Persecution of Jews during the Black Death

Series of violent attacks on Jewish communities from 1348 to 1351

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Representation of a massacre of the Jews in 1349 Antiquitates Flandriae (Royal Library of Belgium manuscript, 1376/77)

The persecution of Jews during the Black Death consisted of a series of violent mass attacks and massacres. Jewish communities were often blamed for outbreaks of the Black Death in Europe. From 1348-1351, acts of violence were committed in Toulon, Barcelona, Erfurt, Basel, Frankfurt, Strasbourg and elsewhere. The persecutions led to a large migration of Jews to Jagiellonian Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There are very few Jewish sources on Jewish massacres during the Plague.[1]

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The official policy of the Church, which was reasoned in part because Jesus was Jewish, was to protect Jews.[2] In practice, however, Jews were frequently the targets of Christian loathing.[3] As the plague swept across Europe in the mid-14th century and annihilated nearly half the population, people had little scientific understanding of disease and were looking for an explanation. Unlike in Western Europe, medieval Russia did not have a Jewish population, and so as the Black Death swept into Russia, popular opinion sometimes blamed the Tatars instead.[4]

Jews were frequently used as scapegoats and false accusations, which stated that they had caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells, were circulated.[5][6][7] That is likely because they were less affected than the other people[8] since many Jews chose not to use the common wells which were located in towns and cities.[3] Additionally, Jews were sometimes coerced to confess to poisoning wells through torture.[3]

## Persecutions and massacres

[edit]

The first massacre directly related to the plague took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the Jewish quarter was sacked, and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterward, violence broke out in Barcelona and other Catalan cities.[9] Other pogroms took place in France during the height of the Black Death in April and May 1348.[10] In 1349, massacres and persecutions spread across Europe, including the Erfurt massacre, the Zürich massacre, the Basel massacre, and massacres in Aragon, Fulda and Flanders.[11][12] Around 2,000 Jews were burnt alive on 14 February 1349 in the "Valentine's Day" Strasbourg massacre, where the plague had not yet affected the city. While the ashes smouldered, Christian residents of Strasbourg sifted through and collected the valuable possessions of Jews that were not burnt by the fires.[13][14] The following September, 330 Jews were burned alive in the Kyburg Castle, east of Zürich.[15] Many hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed in this period. Within the 510 Jewish communities destroyed in this period, some members killed themselves to avoid the persecutions.[16]

Map of anti-Jewish persecutions in Europe around the time of the Black Death

In the spring of 1349, the Jewish community in Frankfurt am Main was annihilated. That was followed by the destruction of Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne. The 3,000-strong Jewish population of Mainz initially defended themselves and managed to hold off the Christian attackers. However, the Christians managed to overwhelm the Jewish ghetto in the end and killed all of its Jews.[13]

At Speyer, Jewish corpses were disposed in wine casks and cast into the Rhine. By late 1349, the worst of the pogroms had ended in Rhineland. However, the massacres of Jews was starting to rise near the Hansa townships of the Baltic coast and in Eastern Europe. By 1351, there had been 350 incidents of anti-Jewish pogroms, and 60 major and 150 minor Jewish communities had been exterminated.

## Causes

[edit]

There are many possible reasons why Jews were accused to be the cause of the plague. Anti-Semitism was widespread in the 14th century, and in some locales, the plague was stated to be the work of Jews as retribution for the dying's wicked ways. Harbouring "enemies of Christ" was also given as a reason. Some commentators have argued that Jews who were not killed actually stood a better chance of surviving the plague because of greater cleanliness, sanitation and observance of the laws of kashrut. David Nirenberg, dean of the University of Chicago Divinity School and a specialist in medieval Jewish history, doubted whether there is credible evidence for that assertion.[17] Another reason to discount that theory is that the plague was spread by flea bites, which would have been unaffected by handwashing. Communities that valued the work of Jews in the city more, saw less persecution, and those that did not value it saw more.[18]

## Responses of governments

[edit]

In many cities, the civil authorities either did little to protect the Jewish communities or they actually abetted the rioters.[19]

The attacks led to the eastward movement of Northern European Jewry to Poland and Lithuania, where they remained for the six centuries. King Casimir III of Poland enthusiastically gave refuge and protection to the Jews. That is consistent with his previous edicts toward Jews. On 9 October 1334, Casimir had confirmed the privileges granted to Jews in 1264 by Bolesław V the Chaste. Under penalty of death, he prohibited the kidnapping of Jewish children for the purpose of enforced Christian baptism, and he inflicted heavy punishment for the desecration of Jewish cemeteries. The king was therefore already well-disposed to Jews.[20] He was also interested in tapping the economic potential of the Jews.[21]

## Church's view

[edit]

Pope Clement VI (the French-born Benedictine, whose birth name was Pierre Roger) tried to protect the Jewish communities by issuing two papal bulls in 1348, on 6 July and 26 September. They stated that those who blamed the plague on the Jews had been "seduced by that liar, the Devil". He went on to emphasize, "It cannot be true that the Jews, by such a heinous crime, are the cause or occasion of the plague, because through many parts of the world the same plague, by the hidden judgment of God, has afflicted and afflicts the Jews themselves and many other races who have never lived alongside them".[2] He urged clergy to take action to protect Jews and offered them papal protection in the city of Avignon. Clement was aided by the research of his personal physician, Guy de Chauliac, who argued from his own treatment of the infected that the Jews were not to blame.[22]

Clement's efforts were in part undone by the newly-elected Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who made property of Jews killed in riots forfeit and gave local authorities a financial incentive to turn a blind eye.[23]

The influence of Clement VI and of the Church over much of Western Europe proved limited and so many of their attempts to protect Jews were futile. However, this was not the case in regions in which the Pope had considerably more influence; for example, in Avignon, the Pope saved many Jewish lives.[24]

## Aftermath

[edit]

As the plague waned in 1350, so did the violence against Jewish communities. In 1351, the plague and the heightened persecution was over, though the background level of persecution and discrimination remained. Ziegler (1998) comments that "there was nothing unique about the massacres."[25] 20 years after the Black Death, the Brussels massacre (1370) wiped out the Belgian Jewish community.[26] The Schaffhausen massacre in 1401,[27] expulsion orders against the Jews in Zürich, and their definitive expulsion from the city in 1634 were contributing factors in mass migrations to eastern Europe. The final instance came after Eiron (Aaron) of Lengnau was accused and executed for blasphemy.[28]

One of the most significant long-term consequences of the Black Death in Europe was the migration of Jews to Poland. Their migration to Poland was an attempt to escape from the persecution which they were being subjected to in Western Europe. This event is one of the major factors that contributed to the existence of a large population of Jews in Poland during the early 20th century. Approximately 3.5 million Jews lived in Poland at the time of Adolf Hitler's rise to power.[29]

## Jewish tales

[edit]

Jewish accounts of the Black Death were told in Jewish tales for nearly 350 years, but there were no written accounts of the Black Death in Jewish tales until 1696, when accounts by Yiftah Yosef ben Naftali Hirts Segal Manzpach ("Juspa Schammes" for short) began to be circulated in the Mayse Nissim. Yuzpa Shammes, was a scribe and gabbai (warden of a synagogue) of the Worms community for several decades. His accounts intend to show that the Jews were not idle because they took action in order to prevent themselves from inevitably becoming scapegoats. Despite Yuzpa's assertion that the Jews fought back during the massacres, there are contradictory accounts, which claim that there was no evidence of "armed resistance".[30]

## See also

[edit]

* Antisemitic trope
* History of antisemitism
* Timeline of antisemitism
* Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
* Persecution of Jews
* Pogrom
* Erfurt massacre (1349)
* Black Death in medieval culture
* Black Death in the Holy Roman Empire
* History of the Jews in Cologne § Medieval Pogroms in Cologne
* History of European Jews in the Middle Ages
* Medieval antisemitism

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Raspe, Lucia (2004). "The Black Death in Jewish Sources: A Second Look at Mayse Nissim". Jewish Quarterly Review. 94 (3): 471–489\. doi:10.1353/jqr.2004.0001. ISSN 1553-0604. S2CID 162334762.
2. ^ a b Simonsohn, Shlomo (1991). Apostolic See and the Jews. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Vol. 1: Documents, 492. p. 1404\. ISBN 9780888441096.
3. ^ a b c Diane Zahler (2009). The Black Death. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-0-8225-9076-7.
4. ^ Alexander, John T. (2003). Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster. Oxford University Press. p. 14\. ISBN 978-0-19-515818-2.
5. ^ Barzilay, Tzafrir. Poisoned Wells: Accusation, Persecution and Minorities in Medieval Europe, 1321-1422, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022.
6. ^ Anna Foa (2000). The Jews of Europe After the Black Death p. 146 "There were several reasons for this, including, it has been suggested, the observance of laws of hygiene tied to ritual practices and a lower incidence of alcoholism and venereal disease".
7. ^ Richard S. Levy (2005). Antisemitism p. 763 "Panic emerged again during the scourge of the Black Death in 1348, when widespread terror prompted a revival of the well poisoning charge. In areas where Jews appeared to die of the plague in fewer numbers than Christians, possibly because of better hygiene and greater isolation, lower mortality rates provided evidence of Jewish guilt".
8. ^ "The Black Death". www.jewishhistory.org. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
9. ^ Anna Foa (2003).The Jews of Europe after the black death . p. 13.
10. ^ Shatzmïller, Joseph (1974). "Les Juifs de Provence pendant la Peste noire". Revue des études juives (in French). 133 (3): 462–463\. doi:10.3406/rjuiv.1974.1785. ISSN 0484-8616.
11. ^ Codex Judaica: chronological index of Jewish history; p. 203 Máttis Kantor (2005). "1349 The Black Death massacres swept across Europe.... The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs—normal social order had...".
12. ^ John Marshall (2006). John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture; p. 376 "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders",
13. ^ a b Robert S. Gottfried (11 May 2010). Black Death. Simon and Schuster. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-1-4391-1846-7.
14. ^ See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, «La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire» ("The greatest epidemic in history"), in L'Histoire magazine, n° 310, June 2006, p. 47 (in French)
15. ^ Winkler, Albert (2007). The Approach of the Black Death in Switzerland and the Persecution of Jews, 1348–1349. Brigham Young University. pp. 20–21.
16. ^ Durant, Will. "The Renaissance" Simon and Schuster (1953), pp. 730–731, ISBN 0-671-61600-5
17. ^ Freedman, Dan (31 March 2020). "Why Were Jews Blamed for the Black Death?". Moment Mag. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
18. ^ Jedwab, Remi (3 May 2020). "Pandemics and the persecution of minorities: Evidence from the Black Death". Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
19. ^ Howard N. Lupovitch Jews and Judaism in world history p. 92 (2009) "In May 1349, the city fathers of Brandenburg passed a law a priori condemning Jews of well poisoning: Should it become evident and proved by reliable men that the Jews have caused or will cause in the future the death of Christians...".
20. ^ "In Poland, a Jewish Revival Thrives - Minus Jews". The New York Times. 12 July 2007. Probably about 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or Ashkenazi, can trace their ancestry to Poland - thanks to a 14th-century king, Casimir III, the Great, who drew Jewish settlers from across Europe with his vow to protect them as "people of the king".
21. ^ Robert S. Gottfried (2010). Black Death. Simon and Schuster. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-1-4391-1846-7. "He had a Jewish mistress and seemed well-disposed in general to Jews. Perhaps too he was anxious to have the commercial skills which some of the immigrants could offer."
22. ^ Getz, Faye (1998). "Book review: Inventarium sive Chirurgia Magna. Vol. 1, Text". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 72 (3): 533–535\. doi:10.1353/bhm.1998.0142. S2CID 71371675.
23. ^ Howard N. Lupovitch Jews and Judaism in world history p. 92 2009 "On July 6, 1349, Pope Clement tried to curb anti-Jewish violence by issuing a papal bull. Its effectiveness was limited by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who made arrangements for the disposal of Jewish property in the event of a...".
24. ^ Winkler, A. (2005). The Medieval Holocaust: The Approach of the Plague and the Destruction of Jews in German, 1348-1349. Federation of East European Family History Societies, vol. XIII, 6-24.
25. ^ Philip Ziegler (1998). The Black Death "The persecution of the Jews waned with the Black Death itself; by 1351 all was over. Save for the horrific circumstances of the plague which provided the incentive and the background, there was nothing unique about the massacres."
26. ^ The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia Mordecai Schreiber (2011). "In 1370, after the Black Death, the brutal Brussels Massacre wiped out the Belgian Jewish community"
27. ^ Denzel, Ralph (17 September 2018). "Wie 1401 ein Gerücht allen Juden in Schaffhausen das Leben kostete". Schaffhauser Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
28. ^ "Zurich, Switzerland". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
29. ^ Smith, Craig S. (2007-07-12). "In Poland, a Jewish Revival Thrives — Minus Jews". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
30. ^ Die Chronik des Mathias von Neuenburg, 1955. "While a Christian chronicler reports that during the pogrom of March 1, 1349, the beleaguered Jews of Worms set fire to their own houses, as may have happened elsewhere, there is no evidence of armed resistance".

## Further reading

[edit]

* Colet, Anna; Santiveri, Josep Xavier Muntané i; Ventura, Jordi Ruíz; Saula, Oriol; Galdàcano, M. Eulàlia Subirà de; Jáuregui, Clara (2015), "The Black Death and Its Consequences for the Jewish Community in Tàrrega: Lessons from History and Archeology", in Green, Monica H. (ed.), Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World (1 ed.), Amsterdam University Press, pp. 63–96, doi:10.1017/9781942401018.005, ISBN 978-1-942401-01-8, retrieved 2024-07-08

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Massacres or pogroms against Jews

1st – 13th century|

| 1–999|

* Alexandrian pogrom (38)
* 2nd Alexandrian pogrom (66)

| Jewish revolts|

* The Great Revolt (66–73)
* Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136)
* Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus (351–352)
* Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617)
* Battle of Khaybar (628 CE)

|

1000–1299|

* Córdoba massacre (1013)
* Fez massacre (1033)
* Granada massacre (1066)

| Rhineland massacres (1096)|

* Worms
* Speyer
* Mainz

|

* Ham massacre (1143)
* Massacres at London and York (1189–1190)
* Rintfleisch massacres (1298)

14th – 19th century|

| 1300–1599|

* Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
* Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
* Navarre pogrom (1328)
* Armleder persecutions (1336–1339)

| Persecution of Jews during the Black Death (1348–1350)|

* Erfurt
* Basel
* Speyer
* Strasbourg
* Zurich

|

* Toledo massacre (1355)
* Brussels massacre (1370)
* 1391 pogroms (1391)
* Schaffhausen Massacre (1401)
* Moroccan revolution (1465)
* Córdoba pogrom (1473)
* Massacre of the Assumption (1474)
* Spanish Inquisition (1478)
* Arles pogrom (1484)
* Lisbon massacre (1506)
* Hebron pogrom (1517)
* Safed pogrom (1517)
* Portuguese Inquisition (1536)

1600–1899|

* Chmielnicki massacres (1648–1657)
* Safed massacre (1660)
* Mawza Exile (1679)
* Meknes pogrom (1728)
* Massacre of Uman (1768)
* Tétouan pogrom (1790)
* Algiers massacre (1805)
* Hep-Hep riots (1819)
* First Odessa pogrom (1821)
* Baghdad massacre (1828)
* Tzfat pogrom (1834)
* Hebron pogrom (1834)
* Safed massacre (1838)
* Allahdad (1839)
* Damascus affair (1840)
* Second Odessa pogrom (1859)
* Tétouan massacre (1860)
* Third Odessa pogrom (1871)

| Russian Empire (1881–1884)|

* Kiev
* Warsaw
* Fourth Odessa pogrom

|

* Corfu pogrom (1891)
* 1898 Algerian riots (1898)

20th century|

| 1900–1937|

* Częstochowa pogrom (1902)
* First Kishinev pogrom (1903)
* Zablotov pogrom (1903)
* Kiev pogrom (1905)
* Fifth Odessa pogrom (1905)
* Second Kishinev pogrom (1905)
* Białystok pogrom (1906)
* Siedlce pogrom (1906)
* Casablanca massacre (1907)
* Shiraz pogrom (1910)
* The Tritl (1912)
* Lwów pogrom (1914)
* Skver pogrom (1917)
* Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation (1917)
* Kielce pogrom (1918)
* Lwów pogrom (1918)
* Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)
* 1920 Nebi Musa riots

| Russian Civil War (1918–1920)|

* Lida
* Radomyshl
* Justingrad
* Skver
* Zviahel
* Pinsk
* Fastov
* Proskurov
* Kiev

|

* Zavirtcha pogrom (1921)
* Oradea pogrom [hu] (1927)
* Safed massacre (1929)
* Hebron massacre (1929)
* Campbell pogrom (1931)
* Constantine riots (1934)
* Thrace pogroms (1934)
* The Bloody Day in Jaffa (1936)
* Przytyk pogrom (1936)
* Brest pogrom [de; pl] (1937)

1938–1945|

| 1938|

* Tiberias massacre
* Kristallnacht

|

1939|

* Częstochowa
* Krasnosielc
* Będzin
* Wyszków
* Koźmice Wielkie
* Dynów
* Ostrów Mazowiecka

|

1940|

* Dorohoi pogrom

|

1941|

* Bucharest
* Antwerp
* Gabès
* Kaunas (June)
* Dobromil
* Szczuczyn
* Białystok
* Iași
* Lviv
* Wąsosz
* Jedwabne
* Farhud
* Ponary
* Tykocin
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Babi Yar
* Odessa
* Švenčionėliai
* Kaunas (October)
* Rumbula
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)

|

1942|

* Dünamünde Action
* Dzyatlava
* Łużki
* Iwieniec
* Marków
* Horodziej
* Mereczowszczyzna
* Sarny

|

1943|

* Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
* Kielce cemetery massacre
* Operation Harvest Festival

|

1944|

* Ardeatine massacre
* Luduș massacre
* Sărmașu massacre
* Kremnička and Nemecká massacres (1944–1945)

|

1945|

* Stary Jaromierz
* Leśno
* Deutsch Schützen
* Kraków
* Topoľčan
* Cairo
* Tripolitania

|

1946–1999|

| 1946|

* Kielce
* Kunmadaras
* Miskolc

|

1947|

* Fajja bus attacks
* Haifa Oil Refinery
* Aden
* Aleppo
* Manama

|

1948|

* Tripoli
* Djerada
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing
* Cairo bombings
* Kfar Etzion massacre

|

1949|

* Menarsha synagogue attack

|

1950s–1960s|

* Night of the Murdered Poets (1952)
* Scorpion Pass massacre (1954)
* Istanbul pogrom (1955)
* Shafrir synagogue shooting (1956)
* Tripoli pogrom (1967)
* Purge of Polish Jews (1968)

|

1970s|

* Avivim school bus bombing (1970)
* Munich massacre (1972)
* Lod Airport massacre (1972)
* Ma'alot massacre (1974)
* Kiryat Shmona massacre (1974)
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing (1975)
* Coastal Road massacre (1978)
* Nahariya massacre (1979)

|

1980s|

* Paris synagogue bombing (1980)
* Antwerp summer camp attack (1980)
* Antwerp bombing (1981)
* Vienna synagogue attack (1981)
* Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack (1982)
* Ras Burqa massacre (1985)
* Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre (1986)
* Purim stabbing (1989)

|

1990s|

* Cairo bus attack (1990)
* Crown Heights riot (1991)
* AMIA bombing (1994)
* Dizengoff Street bus bombing (1994)
* Beit Lid massacre (1995)
* Purim massacre (1996)
* Island of Peace massacre (1997)
* Mahane Yehuda Market bombings (1997)

|

21st century|

| 2000–2009|

| 2001|

* Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
* Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing

|

2002|

* Ghriba synagogue bombing
* Hadera attack
* Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
* Passover massacre
* Matza restaurant suicide bombing
* Hebrew University bombing
* Rishon LeZion bombing
* Matzuva attack
* Hebron ambush

|

2003|

* Istanbul
* Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
* Davidka Square bus bombing
* Café Hillel bombing
* Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
* Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
* Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing

|

2004–2009|

* Beersheba bus bombings (2004)
* Ashdod Port bombings (2004)
* Tel Aviv shawarma bombing (2006)
* Jerusalem yeshiva attack (2008)

|

2010–2019|

* Itamar attack (2011)
* Burgas bus bombing (2012)
* Toulouse and Montauban shootings (2012)
* Jerusalem synagogue massacre (2014)
* Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting (2014)
* Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (2014)
* January 2015 Île-de-France attacks (2015)
* Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (2015)
* Tel Aviv shooting (2016)
* Halamish stabbing (2017)
* Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (2018)
* Poway synagogue shooting (2019)
* Jersey City shooting (2019)
* Monsey Hanukkah stabbing (2019)

2020–present|

* Israel riots (2021)
* Beersheba attack (2022)

| October 7 attacks|

* Be'eri
* Ein HaShlosha
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nahal Oz
* Netiv HaAsara
* Nir Oz
* Nirim
* Re'im
* Yakhini

|

* Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus (2023)
* Dagestan attacks (2024)
* Amsterdam riots (2024)

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Black Death

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See also: Massacres or pogroms against Jews

Core topics|

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* Working definition
* Racial antisemitism
* Rootless cosmopolitan
* Secondary antisemitism
* Stereotypes of Jews
* Timeline
* 19th C.
* 20th
* 21st

Antisemitism and|

* Christianity
* New Testament
* Healthcare
* Islam
* Middle Ages
* Nation of Islam
* Olympic Games
* Soviet mathematics
* Social media
* Reddit
* Universities
* Columbia

Related topics|

* Anti-Indigenous sentiment
* Anti-Slavic sentiment
* Anti-Polish sentiment
* Anti-Romani sentiment
* Anti-Zionism
* Christian Identity
* Cultural Marxism
* Double genocide theory
* International Jewish conspiracy
* The International Jew
* Jewish Bolshevism
* Żydokomuna
* Khazar theory
* Ku Klux Klan
* Mein Kampf
* in Arabic
* in English
* Normalization of antisemitism
* Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
* On the Jews and Their Lies
* Philosemitism
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* Contemporary imprints
* Racism
* Rothschild conspiracy theories
* The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews
* Self-hating Jew
* George Soros conspiracy theories
* Xenophobia
* Weaponization
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Zhyd
* Zionist antisemitism

Religious antisemitism|

* Anti-Judaism
* Jewish deicide
* Catholic Inquisition
* Portuguese Inquisition
* Roman Inquisition
* Spanish Inquisition
* Rhineland massacres
* Martin Luther
* Blood curse
* Blood libel
* Host desecration
* Judensau
* Pogrom

Antisemitic laws, policies
and government actions

* Ghetto benches
* Hep-Hep riots
* Pogroms in the Russian Empire
* May Laws
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Jewish Anti-Zionist League
* Leo Frank trial (US)
* Expulsions of Poles and Jews by Germany (DE/PL)
* Prussian deportations
* Act of 5th November
* Generalplan Ost
* Dreyfus affair (FR)
* Beilis trial (Russian Empire)
* Farhud (Iraq)
* Anti-Zionist League (IQ)
* General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)
* Racial policy of Nazi Germany
* Madagascar Plan
* Final Solution
* The Holocaust
* Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
* Night of the Murdered Poets
* Slánský trial
* Doctors' plot
* Holocaust denial
* Yellow badge
* ZOG conspiracy

Antisemitism on the internet|

* Bible Believers
* The Daily Stormer
* Institute for Historical Review
* Jew Watch
* Metapedia
* Podblanc
* QAnon
* Radio Islam
* Redwatch
* The Right Stuff (blog)
* Stormfront
* Terrorgram
* Wikipedia and antisemitism

Persecution|

* Rhineland massacres
* Black Death persecutions
* Boycotts
* Expulsions
* Jewish quarter
* Ghettos in Europe
* Mellah
* The Holocaust
* Jewish hat
* Jewish quota
* Judensau
* Martyrdom in Judaism
* Nuremberg Laws
* Pale of Settlement
* Pogroms
* Refuseniks
* Segregation
* Spanish Inquisition
* Expulsion
* Yellow badge

Organizations working
against antisemitism

* Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
* Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)
* Community Security Trust
* Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)
* Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)
* Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
* Stephen Roth Institute
* Yad Vashem

By region|

* Arab world
* Saudi Arabia
* Argentina
* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Chile
* Costa Rica
* Europe
* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* 21st century
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Italy
* Norway
* Romania
* Russia
* Imperial
* Soviet
* Spain
* Sweden
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Conservative Party
* Labour Party
* Japan
* Mexico
* New Zealand
* Palestinian Territories
* Pakistan
* South Africa
* Turkey
* United States
* History
* 21st century
* Venezuela

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*[C.]: Century