Philippine languages

Proposed branch of the Austronesian language family

This article is about a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family. For the native languages spoken in the Philippines, see Languages of the Philippines.

Philippine

Philippinic
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution|

* Philippines
* Indonesia (Northern Sulawesi, northern portion of North Kalimantan)
* Malaysia (Parts of Sabah)
* Taiwan (Orchid Island)

Native speakers

| (undated figure of 115+ million)
Linguistic classification| Austronesian

* Malayo-Polynesian
* Philippine

Proto-language| Proto-Philippine (disputed)
Subdivisions|

* Batanic
* Northern Luzon
* Central Luzon
* North Mangyan
* Umiray Dumaget
* Manide–Alabat
* Greater Central Philippine
* Ati
* Kalamian
* South Mindanao
* Klata
* Minahasan
* Sangiric

Language codes
ISO 639-2 / 5| `phi`
Glottolog| None

The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)

The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and the Molbog language (disputed)—and form a subfamily of Austronesian languages.[1][2][3][4] Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan, there is relatively little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.[5][2]

## Classification

[edit]

### History and criticism

[edit]

See also: Proto-Philippine language

One of the first explicit classifications of a "Philippine" grouping based on genetic affiliation was in 1906 by Frank Blake, who placed them as a subdivision of the "Malay branch" within Malayo-Polynesian (MP), which at that time was considered as a family. Blake however encompasses every language within the geographic boundaries of the Philippine archipelago to be under a single group.[6] Formal arguments in support of a specific "Proto-Philippines" were followed by Matthew Charles in 1974, Teodoro Llamzon in 1966 and 1975, and Llamzon and Teresita Martin in 1976.[7][8][9][10] Blust (1991) two decades later updates this based on Zorc's (1986) inclusion of Yami, and the Sangiric, Minahasan, and Gorontalo groups.[6]

The genetic unity of a Philippines group has been rejected particularly by Lawrence Reid.[11] This arose with problems in reconstructing Philippine subgroups within MP (Pawley, 1999; Ross, 2005).[12][13] In a recent state-of-the art on the classification of Philippine languages, he provides multidisciplinary arguments on the field's methodological and theoretical shortcomings since Conant's description in the early 1900s. This includes Malayo-Polynesian archeology (Spriggs, 2003; 2007; 2011),[14][15][16] and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses (Gray et al., 2009)[17] substantiating the multiplicity of historical diffusion and divergence of languages across the archipelago.[18] He suggests that the primary branches under this widely acknowledged Philippine group should instead be promoted as primary branches under Malayo-Polynesian.[19] Malcolm Ross (2005) earlier also noted that the Batanic languages, constituting Yami, Itbayat, and Ivatan, should in fact be considered as a primary MP branch.[13] In an evaluation of the lexical innovations among the Philippine languages, Alexander Smith (2017) regards the evidence for a Philippine subgroup as weak, and concludes that "they may represent more than one primary subgroup or perhaps an innovation-defined linkage".[20] Chen et al. (2022) present further arguments for the Philippine languages being a convergence area rather than a unified phylogenetic subgroup.[21]

### Internal classification

[edit]

The Philippine group is proposed to have originated from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and ultimately from Proto-Austronesian. There have been several proposals as to the composition within the group, but the most widely accepted groupings today is the consensus classifications by Blust (1991; 2005) and Reid (2017); however, both disagree on the existence of a Philippine group as a single genetic unit.

#### Zorc (1979)

[edit]

An earlier classification by Zorc (1979) is presented below. From approximately north to south, a Philippine group according to his analysis of previous reconstructions are divided into two main subgroups, Northern or "Cordilleran" and Southern or "Sulic".[22] Note that the groupings herein no longer reflect widely accepted classifications or naming conventions today. For example South Extension nowadays reflects the widely established Central Luzon, and North Mangyan within Cordilleran is not supported by later reconstructions; the group containing Yami, Ivatan and Itbayat is called "Bashiic" in Zorc (1977) and remains generally accepted.[23]

* Philippine
* Northern Philippines or Cordilleran
* Pangasinica (includes Ilongot, Kallahan, Ibaloi, Pangasinan)
* Central Cordilleran (includes Isinai, Kalinga, Bontoc, Balangao, Ifugao)
* Ilokan (within Ilokano alone)
* Northern Cordilleran or Banagic (includes Ibanag, Isneg, Gaddang)
* Yami–Ivatan–Itbayatb
* South Extension (includes Sambal group, Kapampangan)
* North Mangyan
* Southern Philippines or Sulic
* Meso-Philippine
* South Mangyan (includes Hanunuo)
* Palawan
* Subanon (dialect cluster)
* Central Philippine (includes Tagalog, Bikol, Visayan, Mansakan)
* Manobo (includes Kagayanen, Western Bukidnon, Cotabato Manobo)
* Danao (includes Maranao, Maguindanao)
* Celebes Extension (includes Mongondow group)

#### Blust (1991; 2005)

[edit]

From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into 12 subgroups (including unclassified languages):

* Philippine
* Batanic languages (4 languages between Batanes and Lanyu Island, Taiwan)
* Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilokano and Pangasinan)
* Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Sambal and Kapampangan)
* Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
* Greater Central Philippine languages
* Southern Mindoro languages (or South Mangyan; 3 languages)
* Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including Tagalog, Bikol languages and Visayan languages)
* Palawan languages (3 languages)
* Subanen languages (6 languages; sometimes considered one dialect cluster)
* Danao languages (3 languages; Iranun, Maguindanao and Maranao)
* Manobo languages (15 languages)
* Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi)
* Ati language
* Manide–Alabat
* Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
* South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
* Sangiric languages (4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands)
* Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)
* Unclassified
* Umiray Dumaget

Formerly classified as one of the South Mindanao languages, the Klata language is now considered to be a primary branch of the Southern Philippine languages by Zorc (2019).[24]

Map of the distribution of the major languages of the Philippines, showing their subdivisions

## Vocabulary

[edit]

Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.

English | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Proto-Austronesian | *əsa
*isa | *duSa | *təlu | *Səpat | *lima | *Cau | *Rumaq | *asu | *niuR | *qaləjaw | *baqəRu | *i-kita | *n-anu | *Sapuy
Batanic (Bashiic) | Yami (Tao) | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy
Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy
Northern Luzon | Ilocano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | lima | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy
Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | lima | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi
Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | lima | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy
Pangasinan | sakey | dua
duara | talo
talora | apat
apatira | lima | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool
Central Luzon | Kapampangan | métung | adwá | atlú | ápat | limá | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldó | báyu | ítámu | nánu | apî
Central Philippine | Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | lima | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy
Central Bikol | sarô | duwa | tulo | apát | lima | tawo | harong | ayam
idò | niyog | aldaw | bâgo | kitá | ano | kalayo
Rinconada Bikol | əsad | darwā | tolō | əpat | lima | tawō | baləy | ayam | noyog | aldəw | bāgo | kitā | onō | kalayō
Waray | usa
sayo | duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | ayam
ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo
Hiligaynon | isa | duha | tatlo | apat | lima | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo
Bantoanon (Asi) | usa | ruha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | iro | nidog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ni-o | kayado
Romblomanon | isa | duha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo
Onhan | isya | darwa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo
Karay-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | lima | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita
tatən | ano | kalayo
Aklanon | isaea
sambilog | daywa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo
Cebuano | usa | duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo
Tausug | isa
hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | lima | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu
Danao | Maguindanao | isa | dua | telu | pat | lima | tau | walay | asu | niyug | gay | bagu | tanu | ngin | apuy
Mëranaw | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | lima | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy
Iranun | isa | dua | telu | pa'at | lima | taw | walay | asu | niyug | gawi'i | bagu | tanu | antuna | apuy
South Mindanao (Bilic) | Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | lima | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih
Minahasan | Tombulu (Minahasa) | esa | zua
rua | telu | epat | lima | tou | walé | asu | po'po' | endo | weru | kai
kita | apa | api
Sangiric | Sangirese | sembau
esa' | darua | tatelu | epa' | lima | tau | balé | kapuna' | bango' | elo | wuhu | kité | tawé | putung
Gorontalo–Mongondow | Gorontalo | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | opato | limo | tawu | bele | 'apula | bongo | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu
Mongondow | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | lima | intau | baloi | ungku' | bango' | singgai | mobagu | kita | onu, onda | tulu'

## See also

[edit]

* Languages of the Philippines
* List of regional languages of the Philippines
* Philippine Negrito languages
* Philippine literature
* Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
* Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters

Defunct language regulators

* Academia Bicolana
* Sanghiran san Binisaya

## Notes

[edit]

1\. ^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups
2\. ^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups and has possible relationship with South Extension; equivalent to the widely established Batanic or Bashiic branch.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Zorc, R. David Paul (1986). "The Genetic Relationships of Philippine Languages". In Geraghty, P.; Carrington, L.; Wurm, S. A. (eds.). FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 94. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 147–173\. doi:10.15144/PL-C94.147. hdl:1885/252029. ISBN 0-85883-345-X.
2. ^ a b Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129\. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
3. ^ Blust, Robert A. (2005). "The Linguistic Macrohistory of the Philippines". In Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez (eds.). Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics Pangaral Kay Lawrence A. Reid. Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 31–68.
4. ^ Blust, Robert (2019). "The Resurrection of Proto-Philippines". Oceanic Linguistics. 58 (2): 153–256\. doi:10.1353/ol.2019.0008. S2CID 216726665.
5. ^ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
6. ^ a b Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129\. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
7. ^ Llamzon, Teodoro A. (1975). "Proto-Philippine Phonology". Archipel. 9: 29–42\. doi:10.3406/arch.1975.1214 - via Persée.
8. ^ Charles, Mathew (1974). "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 13 (1/2): 457–509\. doi:10.2307/3622751. JSTOR 3622751.
9. ^ Llamzon, Teodoro (1966). "The Subgrouping of Philippine Languages". Philippine Sociological Review. 14 (3): 145–150\. JSTOR 23892050.
10. ^ Llamzon, Teodoro; Martin, Teresita (1976). "A Subgrouping of 100 Philippine Languages" (PDF). South-East Asian Linguistic Studies. 2: 141–172.
11. ^ Reid, Lawrence (1982). "The Demise of Proto-Philippines" (PDF). In Amran Halim; Carrington, Lois; Stephen A. (eds.). Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 75. Vol. 2: Tracking the Travellers. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 201–216.
12. ^ Pawley, Andrew (1999). "Chasing Rainbows: Implications for the Rapid Dispersal of Austronesian Languages for Subgrouping and Reconstruction". In Zeitoun, Eilzabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.). Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 95–138.
13. ^ a b Ross, Malcolm (2005). "The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian" (PDF). Journal of Austronesian Studies. 1 (2): 1–24.
14. ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2003). "Chronology of Neolithic Transition in Island Southeast Asia and The Western Pacific". The Review of Anthropology. 24: 57–80.
15. ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2007). "The Neolithic and Austronesian Expansion Within Island Southeast Asia and Into the Pacific". In Chiu, Scarlett; Sand, Christophe (eds.). From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: Archeological Perspectives on the Austronesian Expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 104–140.
16. ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2011). "Archeology and Austronesian Expansion: Where Are We Now?" (PDF). Antiquity. 85 (328): 510–528\. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00067910. S2CID 162491927.
17. ^ Gray, Russell; Drummond, Alexei; Greenhill, Simon (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". Science. 323 (5913): 479–482\. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..479G. doi:10.1126/science.1166858. PMID 19164742. S2CID 29838345.
18. ^ Reid, Lawrence (2017). Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family (PDF). The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
19. ^ Reid, Lawrence A. (2018). "Modeling the Linguistic Situation in the Philippines". In Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Lawrence A. (eds.). Let's Talk about Trees. Vol. 98\. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. pp. 91–105\. doi:10.15021/00009006. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)
20. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490\. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. S2CID 149377092., p. 479
21. ^ Chen, Victoria, Kristina Gallego, Jonathan Kuo, Isaac Stead, & Benjamin van der Voorn. 2022. Contact or inheritance? New evidence on the Proto-Philippines debate. Presentation given at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 31), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, May 18–20, 2022. (slides)
22. ^ Zorc, R. David Paul (1979). "On the Development of Contrastive Word Accent: Pangasinan, a Case in Point". In Nguyen, Dang Liem (ed.). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies, Vol. 3. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 45. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 241–258\. doi:10.15144/PL-C45.241. hdl:1885/253117. ISBN 0-85883-177-5.
23. ^ Zorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44. Canberra: Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C44. hdl:1885/146594. ISBN 0-85883-157-0 - via Archive.org.
24. ^ Zorc, R. David (2019). "Klata / Giangan: A New Southern Philippine Subgroup" (PDF). The Archive: Special Publication. 16: 33–51.

## Works cited

[edit]

* Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P., eds. (2005). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Reid, Lawrence A. (2013). "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 329–358\. doi:10.3378/027.085.0316. PMID 24297232. S2CID 8341240.1–3&rft.pages=329-358&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8341240#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/24297232&rft_id=info:doi/10.3378/027.085.0316&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/15&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Philippine+languages" class="Z3988">
* Wouk, Fay (Ed.); Ross, Malcolm (Ed.) (2002). Wouk, Fay; Ross, Malcolm (eds.). The History and Typology of Western Austronesian Voice Systems. Pacific Linguistics 518. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-518. hdl:1885/146136. ISBN 0-85883-477-4. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)
* Zorc, R. David (1972). "Sealang Zorc Papers".

## External links

[edit]

For a list of words relating to Philippine languages, see the Philippine languages category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Comparative vocabularies of Philippine and other Austronesian languages
* Cognate sets for Austronesian languages
* R. David Zorc field notes
* Philippine etyma file cards by R. David Zorc
* Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database Archived December 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

| Official language|

* Indonesian
* Slang

|

Malayo-Sumbawan|

| Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa|

* Balinese
* Bali Aga
* Lombok
* Nusa Penida
* Sasak
* Sumbawa

|

Chamic|

* Acehnese
* Daya
* South

Ibanic|

* Iban
* Mualang
* Seberuang
* Keninjal

Madurese|

* Bangkalan
* Bawean
* Kangean
* Pendalungan
* Banyuwangi
* Lumajang
* Pasuruan
* Situbondo
* Sapudi
* Sumenep

Malayic|

* Akit
* Ampenan Malay
* Anambas–Natuna Malay
* Asahan Malay
* Bangka Malay
* Banjarese
* Hulu
* Kuala
* Samarinda
* Batubara Malay
* Belitung Malay
* Bengkayang Malay
* Berau Malay
* Bilah Malay
* Bonai
* Bukit
* Deli Malay
* Medan
* Duano'
* Haji
* Jambi Malay
* Kuala Tungkal
* Jaring Halus Malay
* Kapuas Hulu Malay
* Kendayan
* Kerinci
* Kota Pinang Malay
* Kotawaringin Malay
* Kualuh Malay
* Kubu
* Kutainese
* Kota Bangun
* Tenggarong
* Landak Malay
* Langkat Malay
* Lom
* Loncong
* Lubu
* Malayic Dayak
* Arut
* Bamayo
* Banana'
* Belantikan
* Delang
* Gerunggang
* Ketapang/Kayong
* Lamandau
* Mentebah-Suruk
* Pesaguan Hulu
* Pesaguan Kiri
* Riam
* Semitau
* Suhaid
* Sukamara
* Tamuan-Tomun
* Tapitn
* Melawi Malay
* Mempawah Malay
* Musi
* Belide
* Col/Lembak
* Lematang
* Musi
* Palembang
* Pegagan
* Penesak
* Penukal
* Rawas
* Minangkabau
* Jamee
* Kampar
* Kuantan
* Mukomuko
* Pesisir
* Rao
* Tapan
* Ulu Muara Sipongi
* Orang Laut
* Barok
* Galang
* Mantang
* Palu Malay
* Panai Malay
* Petalangan
* Pontianak Malay
* Riau Malay
* Pangaraian
* Riau Coastal
* Rokan Hilir
* Siak
* Tembilahan
* Sakai
* Sambas Malay
* Sanggau Malay
* Sekadau Malay
* Serdang Malay
* Sintang Malay
* Sokop
* South Barisan Malay
* Benakat
* Bengkulu
* Besemah
* Enim
* Lematang Ulu
* Lintang
* Kaur
* Ogan
* Pekal
* Rambang
* Semende
* Serawai
* Talang Mamak
* Tamiang Malay
* Tolitoli Malay

Sundanese|

* Baduy
* Banten
* Brebes
* Cirebon
* Northern Coast
* Bekasi
* Priangan

Javanese|

* Arekan
* Banyumasan
* Cirebonese
* Indramayu
* Kawi
* Osing
* Samin
* Serang
* Tegal
* Tenggerese

Celebic|

* Andio
* Bada
* Bahonsuai
* Balaesang
* Balantak
* Banggai
* Batui
* Behoa
* Boano
* Bobongko
* Bonerate
* Bungku
* Busoa
* Cia-Cia
* Dampelas
* Dondo
* Kalao
* Kaili
* Ledo
* Kaimbulawa
* Kamaru
* Kodeoha
* Kulisusu
* Kumbewaha
* Lasalimu
* Laiyolo
* Lauje
* Liabuku
* Lindu
* Mbelala
* Moronene
* Mori Bawah
* Mori Atas
* Moma
* Muna
* Napu
* Padoe
* Pancana
* Pendau
* Rahambuu
* Rampi
* Saluan
* Sarudu
* Sedoa
* Pamona
* Taje
* Tajio
* Tukang Besi
* Tolaki
* Tomadino
* Topoiyo
* Tomini
* Totoli
* Uma
* Waru
* Wawonii
* Wolio
* Wotu

Lampungic|

* Api/Pesisir
* Cikoneng
* Komering
* Kayuagung
* Nyo/Pepadun

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands|

* Batak
* Alas
* Angkola
* Dairi
* Karo
* Mandailing
* Simalungun
* Toba
* Enggano
* Gayo
* Mentawai
* Nasal
* Nias
* Simeulue
* Devayan
* Haloban
* Leukon
* Simolol
* Sigulai

South Sulawesi|

* Aralle-Tabulahan
* Bambam
* Bentong
* Budong-Budong
* Buginese
* Campalagian
* Coastal Konjo
* Dakka
* Duri
* Embaloh
* Enrekang
* Highland Konjo
* Kalumpang
* Lemolang
* Maiwa
* Makassarese
* Malimpung
* Mamasa
* Pattae'
* Mamuju
* Mandar
* Panasuan
* Pannei
* Selayar
* Seko Padang
* Seko Tengah
* Tae’
* Talondo’
* Taman
* Toraja-Sa’dan
* Ulumanda’

Barito|

* Ampanang
* Bakumpai
* Berangas
* Bajau
* Deyah
* Kohin
* Lawangan
* Ma'anyan
* Dusun Balangan
* Malang
* Ngaju
* Ot Danum
* Sama
* Ot Siang
* Tunjung
* Witu
* Pakau

Kayan–Murik|

* Aoheng
* Aput
* Bahau
* Hovongan
* Kayan
* Krio
* Modang
* Punan Merah
* Segai

Land Dayak|

* Bakati’
* Biatah
* Bukar Sadong
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Laraʼ
* Nyadu’
* Rejangese
* Ribun
* Sanggau
* Sara
* Semandang
* Beginci
* Gerai
* Tringgus

North Bornean|

* Bah-Biau
* Basap
* Bukat
* Bukitan
* Kelabit
* Kenyah
* Mainstream
* Lengilu
* Lun Bawang
* Murut
* Okolod
* Selungai
* Sembakung
* Tagol
* Punan Merap
* Punan Tubu
* Sa'ban
* Sajau
* Tidung
* Burusu
* Kalabakan
* Nonukan

Philippine languages|

| Central Philippine|

* Tausug

|

Gorontalo-Mongondow|

* Bintauna
* Bolango
* Buol
* Gorontaloan
* Polahi
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan
* Suwawa

Minahasan|

* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsawang
* Tonsea
* Tontemboan

Sangiric|

* Bantik
* Ratahan
* Sangir
* Talaud
* Miangas

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

| Aru|

* Barakai
* Batuley
* Dobel
* Karey
* Koba
* Kola-Kompane
* Lola
* Lorang
* Manombai
* Mariri
* Tarangan
* Ujir

|

Central Maluku|

* Alune
* Amahai
* Ambelau
* Asilulu
* Banda
* Bati
* Benggoi
* Boano
* Bobot
* Buru
* Geser
* Haruku
* Hulaliu
* Kailolo
* Pelauw
* Rohomoni-Kabauw
* Hitu
* Hoti †
* Huaulu
* Hukumina †
* Hulung †
* Kaibobo
* Kamarian †
* Kayeli
* Kowiai
* Laha
* Larike-Wakasihu
* Latu
* Liana-Seti
* Lisabata-Nuniali
* Lisela
* Loun †
* Luhu †
* Mangole
* Manipa
* Manusela
* Masiwang
* Naka'ela
* Nuaulu
* Nusa Laut †
* Paulohi
* Salas
* Saleman
* Saparua
* Seit-Kaitetu
* Sepa-Teluti
* Sula
* Taliabo
* Teor-Kur
* Tulehu
* Watubela
* Wemale
* Yalahatan

Flores–Lembata|

* Alorese
* Kedang
* Lamaholot
* Adonara
* Ile Ape
* Lamalera
* Lamatuka
* Levuka
* Lewo Eleng
* Lewotobi
* South Lembata
* West Lembata
* Sika

Halmahera-
Cenderawasih|

* Ambai
* Ambel
* Ansus
* Arguni
* As
* Bedoanas
* Biak
* Biga
* Buli
* Busami
* Dusner
* Erokwanas
* Gane
* Irarutu
* Iresim
* Kuri
* Kurudu
* Maba
* Maden
* Matbat
* Ma'ya
* Munggui
* Marau
* Meoswar
* Mor
* Papuma
* Patani
* Pom
* Roon
* Sawai
* Serui-Laut
* Taba
* Tandia †
* Wabo
* Wamesa
* Wandamen
* Waropen
* Woi
* Yaur
* Yeretuar
* Yeresiam

Kei-Tanimbar|

* Fordata
* Kei
* Onin
* Sekar
* Uruangnirin
* Yamdena

Micronesian|

Mapia †

Selaru|

* Selaru
* Seluwasan

Sumba–Flores|

* Anakalangu
* Baliledo
* Bima
* Donggo
* Dhao
* Ende
* Gaura
* Hawu
* Kambera
* Kéo
* Kodi
* Komodo
* Lamboya
* Lio
* Mamboru
* Manggarai
* Nage
* Ngadha
* Palu'e
* Pondok
* Rajong
* Rembong
* Riung
* Rongga
* So'a
* Kepo'
* Wae Rana
* Wanukaka
* Wejewa

Timor–Babar|

* Amarasi
* Bekais
* Bilba
* Dai
* Dawera-Daweloor
* Dela-Oenale
* Dengka
* East Damar
* Emplawas
* Galoli
* Helong
* Imroing
* Kemak
* Kisar
* Leti
* Lole
* Luang
* Masela
* Nila
* North Babar
* Ringgou
* Romang
* Serili
* Serua
* Southeast Babar
* Tela'a
* Termanu
* Tetum
* Te'un
* Tii
* Uab Meto
* West Damar
* Welaun
* Wetar

Western Oceanic|

* Anus
* Bonggo
* Kayupulau
* Liki
* Masimasi
* Ormu
* Podena
* Kaptiau
* Sobei
* Tarpia
* Tobati
* Wakde
* Yamna

Papuan languages

| North Halmahera|

* Galela
* Gamkonora
* Kao
* Loloda
* Modole
* Pagu
* Sahu
* Tabaru
* Ternate
* Tidore
* Tobelo
* Togutil
* Waioli
* West Makian

|

Timor–Alor–Pantar|

* Abui
* Adang
* Blagar
* Bunak
* Kaera
* Kafoa
* Kamang
* Klon
* Kui
* Kula
* Nedebang
* Oirata
* Retta
* Sawila
* Teiwa
* Wersing
* Western Pantar
* Woisika

Asmat–Mombum|

* Buruwai
* Casuarina Coast Asmat
* Central Asmat
* North Asmat
* Citak
* Mombum
* Kamberau
* Kamoro
* Koneraw
* Sempan

West Bird's Head|

* Kalabra
* Kuwani
* Moi
* Moraid
* Seget
* Tehit

South Bird's Head|

* Arandai
* Dombano
* Duriankari
* Inanwatan
* Kaburi
* Kais
* Kemberano
* Kokoda
* Konda
* Kovojab
* Puragi
* Yahadian

East Bird's Head|

* Hatam
* Mansim
* Meyah
* Moskona
* Sougb

West Bomberai|

* Baham
* Iha
* Karas

Dani|

* Grand Valley Dani
* Hupla
* Nduga
* Nggem
* Silimo
* Walak
* Wano
* Western Dani
* Yali

Paniai Lakes|

* Auye
* Dao
* Ekari
* Moni
* Wolani

Digul River|

* Aghu
* Awbono
* Bayono
* Densar
* Edera
* Jair
* Kombai
* Komyandaret
* Korowai
* Mandobo
* Pisa
* Sawi
* Shiaxa
* Tsaukambo
* Wambon

Foja Range|

* Airoran
* Bagusa
* Berik
* Betaf
* Bonerif
* Dabe
* Dineor
* Edwas
* Gresi
* Isirawa
* Itik
* Kapori
* Kauwera
* Keijar
* Kemtuik
* Kwerba
* Kwerba Mamberamo
* Kwesten
* Kwinsu
* Mander
* Massep
* Mawes †
* Mekwei
* Mlap
* Namblong
* Nimboran
* Orya
* Sause
* Oksapmin
* Samarokena
* Trimuris
* Vitou

Lakes Plain|

* Awera
* Biritai
* Doutai
* Duvle
* Eritai
* Fayu
* Foau
* Iau
* Kaiy
* Keuw
* Kirikiri
* Kwerisa
* Obokuitai
* Papasena
* Rasawa
* Sikaritai
* Tause
* Taworta
* Waritai

East Cenderawasih Bay|

* Baropasi
* Bauzi
* Burate
* Demisa
* Kofei
* Nisa-Anasi
* Sauri
* Tefaro
* Tunggare
* Woria

Yawa|

* Saweru
* Yawa

Demta–Sentani|

* Demta
* Nafri
* Sentani
* Tabla

Ok|

* Burumakok
* Faiwol
* Iwur
* Kopka
* Muyu
* Nakai
* Ngalum
* Ninggerum
* Tangko
* Tifal
* Yonggom

Momuna–Mek|

* Eipo
* Goliath
* Ketengban
* Kosarek
* Korupun
* Nalca
* Nipsan
* Somahai

Skou|

* Sangke
* Skou

South Pauwasi|

* Biksi-Yetfa
* Kembra
* Kimki
* Lepki
* Murkim

East Pauwasi|

* Emem
* Zorop

West Pauwasi|

* Namla
* Tebi
* Tofanma
* Towei
* Usku

Kaure–Kosare|

* Kaure
* Kosare

Marind–Yaqai|

* Bipim
* Marind
* Yaqay

Bulaka River|

* Maklew
* Yelmek

Kayagar|

* Atohwaim
* Kayagar
* Tamagario

Border|

* Awyi
* Elseng
* Taikat
* Manem
* Sowanda
* Viid
* Waris

Senagi|

* Dera

Mairasi|

* Mairasi
* Mer
* Semimi

Kolopom|

* Kimaghama
* Morori
* Ndom
* Riantana

Yam|

* Ngkolmpu Kanum
* Rema
* Smerki
* Tamer
* Yei

Lower Mamberamo|

* Warembori
* Yoke

Unclassfied or language isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Amung
* Burmeso
* Dem
* Kanum
* Maklew
* Maybrat
* Molof
* Momina
* Mor
* Mpur
* Pyu
* Saponi †
* Sumuri
* Tambora †
* Uhunduni

Other languages

| Creoles and Pidgins|

| Malay-based creoles|

* Alor Malay
* Ambonese Malay
* Aru
* Tenggara Jauh
* Banda Malay
* Balinese Malay
* Betawi
* Gorap
* Gorontalo Malay
* Kupang Malay
* Larantuka Malay
* Manado Malay
* Makassar Malay
* Maumere Malay
* North Moluccan Malay
* Sula
* Ternate
* Orang Pulo
* Papuan Malay
* Northwest
* Serui
* Peranakan
* Surabayan

|

Other creoles and pidgins|

* Bidau Creole Portuguese †
* Flores Creole Portuguese †
* Javindo
* Mardijker †
* Petjo
* Pidgin Iha
* Pidgin Onin
* Pidgin Tukang Besi
* Portugis †
* Tansi
* Tiong Pa

Immigrant languages|

| Chinese|

* Cantonese
* Fuqing
* Fuzhounese
* Hainanese
* Hakka
* Acehnese
* Bangka-Belitung
* Pontianak
* Singkawang
* Haklau
* Hokkien
* Bagan
* Batam
* Medan
* Hinghwa
* Mandarin
* Indonesian
* Siantar
* Teochew
* Batam
* Jambi
* Ketapang
* Pontianak

|

European|

* Dutch
* Indonesian Dutch
* English
* Portuguese

Indian|

* Bengali
* Gujarati
* Odia
* Pali
* Punjabi
* Sanskrit
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu

Middle Eastern|

* Arabic
* Indonesian Arabic
* Hadhrami Arabic
* Modern Standard Arabic

Others|

* Tagalog
* Filipino
* Japanese
* Korean

Sign languages|

* Indonesian Sign Languages
* Kata Kolok

† indicate extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Malaysia

Main|

| Official|

* Malaysian
* English
* comparison with British English
* Arabic

|

Families|

* Austroasiatic
* Aslian
* Austronesian
* North Bornean
* Kayan–Murik
* Land Dayak
* Malayic
* Philippine
* Sama–Bajaw
* Tai-Kadai
* Tai

Natives &
Indigenous|

| Nationwide|

* Malay

|

Peninsular
Malaysia|

* Batek
* Cheq Wong
* Duanoʼ
* Jah Hut
* Jahai
* Jakun
* Jedek
* Johor–Riau Malay
* Johor Malay
* Malacca Malay
* Selangor Malay
* Judeo-Malay2
* Kedah Malay
* Kelantan-Pattani Malay
* Kenaboi1
* Kensiu
* Kintaq
* Kristang
* Lanoh
* Mah Meri
* Minriq
* Mintil
* Negeri Sembilan Malay
* Mos
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Seletar
* Pahang Malay
* Perak Malay
* Reman Malay
* Sabüm1
* Semai
* Semaq Beri
* Semelai
* Semnam
* Southern Thai
* Temiar
* Temoq2
* Temuan
* Terengganu Malay
* Wila'1

East
Malaysia|

* Abai
* Bahau
* Bajau
* Belait
* Berawan
* Biatah
* Bintulu
* Bonggi
* Bookan
* Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
* Brunei Bisaya
* Bukar–Sadong
* Bukitan
* Coastal Kadazan
* Daro-Matu
* Dumpas
* Dusun
* Eastern Kadazan
* Ganaʼ
* Iban
* Ida'an
* Jagoi
* Jangkang
* Kajaman
* Kalabakan
* Kanowit
* Kayan
* Kelabit
* Kendayan
* Keningau Murut
* Kinabatangan
* Kiput
* Klias River Kadazan
* Kota Marudu Talantang
* Kuijau
* Lahanan
* Lelak1
* Lengilu1
* Lotud
* Lun Bawang
* Mainstream Kenyah
* Melanau
* Momogun
* Murik Kayan
* Narom
* Nonukan Tidong
* Okolod
* Paluan
* Papar
* Punan Bah-Biau
* Punan Batu2
* Penan
* Remun
* Sa'ban
* Sabah Bisaya
* Sama
* Sarawak Malay
* Sebop
* Sekapan
* Selungai Murut
* Sembakung
* Seru1
* Serudung
* Sian
* Sungai
* Tagol
* Timugon
* Tombonuwo
* Tring
* Tringgus
* Tutoh
* Ukit2
* Umaʼ Lasan

Significant
minority|

| Chinese|

* Sino-Tibetan
* Yue
* Cantonese
* Malaysian Cantonese
* Hakka
* Min
* Eastern Min
* Fuqing
* Fuzhou
* Hainanese
* Pu-Xian Min
* Southern Min
* Hokkien
* Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
* Penang Hokkien
* Chaoshan Min
* Teochew
* Mandarin Chinese
* Malaysian Mandarin

|

Indian|

* Dravidian
* Malayalam
* Tamil
* Malaysian Tamil
* Telugu
* Indo-European
* Gujarati
* Hindi
* Punjabi
* Urdu

Indonesian
archipelago|

* Acehnese
* Banjar
* Madurese
* Bawean
* Buginese
* Javanese
* Kerinci
* Mandailing
* Minangkabau
* Rawa

Philippine|

* Philippine
* Iranun
* Maranao
* Molbog
* Suluk

Others|

* Cham

Creoles|

* Chavacano
* Kristang
* Manglish
* Malay trade and creole languages
* Baba Malay
* Chetty Malay
* Cocos Malay
* Sabah Malay

Mixed & Others|

* Rojak
* Tanglish
* Esperanto

Immigrants|

* African
* Arabic
* Bengali
* Burmese
* Khmer
* East Timorese
* Filipino
* Indonesian
* comparison with Malaysian
* Persian
* Japanese
* Korean
* Lao
* Nepalese
* Urdu
* Sri Lankan
* Thai
* Vietnamese

Signs|

| Main|

* Malaysian Sign Language
* Manually Coded Malay

|

By states|

* Penang Sign Language
* Selangor Sign Language

* 1 Extinct languages
* 2 Nearly extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Languages of the Philippines

Official languages|

* Filipino
* English

Regional languages|

* Aklanon
* Bikol
* Cebuano
* Chavacano
* Hiligaynon
* Ibanag
* Ilocano
* Ivatan
* Kapampangan
* Karay-a
* Maguindanao
* Maranao
* Pangasinan
* Sambal
* Surigaonon
* Tagalog
* Tausug
* Waray
* Yakan

Indigenous languages
(by region)|

| Bangsamoro|

* Iranun
* Pangutaran Sama
* Sama

|

Bicol Region|

* Albay Bikol
* Inagta Partido
* Manide
* Masbateño
* Mount Iraya Agta
* Mount Iriga Agta
* Northern Sorsogon
* Pandan Bikol
* Rinconada Bikol
* Southern Catanduanes Bikol
* Southern Sorsogon

Cagayan Valley|

* Arta
* Atta
* Bugkalot
* Central Cagayan Agta
* Dinapigue Agta
* Dupaningan Agta
* Gaddang
* Isinai
* Itawis
* Itbayat
* Kalanguya
* Karao
* Malaweg
* Nagtipunan Agta
* Paranan Agta
* Paranan
* Yogad

Calabarzon|

* Inagta Alabat
* Manide
* Hatang Kayi (Remontado)
* Southern Alta
* Umiray Dumaget

Caraga|

* Agusan
* Ata Manobo
* Butuanon
* Higaonon
* Kamayo
* Mamanwa

Central Luzon|

* Abellen
* Ambala
* Antsi
* Botolan
* Casiguran Dumagat Agta
* Indi
* Kasiguranin
* Mariveleño
* Northern Alta
* Southern Alta
* Umiray Dumaget

Central Visayas|

* Bantayanon
* Eskayan
* Karolanos
* Magahat
* Porohanon

Cordillera|

* Atta
* Balangao
* Bontoc
* Ga'dang
* Ibaloi
* Ifugao
* Isnag
* Itawis
* Itneg
* Iwaak
* Kalanguya
* Kalinga
* Kankanaey
* Malaweg
* Tuwali

Davao Region|

* Blaan
* Davaoeño
* Kalagan
* Klata
* Mandaya
* Mansaka
* Obo
* Sangir
* Sarangani
* Tagabawa

Eastern Visayas|

* Abaknon
* Baybay
* Kabalian

Ilocos Region|

* Bolinao

Metro Manila|

* Taglish

Mimaropa|

* Agutaynen
* Alangan
* Asi
* Batak
* Buhid
* Calamian Tagbanwa
* Central Tagbanwa
* Cuyonon
* Hanunoo
* Iraya
* Kagayanen
* Molbog
* Onhan
* Palawano
* Ratagnon
* Romblomanon
* Tadyawan
* Tawbuid

Northern Mindanao|

* Bukid
* Higaonon
* Ilianen
* Iranun
* Kamigin
* Matigsalug
* Subanen
* Western Bukidnon

Soccsksargen|

* Blaan
* Cotabato Manobo
* Ilianen
* Iranun
* Obo
* Tboli
* Teduray

Western Visayas|

* Ata
* Ati
* Caluyanon
* Capiznon
* Sulod

Zamboanga Peninsula|

* Sibuco-Vitali Sama
* Subanen

Immigrant languages|

* Arabic
* Basque
* Chinese
* Hokkien
* Mandarin
* French
* German
* Japanese
* Korean
* Malay
* Indonesian
* Malaysian
* Sindhi
* Spanish
* status

Sign languages|

* Filipino Sign Language

Historical languages|

* Proto-Philippine
* Old Tagalog
* Old Cebuano

* v
* t
* e

Philippine languages

Batanic (Bashiic)|

* Itbayat
* Ivatan
* Yami

Bilic|

* Blaan
* Tboli
* Teduray

Central Luzon|

* Hatang Kayi (Remontado)
* Kapampangan

Sambalic|

* Abellen
* Ambala
* Bolinao
* Botolan
* Mag-antsi
* Mag-indi
* Mariveleño
* Sambal

Greater Central
Philippine|

| Central Philippine|

| Bikol|

* Albay Bikol
* Central Bikol
* Isarog Agta
* Mount Iraya Agta
* Mount Iriga Agta
* Pandan Bikol
* Rinconada

|

Bisayan|

* Aklanon
* Asi
* Bantayanon
* Baybay
* Butuanon
* Caluyanon
* Capiznon
* Cebuano
* Boholano
* Old Cebuano †
* Cuyonon
* Hiligaynon
* Kabalian
* Karay-a
* Karolanos
* Magahat
* Masbateño
* Northern Sorsogon
* Onhan
* Porohanon
* Ratagnon
* Romblomanon
* Southern Sorsogon
* Sulod
* Surigaonon
* Tausug
* Waray

Mansakan|

* Davawenyo
* Kalagan
* Kamayo
* Mamanwa
* Mandaya
* Mansaka

Tagalic|

* Kasiguranin
* Tagalog
* Old Tagalog †
* Batangueño
* Filipino

(unclassified)|

* Ata †

Danao|

* Iranun
* Maguindanao
* Maranao

Gorontalo–Mongondow|

* Bintauna
* Bolango
* Buol
* Gorontalo
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan
* Suwawa

Manobo|

* Agusan
* Ata Manobo
* Binukid
* Cotabato Manobo
* Higaonon
* Ilianen
* Kagayanen
* Kamigin
* Matigsalug
* Obo
* Sarangani
* Tagabawa
* Western Bukidnon

Palawanic|

* Aborlan Tagbanwa
* Batak
* Central Tagbanwa
* Palawano
* Taawʼt Bato

Southern Mindoro|

* Buhid
* Hanunoo
* Tawbuid

Subanen|

* Western Subanon

Kalamian|

* Agutaynen
* Calamian Tagbanwa

Minahasan|

* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsawang
* Tonsea
* Tontemboan

Northern Luzon|

* Arta
* Dicamay Agta †
* Ilocano

Cagayan Valley|

* Atta
* Cagayan Agta
* Gaʼdang
* Gaddang
* Ibanag
* Isnag
* Itawis
* Yogad

Meso-Cordilleran|

* Northern Alta
* Southern Alta

Central Cordilleran|

* Balangao
* Bontoc
* Ifugao
* Isinai
* Itneg
* Kalinga
* Kankanaey
* Tuwali

Southern Cordilleran|

* Bugkalot
* Ibaloi
* Iwaak
* Kalanguya
* Karao
* Pangasinan

Northern Mindoro|

* Alangan
* Iraya
* Tadyawan

Sangiric|

* Bantik
* Ratahan
* Sangir
* Talaud

Other branches|

* Ati
* Klata
* Umiray Dumaget

Manide–Alabat|

* Inagta Alabat
* Manide
* ?Katabangan †

Reconstructed|

Proto-Philippine †

* † indicates extinct status
* ? indicates classification dispute

* v
* t
* e

Austronesian languages

Formosan|

* Bunun
* Paiwan
* Puyuma
* Rukai
* Tsouic
* Northern Formosan
* East Formosan

Malayo-Polynesian|

| Western|

* Sumatran*
* Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
* Nasal?
* Lampung
* Javanese
* Madurese
* Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa

Philippine|

* Batanic
* Northern Luzon
* Central Luzon
* Northern Mindoro
* Greater Central Philippine
* Kalamian
* South Mindanao
* Sangiric
* Minahasan

Greater Barito*|

* Barito
* Basap*

Greater North Borneo*|

* North Borneo *
* Sabahan
* North Sarawakan
* Melanau–Kajang
* Kayan–Murik
* Land Dayak
* Malayo–Chamic *
* Sundanese
* Rejang?
* Moklenic?

Celebic|

* Bungku–Tolaki
* Muna–Buton
* Saluan–Banggai
* Tomini–Tolitoli*
* Kaili–Wolio*

South Sulawesi|

* Makassar
* Seko–Badaic*
* Northern South Sulawesi

Central|

* Bima
* Sumba–Flores
* Flores–Lembata
* Selaru
* Kei–Tanimbar
* Aru
* Timoric
* Kowiai?
* Central Maluku*

Eastern|

| SHWNG|

* Halmahera Sea
* Cenderawasih

|

Oceanic|

* Admiralty
* St. Matthias
* Temotu
* Southeast Solomonic
* Micronesian
* Central Pacific

Western|

* Meso-Melanesian
* North New Guinea
* Papuan Tip

Southern|

* Vanuatu
* North
* Central
* South
* Loyalties–New Caledonia

* * indicates proposed status
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[†]: Extinct