Peru–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Bilateral relations

Peru-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Peru |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Peru–Sahrawi Republic relations refers to the current and historical relations between the Republic of Peru and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).

Peru first established relations with the SADR in 1987[1] and froze them in 1996.[2][3] After 25 years, relations were reestablished in 2021,[4] suspended in August 2022[5] and again reestablished on September of the same year.[6] In September 2023, it was announced that relations between both states were again suspended.[7][8]

In 1999, and from 2012 to the present day, Peru has also sent troops to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara.[9]

## History

[edit]

Peru first recognized the SADR through a treaty signed on August 16, 1984, under the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde.[10] Relations were then officially established on May 5, 1987, under the first presidency of Alan García,[1] with another treaty being signed by Peruvian Foreign Minister Allan Wagner Tizón and Sahrawi Special Envoy Hamri Bouiha,[11] who became the first concurrent ambassador to Peru, presenting his credentials to García.[12] Then Sahrawi foreign minister Omar Mansour paid a visit to the country from April 14 to 18 of the same year.[13][14]

Despite the recognition, relations between Morocco and Peru were not negatively affected, as relations were not severed and the Peruvian embassy in Madrid continued to be accredited to the North African country. Instead, the Peruvian embassy in Rabat, which had been de facto closed since 1973 due to a lack of a chargé d'affaires, reopened in 1986, with both countries strengthening their relations.[15]

The next ambassador accredited to Peru, Hambi B. Sidi Mahmud, presented his credentials to García on April 28, 1988, during a visit coordinated by Alfonso Barrantes.[16][17] The visit was criticised by members of the press who believed that the strengthening of both governments' relations harmed the much more convenient relationship with Morocco, which controls most of the territory claimed by the SADR.[17]

On September 9, 1996, then foreign minister Francisco Tudela announced the freezing of relations between Peru and the SADR,[18] with Peru becoming the first Latin American country to sever relations with the state. This was due to Morocco's diplomatic efforts in Peru and then Alberto Fujimori's pro-Moroccan policy. A diplomatic incident also played a role in the decision, as the Moroccan delegation protested the presence of the Sahrawi delegation in the investiture of Fujimori after his victory in the 1995 election.[2]

After relations were suspended, the only government to take an interest in the situation in Western Sahara was the government of Ollanta Humala, who sent a delegation headed by diplomat José Beraun Aranibar to the territories administered by the Polisario Front and Smara refugee camp in Tindouf, Algeria. The delegation met with Sahrawi authorities, including then president Mohamed Abdelaziz.[19]

A diplomatic incident between the governments of Peru and the SADR took place in September 2017 when Sahrawi diplomat Khadijetou El Mokhtar was denied entry into Peru, remaining at Jorge Chávez International Airport for seventeen days. A communiqué released by the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed that El Mohtar, despite travelling as a tourist with a Spanish passport, had acted as a diplomat in Peruvian territory—despite not having the recognition to exercise such functions—in her last visit to the country.[20][21] A social media campaign, #TodosSomosJadiyetu, was started by Munbadat, a pro-human rights NGO, which was spread by the Sahrawi diaspora as well as sympathizers. The NGO also wrote a letter to the Peruvian consulate in Bilbao protesting the situation.[22]

After 25 years, relations were resumed on September 8, 2021, under the presidency of Pedro Castillo.[23] After a year, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru announced that it decided to withdraw its recognition of the state on August 18, 2022,[24] but this was disputed by Castillo, who confirmed the recognition of the state on September 8, 2022.[6][25] Castillo subsequently met with Foreign Affairs Minister Mohamed Salem Uld Salek and speculated on the prospect of opening an embassy in Peru.[26]

In September 2023, it was announced that relations between both states were again suspended.[7][8][27]

## High-level visits

[edit]

High-level visits of Peru to the SADR (includes refugee camps in Algeria)

* Foreign Vice Minister José Beraún Aranibar (2011)

High-level visits of the SADR to Peru

* Foreign Minister Omar Mansour (1987)
* Minister Ahmed Hutch (2011[28][29] & 2013)[30]
* Ambassador Ahmed Mulay Ali Hamadi (2016)[31]
* Foreign Minister Mohamed Salem Uld Salek (2022)

## Diplomatic missions

[edit]

Formerly accredited from Caracas, the SADR had an embassy in Lima[32] from November 2022 to September 2023. On the other hand, Peru did not have an embassy accredited to the SADR at any point in time.

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Peru and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

* Foreign relations of Peru
* Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* List of ambassadors of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to Peru
* Western Sahara conflict
* International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
2. ^ a b Avilés 2019, p. 54–55.
3. ^ Sánchez León, Abelardo (2009-02-04). "El pueblo saharaui". El Comercio.
4. ^ "Relaciones con la República Árabe Saharaui se hizo con pleno respeto al derecho internacional". El Peruano. 2021-09-13.
5. ^ Kahhat, Farid (2022-09-04). "El Perú y el Sahara Occidental". El Comercio.
6. ^ a b "República Saharaui destaca "renovación" de relaciones diplomáticas con Perú". swissinfo.ch. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
7. ^ a b "Perú suspende relaciones diplomáticas con República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". Infobae. 2023-09-08.
8. ^ a b Campos R., César (2023-09-10). "Ruptura de relaciones diplomáticas". Blog PUCP.
9. ^ "Misiones de Paz". Gob.pe. Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas.
10. ^ Avilés 2019, p. 49–50.
11. ^ Avilés 2019, p. 50.
12. ^ "Peru: COPESA calls for restoring diplomatic relations with SADR". Sahara Press Service. 2015-10-05. Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
13. ^ Cronología de las relaciones internacionales del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 2\. Centro Peruano de Estudios Internacionales. 1988. p. 22\. "14 de Abril: El Canciller de la República Saharaui, Omar Mansur, llegó a Lima en busca de apoyo político a la causa de su país, que desde 1975 confronta una guerra con Marruecos. Mansur expresó su agradecimiento por el apoyo que el gobierno peruano ha brindado a dicha causa. (El Peruano \- Andina)"
14. ^ "NEWS FROM THE SAHRAWI ARAB DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC" (PDF). SPSC LETTER. Vol. 8, no. 4\. Saharan Peoples Support Committee. 1988. p. 2\. ISSN 0891-608X. "SADR Foreign Minister Omar Mansour paid an official visit to Peru April 14–18 according to Andina Press. During his visit Mansour met with Peruvian Foreign Minister Allan Wagner Tizon. Hamri Bouiha was installed as SADR Ambassador to Peru during Mansour's visit."
15. ^ Avilés 2019, p. 53.
16. ^ Cronología de las relaciones internacionales del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 2\. Centro Peruano de Estudios Internacionales. 1988. p. 22\. "28 de Abril: El Presidente peruano Alan García recibió las credenciales del nuevo Embajador de la República Árabe Saharaui en el Perú, Hambi B. Sidi Mahmud. (El Comercio, El Peruano)"
17. ^ a b "Cuadrilátero Político Barrantes sigue de canciller". Oiga: 28. 1988. "Una nueva prueba, por si faltaran, del cada vez más estrecho entendimiento ideológico y político entre Alan García y Alfonso Barrantes Lingán con miras al frente popular moscovita-habanero-barrantista-alanista: en la práctica, el ex alcalde cajamarquino se ha convertido en ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y ya no en la sombra. Cuando el vicepresidente cubano asistió a Palacio el sábado antepasado, lo agasajaron Alan García y Barrantes. Y mientras los diplomáticos de Torre Tagle estaban en la luna sobre el estrechamiento de relaciones entre el Perú y la fantasmal República Saharauí, Barrantes, tras bambalinas, coordinaba la venida a Lima del "embajador concurrente" de la inexistente república , Hambi B. Sidi Mahmud. Mahmud presentó sus cartas credenciales al presidente García el jueves, en el Salón Dorado del Palacio de Gobierno. En un ditirámbico discurso, el representante de los fantasmales sarahauis relevó el "liderazgo tercermundista" de Alan García. La ceremonia terminó con abrazos y grandes sonrisas. Mientras esto ocurre en Lima, en la ONU se ha anunciado la realización de un referéndum sobre el asunto. El APRA, en cambio, ya tomó partido, dando una poco diplomática bofetada al gobierno de Marruecos, que no tiene nada de fantasma."
18. ^ Ricardo Sánchez Serra (11 December 2008). "El estoicismo del pueblo saharaui". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 August 2012.
19. ^ Avilés 2019, p. 144.
20. ^ Avilés 2019, p. 144–145.
21. ^ "Dan bienvenida a nueva embajadora saharaui en Misión Especial en el Perú". Sahara Press Service. 2017-07-14.
22. ^ Avilés 2019, p. 145.
23. ^ "Restablecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con la RASD". gob.pe. Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
24. ^ "Comunicado Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores". Gobierno del Perú (in Spanish). 19 Aug 2022. Retrieved 19 Aug 2022.
25. ^ "Comunicado Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores". gob.pe (in Spanish). Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
26. ^ "Peru's President reaffirms reestablishment of relations with SADR". Andina. 2022-09-23. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
27. ^ "Sáhara Occidental.- Boluarte suspende relaciones diplomáticas de Perú con la RASD". ECSaharaui. 2023-09-09.
28. ^ "SEGUNDA LEGISLATURA ORDINARIA DE 2011" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 2012-05-07. p. 17.
29. ^ "Agenda del ministro" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. 2011-08-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
30. ^ "Peru's Congress president meets with Sahrawi delegation in Lima". Andina. 2013-10-11.
31. ^ "Congresistas Marisa Glave, Alberto de Belaunde y Mauricio Mulder, junto con el embajador de la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (RASD), Ahmed Mulay Ali". Sistema de Archivo Fotográfico - Congreso de la República. 2016-08-29.
32. ^ Embajada Saharaui en México [@EmbSaharauiMx] (2023-05-17). "¡Les compartimos el Boletin de Noticias de la Embajada denla #RASD en el Perú! 🇵🇪🇪🇭 @MojtarLebuehi" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2023-07-29 - via Twitter.

## Bibliography

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* Avilés Flores, Fiorella Kristell (2019-11-04). EL RECONOCIMIENTO DEL PERÚ A LA RASD Y LA POSICIÓN DEL PERÚ SOBRE EL CONFLICTO EN EL SAHARA OCCIDENTAL 35 AÑOS DESPUÉS (PDF) (Thesis) (in Spanish). Academia Diplomática Javier Pérez de Cuellar.

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