1800 which is Seventeen Since their third appearance to me".[82] Describing an effect that the pathogenic fungus, Massospora cicadina, has on its host,[83] Banneker's record book stated that the insects:

> ... begin to Sing or make a noise from first they come out of the Earth till they die. The hindermost part rots off, and it does not appear to be any pain to them, for they still continue on Singing till they die.[84]

In 1845, Dr. D.L. Pharas of Woodville, Mississippi, announced the 13-year periodicity of the southern cicada broods in a local newspaper, the Woodville Republican.[32] In 1858, Pharas placed the title Cicada tredecim in a subsequent article that the newspaper published on the subject 13 years later.[32] Ten years after that, the American Entomologist published in December 1868 a paper which Benjamin Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley had written that also reported the 13-year periodicity of the southern cicada broods.[32]

Walsh's and Riley's paper, which Scientific American reprinted in January 1869, illustrated the interior and exterior characteristics of the nymphs' emergence holes and raised turrets.[65] Their article, which did not cite Pharas' reports, was the first to describe the southern cicadas' 13-year periodicity that received widespread attention.[32] Riley later acknowledged Pharas' work in an 1885 publication on periodical cicadas that he authored.[32][85]

Itch mite bites

In 1998, an emergence contained a brood of 17-year cicadas (Brood IV) in western Missouri and a brood of 13-year cicadas (Brood XIX) over much of the rest of the state. Each of the broods are the state's largest of their types. As the territories of the two broods overlap (converge) in some areas, the convergence was the state's first since 1777.[86]

In 2007 and 2008, Edmond Zaborski, a research scientist with the Illinois Natural History Survey, reported that the oak leaf gall mite ("itch mite") (Pyemotes herfsi) is an ectoparasite of periodical cicada eggs. While investigating with the help of others the mysterious itchy welts and rashes that people were developing in Chicago's suburbs after the end of a 2007 Brood XIII emergence, he attributed the event to bites by mites whose populations had quickly increased while parasitizing those eggs.[87] Similar events occurred in Cincinnati after a Brood XIV emergence ended in 2008,[88] in Cleveland and elsewhere in northern and eastern Ohio after a Brood V emergence ended in 2016,[89] in the Washington, D.C., area after a Brood X emergence ended in 2021,[90] and again in the Chicago area after the next Brood XIII emergence ended in 2024.[91]

## Use as human food

[edit]

Magicicada species are edible when cooked for people who lack allergies to similar foods. A number of recipes are available for this purpose. Some recommend collecting the insects shortly after molting while still soft. Others exhibit preferences for emergent nymphs or hardened adults.[92]

The insects have historically been eaten by Native Americans, who fried them or roasted them in hot ovens, stirring them until they were well browned.[93][94] Marlatt wrote in 1907:

> The use of the newly emerged and succulent cicadas as an article of human diet has merely a theoretical interest, because, if for no other reason, they occur too rarely to have any real value. There is also the much stronger objection in the instinctive repugnance which all insects seem to inspire as an article of food to most civilized nations. Theoretically, the Cicada, collected at the proper time and suitably dressed and served, should be a rather attractive food. The larvae have lived solely on vegetable matter of the cleanest and most whole-some sort, and supposedly, therefore, would be much more palatable and suitable for food than the oyster, with its scavenger habit of living in the muddy ooze of river bottoms, or many other animals which are highly prized and which have not half so clean a record as the periodical Cicada.[94]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Maxine Shoemaker Heath (1978). Genera of American cicadas north of Mexico (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Florida. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.42291.
2. ^ a b "General Periodical Cicada Information". Cicadas. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. February 16, 2017. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
3. ^ Marshall, DC; Moulds, M; Hill, KBR; Price, BW; Wade, EJ; Owen, CO; Goemans, G; Marathe, K; Sarkar, V; Cooley, JR; Sanborn, AF; Kunte, K; Villet, MH; Simon, C (2018). "A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification". Zootaxa. 4424 (1): 1–64\. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477. S2CID 52976455. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018.
4. ^ Lloyd, M. & H.S. Dybas (1966). "The periodical cicada problem. I. Population ecology". Evolution. 20 (2): 133–149\. doi:10.2307/2406568. JSTOR 2406568. PMID 28563627.
5. ^ "Magicicada". Cicada Mania.
6. ^ "CICADAS IN ILLINOIS 2024". Field Museum.
7. ^ a b c Williams, K.S. & C. Simon (1995). "The ecology, behavior, and evolution of periodical cicadas" (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology. 40: 269–295\. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.001413. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2010.
8. ^ Hajong, Sudhanya Ray; Yaakop, Salmah (August 29, 2013). "Chremistica ribhoi sp. n. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from North-East India and its mass emergence". Zootaxa. 3702 (5): 493–500\. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3702.5.8. PMID 26146742.
9. ^ a b Simon, Chris; Cooley, John R.; Karban, Richard; Sota, Teiji (January 7, 2022). "Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of 13- and 17-Year Periodical Cicadas". Annual Review of Entomology. 67 (1): 457–482\. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108. PMID 34623904. S2CID 238529885.
10. ^ a b c d Alexander, Richard D.; Moore, Thomas E. (1962). "The Evolutionary Relationships of 17-Year and 13-Year Cicadas, and Three New Species (Homoptera, Cicadidae, Magicicada)" (PDF). University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2012.
11. ^ a b Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. pp. 2785–2794\. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016.
12. ^ Stranahan, Nancy. "Nature Notes from the Eastern Forest". Arc of Appalachia. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
13. ^ Multiple sources:
* Dan (June 28, 2008). "Do cicadas bite or sting?". Cicada Mania. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
* Miller, Korin (March 24, 2021). "How to Prepare for a Swarm of Cicadas This Year—and Why You Should Never Kill Them". Prevention. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
* West Virginia University (July 27, 2020). "Return of the zombie cicadas: Manipulative qualities of fungal-infected flyers". Science Daily. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
14. ^ Cook, William M.; Robert D. Holt (2002). "Periodical cicada (Magicicada cassini) oviposition damage: visually impressive yet dynamically irrelevant" (PDF). American Midland Naturalist. 147 (2): 214–224\. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0214:PCMCOD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 45098071. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011.
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* Cox, Lauren; Hernandez, Daisy (June 14, 2020). "How to Deal With the Cacophony of Brood X Cicadas This Spring". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
* Raupp, Michael J. (May 15, 2013). "Brood II Up In Maryland, Magicicada spp." Bug Of The Week. University of Maryland Extension. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
16. ^ Marlatt, C. L. (1907). "The Habits of the Larva and Pupa.: The Food of the Larva and Pupa.". The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. pp. 123–125\. LCCN agr07001971. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
17. ^ White, J; Lloyd, M. (1979). "Seventeen year cicadas emerging after eighteen years-a new brood?". Evolution. 33 (4): 1193–1199\. doi:10.2307/2407477. JSTOR 2407477. PMID 28563914.
18. ^ Heath, J.E. (1968). "Synchronization of Emergence in Periodical "17-year" Cicadas (Homoptera, Cicadidae, Magicicada)". American Midland Naturalist. 80 (2): 440–448\. doi:10.2307/2423537. JSTOR 2423537.
19. ^ Marlatt, C.L (1907). "Transformation to the Adult Stage.: Cicada Huts, or Cones.". The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. pp. 91–98\. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
20. ^ Betard, F. (2020). "Insects as zoogeomorphic agents: an extended review" (PDF). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 46: 89–109\. doi:10.1002/esp.4944. S2CID 225534427.
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24. ^ Goles, E.; Schulz, O.; Markus, M. (2001). "Prime number selection of cycles in a predator-prey model". Complexity. 6 (4): 33–38\. Bibcode:2001Cmplx...6d..33G. doi:10.1002/cplx.1040.
25. ^ a b Cox, R. T. & C. E. Carlton (1988). "Paleoclimatic influences in the evolution of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.)". American Midland Naturalist. 120 (1): 183–193\. doi:10.2307/2425898. JSTOR 2425898. S2CID 4213280.
26. ^ Tanaka, Y; Yoshimura, J.; Simon, C.; Cooley, J.; Tainaka, K. (2009). "Allee effect in the selection for prime-numbered cycles in periodical cicadas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (22): 8975–8979\. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8975T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900215106. PMC 2690011. PMID 19451640.
27. ^ a b Cox, R. T. & C. E. Carlton (1991). "Evidence of genetic dominance of the 13-year life cycle in periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.)". American Midland Naturalist. 125 (1): 63–74\. doi:10.2307/2426370. JSTOR 2426370.
28. ^ a b Yang, Louie H. (2004). "Periodical Cicadas as Resource Pulses in North American Forests". Science. 306 (5701): 1565–1567\. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1565Y. doi:10.1126/science.1103114. PMID 15567865. S2CID 27088981.
29. ^ "National Geographic: Cicada Outbreaks Linked to Other Animals' Booms, Busts". Archived from the original on July 22, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
30. ^ "Cicadas - The Rise of Brood X". Bel Air, Maryland: The Mill of Bel Air. April 23, 2021. Archived from the original on August 3, 2025. Retrieved August 3, 2025. "The egg laying activity of female cicadas may also affect mast crops (nuts, acorns) which reduces food for squirrels. It is noted that Eastern gray squirrel populations often decline after a cicada cycle."
31. ^ Marlatt, C. L. (1907). "The Classification of the Broods". The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. pp. 28–30\. LCCN agr07001971. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
32. ^ a b c d e f Marlatt, C.L (1907). "The Races, Broods, and Varieties of the Cicada: A Seventeen–Year Race and a Thirteen–Year Race". The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. pp. 14–18\. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
33. ^ Marlatt, C.L (1907). "Summary of the Habits and Characteristics of the Cicada.". The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. pp. 13–14\. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
34. ^ Post, Susan L. (2004). "A Trill of a Lifetime". The Illinois Steward. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007.
35. ^ "Brood IV". Cicadas. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
36. ^ "Periodical Cicada - Brood V". United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. April 15, 2016. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016.
37. ^ "Brood X (17-year)". Ann Arbor, Michigan: Division of Insects: Museum of Zoology: University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
38. ^ Sheikh, Knvul (May 27, 2017). "Brood Awakening: 17-Year Cicadas Emerge 4 Years Early". Scientific American. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
39. ^ Schuster, James; Nixon, Philip. "Timed to perfection: Cicada's biological clock determines emergence". Insects: Cicadas. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences: Illinois Extension. Archived from the original on March 10, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024. "The northern Illinois brood, which will emerge in late May 2024, has a reputation for the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. This is due to the size of the emergence and the research and subsequent reporting over the years by entomologists Monte Lloyd and Henry Dybas at the Field Museum in Chicago. During the 1956 emergence, they counted an average of 311 nymphal emergence holes per square yard of ground in a forested floodplain near Chicago. This translates to 1½ million cicadas per acre. In upland sites, they recorded 27 emergence holes per square yard, translating to about 133,000 per acre. This number is more typical of emergence numbers but is still a tremendous number of insects. .... 2020 | Northern Illinois Sub-Brood (part of Marlatt's XIII)"
40. ^ "Brood XIX: The Great Southern Brood". Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. "Brood XIX is arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, with records along the east coast from Maryland to Georgia and in the Midwest from Iowa to Oklahoma."
41. ^ Marlatt, C.L. (1907). The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
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43. ^ "Brood XXIII". February 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
44. ^ "Stragglers". Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. January 25, 2021. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
45. ^ "What are stragglers?". Cicada Mania. June 27, 2015. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. "Typically cicadas with a 17-year life cycle will emerge 4 years early, and cicadas with a 13-year cycle will emerge 4 years late."
46. ^ "Hordes of cicadas are emerging simultaneously in America". The Economist. May 28, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
47. ^ Multiple sources:
* "2024 Cicada Forecast". Cicada Mania. February 10, 2024. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. "Both Brood XIX and XIII exist in Macon, Sangamon, Livingston and Logan counties in Illinois. The easily accessible place they come closest to overlapping is Springfield, Illinois, which is in Sangamon County."
* Schuster, James; Nixon, Philip. "Timed to perfection: Cicada's biological clock determines emergence". Insects: Cicadas. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences: Illinois Extension. Archived from the original on March 10, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024. "The northern Illinois brood, which will emerge in late May 2024, has a reputation for the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. This is due to the size of the emergence and the research and subsequent reporting over the years by entomologists Monte Lloyd and Henry Dybas at the Field Museum in Chicago. During the 1956 emergence, they counted an average of 311 nymphal emergence holes per square yard of ground in a forested floodplain near Chicago. This translates to 1½ million cicadas per acre. In upland sites, they recorded 27 emergence holes per square yard, translating to about 133,000 per acre. This number is more typical of emergence numbers but is still a tremendous number of insects."
* "The 2024 Periodical Cicada Emergence". Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. "In 2024, 13-year Brood XIX, which is the largest of all periodical cicada broods, will co-emerge with 17-year Brood XIII; these two broods are adjacent (but not significantly overlapping) in north-central Illinois."
* "Brood XIX: The Great Southern Brood". Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages. Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut. February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. "Brood XIX is arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, with records along the east coast from Maryland to Georgia and in the Midwest from Iowa to Oklahoma."
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* Ortiz, Aimee (January 19, 2024). "The World Hasn't Seen Cicadas Like This Since 1803". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. "Brood XIX and Brood XIII will both emerge this spring. The last time these bugs showed up at the same time in the United States, Thomas Jefferson was president. After this spring, it'll be another 221 years before the broods, which are geographically adjacent, appear together again."
* Matthews, Carys (May 29, 2024). "Cicada double brood event: What to expect as trillions of bugs emerge in Eastern US". Live Science. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024. "Billions, even trillions, of cicadas are going to emerge at the same time across 17 states," Chris Simon, a professor at UConn's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and one of the scientists who runs the database told Life Science. ... Despite the huge volumes of insects set to emerge, the co-emergence of Brood XIII and XIX likely won't look much different from other periodical cicada emergences. That's because, for the most part, they won't emerge from the same locations. There's only a small woodland area in Springfield, Illinois, where the two broods may co-emerge. "The broods won't overlap significantly due to the latitudinal spread involved," John Cooley, founder of the Periodical Cicada Project and a professor in UConn's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, told Live Science. .... It is a rare occurrence for two specific periodical broods of different life cycles to emerge at the same time and overrlap in location. "The co-emergence of any two broods of different cycles is rare, because the cycles are both prime numbers," Cooley said. "Any given 13- and 17-year broods will only co-emerge once every 13 x 17 = 221 years." Despite their geographic proximity, the two broods have not emerged at the same time for 221 years, although many other 13-year and 17-year broods have appeared in the same year. "2015 was the last time a 13-year brood emerged with a 17-year brood, when Brood XXIII emerged with Brood IV. However, the two broods weren't geographically close," Simon told Live Science. "Similarly, adjacent Brood IV and Brood XIX both appeared in 1998 but, again, weren't close."
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62. ^ Hilary Christensen & Marilyn L. Fogel (2011) Feeding ecology and evidence for amino acid synthesis in the periodical cicada (Magicicada). Journal of Insect Physiology 57: 211–219
63. ^ Campbell, Matthew A.; Łukasik, Piotr; Simon, Chris; McCutcheon, John P. (2017). "Idiosyncratic Genome Degradation in a Bacterial Endosymbiont of Periodical Cicadas". Current Biology. 27 (22): 3568–3575.e3. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3568C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.008. PMC 8879801. PMID 29129532.
64. ^ Bradford, William (1908). "The 10. Chap.: Showing how they sought out a place of habitation, and what befell them thereaboute.". In Davis, William T. (ed.). Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation: 1606-1646. Original Narratives of Early American History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 105. LCCN 08007375. OCLC 954260374. Retrieved September 10, 2020 - via HathiTrust Digital Library.
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66. ^ Multiple sources:
* Morton, Nathaniel (1669). "1633". In Higginson, John; Thatcher, Thomas (eds.). New-England's Memorial: or, A brief relation of the most memorable and remarkable passages of the providence of God manifested to the planters of New-England in America: with special reference to the first colony thereof, called New-Plimouth.: As also a nomination of divers of the most eminent instruments deceased, both of church & common wealth. Improved in the first beginning and after progress of sundry of the respective jurisdictions in those parts; in reference unto sundry exemplary passages of their lives, & the time of their death. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Printed by S. G. and M. J. for John Usher of Boston. pp. 116–118\. LCCN 01012090. OCLC 685167252. Retrieved October 7, 2020 - via Internet Archive.
* Barton, Benjamin Smith, ed. (1805). "On the Locusts of North America: Note". The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal. Vol. 1\. Philadelphia: J. Conrad & Co. p. 59\. LCCN sf88091541. OCLC 565367549. Retrieved October 7, 2020 - via HathiTrust Digital Library.
67. ^ a b c Marlatt, C.L (1898). "The Periodical Cicada in Literature". The Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together with a Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods (14 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Division of Entomology: Government Printing Office. pp. 112–118\. OCLC 1039550735. Retrieved July 29, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
68. ^ Marlatt, C.L (1907). "Brood XIV—Septendecim". The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. p. 58\. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
69. ^ Kritsky, Gene (July 1, 2001). "Periodical Revolutions and the Early History of the "Locust" in American Cicada Terminology". American Entomologist. 47 (3): 186–188\. doi:10.1093/ae/47.3.186. OCLC 5710011450.
70. ^ Dudley, Paul (1733). Periodical Revolutions. Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London. Cited in Kritsky, Gene (2004). "John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study". In Hoffmann, Nancy E.; Van Horne, John C. (eds.). America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. p. 49 (Reference No. 16). ISBN 978-0-87169-249-8. LCCN 2003050212. OCLC 891409264. Retrieved July 29, 2021 - via Google Books. "Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper."
71. ^ Kritsky, Gene (2004). "John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study". In Hoffmann, Nancy E.; Van Horne, John C. (eds.). America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. p. 44\. ISBN 978-0-87169-249-8. LCCN 2003050212. OCLC 891409264. Retrieved July 29, 2021 - via Google Books.
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73. ^ Kalm, Peter (1772). "Preface". Travels into North America; Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects. Translated into English by John Reinhold Forster. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Printed for T. Lowndes, No. 77, in Fleet-street. pp. v–vii. ISBN 978-0-665-51501-9. LCCN 02013569. OCLC 1042021758. Retrieved August 24, 2021 - via Internet Archive. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
74. ^ a b c d e Davis, J.J. (May 1953). "Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)" (PDF). The Ohio Journal of Science. 53: 139–140\. hdl:1811/4028. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2019. Republished by "Knowledge Bank". The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
75. ^ Kalm, Peter (1771). Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster. Vol. 2\. London: T. Lowndess. pp. 212–213\. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2020 - via Google Books..
76. ^ Kalm, Peter (1771). Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster. Vol. 2\. London: T. Lowndess. pp. 6–7. Retrieved September 10, 2020 - via Google Books.
77. ^ Linnaei, Caroli (1758). Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis: Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim. Vol. 1 (10 ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 436–437\. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017 - via Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL).
78. ^ Bartram, Moses (1766). "Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq.". The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, for the Year 1767. London: Printed for J. Dodsley (1768). pp. 103–106\. OCLC 642534652. Retrieved May 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
79. ^ Jefferson, Thomas (1775). Betts, Edward Morris (ed.). "Thomas Jefferson's garden book, 1766-1824, with relevant extracts from his other writings". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. 22. Philadelphia: 68. LCCN 45001776. OCLC 602659598. Retrieved July 14, 2025 - via Internet Archive. "Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 & 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758. was and now they are come again this year 1775. it appears then that they come periodically once in 17 years. they come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. it is thought that they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent."
80. ^ Rojas, Rick (June 22, 2018). "A Story of Survival Revived by the Cicadas' Loud (and Crunchy) Return". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
81. ^ "Ogweñ•yó'da' déñ'se' Hanadagá•yas: The Cicada and George Washington". Onondaga Nation. May 14, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
82. ^ Multiple sources:
* Latrobe, pp. 11–12.
* Barber, Janet E.; Nkwanta, Asamoah (2014). "Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics. 4 (1): 112–122\. doi:10.5642/jhummath.201401.07. ISSN 2159-8118. OCLC 700943261. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. ....".
83. ^ Cooley, John R.; Marshall, David C.; Hill, Kathy B. R. (January 23, 2018). "A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 8 (1432). Springer Nature: 1432. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1432C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5780379. PMID 29362478. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
84. ^ Multiple sources:
* Latrobe, p. 12.
* Barber, Janet E.; Nkwanta, Asamoah (2014). "Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics. 4 (1): 112–122\. doi:10.5642/jhummath.201401.07. ISSN 2159-8118. OCLC 700943261. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014. Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "I like to forget that I inform to report that if their lives are Short they are merry, they begin to Sing or make a noise from first they come out of the Earth till they die. The hindermost part rots off, and it does not appear to be any pain to them, for they still continue on Singing till they die".
85. ^ Riley, Charles V. (1885). "The Periodical or Seventeen–Year Cicada And Its Thirteen-Year Race". The Periodical Cicada. An Account of Cicada Septendecim And Its Tredecim Race. With A Chronology of All Broods Known.: United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 8 (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 5–6\. LCCN unk82081627. OCLC 868033643. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.
86. ^ Multiple sources:
* "Brood History and Outlook". Periodical Cicadas. Missouri Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
* Uhlenbrock, Tom (May 19, 1998). "From 1998: 13- and 17-year cicadas coincided for first time since 1777". St. Louis, Missouri: St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
87. ^ Multiple sources:
* "Mite invasion tied to cicada cycle". Chicago Tribune. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
* Zaborski, Edmond R. (May 20, 2008). "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans, 1936) (Acarina: Heterostigmata: Pyemotidae". Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey. NHS Technical Report 2008 (17). Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
* Zaborski, Edmond R. (May 20, 2008). "Itch Mite Update: Conclusions from "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi": Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report 2008 (17)". Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
88. ^ Multiple sources:
* Shetlar, Dave (August 29, 2016). "Oak Itch Mites Attack!". Buckeye Yard and Garden Online. Ohio State University Extension, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024. "Folks in Northeastern Ohio complain of itchy welts on their heads, neck and upper torso. The oak itch mite, Pyemotes herfsi, has been identified as the culprit. The last time Ohio suffered an outbreak was in 2008 in the Cincinnati area. At that time, walkers, joggers and cyclists were complaining that when they followed trails that were overhung by oak trees, they would end up with itchy welts the following day. At that time, the oak itch mite had been recorded as being a periodic pest from Nebraska to Texas and eastward to Tennessee. The bites were most common in July and August, but the following summer, there were no complaints!"
* "Cincinnati braces for cicada swarm". The Columbus Dispatch. Columbus, Ohio. April 30, 2008. Archived from the original on September 3, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024. "Cicadas, those big, noisy, clumsy, red-eyed bugs that periodically swarm sections of Ohio, will be emerging again in just a few weeks. This year's infestation will be the heaviest in Cincinnati-area neighborhoods around and east of I-71, experts say. ... In all, the cicadas will swarm throughout south central Ohio, the entire eastern half of Kentucky and parts of 10 other states. These are the babies of the cicada family named Brood XIV. Known as 17-year cicadas, their last emergence occurred in 1991."
* Cooley, John R.; Kritsky, Gene; Edwards, Marten J.; et al. (Fall 2011). "Periodical cicadas Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.): A GIS-based map of Broods XIV in 2008 and "XV" in 2009". American Entomologist. 57 (3): 144–150\. doi:10.1093/ae/57.3.144. "The largest section of Brood XIV was found in a contiguous region roughly occupying portions of the Ohio Valley, part of the Cumberland Plateau, and the mountains to its south and east."
89. ^ Multiple sources:
* Johnson, Mark (Scripps National Desk) (August 24, 2016). "Those red bites on your arm might be Oak Mites". ABC Action News. Tampa, Florida. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
* Bamforth, Emily (August 24, 2016). "Introducing the oak itch mite: Chigger-like bites on upper body confuse Clevelanders". Cleveland.com. Cleveland, Ohio. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
* Shetlar, Dave (August 29, 2016). "Oak Itch Mites Attack!". Buckeye Yard and Garden Online. Ohio State University Extension, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
* United States Department of Agriculture. "2016 Forest Health Highlights: Ohio" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2024. "Periodical Cicadas: Brood V of the 17-year periodical cicadas emerged across much of eastern Ohio in the spring of 2016. Peak activity for the cicadas was during most of the month of June."
90. ^ Multiple sources
* DeVoe, Jo (July 28, 2021). "Residents Abuzz Over Mysterious Bug Bites Possibly Tied to Cicadas". ARLnow. Arlington County, Virginia. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
* Wilder, Drew (July 30, 2021). "Mysterious, Nasty Bug Bites Stump Arlington Health Officials". NBC4 Washington. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2024. Contains a 1:38 minute video showing images and descriptions of Pyemotes herfsi bites.
* Silverman, Ellie (July 30, 2021). "Oak-mite bites: Cicadas may have left D.C. region an itchy gift". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
* Vargas, Steven (August 4, 2021). "Cicadas may be gone, but here come itch mites causing mysterious bites in Washington, DC, region". USA Today. Tysons, Virginia. Archived from the original on August 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
* Shrewsbury, Paula (August 13, 2021). "Oak Leaf Itch Mites and Periodical Cicada Eggs". University of Maryland Extension. University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
* Tan, Shen Wu (August 24, 2021). "Oak mites making D.C.-area residents itchy; tiny bugs feed on cicadas". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
91. ^ Multiple sources:
* Lowe, Mike; Lutz, BJ (August 7, 2024). "Mystery bug bites have some across Chicagoland itching for answers". WGN9. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on August 10, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
* Fisher, Alex (August 28, 2024). "How long should you watch for mite bites in Chicago area?: Across the Chicago area, seemingly mysterious bug bites have been on the rise in recent weeks". NBC 5 Chicago. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024. "According to cicada expert Dr. Gene Kritsky with Mount St. Joseph University, a particular mite known as the "oak leaf itch mite" can be seen in large amounts following a cicada emergence. Kritsky noted that in 2007, "people in Chicago who had oak trees in the yards, started to complain of bites after the cicada emergence." "It turned out that the oak itch mite was found in the egg nests of Brood XIII cicadas," Kritsky told NBC Chicago. That same brood was one of the two to emerge in Illinois during 2024's historic event, which Kritsky described as "biblical.""
92. ^ Multiple sources:
* Would you Cook and Eat Cicadas? on YouTube. May 16, 2021, Arlington County, Virginia: Hank Productions. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 7:18 minutes)
* Cooking with cicadas on YouTube. May 24, 2021, Knoxville, Tennessee: WBIR Channel 10. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 6:23 minutes)
* Frothingham, R. Scott (2013). Cooking with Cicadas. FastForward Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4849-7638-8. OCLC 892659744. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021 - via Goodreads.
* Jadin, Jenna; University of Maryland Cicadamaniacs (2004). "Cicada-Licious: Cooking and Enjoying Periodical Cicadas" (PDF). Tullabs.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
* "If You Can't Beat 'Em, Eat 'em! (Cicada Recipes)". Cicada Invasion: Tracking the Outbreak of the Great East Coast Brood. Nashville, Tennessee: Anderson Design Group. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2021 - via Blogger.
* Sonde, Kari (May 5, 2021). "Can you eat cicadas? Yes, and here's the best way to catch, cook and snack on them". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
* Larkin, Ximena N. (April 28, 2021). "What To Know About Cooking Cicadas Before Brood X Emerges in Your Backyard: Chef Joseph Yoon of Brooklyn Bugs shares his advice on the best way to enjoy the delicacy". thrillist. Group Nine Media. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021.
* Hunter, Paul (June 13, 2021). "How to cook the perfect cicada: Chef thinks the beady-eyed insects are best when they're 'extra crispy'". Canada: CBC News. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
93. ^ Davis, J.J. (May 1953). "Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)" (PDF). The Ohio Journal of Science. 53: 141. hdl:1811/4028. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2019. "During the period of infestation, Indian women and children collect the insects in baskets and carry them home. They are then fried and eaten as a delicacy." Republished by "Knowledge Bank". The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
94. ^ a b Marlatt, C. L. (1907). "The Cicada as an Article of Food". The Periodical Cicada (71 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: Government Printing Office. pp. 102–104\. LCCN agr07001971. OCLC 902809085. Retrieved July 26, 2021 - via Internet Archive.

## References

[edit]

* Latrobe, John H. B. (1845). Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845. Baltimore, Maryland: Printed by John D. Toy. LCCN rc01003345. OCLC 85791076. Retrieved February 29, 2020 - via Internet Archive.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Wikipedia Cicada page.
* Kritsky, Gene (2004). Periodical Cicadas: The Plague and the Puzzle. Indiana Academy of Science. ISBN 1-883362-13-X. LCCN 2004105895. OCLC 55627889. Retrieved August 23, 2021 - via Google Books.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magicicada.

Wikispecies has information related to Periodical cicadas.

* The Periodical Cicada Page Informational page about periodical cicadas that supersedes www.magicicada.org. Has maps and 3-D models.
* Block, Melissa (May 21, 2004). "Roar of the Cicada: Brood X Is Above Ground and Screaming for Love". Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio (NPR). Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
* Cicada Mania
* Dwyer, Erin; Simon, Chris (June 14, 2013). "Experimental Studies of the Biology of 13- and 17-year Periodical Cicadas: A Laboratory Exercise for University and AP Biology Laboratory Classes" (PDF). Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut: Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
* GIGAmacro has a zoomable, very high-resolution image of the male, female & nymph cicada
* InsectSingers.com Recordings of species-specific songs of many North American cicada species.
* Liebhold, A.M.; Bohne, M.J.; Lilja, R.L. "Active Periodical Cicada Broods of the United States" (map). USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. 2013.
* Marcus, Stephanie (March 2017). "Selected Internet Resources – 17-Year Periodical Cicadas". Science Reference Services. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
* Massachusetts Cicadas describes behavior, sightings, photos, "how to find" guide, videos and distribution maps of New England and U.S. periodical and annual cicada species including Brood X, Brood XIII, Brood XIV and Brood XIX

* v
* t
* e

Periodic cicada broods

17-year|

* Brood I
* Brood II
* Brood III
* Brood IV
* Brood V
* Brood VI
* Brood VII
* Brood VIII
* Brood IX
* Brood X
* Brood XI
* Brood XIII
* Brood XIV

13-year|

* Brood XIX
* Brood XXI
* Brood XXII
* Brood XXIII

Related|

* Cicada

Italics indicate extinct broods.

Taxon identifiers

Magicicada|

* Wikidata: Q49664
* Wikispecies: Magicicada
* BOLD: 107108
* BugGuide: 6970
* CoL: 8HJ9T
* EoL: 2924366
* EPPO: 1MAGIG
* GBIF: 4778821
* iNaturalist: 83854
* IRMNG: 1063743
* ITIS: 846740
* NCBI: 38085
* Plazi: B9895F6D-DB7C-B76B-2BCF-A2304A727A47
* ZooBank: 01DF2E14-C4E4-4FF5-A13F-7884AF1DBB3F

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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