Pershing II

American ballistic missile

Pershing II

Pershing II test flight, February 1983

Type| Medium-range ballistic missile
Place of origin| United States
Service history
In service| 1983–1991
Used by| United States Army
Production history
Designer| Martin Marietta
Designed| 1973–1981
Manufacturer| Martin Marietta
Produced| 1981–1989
No. built| 276 missiles, 108 launchers
Variants| Pershing 1b (not deployed)
Specifications
Mass| 16,451 pounds (7,462 kg)[1]
Length| 34.8 feet (10.6 m)
Diameter| Max 40 inches (1 m)
Blast yield|

* W85 nuclear warhead: 5 kt (21 TJ) to 80 kt (330 TJ)
* W86 earth penetrator (canceled)

* * *

Engine| Hercules, two-stage, solid propellant

Operational
range

| 1,500 miles (2,414 km)[2]
Maximum speed | Mach 8-10

Guidance
system

* Singer Kearfott Inertial
* Goodyear Aerospace topographic Radar imaging version of DSMAC with active radar homing terminal guidance

Steering
system

| Vector control system (steerable nozzle), air fins
Accuracy| 100 feet (30 m) circular error probable (restrictions apply)

Launch
platform

| M1003 erector launcher
Transport|

* M1001 MAN tractor in Germany
* M983 HEMTT in the U.S.

The Pershing II Weapon System[a] was a solid-fueled two-stage medium-range ballistic missile designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the Pershing 1a Field Artillery Missile System as the United States Army's primary nuclear-capable theater-level weapon. The U.S. Army replaced the Pershing 1a with the Pershing II Weapon System in 1983, while the German Air Force retained Pershing 1a until all Pershings were eliminated in 1991. The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) managed the development and improvements, while the Field Artillery Branch deployed the systems and developed tactical doctrine.

## Development

[edit]

Development began in 1973 for an updated Pershing. The Pershing 1a had a 400 kt warhead, which was greatly over-powered for the Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) tactical role the weapon system filled. Reducing warhead yield, however, required a significant increase in accuracy to match Pershing 1a's ability to kill hard targets like command bunkers. The contract went to Martin Marietta in 1975 with the first development launches in 1977. Pershing II was to use the new W85 warhead with a 5 to 80 kt variable yield or an earth-penetrator W86 warhead. The warhead was packaged in a maneuverable reentry vehicle (MARV) with active radar guidance and would use the existing rocket motors. Requests from Israel to buy the new Pershing II were rejected in 1975.[3]

The Soviet Union began deployment of the RSD-10 Pioneer (NATO designation SS-20 Saber) in 1976. Since the first version of the RSD-10 had a range of 2,700 miles (4,300 km) and two warheads, the Pershing II requirement was changed to increase the range to 900 miles (1,400 km), giving the ability to reach targets in eastern Ukraine, Belarus or Lithuania. The NATO Double-Track Decision was made to deploy both the medium-range Pershing and the longer-range, but slower BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) to strike potential targets farther to the east. The Pershing II with the longer-range motors was initially referred to as Pershing II Extended Range (PIIXR), then reverting to Pershing II.[4]

Both the hard-target capability and W86 nuclear warhead were canceled in 1980, and all production Pershing II missiles carried the W85.[1] A concept warhead using kinetic energy penetrators for counter-airfield operations never materialized.[5][6]

## System

[edit]

### Technical data

[edit]

Missile Data[7] Missile section | Length | Diameter max | Diameter min | Weight

|
|
|
|

First stage | 144.74 in (3.7 m) | 40 in (1.0 m) | — | 9,156 lb (4,153.1 kg)
Second stage | 97.3 in (2.5 m) | 40 in (1.0 m) | — | 5,802 lb (2,631.7 kg)
Guidance & control assembly | 61.51 in (1.6 m) | 40 in (1.0 m) | 27.75 in (0.7 m) | 669 lb (303.5 kg)
Warhead section | 64.25 in (1.6 m) | 27.7 in (0.7 m) | 20 in (0.5 m) | 591 lb (268.1 kg)
Radar section | 49.75 in (1.3 m) | 20 in (0.5 m) | 0 in (0.0 m) | 233 lb (105.7 kg)
Missile total | 417.55 in (10.6 m) | 40 in (1.0 m) | 0 in (0.0 m) | 16,451 lb (7,462.0 kg)

### Launcher

[edit]

Because of SALT II agreements, no new launchers could be built, therefore the Pershing 1a M790 launchers were modified into the Pershing II M1003 launchers. The functions of the vehicle-mounted programmer test station needed for the older systems were consolidated into the Launch Control Assembly (LCA) in the Ground Integrated Electronics Unit (GIEU) on the side of the launcher. The warhead and radar sections were carried as an assembly on a pallet that rotated to mate with the main missile.[citation needed]

There were two prime movers for the launcher, both with a crane used for missile assembly and a generator to provide power for the launcher and missile. The U.S units used the M983 HEMTT with a Hiab 8001 crane and a 30 kW generator. Tactical units in Germany used the M1001 MAN tractor with an Atlas Maschinen GmbH AK4300 M5 crane and a 30 kW generator. Since the new guidance system was self-orienting, the launcher could be emplaced on any surveyed site and the missile launched within minutes.[citation needed]

Pershing II M1003 erector launcher

Right side view

Left side view

1. Booms: Support missile cradle during erection and recapture of the missile.
2. Missile cradle: Supports missile during transport, erection, and recapture of the missile.
3. Retaining ring segments: Used to retain missile in missile cradle during transport.
4. EL pallet cover: Protects radar section and warhead section during travel.
5. EL pallet: Platform used to transport and mate warhead section and radar section.
6. Work platform: Work area for mating reentry vehicle sections.
7. Ground Integrated Electronics Unit (GIEU): Consists of Launch Control Assembly (LCA) and Power Control Assembly (PCA) with the protective door.
8. Hydraulic control panel: Contains controls and indicators for system hydraulic function.
9. Uplock release mechanism: Releases azimuth ring uplock, allowing missile recapture.
10. Uplock assembly: Locks azimuth ring in erect (firing) position.
11. Azimuth ring assembly: Consists of launch platform, blast deflector, and ring for mating the missile.
12. EL power supply: Provides 28 V DC power to EL.
13. Missile power supply: Provides 28 V DC power to the missile.
14. Front jack: Used to raise, lower, and level front of EL.
15. Landing gear: Supports the front of the EL when EL is detached from the tractor and not supported by jacks.
16. Hydraulic oil tank: Non-pressurized reservoir for hydraulic oil.
17. Protective covers: Protect G&C/A and radar section.
18. Rear jacks: Used to raise, lower, and level rear of EL.

Pershing II M1003 erector launcher

Protective covers

1. Aft panel: Remains in place, except for maintenance.
2. Top panels: Panels with half hinges removed for missile erection, and panels with rollers stored behind side panels for missile erection.
3. Forward side panels: Curbside and roadside panels folded outward for missile erection.
4. Side panels: Curbside and roadside panels removed for missile erection.
5. Aft side panels: Curbside and roadside panels removed for missile erection

### Missile

[edit]

Pershing II missile

1. Radar section
2. Warhead section
3. Guidance and control section with adapter
4. Second stage
5. First stage

#### Motors

[edit]

The new rocket motors were built by Hercules: To minimize airframe weight, the rocket cases were spun from Kevlar with aluminum attachment rings.[8] The Pershing 1a cable mast was replaced by a conduit attached to each motor containing two cables. Cables internally connected from motor to motor and to the G&C. The aft end of the first stage had two tail plugs that connected to the GIEU.[citation needed]

Pershing II first stage

1. Aft skirt assembly: Cylindrical aluminum assembly that contains aft lift points, vane control system (VCS), nozzle control system (NCS), aft attach ring and cables.
2. Movable nozzle: Directs thrust developed by rocket motor during first stage operation: Nozzle provides pitch and yaw control during the first stage powered flight.
3. Nozzle control system (NCS): Controls movement of the nozzle and provides nozzle position data to Pershing Airborne Computer (PAC).
4. Rocket motor assembly: Filament-wound cylindrical assembly that contains forward lift points, solid propellant, and first stage ignition system: Rocket motor assembly also serves as the outer surface of the forward section of the first stage.
5. First stage ignition system: Allows electrical ignition of first stage rocket motor and prevents inadvertent launch: Ignition system contains igniter, safe and arm (S&A) device, initiators, clocked high energy firing unit (CHEFU), and high voltage cables.
6. Forward attach ring: Allows mating of the first stage to the second stage.
7. Forward lift point: Two lift points allow attachment of first stage hoisting beam so that the first stage can be lifted and moved.
8. Conduit cover assembly: Externally mounted cover that routes cables from aft skirt assembly, lengthwise along outside of rocket motor assembly, to the inside forward skirt.
9. Tailplug connectors: Allow electrical interface between the missile and ground integrated electronics unit (GIEU) on EL.
10. Vane control system (VCS): Controls movement of two movable fins and provides fin position data to PAC.
11. Moveable fin: Two movable fins located opposite each other on the first stage aft skirt: Fins provide roll control during the first stage powered flight.
12. Aft lift point: Two lift points allow attachment of first stage hoisting beam so that the first stage can be lifted and moved.
13. Fixed fin: Two fixed fins located opposite each other on the first stage aft skirt: Fins provide stability during the first stage powered flight.
14. Aft attach ring: Allows mating of the first stage to azimuth ring assembly on EL.

Pershing II second stage

1. Aft attach ring: Allows mating of the first stage to the second stage.
2. First stage separation system: Allows separation of the first stage from the second stage after first stage burnout and before second stage ignition: Separation system contains linear shaped charge (LSC), separation ring, detonators, CHEFU, and high voltage cables.
3. Aft skirt assembly: Cylindrical aluminum assembly that contains aft lift points, NCS, aft splice ring and cables.
4. Rocket motor assembly: Filament wound cylindrical assembly that contains forward lift points, solid propellant and second stage ignition assembly: Rocket motor assembly also serves as the outer surface of the forward section of the second stage.
5. Conduit cover assembly: Externally mounted cover that routes cables from aft skirt assembly, lengthwise along outside of rocket motor assembly, to the inside forward skirt.
6. Second stage ignition system: Allows electrical ignition of second stage rocket motor: Ignition system contains igniter, initiators, clocked high energy firing unit (CHEFU), and high voltage cables.
7. Forward attach ring: Allows mating of the second stage to G&C/A.
8. Thrust reversal system: Allows second stage reverse thrust to be developed after RV separation so that second stage will not interfere with RV flight: Thrust reversal system contains three thrust reversal ports, LSC rings, shielded mild detonating cord (SMDC), thrust reversal manifold, detonators, CHEFU and high voltage cables.
9. Forward lift point: Two lift points allow attachment of second stage hoisting beam so that the second stage can be lifted and moved.
10. Aft lift point: Two lift points allow attachment of second stage hoisting beam so that the second stage can be lifted and moved.
11. Nozzle control system (NCS): Controls movement of the nozzle and provides nozzle position data to PAC.
12. Moveable nozzle: Directs thrust developed by rocket motor during second stage operation: Nozzle provides pitch and yaw control during second stage powered flight.

#### Reentry vehicle

[edit]

The reentry vehicle (RV) was structurally and functionally divided into three sections: the radar section (RS), the warhead section (WHS), and the guidance and control/adapter (G&C/A) section.[citation needed]

Pershing II reentry vehicle.

RV showing radar section (left), warhead section (center), and guidance and control/adapter (right)

##### Guidance and control/adapter

[edit]

The guidance and control/adapter (G&C/A) section consisted of two separate portions, the G&C and the adapter connected by a manufactured splice. At the forward end of the G&C there was a quick access splice for attachment to the warhead section. At the aft end, the adapter was grooved to accept the V-band that spliced the propulsion section to the G&C section. The RV separation system consisted of a linear shaped charge ring assembly bolted to the G&C section so that separation occurred just forward of the G&C manufactured splice. A protective collar on the outer surface of the adapter, mounted over the linear shaped charge, provided personnel protection during G&C/A handling operations.[citation needed]

The G&C portion contained two guidance systems. The Singer-Kearfott inertial navigation system that provided guidance through the terminal phase. The primary terminal guidance system was a Goodyear Aerospace active radar guidance system. Using radar maps of the target area, the Pershing II had an accuracy of 30 metres (100 ft) circular error probable.[9] If the radar guidance failed, the inertial guidance would keep the missile on-target with a lower accuracy. The G&C also contained the Pershing Airborne Computer (PAC), the digital correlator unit (DCU) and actuators to drive the air fins.[citation needed]

Pershing II guidance section

1. Integrated electronics unit (IEU). Controls all functions of the missile during flight. IEU contains the Pershing airborne computer (PAC), digital correlator unit (DCU) and inertial measurement system (IMS).
2. Vane control system (VCS). Controls movement of four fins and provides fin position data to PAC. VCS operates during the second stage powered flight and the terminal portion of the flight.
3. Missile battery. Provides electrical power to electrical/electronic assemblies during flight.
4. G&C support structure. Conical aluminum assembly wrapped with ablative heatshield. Support structure provides mount and protection for internal components.
5. Reaction control system (RCS). Provides pitch, yaw, and roll control during the midcourse portion of flight.
6. Two-axis rate gyro unit (RGU). Provides pitch and yaw data to PAC during boost portion of flight.
7. Adapter support structure. Conical aluminum assembly with a heat-resistant coating. Support structure provides mount and protection for internal components.
8. Aft attach ring. Allows mating of the second stage to G&C/A.
9. Ordnance access cover. Allows access to second stage motor initiators, separation detonators and thrust reversal detonators.
10. Umbilical cover. Allows automatic closing of RV ground cooling system ducts during flight.
11. RV separation system. Allows separation of RV from adapter/second stage at end of powered flight. Separation system contains a linear shaped charge (LSC), separation ring, detonators, CHEFU, and high voltage cables.
12. G&C/A fin. Four fins provide roll control during the second stage powered flight and pitch, yaw, and roll control during the terminal portion of flight.
13. Quick access splice ring. Allows mating of G&C/A to the warhead.

##### Warhead section

[edit]

W85 thermonuclear warhead

The warhead section contained the W85 warhead, the rate gyro unit and the cables that passed from the G&C section to the RS.[citation needed]

Pershing II warhead section

1. Three-axis rate gyro unit (RGU). Provides roll control information during the boost phase of flight; provides pitch, yaw and roll control information during midcourse and terminal phases of flight.
2. Warhead section support structure. Conical aluminum alloy assembly covered with ablative material.
3. Quick access splice ring. Allows mating radar section to warhead section.
4. Quick access splice segment. Ten segments allow mating of the warhead to the G&C/A.

##### Radar section

[edit]

The radar section consisted of the Goodyear radar unit with the antenna enclosed in an ablative radome. The radar unit transmitted radio waves to the target area during the terminal phase, received altitude and video information and sent the detected video and altitude data to the data correlator unit (DCU) in the G&C section.[citation needed]

Pershing II radar section

1. Nose cap. Seals off forward end of radome and provides protection during reentry.
2. Impact fuze. Used to detonate warhead in surface burst option.
3. Stabilized antenna. Allows radar unit to transmit and receive radio frequency (RF) energy.
4. Support structure. Conical aluminum assembly wrapped with an ablative heat shield.
5. Radar unit. Provides target site information to PAC for comparison with stored target site information.
6. Quick access splice segment. Eight splice segments allow mating the radar section to the warhead section.
7. Impact fuze. Four fuzes used to detonate warhead in surface burst option.
8. Radome. Reinforced glass/epoxy shell that covers radar unit antenna. It also acts as a heatshield.

See also: DSMAC, Automatic target recognition, Radar imaging, and Topographic map

The highly accurate terminal guidance technique used by the Pershing II RV was radar area correlation, using a Goodyear Aerospace active radar homing system.[10] This technique compared live radar video return to pre-stored reference scenes of the target area and determined RV position errors with respect to its trajectory and target location. These position errors updated the inertial guidance system, which in turn sent commands to the vane control system to guide the RV to the target.[citation needed]

At a predetermined altitude, the radar unit activated to provide altitude update data and begin scanning the target area. The analog radar video return was digitized into two-bit pixels by the correlator unit and was formatted into a 128 by 128 array. The target reference scene data, loaded prior to launch via the ground and missile data links, were also encoded as two-bit pixels and placed in reference memory formatted in a 256 by 256 array. The reference scene resolution necessary to correspond to the decreasing altitude of the RV was effected by placing four reference data arrays in memory, each representing a given altitude band. This correlation process was performed several times during each of four altitude bands and continued to update the inertial guidance system until just before the impact.[11]

If for some reason the correlator system failed to operate or if the correlation data quality was faulty the inertial guidance system continued to operate and guided the RV to the target area with inertial accuracy only.[citation needed]

Goodyear also developed the Reference Scene Generation Facility, a truck-mounted shelter containing the equipment required to program the missile targeting controlled by a DEC PDP-11/70.[12] Radar maps of target areas were stored on disk, then specific targeting data was transferred to a quarter-inch cartridge in a hardened carrier. During countdown operations, the cartridge was plugged into the launcher control panel to program the missile with targeting data.[citation needed]

### Flight

[edit]

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|

Prior to launch, the missile was referenced in azimuth by its gyrocompass inertial platform. After launch, the missile followed an inertially guided trajectory until RV separation. Attitude and guidance commands during powered flight (except for roll attitude) were executed via the swivel nozzles in the two propulsion sections. Roll control was provided by two movable air vanes on the first stage during first stage flight and by the RV air vanes during second stage flight. The first stage also had two fixed air vanes for stability during first stage powered flight.

The midcourse phase of the trajectory was initiated at RV separation and continued until the terminal phase began. At the beginning of the midcourse phase, the RV was pitched down to orient it for reentry and to reduce its radar cross-section. The midcourse attitude was then controlled by the RV vane control system during atmospheric exit and reentry, and by a reaction control system during exoatmospheric flight.

At a predetermined altitude above the target, the terminal phase would begin. A velocity control maneuver (pull up, pull down) was executed under inertial guidance control to slow down the RV and achieve the proper impact velocity. The radar correlator system was activated and the radar scanned the target area. Radar return data was compared to pre-stored reference data and the resulting position fix information was used to update the inertial guidance system and generate RV steering commands. The RV was then maneuvered to the target by the RV vane control system.

Pershing II missile trajectory

### Range

[edit]

The weapon had a range of 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi).[13]

Soviet estimates put the system's range at 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) and they also believed that the missile was armed with an earth-penetrating warhead. These two errors contributed to Soviet fears of the weapon, believing it could be used to decapitate the Soviet Union. In reality, from positions in West Germany the system could not target Moscow.[13][14]

## Deployment

[edit]

On 12 December 1979, at a special meeting of NATO Foreign and Defence Ministers in Brussels, the NATO Double-Track Decision was adopted.[15] The ministers resolved to deploy 108 Pershing II launchers to Western Europe to replace existing Pershing 1a launchers and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles.[16][17] Separately, the German Air Force had planned to replace their 72 Pershing 1a missiles with the short-range Pershing 1b, but this never materialised. On 26 August 1987, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl pledged to unilaterally dismantle these missiles if the United States and the Soviet Union scrapped all their INF missiles.[18] These missiles were decommissioned by 1991 due to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

The first Pershing II launchers were deployed in West Germany beginning in late November 1983 and the deployment was completed in late 1985 with a total of 108 launchers.[19] Initial Operational Status (IOS) was achieved on 15 December 1983 when A Battery, 1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment rotated onto operational status with the Pershing II at its site in Mutlangen. The West German government announced on 13 December 1985 that the US Army 56th Field Artillery Brigade was equipped with 108 Pershing II launchers across three missile battalions stationed at Neu-Ulm, Mutlangen and Neckarsulm.[20]

## Protests

[edit]

Protest against the deployment of Pershing II missiles, The Hague, Netherlands, 1983

The deployment of Pershing II and GLCM missiles was a cause of significant protests in Europe and the US, many organized by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.[21][22]

Protests against the short-range MGM-52 Lance nuclear missile began in July 1981 in Engstingen, West Germany.[23] In October 1981, 300,000 protesters assembled in Bonn.[24] European Nuclear Disarmament began a campaign for nuclear disarmament in 1982. The Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice was formed in 1983 to protest the deployment.

In 1983, protesters went to court to stop the Pershing II deployment as a violation of Article 26(1) of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, which prohibited West Germany from preparing for an offensive war.[25] The Federal Constitutional Court rejected these claims. Again in Bonn in October 1983, as many as 500,000 people protested the deployment and a human chain was formed from the US Army headquarters in Stuttgart to the gates of Wiley Barracks in Neu-Ulm, the site of one of the Pershing battalions.[26] Due to accessibility, the protests focused on the Mutlangen Missile Storage Area from Easter 1983 until the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987.[24][27][28] On 19 April 1985, the US Army wrote to Congress that a security review conducted after the January 1985 explosion found the missiles "extremely vulnerable" to terrorist attacks and requested funds to secure the missiles in concrete sheds.[29]

The Plowshares movement was active in actions against the deployment. 14 July 1983, Plowshare activists entered the Avco plant in Wilmington, Massachusetts and damaged equipment related to Pershing II and MX missiles.[30] On 4 December 1983, four Plowshare activists cut through a fence in Schwäbisch Gmünd and damaged a truck.[31][32] On 22 April 1984, eight Plowshare activists associated entered the Martin Marietta Aerospace plant in Orlando, Florida where they damaged Pershing II components and a Patriot missile launcher and poured containers of their own blood on equipment.[33] Four Plowshare activists entered the missile storage area (MSA) at Schwäbisch Gmünd, West Germany on 12 December 1986 and damaged the tractor of a Pershing II erector launcher and hung a banner over the truck.[32]

## Incidents

[edit]

### 1984 rollover

[edit]

On 24 September 1984, elements of 1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery were on a field exercise near Mutlangen. A launcher and MAN tractor were parked on the edge of a dirt road when it slid off and rolled over into deep snow. The equipment was recovered after a six-hour operation.[34]

### 1985 fire

[edit]

On 11 January 1985, three soldiers of C Battery, 3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment were killed in fire at Camp Redleg, the CAS site near Heilbronn. The fire occurred while removing a missile stage from the storage container during an assembly operation. An investigation revealed that the Kevlar rocket bottle had accumulated a triboelectric charge in the cold dry weather; as the motor was removed from the container, the electrical charge began to flow and created a hot spot that ignited the propellant.[35][36][37] A moratorium on missile movement was enacted through late 1986, when new grounding and handling procedures were put into place. Ballistic covers were later added to the Pershing II missiles and to the Pershing 1a missiles still in use by the German Air Force.

The fire provoked further protests against the Pershing II deployment in the name of safety. The 56th Field Artillery Command worked closely with local authorities, the press and representatives of the protest groups to keep them informed.[38]

Pershing II fire

Pershing II motor fire in Heilbronn (11 January 1985): Sequence of events as PII first stage motor was being removed from its shipping container, which led to the motor fire and damage. Figure 2a shows a positively charged patch on the outer surface of the composite PII motor case created by the silicone foam rubber cradle pads of the container. An external arc discharge resulting in the internal arc is shown in 2b. Figures 2c and 2d show the progressive expansion of the localized high-pressure area causing case failure, which resulted in the collapse of the grain, shown in 2e, and the separation of the nozzle/aft skirt section. Figure 2f shows the result of the high-pressure pocket formed in the "P-groove" area in the front of the propellant grain.

* Soldiers removing a motor from its container in an operation like the 1985 incident

* Soldiers removing a motor from its container in an operation like the 1985 incident

* Pershing II with the added ballistic shields

## Variants

[edit]

Pershing 1b during an Engineering Development shoot, January 1986

Pershing 1b was a single-stage, reduced-range version of Pershing II with the same range as the Pershing 1a. The Pershing II launcher was designed so that the cradle could be easily repositioned to handle the shorter missile airframe. The intent was to replace the German Air Force's Pershing 1a systems with Pershing 1b, since SALT II limited the range of German-owned missiles. The German government agreed to destroy its Pershing 1a systems when the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. signed the INF Treaty, thus the Pershing 1b was never deployed. The single-stage missile was used for launches from White Sands Missile Range due to range limitations.

Pershing II Reduced Range (RR) was a follow-on concept that would have modified the launchers to hold two single-stage missiles.[39]

Pershing III was a proposal for a four-stage 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) version that would have replaced the LGM-118 Peacekeeper.[40]

Pershing III is also a proposal for a coast-based missile system to counter the Chinese DF-21D anti-ship ballistic missile.[41]

## Operators

[edit]

United States: United States Army

* 56th Field Artillery Command, formerly 56th Artillery Brigade
* 1st Battalion, 9th Field Artillery, formerly 1st Battalion, 81st Field Artillery
* 2nd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery, formerly 4th Battalion, 41st Field Artillery
* 4th Battalion, 9th Field Artillery, formerly 3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery
* 214th Field Artillery Brigade
* 3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery

## Elimination

[edit]

Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev and U.S. President Reagan signing the INF Treaty on 8 December 1987 Pershing rocket motor being destroyed by static burn, September 1988

The Pershing systems were eliminated after the ratification of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty on 27 May 1988.[42] The missiles began to be withdrawn in October 1988 and the last of the missiles were destroyed by the static burn of their motors and subsequently crushed in May 1991 at the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant near Caddo Lake, Texas. Although not covered by the treaty, West Germany agreed unilaterally to the removal of the Pershing 1a missiles from its inventory in 1991, and the missiles were destroyed in the United States.

## Legacy

[edit]

The INF treaty only covered the destruction of the launchers and rocket motors. The W-85 warheads used in the Pershing II missiles were removed, modified, and reused in the B61 nuclear bomb.

The Orbital Sciences Storm I target missile used air vanes from the Pershing 1a.[43] The Pershing II guidance section was re-used in the Coleman Aerospace Hera and the Orbital Sciences Corporation Storm II target missiles.

### Displays

[edit]

Main article: Pershing missile displays

The INF Treaty allowed for seven inert Pershing II missiles to be retained for display purposes. One is now on display in the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., alongside a Soviet SS-20 missile. Another is at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow, Russia, also with an SS-20.[42] A number of inert Pershing 1 and Pershing 1a missiles are displayed in the U.S. and Germany.

Scrap material from the Pershing II and SS-20 missiles was used in several projects. Zurab Tsereteli created a sculpture called Good Defeats Evil, a 39-foot (12 m), 40-short-ton (36,000 kg) monumental bronze statue of Saint George fighting the dragon of nuclear war, with the dragon being made from sections of the Pershing II and SS-20 missiles. The sculpture was donated to the United Nations by the Soviet Union in 1990 and is located on the grounds of the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.

In 1991, Leonard Cheshire's World Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief sold badges of the group logo made of scrap material. The Parker Pen Company created a series of pens with a Memorial Fund badge made of scrap missile material, with half the proceeds going to the fund.[44]

On 4 November 1991 the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library opened in Simi Valley, California. The then five living presidents, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, George Bush, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan were present at the opening. Parker presented them each with a black ballpoint Duofold Centennial with the Presidential seal on the crown formed from scrap Pershing and SS-20 material, and engraved signatures of the presidents. The pen was also offered in a walnut box also with the names of all five presidents and the Presidential seal.[45]

## Veterans

[edit]

In 2000, a number of U.S. Army Pershing missile veterans decided to seek out their fellow veterans and to start acquiring information and artifacts on the Pershing systems. In 2004, the Pershing Professionals Association was incorporated to meet the long-term goals—to preserve, interpret and encourage interest in the history of the Pershing missile systems and the soldiers who served, and to make such information accessible to present and future generations to foster a deeper appreciation of the role that Pershing played in world history.[46]

Veterans of the 2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment, who had performed the security for the Pershing systems formed a subchapter known as the Pershing Tower Rats. The two German Air Force missile squadrons also formed veterans groups known as the Flugkörpergeschwader 1 eV.[47][48]

## See also

[edit]

* Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (MRBM)
* OpFires (MRBM)
* Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM)
* Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
* Agni-P comparable in range

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The name Pershing II Weapon System is from US Army documentation, which does not use any MGM designation for the Pershing II missile.[1]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Pershing II Weapon System TM 9-1425-386-10-1 (PDF). United States Army. June 1986. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
2. ^ "The Pershing Missile: Peace Through Strength". Lockheed Martin. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
3. ^ "Missiles for Peace". Time. 29 September 1975. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
4. ^ Dodson, Christine (19 August 1978). Response to PRM-38 [Presidential Review Memorandum 38] Long-Range Theater Nuclear Forces (PDF). Special Coordinating Committee, National Security Council. 782245. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
5. ^ Eskow, Dennis, ed. (January 1984). "Raining Fire" (PDF). Popular Mechanics. Hearst. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
6. ^ Harsch, Joseph. (22 June 1983). "U.S. Has Other Defense Options" (PDF). Beaver County Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
7. ^ Pershing II Weapon System, p. 5-1.
8. ^ Jones III, Lauris T (Winter 1986). "The Pershing Rocket Motor" (PDF). The Ordnance Magazine. United States Army Ordnance Corps Association. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
9. ^ Parsch, Andreas (2002). "Martin Marietta M14/MGM-31 Pershing". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
10. ^ "Nuclear Files: Library: Media Gallery: Still Images: At Work in the Fields of the Bomb by Robert Del Tredici". NuclearFiles.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
11. ^ Paine, Christopher (October 1980). "Pershing II: The Army's Strategic Weapon". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 36 (8): 25–31. Bibcode:1980BuAtS..36h..25P. doi:10.1080/00963402.1980.11458766. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
12. ^ "Target Reference for Pershing II" (PDF). Field Artillery Journal: 36. January 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
13. ^ a b President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (15 February 1990). The Soviet "War Scare" (Report). President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. p. 39\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021. "The Pershing II missile 1800 km range would not have reached Moscow from planned deployment sites in West Germany. Warsaw Pact sources, however, attributed to this system a range of 2500 km, an accuracy of 30 meters, and an earth-penetrating warhead. With a range of 2500 km the Soviets feared it would have been able to strike command and control targets in the Moscow area with little or no warning."
14. ^ Mohr, Charles (27 February 1983). "PERSHINGS PUT MOSCOW ON 6-MINUTE WARNING". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
15. ^ "NATO Basic Documents". 27 February 2009. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
16. ^ "President Reagan's plan to deploy 572 intermediate range missiles... - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
17. ^ Middleton, Drew (13 December 1979). "When Deployed in 80's, the New Missiles in West Europe Could Strike at Soviet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
18. ^ "KOHL MOVES TO CAPITALIZE ON PERSHING DECISION". Washington Post. 30 December 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
19. ^ Markham, James M. (24 November 1983). "FIRST U.S. PERSHING MISSILES DELIVERED IN WEST GERMANY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
20. ^ "Pershing Missiles Now All in Place". Washington Post. 28 December 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
21. ^ "A Missile Protest Prepared in Bonn". The New York Times. 9 October 1981. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
22. ^ "Hundreds of Thousands Protest Missiles in Europe: Urge U.S. to Match Soviet Halt". Los Angeles Times. 8 April 1985. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
23. ^ Quint 2008, p. 13.
24. ^ a b Quint 2008, p. 24.
25. ^ Quint 2008, p. 20.
26. ^ "West Germany. "Anti-Nuke" protests. 1983". Magnum Photos. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
27. ^ Kempe, Frederick (1 September 1983). "Pershing II Worries Hit a Once-Content German Time" (PDF). Finger Lake Times. Geneva, New York: 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
28. ^ Markham, James M. (2 September 1983). "QUIET PROTEST AT U.S. BASE IN GERMANY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
29. ^ Keller, Bill; Times, Special To the New York (1 May 1985). "ARMY TERMS PERSHING 2 MISSILES VULNERABLE TO TERROR IN GERMANY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
30. ^ Laffin 2003, p. 17.
31. ^ "Protesters Smash Missile Vehicle at U.S. Base in West Germany". The New York Times. 5 December 1983. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
32. ^ a b Laffin 2003, p. 19.
33. ^ Laffin 2003, p. 20.
34. ^ Burns 2014, p. 149.
35. ^ Green, Gary A. (July 1985). "The Accident in Heilbronn" (PDF). Field Artillery Journal: 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
36. ^ Knaur, James A. (August 1986). "Technical Investigation of ll January 1985: Pershing II Motor Fire". U.S. Army Missile Command. Defense Technical Information Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2013.
37. ^ Davenas, Alain; Rat, Roger (July–August 2002). "Sensitivity of Solid Rocket Motors to Electrostatic Discharge: History and Futures" (PDF). Journal of Propulsion and Power. 18 (4): 805–809. doi:10.2514/2.6003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
38. ^ Haddock, Raymond (6 December 2006). "Missiles of the Cold War and the Contribution of Pershing II". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
39. ^ Pershing II RR (PDF). United States Army. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
40. ^ Arkin, William M. (June 1983). "Pershing II and U.S. Nuclear Strategy". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 39 (6): 12. Bibcode:1983BuAtS..39f..12A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1983.11459002. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
41. ^ Melton, Stephen L. (17 June 2014). "Resurrecting the Coast Artillery" (PDF). Fires. Department of the Army: 61–63. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
42. ^ a b "The Pershing Weapon System and Its Elimination". United States Army. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
43. ^ Thongchua, Nat; Kaczmarek, Michael (7 November 1994). "Theater Missile Defense Targets for Interceptor Test and Evaluation" (PDF). 1994 AIAA Missile Sciences Conference. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
44. ^ "Charity: Writing Off The Weapons". Time. 28 August 1991. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005.
45. ^ Fischier, Tony. "Five Presidents". Parker Pens Penography: Parker Special Edition, Special Purpose Edition and Limited Edition. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
46. ^ "Pershing Professionals Association". Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
47. ^ "Traditionsgemeinschaft Flugkörpergeschwader 1" [Community Tradition of Missile Squadron 1] (in German). Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
48. ^ "Traditionsgemeinschaft Flugkörpergeschwader 2" [Community Tradition of Missile Squadron 2] (in German). Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Burns, Steven T. (2014). History of the Pershing Missile Systems. BookPatch.com. ISBN 978-1-63318-129-8.
* Laffin, Arthur J. (2003). Swords into Plowshares, Volume Two: A Chronology of Plowshares Disarmament, 1980–2003. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-60899-051-1. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
* Quint, Peter E. (2008). Civil Disobedience and the German Courts: The Pershing Missile Protests in Comparative Perspective. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge–Cavendish. ISBN 9781134107421. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2015.

## External links

[edit]

Media related to MGM-31 Pershing at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Pershing missile

Systems|

* Pershing 1 Field Artillery Missile System
* Pershing 1a Field Artillery Missile System
* Pershing II Weapon System

56th Field Artillery Command|

* 4th Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment
* 1st Battalion, 81st Field Artillery Regiment
* 3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment
* 2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment
* 1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment
* 266th Chemical Detachment
* 55th Support Battalion
* 1st Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment
* 2nd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment
* 4th Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment
* 193rd Aviation Company
* 38th Signal Battalion

59th Ordnance Brigade|

* 3rd Ordnance Battalion
* 41st Ordnance Company
* 579th Ordnance Company
* 512th United States Army Artillery Group
* 74th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment
* 82nd U.S. Army Missile Detachment
* 5th United States Army Artillery Group
* 85th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment

German Air Force|

* Missile Wing 1
* Missile Wing 2

214th Field Artillery Brigade|

* 2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment
* 3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment

1st Field Artillery Missile Brigade|

* 2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment
* 251st Ordnance Detachment

United States Army Missile Command|

* Pershing Project Manager's Office

United States Army Europe|

* Pershing Operational Test Unit

Schools|

* United States Army Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School
* United States Army Field Artillery School

Johns Hopkins University|

* Applied Physics Laboratory

Treaties|

* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

Equipment|

* AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set
* M474 Carrier
* M656 Ford Truck
* M1001 MAN Truck

Other|

* Pershing missile bibliography
* Pershing missile displays
* Pershing missile launches
* Pershing missile models
* Pershing Professionals Badge
* Pershing tab
* Field Artillery Missileman's Badge
* Deutschland 83
* Coleman Aerospace Hera

* v
* t
* e

1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations, 1963–present

1–50|

* MGM-1
* RIM-2
* MIM-3
* AIM-4
* MGM-5
* RGM-6
* AIM-7
* RIM-7
* RIM-8
* AIM-9
* CIM-10
* PGM-11
* AGM-12
* CGM-13/MGM-13
* MIM-14
* RGM-15
* CGM-16
* PGM-17
* MGM-18
* PGM-19
* ADM-20
* MGM-21
* AGM-22
* MIM-23
* RIM-24
* HGM-25A
* LGM-25C
* AIM-26
* UGM-27
* AGM-28
* MGM-29
* LGM-30
* MGM-31A/B (MGM-31C)
* MGM-32
* MQM-33
* AQM-34
* AQM-35 (I)
* LGM-35 (II)
* MQM-36
* AQM-37
* AQM-38
* MQM-39
* MQM-40
* AQM-41
* MQM-42
* FIM-43
* UUM-44
* AGM-45
* MIM-46
* AIM-47
* AGM-48
* XLIM-49
* LIM-49
* RIM-50

51–100|

* MGM-51
* MGM-52
* AGM-53
* AIM-54
* RIM-55
* PQM-56
* MQM-57
* MQM-58
* RGM-59
* AQM-60
* MQM-61
* AGM-62
* AGM-63
* AGM-64
* AGM-65
* RIM-66
* RIM-67
* AIM-68
* AGM-69
* LEM-70
* BGM-71
* MIM-72
* UGM-73
* BQM-74
* BGM-75
* AGM-76
* FGM-77
* AGM-78
* AGM-79
* AGM-80
* AQM-81
* AIM-82
* AGM-83
* AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84
* AGM-84E
* AGM-84H/K
* RIM-85
* AGM-86
* AGM-87
* AGM-88
* UGM-89
* BQM-90
* AQM-91
* FIM-92
* "AIM-92"
* XQM-93
* YQM-94
* AIM-95
* UGM-96
* AIM-97
* YQM-98
* LIM-99
* LIM-100

101–150|

* RIM-101
* PQM-102
* AQM-103
* MIM-104
* MQM-105
* BQM-106
* MQM-107
* BQM-108
* BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109
* BGM-109G
* BGM-110
* BQM-111
* AGM-112
* RIM-113
* AGM-114
* MIM-115
* RIM-116
* FQM-117
* LGM-118
* AGM-119
* AIM-120
* CQM-121/CGM-121
* AGM-122
* AGM-123
* AGM-124
* RUM-125/UUM-125
* BQM-126
* AQM-127
* AQM-128
* AGM-129
* AGM-130
* AGM-131
* AIM-132
* UGM-133
* MGM-134
* ASM-135
* AGM-136
* AGM-137
* CEM-138
* RUM-139
* MGM-140
* ADM-141
* AGM-142
* MQM-143
* ADM-144
* BQM-145
* MIM-146
* BQM-147
* FGM-148
* PQM-149
* PQM-150

151–200|

* FQM-151
* AIM-152
* AGM-153
* AGM-154
* BQM-155
* RIM-156
* MGM-157
* AGM-158A/B
* AGM-158C
* AGM-159
* ADM-160
* RIM-161
* RIM-162
* GQM-163
* MGM-164
* RGM-165
* MGM-166
* BQM-167
* MGM-168
* AGM-169
* MQM-170
* MQM-171
* FGM-172
* GQM-173
* RIM-174/AIM-174B
* MQM-175
* AGM-176
* BQM-177
* MQM-178
* AGM-179
* AGM-180
* AGM-181
* LGM-182
* AGM-183
* RGM-184
* MQM-185
* MQM-186
* AGM-187

201–|

* AIM-260
* MIM-401

Undesignated|

* Aequare
* ASALM
* Brazo
* Common Missile
* GBI
* HALO
* HACM
* Have Dash
* JSM
* KEI
* LREW
* LRHW
* MA-31
* MSDM
* NCADE
* NLOS
* OpFires
* PrSM
* Senior Prom
* Sprint
* Wagtail
* M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U
* GLSDB

* See also:
* United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963
* Drones designated in UAV sequence

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